CU-MA-PSY-SEM-IV-Clinical Disorders II (1) Revised

In his early 30s, Sam met his future wife and wisely recognized this to be a relationship worth preserving. At this point, he joined AA, gave up substanceabuse, and committed to living within the sexual parameters of his relationship. His wife agreed to sexual exploration at the outset of their relationship, includinga few visits to sex clubs and one or two ménage à trois experiences with otherwomen. After a while, however, Sam’s wife became less accommodating to theseactivities, wondering why he was not satisfied with their sexual life together. Sam’s sexual desire for his wife waxed and waned, along with his tolerance of intimacy with her. As treatment progressed and his comfort with intimacy and vulnerability with his wife increased, his sexual compulsivity decreased. However,during her business trips or when their children demanded more attention fromher, Sam would develop intense new urges to visit a massage parlor, call a prostitute, or engage in anonymous sex with a woman he met in a casual encounter. He was relentlessly honest with his wife, but her tolerance of such confessions diminished over time, and such conversations grew increasingly painful for her.At these moments, the ego-syntonic nature of these desires became increasingly prominent, and Sam’s insistence on the normality and health of such behavior trumped his concern about his marriage. He insisted that he felt no needfor the marriage, that such ties were artificial and overly burdensome, and thathe could easily start again if he chose to simply walk away from the relationship. Interestingly, he spoke about his urge for sex with strangers as an uncomplicateddesire for an intimate and honest encounter.The entrenched nature of his sexual compulsivity reflected the young age atwhich Sam discovered the self-soothing properties of sexual stimulation. Samwas born in Tehran, the only son of a successful businessman with ties to theShah’s government. Sam’s mother was the daughter of an English mother and anIranian father; her father had also been wealthy and well connected. After thefall of the Shah’s regime in 1979, the Sam’s father felt it prudent to take his familyout of the country and emigrate to Great Britain as soon as he could safely do so. When Sam’s parents arrived in England in the 1980s, they found themselves in afar different environment than they had left. Although Sam’s father found workin an engineering firm— drawing on his university education in engineeringhis new position was an enormous step down from what he had before. His parents lost their elite status, their wealth, and their insider connections. They wereexposed to racist attitudes that they had previously never encountered. From acomfortable place at the pinnacle of their society, they had fallen to the role ofperpetual outsider. These narcissistic losses were most painful for Sam’s fatherand led to distance between Sam’s parents. Soon Sam’s father embarked on a series of extramarital affairs. Sam’s mother, who had been pampered and protectedher whole life, was unprepared 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for these stresses on her family. Around this time,the family visited a beloved cousin, who was staying in a Swiss boarding school. Sam, missing his former companion, insisted that he wanted to join his cousin atboarding school. He was 7 years old at this time. Whereas sending children toboarding school was a time-honored tradition among the British upper classesand Swiss boarding schools had particular cachet, it is likely that Sam’s motherfound it convenient to send her child away so that she could devote herself morefully to her precarious marriage. It is unlikely that Sam’s mother would have consciously entertained this thought, although it is certainly plausible that thiscould have been an unconscious incentive. Although Sam adapted to boarding school over time, he spent the first yearaway from home crying himself to sleep, as did most of the children his age. Suchnaked displays of homesickness were cruelly mocked by the older boys, and Samsoon learned to suppress his emotions in general and his attachment needs inparticular. Although his parents visited on holidays and his mother alwaysshowed great affection and happiness to see him, he experienced her visits as ademand that heturned his attachment to her on and off at what he perceived to beher convenience. He found this expectation deeply enraging and insulting, cementing a connection between attachment and humiliating powerlessness thatwould persist long into his adulthood. At around the age of 10, likely at the tutelage of older boys, he discovered the miraculous capacities of his penis and theemotional self-sufficiency afforded by masturbation. From this point on, he utilized masturbation as a potent means of self-soothing and an effective tool tobanish homesickness and calm himself to sleep. In his middle teens, the Sam began to engage in sexual activity with girlsand a few homosexual encounters with classmates. In his late teens, he joined arock band, which achieved surprising success in the following 2 years. Hetoured with the band for the next 10 years, fully embracing the sex, drugs, androck-and-roll lifestyle now readily available to him, until the band broke upwhen he was 30 years old. This left him at loose ends until he met his future wife2 years later. Although he effectively settled into a new life with his wife andgrowing family, a powerful resurgence of urges to engage in sexually addictive behavior occurred when his oldest child turned 7, the same age at which he firstseparated from his family. Discussion Sam’s case is instructive as it shows the intimate connection between regulationof negative affect and driven sexual behavior. Even though sexual outlets givehim pleasure, he feels most compelled to pursue anonymous sexual contacts inorder to master the negative emotions associated with abandonment. Theseurges are so compelling for him that he will risk the possible dissolution of hisfamily. It is also important to consider the interpersonal meaning that his sexually addictive behavior has for him. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

He discovered masturbation as a childwhen forced to live separately from his parents, wrenched away from the soothing presence of his mother. In search of a means to self-soothe in the absence ofmaternal comfort, he discovered that sexual stimulation could serve that function for him, at least in part. In this way, sexual orgasm became fused with boththe need for attachment and the ability to master that need, to be perfectly self-sufficient. Although sexual addiction does not always develop in this way andmay not always fulfill this function, it is typical that an addiction can grow intothe primary attachment for the addict. The commitment and attachment to thedrug (or behavioral addiction) can displace any other relationship. As is nottypical for many addicts, however, Sam is fairly able to control his behaviorthat is, once he is motivated to do so. When he wants to stop, he can. However,his sexually addictive behavior is enabled by his rationalizations and other cognitive distortions. Because of this, Sam’s therapy focuses less on developingskills for controlling his impulses and more on untangling his cognitive distortions and helping him identify his ultimate goals and priorities and recognizehow such behavior will interfere with having the life he wants to have. Owing to ongoing depression and anxiety, Sam was treated with an SSRI to very good effect. This led to overall improvement in all areas of his mental health, including reduced interest in sexually addictive behavior. In this case, it is likely that his improvement was due to effective treatment of the comorbid mood and anxiety problems rather than of his sexual inclinations per se. 9.5 CASE OF HENRY Henry is a 31-year-old single, white man, currently living alone in an apartmentin the New York Metropolitan Area. He works as a technical consultant for ahealth care company. He presents to a psychiatric office for consultation regarding significant subjective distress. From further discussion, it is apparent that hismother’s insistence for the past 3 weeks has compelled him to seek psychiatrictreatment. He reports that he is a generally a nervous person, not deriving muchenjoyment from interpersonal connection, and that he feels anxious in most social situations. His current job, which “fits my night owl lifestyle perfectly,” consists of working on various computer projects as a programmer on a flexible,deadline-driven schedule. He talks to his immediate supervisor 2–3 times aweek, often over the phone, and submits his code over e- mail. He has had along-standing problem with using the Internet as a source of comfort and “escape” from his work, which he describes as “a bore.” His problems are mostly twofold. First, he is heavily involved in several online communities devoted toopen-source projects of various types. He collaborates with other programmersaround the world in building a variety of software applications, many of whichhe admits are “a waste of time—I do it just to have some fun.” He reports likingthe fact 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

that he gets quick responses on bulletin boards and can discuss ideaswith other members with ease, not having to “think about computers like myboss does.” However, he reports that he has been checking these boards excessively, often spending hours and getting into heated online fights over minute,arcane technical controversies and working on these projects to his complete exhaustion. He obsessively reads “both mainstream and hacker” blogs, spendinghours at a time to stay updated on the latest developments in hardware and software so that “my beta today doesn’t become legacy tomorrow.” He reports thathis best friends reside in this “geek culture” of this particular software systemthat they are developing and that “it’s going to be bigger than iTunes...and free!” When he doesn’t get a chance to check the bulletin boards and blogs for a fewdays, or fight with several team members, he reports “compulsions” to go back,and he feels a significant amount of unease that he cannot extract himself from“useless hours of work that gets me nothing.” He tried deleting his account, onlyto open a new account a few days later. Aside from what he calls “addiction tothe Internet,” he also states that he has a “porn addiction.” The only time he gets away from the bulletin boards during Internet use iswhen he visits online pornography Web sites to stream pornographic videos. Hemasturbates during and after viewing pornographic videos, but as “almost an afterthought. I can just watch the videos on their own for hours and hours.” Recently, he has started using Web sites that offer a paid subscription service thatallows him to have virtual sex via Web cam. These kinds of services can be expensive for Henry, and as he spends more and more hours online, he notes thathe has charged hundreds of dollars on his credit cards. Furthermore, he believesthat this pattern of behavior generally decreases his sex drive and motivation tolook for partnered sex. He endorses chronic feelings of low mood because “Ihave trouble functioning normally in society,” as well as a strong desire for connection and a community, but he reports anxiety over his physical appearance(“Look at me, I’m a fat slob”) and social skills (“I don’t know how to talk to girls”). His main source of social interaction includes his mother, who calls him frequently, and his ex-girlfriend—his only past romantic partner—who works as ateacher and has been trying to “drag me out of the house” for many years. Threemonths ago, his girlfriend decided to break up with him, citing his inability tocommit to a marriage and his lack of “affection” for her. Henry reports that hewas devastated by the news and wanted to reconcile with her but did not knowhow to do it. Furthermore, his girlfriend used to call him frequently to go out toa restaurant or see a movie, and though he never enjoyed these activities and preferred to interact with his online community instead, he usually begrudginglyagreed. Since the breakup, his girlfriend has stopped calling him, and he has felttrapped in his apartment with no reason to leave. He gets most of his food by ordering it online and has gained at least 10 lb. in the past 2 months. 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

His schedule consists of staying up all night and sleeping all day; as he states,“I live in Manhattan, but I’m on Tokyo time.” Lately, he has started to feel that hisfocus and concentration toward work have started to deteriorate, though “it’snever been great. I procrastinate a lot.” While he denies overt suicidal thoughts and feelings, he has started to feel “hopeless” because “I’m my own prisoner.” He isseveral weeks behind on an important project at work, and although he is makingup excuses to his boss, he is afraid they might terminate his contract at his upcoming review. He feels chronically mistreated, that “the world is always after littleguys like me,” and that his ultimately unsuccessful romantic relationship cementshis idea that “I will always be just a geek.” He feels ambivalent about his Internetuse, saying that although he can see why his mother and ex-girlfriend think that itis a problem, his inverted schedule presents difficulties to interact effectively withothers. He feels that “this is just who I am, and I don’t want to have to change whoI am so I can get married.” On the other hand, he says, “I just want to break this cycle and become a normal person.” A comprehensive review of other psychiatric symptoms was otherwise notrevealing. He denies manic or psychotic symptoms or other OCD symptoms. Hedenies using illicit substances, although in the past month he has started drinking more than his usual one or two beers per week, now often consuming three tosix beers at a time a few times weekly. His self- reported 16-item Quick Inventoryof Depression Symptoms score at intake was 15, and his 21-item Beck AnxietyInventory score was 21. His 10-item Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale score was 8. Past Psychiatric History Henry has a long-standing history of feeling shy and awkward around others.He reports that in high school he felt that he had a small group of intimatefriends with whom he felt comfortable talking about technology and relatedtopics, but he was never able to fit into the larger community and that “I justhated everyone.” During junior year of high school, his grades deteriorated, andhis parents found him isolated and irritable. They consulted a school counselor,and he visited a developmental pediatrician for an evaluation for ADHD. Hewas prescribed immediate-release methylphenidate that was quickly titrated to30 mg/day with some subjective improvement. At the time he felt a profoundsense of anhedonia and reported not feeling energetic enough to do all of hisschoolwork. The methylphenidate allowed him to “work through” this apathy.He continued the medication for a few years until he was accepted into college,at which point he decided to self-discontinue his medication. Henry’s pattern of Internet use greatly increased when he moved away tocollege. He spent most of his free time with a small group of friends who sharedcommon interests, and although his mood in college was generally good, he described several episodes of depressed mood related to dating stressors andsearching for his first job. In both situations, these feelings lasted for a fewmonths, and his friends noticed. During the period of trying to find a 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

job, he noticed that his time spent on the Internet significantly interfered with his jobsearch effort, often distracting him from filling out the appropriate paperworkand making arrangements for interviews. He also believes that his lack of sexual desire for his ex-girlfriend may havehad something to do with his preference to look for sexual satisfaction over theInternet. He wonders if his “moodiness” is in some way related to his Internetuse, but the cause-and-effect relationship is difficult to disambiguate. Duringthese “episodes,” he did not seek psychological services because he feared thatthey would put him on ADHD medications, which he no longer wished to take. Discussion Henry’s case illustrates some of the typical features of this clinical entity. In mostclinical scenarios, comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders exists in a largenumber of patients, making both diagnosis and management more challenging.One of the first objectives of the comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, therefore, is to establish the diagnosis as well as the severity and degree of functionalimpairment and to prioritize treatment goals. Diagnostic Considerations The exact diagnosis of IA remains problematic because there is no official listof criteria, and DSM-5 has yet to include it either in the main text or the appendix. There is no universally accepted diagnostic instrument for IA. Systematicreviews of various diagnostic instruments found that previous studies used inconsistent criteria, and these studies had significant methodological limitations. Several questionnaires have been designed to bothdiagnose and assess the severity of IA. The most commonly used instrument isthe 20-item Young’s Internet Addiction Test, which has beentested and validated in the United Kingdom, Finland, the United States, andother countries. Other validated instruments include the Chen Internet Addiction Scale developed in Taiwan, the Questionnaire of Experiences Related tothe Internet developed in Spain, and the Compulsive Internet Use Scale developed in the Netherlands. Each of the assessmentinstruments has its unique advantages and disadvantages. The Chen InternetAddiction Scale was developed to be most inclusive, assessing behaviors acrossa wide spectrum of individuals who are unsure if they are Internet addicted andthose who believe they know someone who is pathologically using the Internet.The Problematic Internet Usage Scale has the advantage of having seven subscales, each measuring an independent psychosocial dimension, including depression, loneliness, shyness, and self- esteem. These instruments often havedifferent theoretical foundations and do not attribute the same causal factorsto the IA phenomenon. 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

9.6 CASE OF DEL Del was a lawyer. Brilliant, charming, and witty. He had a special breakthrough in his career when he was appointed as one of the governor's special aides. His wife and three children were proud of his accomplishments. However, Dell’s public visibility was creating a problem because he was also a sexual addict. His double life included prostitution, porno bookstores, and affairs. Del would initiate relationships with women, feeling that he was \"in love.\" After the initial sexual contact, he would desperately wish to be free. These relationships became characterized by his ambivalence. He wanted to be sexual, but he did not want the relationship. Yet he couldn't say no clearly without fear of hurting the women's feelings, so he never quite broke off the relationships. Instead he hoped their frustration would force them to give up. The result was that he had a series of relationships at the same time in various stages of initiation and frustration. There was not only the juggling act of keeping his relationships straight. Some of these women were vital to him professionally. He exploited relationships to receive cooperation. His problem was that the women would believe that he cared for them. The professional complications were extreme. One time, he was involved with a colleague and her secretary at the same time. The secretary went in to talk to her boss about this \"problem\" she had. Del had to face two very angry women. His other behaviors were also problems. In porno shops, he was sexual with a number of men in the movie booths. Worse, the shops he frequented were near the capitol where he was liable to be recognized. He vowed to stop when, sitting in a meeting in the attorney general's office, a plan was described for a raid on a local porno shop the one he had patronized two days before. But he did not stop. Neither were his visits to massage parlors without peril. One night his masseuse was a young girl quite high on some form of drug. Del decided to have his massage anyway, including a \"hand job.\" When she masturbated him, she hurt his penis. Del was too shameful to complain or even to tell anybody. When he got home, he was so upset, he masturbated despite his penis being sore. Late one evening, Del pulled up next to a young woman at a stoplight. He had always had the fantasy of picking up a woman on a street. He looked at her and she smiled at him. Del became very excited. They drove side by side for several blocks. She returned his stares at each stop sign. Soon she pulled ahead of him, turned off the road, and pulled to a stop. He followed and pulled up behind her. She waved towards him and pulled out again. Del thought she wanted him to follow. Dell’s mind raced ahead to where she could be leading him. She drove in the direction of a well-known local restaurant with a popular late-night bar. Convinced that was where they headed, he speculated that after a drink, they might end up at her apartment. His mind filled with fantasies, he pulled up behind her when she stopped. As he was opening his door, she leaped out of her car and dashed into the building. Surprised, he looked up to see that he was not in front of the restaurant. Rather, she had stopped at the police station three blocks away. 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Horrified, Del got back in his car and raced home. While driving, he was in shock at how out of touch with reality he was. She had not been encouraging him to follow her but was in fact frightened. He, on the other hand, was so caught up in his fantasy, he failed to notice that she was parking at a police station. He felt a flood of remorse for subjecting the woman to a frightening ordeal. Also, he was terrified that she would accuse him of attempted rape and that he would be arrested. When Del arrived home at 1:30 a.m., he was so scared that he sat and prayed. At 2:00, there was a sound of a siren in the distance. He promised God that he would change. He fantasized about what it would do to his wife and kids. Truly, it was the most desperate moment of his life. Finally, he went to bed. When he awoke in the morning, he felt tremendous relief. He knew he was not to be picked up. He went to work and put enormous energy into his job that day. At the end of the day, he felt the need of a reward. He stopped at a massage parlor. Del was a man who valued the law. He also prided himself on his honesty with people a fact he often parlayed into seduction. His children and wife were central to his life. He had worked hard in his career. His addiction, however, violated his own values and the law, as well as jeopardized his career and family. His story of which just a few pieces are related here is one of constant predicaments. Dell’s addictive behavior put him in situations in which he was vulnerable to tremendous consequences. His degradation was only exceeded by the violation of his own principles. Because of Dell’s sexual addiction, his fantasy became more real than the nightmare he created. A way to understand sexual addicts like Del is to compare them with other types of addicts. A common definition of alcoholism or drug dependency is that a person has a pathological relationship with a mood-altering chemical. The sexual addiction is parallel. The addict substitutes a sick relationship to an event or process for a healthy relationship with others. The addict's relationship with a mood-altering \"experience\" becomes central to his life. Del, for example, routinely jeopardized all that he loved. His vows to quit were lost against the power of his addiction. The only thing which exceeded his pain was his loneliness. Addicts progressively go through stages in which they retreat further from the reality of friends, family, and work. Their secret lives become more real than their public lives. What people know is a false identity. Only the individual addict knows the shame of living a double life the real world and the addict's world. 9.7 SUMMARY  Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual.  The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual's past (i.e. retrospective), as well as to significant events which are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.  The case study is not itself a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies.  Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.  Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person's life are related to each other.  Because of their in-depth, multi-sided approach case studies often shed light on aspects of human thinking and behavior that would be unethical or impractical to study in other ways.  Since, a case study deals with only one person/event/group we can never be sure if the case study investigated is representative of the wider body of \"similar\" instances. This means the conclusions drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.  Case studies are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e. descriptive) data and a lot depends on the interpretation the psychologist places on the information she has acquired.  Case management is the work—recording, monitoring and analysis—involved in the processing of the data, procedures, and related content that comprise a case.  A case can be an investigation that must be conducted, a service request that must be fulfilled or an incident or issue that must be resolved.  A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research. 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

9.8 KEY WORDS  Abstinence: The absence of substance use.  Addiction Counseling: Therapy or treatment centered around a person’s obsession with or physical and mental dependence on a substance or action, whether it is to drugs', alcohol, sex, or food (the most common)  Anxiety: The state of being upset, nervous, or worried over present or future situations and circumstances. Anxiety creates a feeling of uncertainty and unsureness about a variety of social and personal situations, where the outcome creates great cause for concern.  Anxiety Therapy: Counseling or treatment whose focus is to decrease or eliminate an uncomfortable emotional state that results from stress or conflict and is usually denoted by fear and apprehension  Case Study: The collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves.  Case Management: Case Management is a collaborative process of assessment, planning, facilitation, care coordination, evaluation and advocacy for options and services to meet an individual’s and family’s comprehensive health needs through communication and available resources to promote patient safety, quality of care, and cost effective outcomes.  Codependency / Dependency Issues: Problems surrounding one person’s reliance on another person (dependency), or inter-reliance (co-dependency) in the relationship between two individuals. Each person is acting based on the other’s actions and feelings rather than their own.  ICD-10: The International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10) is a coding of diseases, signs and symptoms, abnormal findings, complaints, social circumstances and external causes of injury or diseases, as classified by the World Health Organization (WHO).  Motivational enhancement therapy: Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) is an intervention based on Motivational Interviewing approaches and practices.  Motivational interviewing (MI): A clinical approach that helps people with mental health and substance use disorders and other chronic conditions such as diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and asthma make positive behavioral changes to support better health by helping them to explore and resolve ambivalence about changes. 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Public health approach: An approach to drug policy that is a coordinated, comprehensive effort that balances public health & safety in order to create safer, healthier communities, measuring success by the impact of both drug use & drug policies on the public’s health.  Psychosocial therapy: Non-pharmacological treatments, or “talk therapies,” such as those contained in counseling and psychotherapy.  Residential treatment: A model of care for substance use disorder that houses affected individuals with others suffering from the same conditions to provide longer- term rehabilitative therapy in a therapeutic socially supportive milieu.  Withdrawal: Physical, cognitive, and affective symptoms that occur after chronic use of a drug is reduced abruptly or stopped among individuals who have developed tolerance to a drug. 9.9 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Explain the symptoms presented in the case study of Ginger? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How did the symptoms of James affect the different areas of functioning? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 9.10 UNIT END QUESTIONS 211 A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What was the chief complaint for which Ginger visited the psychiatrist? 2. What was the perception of Ginger about the cause of her food addiction? 3. What were the primary complaints about James? 4. What were the diagnoses given to James? 5. What is the diagnosis of Sam? Long Questions 1. Explain how the symptoms of Ginger progressed over time. 2. Write about the familial background and upbringing of Ginger. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Write in detail about James in his growing up years. 4. Write about the symptoms of James in detail. 5. Describe the symptoms of Henry and their impact on his overall functioning and productivity. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. When determining whether a treatment works because of the principles it contains it is known as: a. Internal validity. b. Ecological validity c. Reliability d. Internal consistency 2. Token Economy is an influential intervention based upon: a. Psychodynamic principles b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Humanistic principles 3. Faulty learning involves: a. Acquiring psychological disorders by exposure to aversive stimuli. b. Acquiring psychological disorders by exposure to aversive stimuli. c. Acquiring psychological disorders by exposure to aversive stimuli d. All of these 4. Counselling is a profession that aims to: a. Provide a successful diagnosis in psychopathology. b. Promote personal growth and productivity. c. Ensure that clients are on the correct medication. d. Solely address behaviour. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Functional analysis is a therapy based on: a. Psychodynamic principles b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Humanistic principles Answers 1-a, 2-c, 3-d, 4-b, 5-a 9.11 REFERENCES Textbooks  Ahuja N (2002). A short text book of Psychiatry. (5th edn). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical. Publishers (pvt) Ltd.  American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.  Clifford Morgan, Richard King, John Weisz, John Schopler (2004) Introduction to Psychology, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi  Domjan Michael (2010). The Principles of Learning and Behavior (6th Edt) Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.  Hergenhahn B R (2008). An introduction to the history of psychology, Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.  Robert S. Feldman (2011) Understanding Psychology, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi.  Robert. A. Baron, Psychology, (2008) Prentice Hall India. Reference books  American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.  Carson, R. C., Butcher, J. N., & Mineka, S. (2002).Abnormal psychology over time. In Fundamentals of abnormal psychology and modern life. New York: Allyn & Bacon.  Emery, R.E., &Oltmans, T.F. (1998). Abnormal Psychology (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Kay J, Tasman A. (2006) Essentials of Psychiatry, Chichester, John R. Wiley and Sons.  Sadock, Benjamin, J., & Virginia A. (2002). Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry (9th ed.). Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.  Sarason I., G & Sarason B. R. (2005).Abnormal psychology: The problem of maladaptive behavior. (11th edn). PHI Learning Private limited.  World Health Organization (1993). The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioral Disorders  McLeod, S. A. (2019, August 03). Case study method. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/case-study.html Websites  www.simplypsychology.com  http://www.human-memory.net  www.simplypsychology.org  https://psychcentral.com  https://courses.lumenlearning.com  https://www.sparknotes.com 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)