MAE604-eL9,10

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2 M.A.English Early British Fiction Course Code: MAE 604 Semester: First e-Lesson: 8 SLM Unit: 9-10 https://www.google.com/search?q=Greek+theatre www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THOMAS HARDY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be introduced to Thomas Hardy as a In this unit we shall be able to understand the novelist Thomas Hardy Student will be introduced to the era Student will be able to understand the era Student will be able to understand the major works of Student will be able to understand the works of Thomas Hardy Hardy. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) INSTITUTE OF DAIlSlTAriNgChEt aArNeDreOsNeLrvINeEd LwEiAthRNCIUN-GIDOL

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 Thomas Hardy: The Birth of the author His Social & Literary Background  Important Work’s of Thomas Hardy  Jude The Obscure www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Thomas Hardy 5 Thomas Hardy was born in 1840 in the English village of Higher Bockhampton in the county of Dorset  Hardy’s long career spanned the Victorian and the modern eras. Hardy wrote fourteen novels, three volumes of short stories, and several poems between the years 1871 and 1897. Hardy’s poetry, like his fiction, is characterized by a pervasive fatalism. Hardy died in 1928, his ashes were deposited in the Poets’ Corner of Westminster Abbey and his heart, having been removed before cremation, was interred in the graveyard at Stinsford Church. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Age and Era 6  Thomas Hardy remains one of the great novelists of the Victorian Era, known for his many novels, short stories and poems.  Hardy witnessed almost all of the significant social, religious and political developments of the Victorian era (1837-1901). the Victorian era was the period of Queen Victoria's reign, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901. During the Victorian period, Britain was a powerful nation with a rich culture. the main organizing principles of Victorian society were gender and class. Queen Victoria https://www.britannica.com/event/Victorian-era www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Contemporaries of Hardy 7 Some of the contemporaries of Hardy are: George Eliot (1819–1880): Pen name of Mary Ann Evans, English novelist. Eliot was a leading realist writer. ÉmileZola (1840–1902): French novelist and playwright; leader of the literary school of naturalism. Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900): German philosopher who criticized religion. Nietzsche is best known for announcing that “God is dead.” Paul Gauguin (1848–1903): Leading Primitivist painter. Olive Schreiner (1855–1920): White South African novelist and early feminist. Schreiner lived in London in the 1880s and wrote about prostitution and birth control. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) George Eliot All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Important Works of Thomas Hardy 8 Important Works (Fiction) A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873) The Trumpet-Major (1880) Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882) A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories) Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872) Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891) Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories) Jude the Obscure (1895) www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) A Pair of Blue Eyes All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Important Works of Thomas Hardy 9 Poetry collections Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898) Poems of the Past and the Present (1901) Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909) Satires of Circumstance (1914) Moments of Vision (1917) Collected Poems (1919) Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922) Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925) Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928) www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Works of Thomas Hardy All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Salient Features of Hardy’s Works 10  Hardy is associated with pessimism, gloom, fate and tragedy. Thomas Hardy  Hardy himself denied that he was a pessimist, calling himself a All right are reserved with CU-IDOL \"meliorist,\" i.e., one who believes that the world may be made better by human effort. Unity of Time and Place. Human Relationship and Aspirations. Life and Culture of Middle Class . Man-Woman Relationship. Confined to Wessex. For Hardy, “style should be a quality of writing that had to be perfected by each author individually”. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604)

Jude the Obscure 11 Jude the Obscure is a novel by Thomas Hardy, which began as a magazine serial in December 1894.  Around 1887, Hardy began making notes for a story about a working- man's frustrated attempts to attend the university, perhaps inspired in part by the scholastic failure and suicide of his friend Horace Moule. From December 1894 to November 1895, a bowdlerised version of the novel ran in instalments in Harper's New Monthly Magazine, originally under the title The Simpletons, then Hearts Insurgent.  In 1895, the book was published in London under its present title, Jude the Obscure . www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Jude the Obscure All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Jude : The Protagonist 12  works as a stone-mason and academic life is always outside of his reach. The novel Jude the Obscure is driven by Jude's desire, aspirations and relationship. Indecisive. Tragic.  Jude’s “fatal flaw” is his weakness regarding alcohol and women Easily swayed by others' strong opinions. Lives in Unrealistic World. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Jude the Obscure All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Arabella Don: Antagonist 13 Arabella Donn is the daughter of a pig farmer and butcher. selfish and conniving. thoughtless, and manipulative . tricks Jude into marrying her…twice. at the time of Jude’s Death she leaves him . www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Jude and Arabella Donn All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sue Bridehead 14 Jude's intelligent, independent cousin. Sue is a modern woman and a free-thinker. She rebels in her marriage and carries out a scandalous affair with Jude. She has a nervous disposition and has trouble making decisions about relationships.  Considered to be ‘New Women’. She is also a nineteenth-century woman who has given herself more freedom than she knows how to handle. at the end she finds herself in the role of sinner performing penance for her misconduct www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Jude the Obscure All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Concept of New Woman New Woman was the term used at the end of the nineteenth 15 century to describe women who were pushing against the limits which society imposed on women. Charles Dana Gibson, “School Days,” Scribner’s The New Woman could be a suffragist or a flapper. Magazine, 1899. the New Woman represented not a single image but a spectrum of visual expressions and behaviors. The New Woman was imbued with the contradictions of the fin de siècle, at once too sexual and not sexual enough, desiring a single emancipated lifestyle yet advocating eugenic procreation. There have been claims that this happened because her desires had been set in motion and there was no longer a need for her didactic and frank address of issues such as education and marriage www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sue Bridehead and Arabella Donn 16  pure sexuality of Arabella and the pure intellect of Sue. Jude The Obscure  Sue is a complicated mesh of sexual aversion and the power of female intellect . All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  The stark difference in emotion, conversation, and sexual appetite make Sue and Arabella polar opposites in Hardy's Jude the Obscure.  Arabella has clarity of mind whereas Sue is confused.  Sue is Insecure.  Arabella is not religious, Sue is. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604)

RICHARD PHILLOTSON 17  Jude’s schoolmaster at Marygreen .  moves to Christminster and fails to be accepted at the university there.  Phillotson is a conservative man.  He falls in love with Sue and marries her. Sue leave him feels like the most moral decision.  Phillotson is a kindly, ethical man, but Sue’s lack of love for him causes him great torment. Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

Themes of Jude the Obscure 18  Marriage  Education  Social class  Religion  Women's rights  Disappointment  Gender  Human Will and Tragic Destiny  Hypocrisy  Dream www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Symbolism in Jude the Obscure 19  Symbolism is an artistic movement in the late 19th century that tried to Jude the Obscure express abstract or mystical ideas through the symbolic use of images. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  According to Northrop Frye's \"Theory of Symbolism\" in Anatomy of Criticism, symbol can be defined as \"a word, or an image used with some kind of special reference are all a phrase, symbols when they are distinguishable elements in critical analysis.“  In the novel, Hardy used some animals’ images represent the main characters and their destiny.  In the novel, color’s description plays an important role. Those colors descriptions create a gloomy world. \"Obscure\" is a description of Jude’s personality、destiny and his social position.  Name of Places.  Church Architecture and Church Scenes. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604)

Significance of the Title 20  Jude and Sue have been caught up in the modern spirit.  have struggled to break free of the old ways  have suffered and failed.  It is this that justifies Hardy's description of the novel, in his preface to it, as a \"tragedy of unfulfilled aims.“  The Title Jude the Obscure rightly describes Jude’s confusion and uncertainty.  His tragic death.  His failed aspiration www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Little Father Time in Jude the 21 Obscure  Little Father Time, the morbidly self-conscious child in Jude the Obscure.  He has been variously interpreted as a grotesque monster, a Christ figure, a prophet of Doom, the choric voice of History, and a symbol of the Modern Spirit.  Both Father Time and the young Jude are described by the narrator in similar terms.  The very things that lift the spirits of others seem to intensify the little boy's dejection.  hangs himself and his younger brother and sister.  is \"a small, pale\" child with \"large, frightened eyes“ www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Jude the Obscure: Infinite Sorrow 22 and Incomplete Desires Thomas Hardy regarded the novel as a “tragedy of unfulfilled Jude the Obscure aims” (xiii). At the beginning of the novel, Jude yearns for a university education. However, as the novel progresses, Jude’s hopes and aspirations for an education dwindle. Throughout the novel, Hardy makes several indications critiquing the institutions of marriage, class, and education. While Jude attempts to pursue and accomplish his dreams and aspirations, the novel serves as a cautionary tale to prepare readers for the uncertainty that life provides. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Critics on Jude the Obscure 23  A New York Times book review from 1896 calls the book \"Hardy's Audacious Novel\" and wonders whether the book should ever have been written.  The writer of the article cites American critic W. D. Howells as praising the book, despite its dealing with subjects \"not hitherto touched in Anglo-Saxon fiction.\"  Edmund Grosse, as laying aside the social mores and dealing with the novel on its literary merits, he finds “Jude” “an irresistible book: it is one of those novels into which we descend and are carried on by a steady impetus to the close, when we return, dazzled, to the light of common day. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) Jude the Obscure All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY Hardy’s Jude the Obscure follows Jude Fawley, a poor orphan 24 living with his Aunt Drusilla. Inspired by his former schoolteacher, All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Richard Phillotson’s decision to pursue an education at Christminster, Jude dreams of studying in Christminster and becoming a scholar. Enthralled in his studies, Jude captures the attention of Arabella, a country girl who tricks him into marriage by feigning pregnancy. Although Jude is trapped in a loveless marriage, he meets and falls in love with his cousin, Sue Bridehead. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604)

SUMMARY 25 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL When Sue learns Jude is separated yet still married to Arabella, Sue decides to marry Jude’s former schoolteacher Phillotson, and gradually becomes dissatisfied with her marriage. Eventually, Sue leaves her husband to be with Jude, bearing his children. Because society disapproves of their relationship, Jude, Sue, and their family suffer from poverty. The doomed lovers find themselves incapable of living within society’s conventions, causing Jude and Sue to encounter ostracism and tragedy. www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS Q1. Jude Fawley, the novel's protagonist, longs to become a __________. Circumstances force him instead to become a 2 6 __________. A. painter; gravedigger B. doctor; butcher C. scholar; stonemason D. lawyer; merchant Q2. How does Arabella trap Jude into marrying her the first time? A. she gets him drunk B. she steals his money C. she feigns pregnancy D. she threatens his life Q3. Where does Jude first see Sue? A. in a portrait owned by his aunt Drusilla B. in church during a sermon C. in a shop at Christminster D. in the stonemason's yard. Q4. What statues does Sue buy from the street vendor? A. Venus and Apollo B. St. Peter and St. Mary Magdalen C. Mars and Cupid D. Christ and the Virgin Mary Q5. How are Jude and Sue related? A. she is his aunt B. they are siblings C. they are cousins D. he is her uncle Answers: 1. C. 2. C. 3.C. 4.B. 5.C. Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 27 Q1. What are some features of Hardy’s style? The narrative tone? The use of diction, pace of sentences, choice of images and descriptions? What kinds of intrusions are made by the narrator? Q2, What do we learn about the schoolmaster from the opening chapter? Q3. What do we learn about Jude’s character and situation? Q4. What are some of the roles literature will play in his life? Q5. What is significant about the physical environment of Marygreen? Q6. What will be ironic about Phillotson's casual invitation to Jude to seek him out in Christminster? FAQs - Frequently Asked Questions ... www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 28 1.http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/hardy/intro.html 2. https://www.britannica.com/event/Victorian-era 3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jude_the_Obscure 4.https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore- 9780199329175-e-427 5.https://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=102466 6 Zhou Haixia, Yang Zhaohui. Symbolism in Jude the Obscure.International Journal of Literature and Arts.Vol. 3, No. 6, 2015, pp. 129-135. doi:10.11648/j.ijla.20150306.11 7. https://www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-do-critics-think-about-jude-obscure-story-60553 8. https://www.litcharts.com/lit/jude-the-obscure/themes/social-criticism www.cuidol.in Unit-9,10 (MAE604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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