E-LESSON-8-9

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

BCA 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Internet Computing and Ethics Course Code: BCA 113 Semester: First SLM Units: 8, 9 e-Lesson No.: 7 www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113)

Introduction to Open Software 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be able to define basic of open source In this unit we are going to learn the basic of software and technologies with its example.open open source software and technologies with source software and technologies with its example its example. Student will be able to learn about benefits and growth of open source software Also describe the benefits and growth and various challenges open source is facing Student will be able to learn about various challenges open source. Student will be able to know about various Brief explanation of various communities of communities of open source and their contribution open source and their contribution to the to the society. society. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BBCCAA111133)) INSTAITllUTriEgOhtFaDrIeSTrAesNeCrEveAdNwDiOthNCLIUN-EIDLOEALRNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4  Introduction to Open Source  About Open Source Technologies  Benefit and growth of open Source  Challenges of open Source  Communities of open source and their contribution www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

What is Open Source 5  The term \"open source\" refers to something people can modify and share because its design is publicly accessible.  This term originated in the context of software development to designate a specific approach to creating computer programs.  Today, however, \"open source\" designates a broader set of values—what we call \"the open source way.\"  Open source projects, products, or initiatives embrace and celebrate principles of open exchange, collaborative participation, rapid prototyping, transparency, meritocracy, and community-oriented development. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

What is Open Source Software 6  Open source software is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance.  \"Source code\" is the code computer programmers can manipulate to change how a piece of software—a \"program\" or \"application\"—works.  Programmers who have access to a computer program's source code can improve that program by adding features to it or fixing parts that don't always work correctly. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open vs Closed Sources 7  Open source software is released to the development community and undergoes a secondary phase of evolution, but closed source software is developed in isolation with a small team of developers. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Examples of open Source 8  Examples of open source products such as  WordPress (a content management system),  Open Office,  the internet browser Mozilla Firefox,  Mozilla's Firefox web browser.  Thunderbird email client.  PHP scripting language.  Python programming language.  Apache HTTP web server.  the GNU/Linux operating system. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Advantages of OSS 9  Security  Affordability  Transparent  Interoperable on multiple platforms  Flexible due to customizations  Localization is possible www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Benefits of OSS 10  It’s free – it has been estimated that open source software collectively saves businesses $60 billion a year. These days for virtually every paid for proprietary software system you will find an open source version.  It’s continually evolving in real time as developers add to it and modify it, which means it can be better quality and more secure and less prone to bugs than proprietary systems, because it has so many users poring over it and weeding out problems.  Using open source software also means you are not locked into using a particular vendor’s system that only work with their other systems.  You can modify and adapt open source software for your own business requirements, something that is not possible with proprietary systems. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

OSS Example 11  The GNU Project  The OS GNU/Linux  Apache Web Server www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Software Examples 12  The GNU Projects  The GNU project is a mass collaborative initiative for the development of free software. Richard Stallman founded the project in 1978 at MIT.  GNU is a Unix-like operating system. The development of GNU, started in January 1984, is known as the GNU Project. The name “GNU” is a recursive acronym for “GNU's Not Unix.”  The original purpose of the GNU project was the creation of a free operating system. Free, in a software context, does not necessarily mean free of cost. The freedom referred to is the ability of anyone who wishes to run, copy, distribute, study, change and improve the software.  The GNU General Public License, often shortened to GNU GPL (or simply GPL), lists terms and conditions for copying, modifying and distributing free software. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Software Examples 13  The Operating System GNU/Linux  The GNU Linux project was created for the development of a Unix-like operating system that comes with source code that can be copied, modified, and redistributed.  Richard Stallman announced the GNU Linux project in 1983 and, with others, formed the Free Software Foundation in 1985.  The GNU/Linux is an operating system that is a free software. In a GNU/Linux system, Linux is the kernel component. The rest of the system consists of other programs, many of which were written by or for the GNU Project.  Because the Linux kernel alone does not form a working operating system, we prefer to use the term “GNU/Linux” to refer to systems that many people casually refer to as “Linux”. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Software Examples 14  Apache Web Server  Apache is the most widely used web server software. The official name is Apache HTTP Server, and it is developed and maintained the Apache Software Foundation.  Apache is an open source software available for free. It runs on 67% of all web servers in the world. It is fast, reliable, and secure.  It allows website owners to serve content on the web — hence the name “web server”. It’s one of the oldest and most reliable web servers, with the first version released in 1995.  When someone wants to visit a website, they enter a domain name into the address bar of their browser. Then, the web server delivers the requested files by acting as a virtual delivery man. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Strengths of Open Source Software 15  Open source software can have a major impact on your entire organization. There are several advantages of using open source software. The following are a list of the advantages of opting for open source software. 1) High-quality software  Open source software is mostly high-quality software. When you use the open source software, the source code is available. Most open source software are well-designed. Open source software can also be efficiently used in coding. These reasons make open source software an ideal choice for organizations. 2) No vendor lock-in  IT managers in organizations face constant frustration when dealing with vendor lock-ins'. Lack of portability, expensive license fees and inability to customize software are some of the other disadvantages. Using open source software gives you more freedom and you can effectively address all these disadvantages. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Strengths of Open Source Software 16 3) Simple License Management  When you use open source software, you would no longer need to worry about licenses. Open source software enables you to install it several times and also use it from any location. You will be free from monitoring, tracking or counting license compliance. 4) Lower software costs  Using open source software can help you minimize your expenses. You can save on licensing fees and maintenance fees. The only expenses that you would encounter would be expenditure for documentation, media and support. 5) Flexibility  Proprietary software often requires users to accept the terms and conditions of use, which restrict the ways in which developers and programmers can utilize a given product. However, with OSS, community members have open access to the source code and are able to use it in any way they see fit. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Strengths of Open Source Software 17 6) Security and Transparency  Crowd sourcing also facilitates a constant process of peer review. Without proprietary software restrictions, developers in the open-source community are constantly reviewing code, building improvements, and closing gaps in security. This process also holds community members accountable for their contributions, and cuts down on the time it takes to push out an update. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Software Assessment 18  Many organizations using Free/Open Source Software (FOSS) are dealing with the major problem of selecting the most appropriate software product corresponding to their needs.  The Open Source Maturity Model (OSMM) is a methodology for assessing Free/Libre Open Source Software (FLOSS) and more specifically the FLOSS development process. This methodology is released under the Creative Commons license.  There are many approaches for evaluating FOSS:  Navica’s Open Source Maturity Model (NOSMM)  CapGemini’s Open Source Maturity Model (COSMM)  Qualification and Selection of Open Source Software (QSOS)  Open Business Readiness Rating (Open BRR)  Open Business Quality Rating (OpenBQR) www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Software Assessment 19  Software assessment for quality is an abstract concept that is perceived and interpreted differently based on one's personal views and interests.  To dissolve this ambiguity, ISO(International Organization for Standardization 2001) provides a framework for the evaluation of software quality. It defines six software quality attributes, often referred to as quality characteristics:  • Functionality: Whether the software performs the required functions  • Reliability: Refers to maturity, fault tolerance and recoverability  • Usability: Refers to the effort required to understand, learn, and operate the software system  • Efficiency: Refers to performance and resource use behaviour  • Maintainability: Refers to the effort required to modify the software  • Portability: Refers to the effort required to transfer the software to another environment www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Open Source Challenges 20  More contributors means more risk  Establishing coding standards  Accepting a common license  Implementing peer review  More contributors means less security  Shared vision  Personal ethics  More contributors means less progress  Defining tasks  Listen and focus  Nothing is perfect www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

OPEN SOURCE COMMUNITY 21  The open source community provides a great opportunity for aspiring programmers to distinguish themselves; and by contributing to various projects, developers can improve their skills and get inspiration and support from like-minded people. But most importantly, they can prove that they can build fantastic experiences that people love. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Reasons to contribute to OSS 22  First, there are a lot of enthusiasts who simply believe that code should be open. They're idealists who want to make the world a better place, and it drives them to contribute code. The desire to share can be a powerful motivator.  Second, OSS gives you a great start. Beginner developers can also learn to write so- called \"clean code\" – code that is readable and maintainable – while contributing to open source projects. When developers realize that their code is exposed to the world, it makes them focus on making that code easy to understand and support.  Programmers stick to generally accepted rules within a team, when contributing to free projects you're obliged to conform to the norms of a project www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Reasons to contribute to OSS 23  Third, you get the chance to be part of an active open source community where you can meet like-minded people and supporters. Moreover, if you're a freelancer and actively contribute to open source projects, you increase your chances of being noticed by potential employers.  The main reasons why developers go for free-for-modification projects are to be recognized, to sharpen their programming skills, and to become part of the vibrant community. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Ways to contribute to open source projects 24  . Create your own open source project  Besides an initial project draft, you should consider the following set of questions:  What skills do you need for your project?  How much time are you willing to spend on your project?  What problem(s) does your software solve?  How many potential users are there for your product? www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Ways to contribute to open source projects 25  Create open source alternatives to commercial software  Today's commercial projects actively engage open source solutions. Many companies base their projects on free tools.It's useful to play around with free software that can replace similar proprietary software, or that fixes an issue you've recently faced.  Another reason for replacing commercial solutions with open source software is eagerness for real innovation and growth. Commercial software claims to be innovative, but its final goal is turning a profit. Open source software unites best practices, great quality of code and passionate developers willing to code just because they like to. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Ways to contribute to open source projects 26  . Contribute to existing open source projects  You can find many projects you are free to participate in on GitHub – a developer- oriented platform with a simple but essential set of functionality. GitHub attracts developers with public APIs, a sleek and frequently updated UI.  Developers can fork projects, make changes to code, and send pull requests. And quality assurance is always appreciated. Sometimes developers are too busy or too lazy to check the quality of their code. So go ahead and report a bug or try to fix it – your help is appreciated. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 27 Q1. OSS stands for ___________ a) Open Source Software b) Open System Software c) Open Synchronized Software d) Open System Service Q2.What is Apache? a) Web Server b) Open Source c) Closed Source d) Both (a) and (b) Q3.Linux is ------- : a) Kernel b) Operating system c) server d) None of these Answers: 1. a) 2. d) 3.a) www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 28 Q4.What is the full form of GNU Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL a) Graphical Net User b) Graphical Network User c) GNU is Unix d) GNU's not Unix Q5.Which is not open source software: a) WordPress b) Open Office c) Microsoft Window d) GNU Q6.Which is not closed source software: a) WordPress b) Open Office c) Python d) All of these Answers: 4. d) 5. c) 6.d) www.cuidol.in

SUMMARY 29  Open source software is generally a team effort where dedicated programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community.  Open source software in simple terms is free software that you can use in your business.  Open source software is released to the development community and undergoes a secondary phase of evolution, but closed source software is developed in isolation with a small team of developers.  It’s continually evolving in real time as developers add to it and modify it, which means it can be better quality and more secure and less prone to bugs than proprietary systems, because it has so many users poring over it and weeding out problems.  According to the GNU Linux project, the Linux operating system's kernel is Linux but all other elements of the system are GNU. According to the project, neither OS exists independently and, as such Linux would more appropriately be called GNU Linux. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 30  The larger the community and the bigger the pool of contributors the more opportunity there exists for problems or potential security risks.  As more developers contribute code and their solutions to problems there is a very real need to establish some guidelines for all contributors to follow.  Apache is an open-source and free web server software that powers around 46% of websites around the world.  The official name is Apache HTTP Server, and it’s maintained and developed by the Apache Software Foundation.  The open source community provides a great opportunity for aspiring programmers to distinguish themselves; and by contributing to various projects, www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 31 Q1. What do you mean by open source and open source software? Ans: The term \"open source\" refers to something people can modify and share because its design is publicly accessible. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 8. Q2. Explain the advantages of open source software. Ans: The advantages of open source software includes - Security, Affordability, Transparent, Interoperable on multiple platforms, Flexible due to customizations, Localization is possible. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 8. Q3. Discuss the open source challenges. Ans: The open source challenges includes -More contributors means more risk, Establishing coding standards, Accepting a common license, Implementing peer review, More contributors means less security, etc. For Further details please refer to the subject SLM unit 9. www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 32  http://www.irma-international.org/viewtitle/29378/  https://www.outsource2india.com/software/articles/open-source-software.asp  https://www.hostinger.in/tutorials/what-is-apache  https://www.wpbeginner.com/glossary/apache/  https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-source  https://api2cart.com/business/5-differences-between-open-source-and-closed-source-software/  https://www.gnu.org/home.en.html www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

33 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-8, 9 (BCA113) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL