E-LESSON-4 POLITICAL SCIENCE-1

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B.A.English 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 Course Code: BAQ110 Semester: First SLM UNITS : 4 E-Lesson: 4 www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110)

POLITICAL SCIENCE-I 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION . In this unit we are going to learn the meaning of a State The student will be able to understand the meaning of a State The student will be able to understand the We shall understand the elements of a State Elements of a State We shall understand the difference between state & The student will be able to the real form of the association; state & society and the meaning of a State Federation State . www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) INASllTITriUgThEt aOrFeDreISsTeArNveCdE AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 1. State : Meaning POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 2. State : Elements 3. State & Association 4. State & Society 5. Federation State www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE : MEANING & DEFINITION 5  The state is regarded as the central theme of political science. It is most universal and most powerful of all social institutions. It is a natural, necessary and universal institution.  In ordinary parlance the term ‘State’ is eased with a great deal of looseness and ambiguity. It has been erroneously eased as a synonym of ‘Country,’ ‘Nation’, ‘Society’ and ‘Government’.  But in political science the term ‘State’ has a definite and scientific meaning. In its scientific sense, it means a collection of human beings, occupying a definite territory under an organised government and subject to no outside control. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE : MEANING & DEFINITION 6  The meaning and nomenclature of the state have undergone change from time to time. The ancient Greeks used he word ‘Polis’ which means city state. The ancient Romans used the term ‘Civitas’ for state. The Teutons used the term ‘Status’ which means existence. It was Machiavelli who first used the term ‘La Stato’ (State) in the first quarter of the 16th century.  The word ‘State’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Status’ which means a particular social position. To begin with the term State came to be used for describing the status of the people of a society as citizens.  Gradually this term came to be used for the political institution/organisation which exercised supreme power (sovereignty) over the people living in its territory. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE : MEANING & DEFINITION 7 Aristotle defined the state as “a union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self sufficing life, by which we mean a happy and honourable life.” According to Holland, a noted scholar on International Law, “The State is a numerous assemblage of human beings generally occupying a certain territory amongst whom the will of the majority of class is made to prevail against any of their number of who oppose it.” Prof. Harold J. Laski defined the state as “a territorial society divided into Government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions.” www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE : MEANING & DEFINITION 8 However, a very simple and clear meaning of the state has been given by J. W. Garner. He defined the state as “a community of persons, more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent, or nearly so, of external control and possessing an organised government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.” www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 9 The state has four essential constituent elements or attributes: (1) Population (2) Territory (3) Government (4) Sovereignty www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE Population: 10 A) Most Essential: Population is a very essential element of state, and it is obvious that there can be no state without population. State is meant for human beings and not vice versa. Population is inevitably a basic requirement. B) Size of Population: No hard and fast rule can be made about the exact population a state should have. J.W. Garner says: “The nearest approach to a safe rule is to say that population must be sufficient to provide a governing body and a number of persons to be governed, and of course sufficient to support a state organisation.” Aristotle favouring a medium sized population said that the population should be large enough to be self-sufficient and at the same time small enough to be efficiently ruled. A very small number of people cannot form a state, if it is to function properly. It is ridiculous to imagine that 25 persons can form a state. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 11 Population: C) Optimum Population Desirable: Roughly the size of population a state can sustain depends upon its area and resources. Sweeping variations in population may have evil effects on a state. Decimation of population by war or epidemics may weaken a state. D) Contrast in Figures: A great contrast in population figures can be noted in modern states. While the states of Panama and San Marino have only a few lakhs, China and India have reached the staggering figures of nearly million and 600 million respectively. E) Nature and Character of People: The nature and character of people can make or mar a state. While sick, easy going, physically weak, illiterate, ignorant, mentally backward and lethargic people can hardly build a flourishing state, healthy, physically strong, diligent, intelligent, educated, disciplined and dynamic people can make a state truly great. Racial factors and climatic conditions have great influence on the population of a state. Aristotle wisely said that only good citizens make a good state, while bad citizens make a bad state www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 12 Territory: A) Very Essential: Like population, fixed territory is a very essential element of state, though some authors like Sir John Seeley, Hall and Duguit do not think so. Obviously there cannot be state without territory, which is a basic requirement. B) Meaning: The word territory includes the surface of the land, the sub-soil, lakes and rivers and also air space above the land within well-defined boundaries. Generally territory means contiguous territory; but there are exceptions. Alaska, the 49th State, and Hawaii, the 50th State, of the USA are separated from mainland. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 13 Territory: C) Size of Territory: As in the case of population, no rigid rule or standard can be prescribed regarding the size of territory of a state. Some states are very large in size, while there are states with incredibly small size. For example, the area of the USSR and the USA are 8,336,510 square miles and 3,570,982 square miles respectively; but those of San Marino and Monaco are 38 square miles and 8 square miles respectively. The Vatican City since 1929, over which the Pope exercises sovereignty in the centre of Rome, has an area of 109 acres only D) Optimum Size: With reference to the population, the natural resources and other factors, the optimum size of territory can be fixed roughly, though this is rot easy by any means. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 14 Territory: E) Basic Factor of Natural Resources: The progress of a state depends much on its natural resources. A small territory with ample water supply, rich fauna and flora, great mineral wealth and access to the sea is much better than a large but poor territory which is landlocked. Size has no value, if the territory is sandy, swampy and arid. F) Large States Highly Advantageous: In modern times in the context of global politics and race for power and prestige among nations, large territorial states enjoy their own substantial advantages. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE Government: 15 Meaning: Government, which is the ruling or managing body, is the instrument or machinery used by the state to express its will, enforce it and act. All persons in a state cannot be in the ruling body to enforce the will of the state. Only some of the persons are entrusted with the work of acting for and on behalf of the state. These persons form the machinery called government. A modern government has mainly three branches: executive, legislative and judiciary. Difference between State and Government: The difference between the two terms state and government as used in political science should be understood. Many a time the two are used as synonymous terms. People speak about state order, state regulation or control, state property and so on. By this they only mean, government order, government regulation or control, government property and so on. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ELEMENTS OF THE STATE 16 Sovereignty: Meaning: Sovereignty, which is one of the four constituent elements of state, means supreme power. It manifests itself in the internal and external fields. Internally it means the supreme power of state to regulate, control, coerce and punish all individuals or groups of individuals or associations within the territorial limits of state. A) Comprehensive, Exclusive and Permanent: Sovereignty can be regarded as comprehensive, exclusive and permanent supreme power of the state. It may be regarded as the soul of the state; when a state loses sovereignty, it ceases to be a state and is reduced to the position of other organisations or associations in the state. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE AND ASSOCIATION 17 Meaning: An association is a group of people, who organise themselves for realising certain specific objectives according to certain rules and procedure mutually agreed upon. An association is not a mere crowd or a loose gathering of people. It is an organised group, with clear-cut aims and with well-defined methods of achieving them. There are various types of associations at different levels and for different purposes. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE AND SOCIETY 18 Meaning: The terms ‘State’ and ‘Society’ have been used with much vagueness and ambiguity inter in common use. They have been wrongly used changeably. In fact, ‘society’ is a comprehensive term that includes all types of social organisations including the state. These society precedes the state but state has more powers than the society. The society is more inclusive and complex while state is primarily political in orientation. There are differences between them, but they tend to affect each other. The distinction between them have been outlined below: 1. Society is a social system while state is a political system. Society is wider than the state. 2. Society covers the whole range of human activities while the state deals with those which involve power, rule and authority. 3. Territoriality is a distinguishing feature of state, not of society www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STATE AND SOCIETY 19 4. Society is a much wider term than the state and includes organised as well as unorganised groups. 5. State possesses sovereignty, society does not. 6. They differ with regard to the function performed, society regulates every form of social conduct while state regulates only external relationship of men by maintaining law and order. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FEDERATION STATE 20 A federal state consists of two sets of government, namely central and or federal and provincial. The provinces are known as the units of a federation. They are often called ‘states’ as in India and the USA. But here the term ‘state’ is loosely used. The units of a federation like Odesha, Bihar, Maharashtra in India do have population, territory and government but have no sovereignty power. They can not have independent foreign policy like declaring war, concluding peace or making treaties with foreign states. They too enjoy limited power under their respective constitutions. Their government can be taken over as in India, by the union government an the ground of failure of the constitutional machinery of the state.  United Nations is not a state. It is a voluntary co-operation of sovereign states. Its membership is open to all peace loving states. The member states do not given up their sovereignty after joining. It is not a ‘state’ but an association of states. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 21 Most of the political scientists who defined and analysed the meaning of the state are of the opinion that the state has three basic elements, i.e., population, territory and Government. But a very few political thinkers live Jean Bodin, J.W. Garner and phillimore add the fourth one to the elements of the state and that is sovereignty.  Now a days sovereignty is the most vital element of the state. Sovereignty is the element which of the state. Sovereignty is the element which distinguishes the state from all other associations. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. among the following first used the term state. 22 (A) Socrates (B) Machiavelli (C) Aristotle (D) Rousseau 2. ______________distinguishes the state from other associations. (A) Law (B) Population (C) Sovereignty (D) Government 3. _____________among the following is not an element of the state. (A) Government (B) Territory (C) Sovereignty (D) Member of the UN 4. A state has elements. (A) Four (B) Five (C) Two (D) Three Answers: 1. (B) 2. ( C) 3. (D) 4.(A) www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 23 1.Q What do you mean by State? 2.Q What do you mean by Government? 3.Q What is sovereignty? 4.Q Is UN a state? 5.Q Define state. Describe its various elements. 6.Q Discuss the differences between the state and other associations. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 24 1. Asirvatham, Eddy, ‘Political Theory’, 1957. 2. Gilchrist, Principles of Political Science, 1961. 3. Garner, J.W., Political Science and Government. 4. Nandi, Amar, Introduction to Political Science, 1959. 5. Jenks, E., The State and the Nation. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

25 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-4 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL