M1 Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking UNIT- 1: ART OF PERSUASIVE WRITING AND PUBLIC SPEAKING Structure: 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction to Persuasive Writing 1.2 Definitions of communication 1.3 Nature of communication 1.4 Function or importance of communication 1.5 Process of Communication 1.6 Models of communication 1.7 Communication Barriers 1.8 Verbal Communication 1.9 Non Verbal Communication 1.10Techniques for Building LSR 1.11 Summary 1.12Key Words/Abbreviations 1.13 References Page 1 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to: ● Understanding the theory and practice of persuasive writing and speech ● Learn to construct and defend effective arguments 1.1 Introduction to Persuasive Writing Definition: Persuasive writing is written communication that tries to convince the reader to: - Do something - Buy something - Change their opinion Persuasive writing is used to: - Convince the reader to support a cause - Urge the reader for a certain action - Create interest in the reader - Push the reader for agreement - Initiate change 1.2 Definitions of Communication 1. According to Peter Little, Communication is „the process by which information is transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response is created.‟ This definition touches on all aspects of the communication process: ● The process of communication involves the communication of ideas. ● The ideas should be accurately replicated in the receiver‟s mind, i.e., the receiver should get exactly the same ideas as were transmitted. If the process is perfect, there will be no distortion of the ideas. Page 2 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking ● The transmitter is assured of the accurate replication of the ideas by feedback. Communication is a two-way process including the transmission of feedback. ● The purpose of communication is to elicit action. 2. One of the simplest definitions by Robert Anderson. He defines “Communication” as an interchange of thoughts, opinions or information by speech, writing or signs. 3. According to Bartol and Martin, “Communication is the exchange of messages between people for the purpose of achieving common meanings.” These definitions show that communication depends on the understanding of the messages by the receiver. The sender is able to transmit his own ideas effectively. Communication also requires a medium or a channel to be received by a person. 1.3 Nature of Communication Communication occurs wherever life exists. It creates common ideas, strengthens the feeling of togetherness through the exchange of messages, and translates thought into action. The important features or characteristics of communication are: 1.Continuous Process: Communication is a continuous process. It is not static but dynamic. The people with whom you communicate change the situation changes and the content and nature also changes. It starts with the sender. Then it moves by Page 3 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking encoding and decoding messages through some channel and ends with the feedback. After receiving the feedback, the sender again gives another message so it is a continuous process. 2.Interchange of Information: It aims at exchanging information. It is a two-way process. The exchange of information can happen between two or more persons. One person cannot communicate to himself so a sender and receiver both are required to complete the communication act. A manager might send many warning letters to the employees but communication is not complete unless it is read by the employee. 3.Mutual Understanding: The main purpose of sending the message is that the receiver receives and understands the message. So the message should be clearly and concisely worded. 4.Universal Function: Communication is a universal function, which covers all levels of authority. 5.Spiraling Process: The receiver and the sender‟s communication do not start at the same level. The abilities of the sender and the receiver are different. Noise and time have an impact on it. So communication takes a spiral shape before it is completed and reaches the receiver at the same level and space. 6.Social Activity: The meaning of the message also depends on the social and cultural Page 4 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking situation in which it is delivered. The components of a society are into a relationship of sharing, be it information, feelings, or emotions. 1.4 Scope of Communication Communication has unlimited scope. Broadly, the scope of communication can be explained under two headings: (i) External Dimensions (ii) Internal Dimensions Internal } Superiors Communication Co-workers Subordinates External communication Customers Suppliers Public Government Page 5 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking External dimensions mean on a bigger level where we build relations with all external agencies and stakeholders. If there is effective communication then the external organizational climate will be based on trust, cooperation, innovation, and commitment. External activities would be related to the sale and purchase of goods and services, reporting to the government and shareholders on the financial situation and business operations, etc. Through effective communication, one comes to know how an organization looks after its advertisements, publicity, and public relations function. Internal communication is very important as it happens within an organization. It starts from formulating corporate vision, mission, and captivating goals to their implementation, etc. For framing policies, top management needs to obtain information and views of the middle and lower level management people. Thus proper communication can only facilitate a proper understanding of the policies in the right spirit. Internal activities include maintaining and improving the morale of the employees, giving commands to workers, announcing policies and organizational changes, etc. Different departments in an organization execute different functions. So, for obtaining and giving co- operation to other departments, exchange of information plays an important role. For example: In the Human Resource department, the HR manager has lots of responsibilities like conducting interviews, appraising employees‟ performance standards, explaining disciplinary rules and regulations, etc. This can be achieved only through effective communication. Communication has a direct link with the motivation and morale of the employees. In addition to External and Internal dimensions, the scope of communication may be looked into many things which comprise oral and non-verbal Page 6 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking communication, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, and Mass Communication, etc. 1.4 Functions or Importance of Communication Communication plays a vital role in every walk of life. The major functions or importance of communication in an organization are: 1.Information: Communication facilitates decision-making and problem-solving. Managers, with the help of effective communication, receive and transmit the information which helps them to solve problems and make decisions. For example: If there is a strike in an organization, the manager calls the workers, listens to their problems, explain the organization‟s position, etc. 2.Control: Control is the power to influence people‟s behavior. When the employees are expected to adhere to the company‟s policies and procedures or first communicate their job-related grievances to their boss, communication performs the control function. 3.Motivation: The employees need motivation at every level. Communication with employees from time to time by the organization will keep the motivation of the employees high. By giving rewards and incentives managers attempt to motivate employees to do an excellent job. 4.Emotional Expression: Communication facilitates expressing or letting out the feelings and Page 7 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking emotions of employees under diverse circumstances. It enables people to express their disappointment and discontent. In several organizations, managers are trained on how to handle the employees‟ emotional problems and grievances. 5.Helps in Co-ordination: Many a time there exists a lot of differences in departments, divisions, authority, and power. So an organization is not able to achieve its goal. Effective communication mechanisms like letters, circulars, meetings, telephones, etc. can minimize these differences, and activities are properly coordinated to achieve organizational goals. 6.Performance Feedback: Employees need to identify how well they are performing and what they can do to surpass the standard. So managers communicate their feedback through letters of appreciation or suggestions, etc. 1.5 Process of Communication The communication process begins with the idea. The idea is a result of the need to send a message. The sender who desires to send the message follows the following procedure: Page 8 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking The following factors/components are part of the process of communication: 1.Source/Sender of Communication: The sender is the most important factor as the need for communication begins with the sender. Thus, the purpose of communication from the sender‟s point of view is very important. The purpose may be to inform, motivate, persuade or influence action; depending on this need, the other components are structured. 2. The Message: The message is the idea and expression in the oral/ written and verbal/non-verbal form. The type of communication of the message is dictated by the purpose of communication decided upon by the sender. 3.Encoding: Page 9 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking While encoding the message the sender must use symbols that will have the same meaning in the mind of the receiver as was prevalent in the mind of the sender. Selecting the right symbols to establish mutual understanding is the most important process of encoding. 4. Receiver: The receiver may be an individual or a group of people for whom the message is targeted. The message that reaches the receiver, should be able to decode the code effectively. 5.Decoding: To unravel the code effectively, understanding the code is the most important thing. The deciphering of the code is most important. The deciphering of the code depends upon past experiences of the receiver, personal assessment of symbols used, and expectations of the sender. In order to increase the effectiveness of the message, the receiver‟s decoding should match the sender‟s decoding. 6.Medium/Channel: The choice of the right medium is very important. A faulty medium can affect the effectiveness of the massage. A condolence message if given in the oral form is more effective, than the written form. Whereas sales message if given in the written form is less effective than the oral form. 7. Noise: Noise is the factor that disturbs, diminishes, confuses, or interferes with the message. Noise can take place at any level of communication – when the sender is disturbed while formulating the idea if the medium of the Page 10 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking (telephone) is not working properly or causing disturbances etc. 8. Feedback/Response: This is the most important component of communication. The effectiveness of the process of communication is determined based on the feedback received. Feedback can be positive or negative. Positive feedback allows the process of communication to happen to the next level. Negative feedback makes the sender realize the ineffectiveness of communication and so the sender makes efforts to reformulate the message and send it in a manner that becomes effective Berlo’s S-M-C-R Model David Berol‟s SMCR (SOURCE, MESSAGE, CHANNEL, and RECEIVER) model shows that for the communication process there is a very important relationship between the source and the receiver. The communication skills need to be very well developed between the source and the receiver so that the encoding and decoding of the message happen smoothly. A SOURCE is someone who makes the message based on his communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, etc. The MESSAGES which are made by the source are then transferred along CHANNELS including sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. A RECEIVER is someone who tries to understand the message based on his communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, etc. The only limitation of this model is that there is no scope for feedback. Page 11 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Aristotle in his model of communication has placed the speaker in the central position and says the entire communication is in the hands of the speaker. Berlo‟s model of communication gives importance to the emotional aspect of the message. Berlo‟s model has four components: 1. S – Source: The source is also called the Sender from whom the thought or the message originated. The Sender carefully puts his thoughts into words and sends the message to the receiver. The factors are: (a) Communication Skills – A sender needs to have excellent communication skills so that a great impact is created among the receivers. The speaker should know about pauses, pronunciation, sentence construction, accent, etc. A sender should listen to all the queries of the receiver. Page 12 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking (b) Attitude – The effect of the message is created by the attitude of the speaker. The sender‟s attitude towards himself, the receiver, and the environment changes the meaning of the message. If a person is very good at speaking but doesn‟t have the right attitude, then there is a problem. (c) Knowledge – The educational qualification and number of degrees are not called Knowledge but the clarity of the information which needs to be given to the receiver. The sender should have in-depth knowledge about the subject. He should be able to answer all the questions of the receivers. He should be familiar with the content of the subject. (d) Social System – When the sender is sending the message it is affected by values, beliefs, laws, rules, religion, and other social factors. (e) Culture – The cultural background of the receivers where the speaker is giving the speech refers to culture. Something might be accepted in one culture and offensive in another. 2. M – Message: The content which is sent by the sender to the receiver is called a Message. Here the sender converts his thoughts into words. It is also called Encoding. The factors are– (a) Content – The beginning to the end of the message is the Content. The script of the message is Content. The words have to be chosen carefully. The impact can be created with sensible, accurate, and crisp words. Page 13 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking (b) Element – The speech alone cannot bring a difference in communication. Non-verbal Communication like Gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, body language, etc. is Elements. (c) Treatment – How the message is given to the receiver is Treatment. It has to be given in an accurate form. A person has to understand the importance of the message and should know how to handle it. Page 14 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking (d) Structure – The way the message is structured or organized or arranged affects the effectiveness of the message. It has to be in a desired or proper form. (e) Code – It is a form in which a message is sent like language, expressions, gestures, text, video, etc. 3. C – Channel: The medium through which the information goes from the sender to the receiver is Channel. The effectiveness of the channel is affected by the five senses of human beings – (a) Hearing – Through Hearing, we receive the message. (b) Seeing – We recognize through seeing. We also get non-verbal messages by seeing. (c) Touching – Touching like holding hands or shaking hands is a kind of non-verbal communication (d) Smelling – The information is collected from Smelling. (e) Tasting – Taste also provides the information to be sent as a message. 4. R – Receiver: The receiver responds to the message after he tries to understand what the sender wants to say. It is also called Decoding. He should have good listening skills. The other factors are similar to that of the sender as Communication Skills, Attitudes, Knowledge, Social Systems, and Culture. There are some criticisms to this model as it doesn‟t have the element of the Page 15 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking feedback, noise, or barrier to communication, the linear model has no two- way communication and speaker and receiver should be on the same platform not always possible. 1.6 Models of Communication Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver 1948 came up with the Shannon and Weaver model of communication which is also called the Telephone Model as it is said that messages are interfered by the noise from the telephone switchboard in the 1940s. It is a transaction model of communication. Page 16 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Example: A businessman wants to send a message to his worker. So, he uses Telephone as a medium to send it and conveys the message about the meeting happening about their bad promotion. Due to noise, the worker does not receive the full message. ● Sender – Businessman ● Encoder – Telephone Network Company ● Channel – Mobile Network ● Noise – Distraction in Voice ● Decoder – Mobile Phone ● Receiver – Worker Shannon and Weaver‟s Model merely says that a message originates from the person who gets the thought or has the information. The sender is also called the Source of Information or the Information Source. The information then gets transmitted from the brain to the mouth and comes out as a signal SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL OF COMMUNICATION Informati Transmitte Channel Receiver Destination (Decoder) on r Source (Encoder) Mess Signal Message age Received Sig Noise which then reaches the receiver after joining hands with several noises and other disturbances. The receiver then further passes on the message to its final destination or other minds of other individuals. Page 17 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Advantages: ● The communication can be effective by using the concept of noise and removing the noise or problems causing the noise. ● It can be used in general communication as well. It is a two-way process. ● Communication is taken as quantifiable in this mode Page 18 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Criticisms or Disadvantages: ● This model can be used for interpersonal communication rather than group communication and mass communication. ● Sender plays the primary role and receiver has a passive part. ● Feedback is given less importance. Difference between Shannon Weaver and SMCR Model ● Shannon – It is used for interpersonal communication. ● SMCR – It is used for interpersonal, intrapersonal, group, or mass communication. ● Shannon – Senders and receivers are communicators. So, they can change their role. ● SMCR – Senders and Receivers are different people. ● Shannon – It includes noise and communication barriers as factors. ● SMCR – It does not necessarily have the concept of noise. SMCR Model – Criticisms or Disadvantages: ● As there is no concept of feedback, so the effect is not considered. ● There is no concept of noise or any kind of barriers in communication. ● There is no two-way communication as it is a Linear model of communication. ● Both of the people must be similar according to all the factors mentioned above. Page 19 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1.7 Communication Barriers Communication fails when the message received is not the same as the message sent. Communication Barriers exist in the entire organization. It is not limited to only one or two people. Many barriers cause Communication failures. These areas follow Page 20 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1. Organizational Structure: If in an organization the hierarchy is greater (i.e., more the number of managerial levels), there are more chances of communication getting destroyed. The top-level managers can see the overall picture while the employees just have knowledge of only some areas. The structural barriers can be overcome by having upward, downward and horizontal communication. Adopt techniques such as employee surveys, open door policies to encourage two- way communication. 2. Difference in Status: When people from diverse hierarchical positions communicate, there might be a communication breakdown. Most employees at the lower level are very cautious while sending messages to managers. The managers may sometimes refuse to discuss anything important with the employees. Thus, they want to retain the importance of their status. To overcome status barriers, create a fair and just environment through honesty and including employees in decision making. 3. Information Overload: Too much information or too little information both are bad as the person will not be able to focus on the important part of the message. If the information is not controlled, it is likely to be misinterpreted or forgotten, or overlooked. To overcome information overload, try to analyze the meaning of information before passing it and set priorities for which one is essential. Page 21 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 4. Message Complexity: If a message is difficult in nature or there is difficulty in understanding the message it means the message is complex. The linguistic differences also lead to Communication breakdown. To overcome complex messages, one has to make sure to keep the messages clear and easy to understand, organize them suitably, using concrete and specific language, etc 5.Inattention: Sometimes we only hear the information but do not listen. We need the undivided attention of the receiver. If a person does not have the time to pay attention to your message avoid telling your message at that time. Make written messages visually appealing and easy to understand. Oral messages are effective in face-to-face communication. 6. Physical Distractions: If there is a lot of noise, it leads to distractions. Physical distractions like poor lighting, uncomfortable seating arrangements, and the unhygienic room also affect communication in a meeting overcome physical barriers, and sure less noise by providing soundproof rooms or peaceful surroundings. Try to prepare well-written documents that are clear and comprehensive. When giving an oral presentation, the audience should be able to see and hear the speaker clearly. Page 22 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Barriers can be categorized more aptly as: 1. Physical 2. Psychological 3. Semantic 4. Organizational 1. Physical Barriers ● Defects in the medium: Defects in the devices used for transmitting communication are external and usually not within the control of the parties engaged in communication. The telephone, the postal system, the courier service, or even electronic media may fail or break down. A partial failure of the mechanical equipment is more dangerous than a complete failure, as it carries an incomplete or distorted message, which might cause a wrong action to be taken. ● Noise: Noise is any disturbance that occurs in the transmission process. In face-to-face communication without a microphone, the air may be disturbed by the noise in the environment such as traffic, factory work, or people talking. ● Temperature and Humidity: A high temperature and humidity can lead to stress on both sender and receiver of the message. In case there is a high temperature, the lecturer may not be able to communicate properly and students will also find it difficult to listen. ● Time and Distance: If two persons are working in two different shifts or at two different places, then there could be a communication Page 23 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking gap. It could be possible if proper media of communication or telephone facility is not available. 2. Psychological Barriers: ● Self-centered Attitudes: We pay attention to messages which are useful to us and often do not pay enough attention to those messages which do not interest us. Self-interest may prevent us from seeing the point of view of others. ● Group Identification: We tend to reject an idea that goes against the interest of the group, e.g., family, people of locality and city, religion, age group, nationality, and so on. ● Self-image: Self-image is our ideas about what we are, what we look like, and what impression we make. A self-image is built up over the years and it is quite difficult to accept any idea which goes against it. So, it is difficult to give and take feedback. ● Selective Perception: Sometimes, we fail to get a complete message which is sent to us. Read or hear selectively according to our own needs, interest, and experience. We project our expectations into the communication as we interpret the message. ● Filtering: Filtering is a process of reducing the details or aspects of a message. Each person who passes on a message reduces or colors a message according to his or her understanding of the message or situation. ● Status Block: A boss who is conscious of status finds it difficult to receive favorably, any suggestions from subordinates. Page 24 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking ● Closed Mind: Limited intellectual background, limited reading, and narrow interests can cause a person‟s mind to be narrow. This limits the ability to take in new ideas. ● Emotions: If the sender is angry, worried, or excited, then his thinking process will be affected. So, the emotions of the sender or receiver can affect the message. 3. Semantic or Language Barriers Languages are the most important and powerful tools of communication, and yet it is a tricky tool that needs skill in handling words has multiple meanings. Example – Similar sounding words like access and excess, flour and flower, cite and the site can cause misunderstanding in speech. Even a concrete noun like a table may suggest a dining table or a study table to different people; a chair could be something to sit or a position to occupy. Sentences can convey entirely different meanings depending upon how they are spoken. Semantic Barriers arise because words mean different things to a different person. Technical terms can be a barrier to communication. Example – Computer literate people are familiar with mice and others only know it as an animal. 4. Organizational Barriers Within the organization, the movement papers and information may be held up by the system itself. Oral messages and information which have to pass through many levels of authority are often delayed. They are also likely Page 25 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking to be distorted because, at each level, they are edited and interpreted. Many gaps are created in upward communication because subordinates do not send all information upward; they tend to send up only such information which is favorable and hide what is unfavorable. 1.8 Verbal Communication When the message is transferred through spoken words it is called Verbal communication. The feelings, thoughts, opinions, ideas, etc. of the sender are put into words in the form of speeches, discussions, conversations, etc. There are various aspects like tone, clarity, volume, speed, body language, etc. which are important for the effectiveness of Verbal Communication. The feedback given in Verbal Communication is instant. Verbal communication can be successful if speaking and listening both are done in a proper way. Written and Spoken Communication both comes under Verbal communication Page 26 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking When the spoken words are used it is Oral Communication. Intonation, Paralinguistic, and Vocalization are important aspects of Oral Communication. Written communication is the one that lasts for a long time and with the advent of new media it has developed over time and will be continuously developing as science and technology continue to create new communication channels. Advantages of Verbal Communication are: ● It helps in saving time during communication. ● Feedback can be given instantly. ● If a person has any doubts in the understanding of words it gives a clear understanding of communication. ● Most reliable method of communication. ● Most flexible and effective method. ● It is a dominant means of influence and control. ● Cheapest method of communication as it saves money. Disadvantages of Verbal Communication are: ● In some situations, emotions are visible which can lead to trouble. ● As it has no legal validity in some situations, it can lead to problems. ● It does not provide a permanent record. ● When a person is communicating with distant people, it can have issues. ● As different speech tones are used, some people cannot understand. ● In case of a lengthy message, it is not suitable. Page 27 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1.9 Non-verbal Communication Non-verbal communication is indirect, without words. People mostly believe in actions, more than in words. Verbal communication is communication through words. Researchers have found that even in a spoken language, the listener pays more attention to Non-verbal Communication. For example – In a candidate‟s resume, he communicates not only with words that describes his education and experience but also with the quality of paper and color of ink which were used in his resume. Non-verbal communication is more important than Verbal Communication. Non-verbal cues can speak louder than words. Non-verbal communication includes all unwritten and unspoken messages, both intentional and unintentional. They have a great impact on the receiver but it is difficult to interpret them accurately. They should not be ignored but understood correctly. Communication is the transfer of information from one person to another. 75% of our time we spend in communicating our thoughts and ideas but we fail to realize that our communication is more in non-verbal form than oral and written forms. Definition of Non-verbal Communication: Non-verbal Communication can be defined in several ways: ● Communication through any means other than words. ● Instead of speech or writing using any other medium to transmit the messages. Page 28 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking ● Usage of non-linguistic means to convey the message. According to one definition, „Non-verbal Communication involves those non-verbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by both the source (speaker) and his or her use of the environment and that have potential message value for the source or receiver (listener).‟ Peter Drucker says, „The most important thing in communication is to hear what isn‟t being said‟. Bartol and Martin define Non-verbal Communication as, „Communication by means of elements and behaviors that are not coded into words.‟ Characteristics of Non-verbal Communication: 1. Non-verbal Communication involves the usage of sign language, symbols, etc. that enables communicating in the absence of words: It uses body language, proxemics, visuals, etc. for communicating. The meaning is shared through involuntary responses. 2. Non-verbal Communication is used to perform specific functions: In some situations, some functions of non-verbal communication are important, i.e., like to express emotions, managing interactions, creating impressions, greeting someone, etc. 3. It is an inexpensive speedy means of informal communication only if the receiver is able to see the sender: It does not cost much and saves time. It involves experiencing or sharing something which is not expressed in words but the receiver is able to see the sender. 4. Non-verbal Codes are used to establish and maintain an Page 29 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking interpersonal relationship: It builds healthy relationships. It is more polite to communicate non-verbally especially to avoid embarrassing situations. 5. It can support the building of corporate image by complementing verbal communication: It builds the corporate image as team members; need to understand the message of others more than merely listening to the spoken words. 6. It provides scope for feedback: As it happens only in a face-to-face situation, feedback can be given immediately. 7. Its success depends on the attentiveness of the receiver and his capability of understanding the communication: The receiver has to pay attention, otherwise, he will miss out or fail to hear the non-verbal message. Types of Non-verbal Communication: Appearance Clothing, Hair Style, Choice of Colors Para-linguistics Non-verbal stures Ge Tone of voice, pitch, communicatio Facial Expression Ha n loudness Eye Contact Smile, Frown Movement of eyes, Postures Blinking Arm Crossing, Leg Crossing, Seating Position Page 30 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1. Kinesics: Development of scientific study is called KINESICS – a science of body language. George Terry uses the expression body language, including facial expressions, gestures, posture, body movements, etc. as non-verbal means of communication. An unspoken communication that happens in face-to-face encounters is body language as it reveals the true feelings on how well your words are being acknowledged. For example: When we welcome someone, we extend our hands, smile, etc. When the boss is giving instructions, we shrug our shoulders it indicates doubt or disapproval. It is said that only 10 percent is communicated through actual words and around 70 percent is communicated through body language. A lot is told by our bodies in different ways as we communicate. It can indicate attitudes and feelings. Out body, movement includes our head, eyes, shoulder, eyebrows, fingers, hands, etc. Together these pieces say whether we are sad, happy, nervous comfortable, etc. (a) Facial Expressions: The non-verbal messages sent by this channel are first noticed but are difficult to understand because of the complexity of possible expressions. There are so many ways in which the eyebrows, lips, and jaws can move. But research shows that people mostly are accurate in judging the meaning of facial expressions. For example We can judge the warmth or coldness, varying moods from the sender‟s face. It communicates emotions like surprise, sadness, fear, and attitudes like friendliness, anger, affection, etc. A face is a book in which you can read a lot. For example: If your boss smiles you are pleased but if he frowns it leaves you in discomfort position. Page 31 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking Facial expressions also provide information about a candidate‟s thought process. For example The interviewer can judge the confidence of the candidate in the information being given. The high- quality messages are produced through the face in which the meanings are the same with the expressions. (b) Posture: Posture is another indicator of our mood and attitude. Slouching while sitting may indicate a lack of interest. The way we stand or sit and the position of the head and hands influence communication. When we keep our hands folded it shows that we adopt a defensive position and we don‟t agree with the other person. The right posture: It is said that you will feel better if your posture is right. So whenever you feel a bit low then take a look at your posture, you might be slouching. Certain types of postures convey inclusion or exclusion. In a group, the members can place his/her body in a way that will include or exclude an individual from a conversation. For example A group of people may form a little circle that excludes all others. Also, one can acquire a posture that agrees with the person with whom he is communicating. Posture indicates the relationship between people – superior and subordinate, shows confidence level, shows inferiority or shyness. (c) Gestures: Gestures are observed actions. Movement of the parts of the body especially hands, arms, legs, and feet is a Gesture. Gestures in face- Page 32 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking to-face communication always add and support oral communication. Gestures communicate the following things: ● Gestures can give information: For example: Raising of hand – waiting to ask a question, V – Victory. It is also used as a Dumb and Deaf sign language. While praising the work of the employee, the employer pats him on his back. ● Gestures can indicate emotions: Clapping of hands to indicate appreciation, touching of face – nervousness or anxiety, Putting hands on mouth or head – tensed, etc. ● Gestures are used to support speech: During his speech, a person moves his hands, body, and head continuously. For example Nod of the head – Yes, horizontal headshake means „No‟. ● Gestures helps to give feedback: When the audience is fidgeting it indicates a lack of interest or boredom. Non-verbal feedback can warn that you must change or do something different so that you get the result that you desire. ● Gestures express self-image: Even your image is conveyed through Gestures. An extrovert person may use wide energetic gestures while a shy person may use smaller gestures and restricts his gestures to the area close to his body. 2. Oculesics: Page 33 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking The usage of eyes while communicating is Oculesics. This may include eye contact or the avoidance of eye contact. Eye contact is a very important form of non-verbal communication. For example: The boss maintains longer eye contact than the employee. When a candidate goes for the interview if he maintains eye contact it shows confidence. Avoidance of eye contact may also mean a person is guilty of telling lies. In a class, if a student is slouching then as soon as the teacher stares the student will sit straight. The eyes can communicate a wide range of meanings. At the end of a social evening, people may signal „Let‟s go!‟ only by eye contact. Length of eye contact may be confusing. For example: If a boy looks at a girl for a prolonged period then she feels embarrassed or uncomfortable. If a person maintains good eye, contact it shows respect and interest. 3. Haptics: Haptics or tactile communication or touch is an important form of Non- verbal Communication. Bonds are formed with touch. When your boss pats your back you feel pleased as his touch shows appreciation. Mostly touch is used during greetings and departures but it can also be used in conversations. For example: touching the feet of elders is considered to be respectful. If touch is used properly in communication it can create a more direct message than words but if used improperly, it can build barriers and cause mistrust. Touch not only sends the message but also has an emotional impact on the message. When a person is trying to influence the other person the touch reinforces the message. It can also indicate the relationship between people. Touch is especially good at imparting a sense of empathy. Touch is a very important way to convey comfort and reassurance. Page 34 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 4. Proxemics: The way we use the space around us, how we arrange it, and what we arrange in it is called Proxemics. It is the study of space and its effect on human communication. For example Many families have a particular chair which is Dad‟s chair so no one dares to sit on it. An employee will never sit on the boss‟s chair. In a class, students have their favorite bench, and this space is respected by others. Sometimes if someone is standing very close to us we will feel they have invaded our space. Types of Spaces: (a) Intimate Distance: It is the closest phase which shows the relationship of parent-child, lovers, close friendship, etc. (b) Personal Distance: In this phase, there are two areas close personal distance and far personal distance. When you hold your partner‟s hand is a close personal distance. When you cannot comfortably touch your partner at this distance it is a far phase of personal distance. Still, the distance is close where personal discussions can be made. (c) Social Distance: It is the distance that housewife keeps from the repairman, the distance which a businessman maintains when he meets a new client. (d) Public Distance: It is the distance that politicians, celebrities, or VIP‟s maintain from the public. Page 35 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 5. Appearance and Artefacts: People are impressed if a person is muscular and good in shape. A person‟s physical appearance creates an image and is a part of Non-verbal Communication. An attractive girl would be able to influence people. The opinion of a person is made on his appearance. People can even change their appearance by changing their clothing styles, hairstyles, accessories, etc. For example: If a person is poorly dressed he is treated poorly and well-dressed people are treated well. Casual wear indicates a relaxed, casual, and approachable attitude whereas formal wear indicates a professional business- like attitude. The most influential artifacts you own are your clothes. 6. Paralanguage/Vocalics: Para means support, so paralanguage means supporting language. It is the changeable, connected used of speech-related mechanisms we use to complement our oral communication like tone, stress, accent, pitch, and register. (a) Tone: The combination of raised and lowered voice is a tone which is used for supplementary meaning. Tone can be direct, commanding, loud, soft, etc. For a request, we use a politely raised tone and a lowered tone for a command. During a speech, we must well-modulate our tone so that people will be paying attention. (b) Stress: Stress is unique to English as opposed to Indian Language. In English, for correct pronunciation and meaning, a particular syllable Page 36 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking in a word is stressed. For example: complete. (c) Accent: The accent is the tune which we speak. For example American and British accents. Americans flatten their vowels more than the British. (d) Pitch: The measure of how high or low a voice is Pitch and is determined by the speed of vibration of the vocal folds. For example: While speaking to a child we raise our pitch but we reprimand an employee with a low pitch. Some people have the habit of speaking on the telephone with a higher pitch. 7. Chronemics: The usage of time is known as Chronemics. It is like a message system that shows punctuality, waiting time, etc. A silent message is given by the way we use time. If an employee comes on time to the office, it shows his sincerity and the boss is impressed. The amount of time we spend on a task shows how much importance we give to it. Techniques for Improving Non-verbal Communication Skills: ● Establish and maintain eye contact. ● Use posture to show interest. ● Reduce or eliminate physical barriers. ● Probe for more information. ● Avoid assigning non-verbal meanings out of context. ● Associate with people from diverse cultures ● Appreciate the power of appearance. Page 37 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking ● Observe yourself on videotape. ● Enlist friends and family to monitor your body movements and gestures. 1.10 Techniques for Building LSRW Skills For effective Interpersonal communication, a person needs to have LSRW – Listening, Speaking, Reading, and Writing which are the four skills of Language Learning. When we talk about first language acquisition, then in the order first comes listening then Speaking, and then probably Reading and Writing. For becoming a well-rounded communicator, all these skills are very important. The receptive skills like Listening and Reading are the ones where you don‟t need to produce the language, you just need to receive and understand it. They are also called Passive skills. The productive skills like Speaking and Writing are the ones where they need to produce the language and apply those skills. They are also called Active skills. Listening The most difficult skill is Listening which is a receptive language skill. The learners go through tremendous pressure to understand every word. Instead of Hearing, he has to listen with his ears and mind. It is necessary for the listener to be attentive and relaxed. The speaker should maintain eye contact. Listeners should keep an open mind. The listener should never interrupt the speaker. He should try to keep himself in the speaker‟s shoes and empathize with him. Anticipation is a skill to be nurtured in Listening. The listener should concentrate on the message content by understanding it. The students should be made to understand the sounds of the particular language. It could lead to the right pronunciation of words. While giving training to the students one should comprehend speeches of people of Page 38 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking different backgrounds and regions. This intensive listening will eventually help a student to understand more about the accents to be used and the exact pronunciation of words. Speaking Language is an instrument for communication. We need to express our ideas and need to know other‟s ideas as well so we communicate with others. In primary school elocution and recitation are the main sources to master the sounds, rhythms, and intonation of the English language through simple reproduction. There are many Speaking games and pair work activities that could encourage the learner to speak the language. In a controlled situation, this could lead the learner to manipulate the language. This skill could be improved by understanding para-linguistic attributes such as voice quality, volume, tone, voice modulation, articulation, pronunciation, etc. Some more activities which could be done to enhance Speaking skills are debates and discussions. We should make sure to listen as well as to speak. Reading Reading is a learning skill. It helps you get better at all parts of the English language - vocabulary, spelling, grammar, and writing. It helps to develop language perception in the corrected form. Then the brain imitates them, producing similar sentences to express the desired meaning. Skimming or scanning techniques are very popular and effective methods to read quickly. We should take care to underline keywords while reading. Reading Skills help the students take hold of the content and draw conclusions. The students should read newspapers, articles, books, magazines, etc., and make it a habit. By doing these things, they would get acquainted themselves with the jargon and new words. The students should read in portions. They should set reading goals. They should understand common themes. They should try to Page 39 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking personalize the content. Writing A person can measure his improvement and get physical evidence of his achievements with Writing. The learner will come to know his hold on vocabulary and structure with Writing. It helps to understand the text and write compositions. Eliminate unnecessary words while writing. You can imitate the writers you admire. He can summarize the content and use the language freely. One can excel in Writing skills if he has a perfect language. Importance should be given to composition and creative writing. Coherence and Cohesiveness are important aspects when it comes to writing a language. With these four skills addressed equally while learning English, the learners can be assured of having good communication skills, a great necessity in today‟s competitive world. 1.11 Summary ● Communication is the activity of conveying information. Communication is usually a two-way process. ● Communication can be done with verities of ways. General types of communication include Verbal, Non-Verbal communication. ● Communication in which a message is transferred through spoken words, speech is Verbal communication. ● Communication is done through facial language, facial expressions and gestures is Verbal communication. ● Communication is required for an effective interpersonal level; a person needs to have LSRW. Page 40 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking 1.12 Key Words/Abbreviations ● Communication: Communication is a means of sharing facts, information, thoughts, and ideas with others. ● Barriers: When two people or group has a problem communicating with each other. ● Verbal communication: When the message is transferred through spoken words, it is called Verbal communication. ● Non-verbal Communication: Non-verbal communication is indirect, without words. ● Kinesics: The development of the scientific study is called KINESICS – a science of body language. ● Oculesics: The usage of eyes while communicating is Oculesics. ● Proxemics: The way we use the space around us, how we arrange it, and what we arrange in it is called Proxemics. ● Paralanguage: Para means support, so paralanguage means supporting language. ● Chronemics: The usage of time is known as Chronemics. 1.13 References ● https://www.takecareofmoney.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of- verbal- communication/ Page 41 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022

Art Of Public Speaking: Intro to Art of Persuasive Writing and Public Speaking ● https://www.englishmate.com/blog/developing-the-four-essential- skills-listening-speaking- reading-writing Page 42 of 42 All Rights Reserved. Vol. TLE001/03-2022