CU-BCA-SEM-V-Web Development using Php-Web Technologies-Second Draft

UNIT - 13: PHP FRAMEWORK STRUCTURE 13.0 Learning Objectives 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Frameworks 13.3 Difference Between CMS and MVC 13.4 Summary 13.5 Keywords 13.6 Learning Activity 13.7 Unit End Questions 13.8 References 13.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Know about the PHP Frameworks  Identify the types of frameworks  Working of CMS  Working of MVC  Differentiate between CMS and MVC 13.1 INTRODUCTION A PHP framework is a platform to create PHP web applications. PHP frameworks provide code libraries for commonly used functions, cutting down on the amount of original code you need to write. 13.2 TYPES OF FRAMEWORKS Here’s a list of the best PHP frameworks, based on popularity and ability to facilitate application development. 1. Laravel 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Introduced in 2011, Laravel has emerged as the most famous unfastened, open-source personal home page framework in the globe. Why? Due to the fact it may handle complicated net packages securely, at a significantly quicker tempo than other frameworks. Laravel simplifies the improvement process by means of easing not unusual obligations such as routing, periods, caching, and authentication. Motives to apply Laravel • Laravel is suitable while developing programs with complicated backend requirements, whether small or large. Installing Laravel has been made simpler by using the advent of home, a pre-packaged, all-in-one vagrant box. • it’s a personal home page framework full of functions that will help you customize complex apps. Among those: seamless statistics migration, MVC architecture support, security, routing, view template engine, and authentication, amongst many others. • Laravel is fantastically expressive, and its velocity and safety are in line with expectations for a modern-day net application. For builders who need to build b2b or corporation websites so that it will evolve with converting internet tendencies, Laravel is the manner to go. 2. CodeIgniter Acknowledged for its small footprint (it’s only approximately 2 MB in length, which includes the documentation) CodeIgniter is a PHP framework appropriate for developing dynamic websites. It gives several prebuilt modules that help with building sturdy and reusable additives. Reasons to apply CodeIgniter • CodeIgniter is a lightweight and easy Hypertext Pre-processor framework that’s trouble- unfastened to put in, not like other frameworks. Due to a simple setup technique and noticeably illustrated documentation, it’s best for beginners. • key capabilities include an MVC architecture, pinnacle-notch blunders dealing with, inbuilt safety tools, and simple and brilliant documentation. In addition, it creates scalable apps. • in comparison with different frameworks, CodeIgniter is substantially quicker. Since it also offers solid performance, it’s an awesome preference when you want to expand lightweight packages to run on modest servers. One caveat: CodeIgniter releases are a piece abnormal, so the framework isn’t an awesome choice for an application that calls for excessive-degree safety. 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Symfony The Symfony framework become launched in 2005, and although it’s been in lifestyles for a lot longer than other frameworks on this list, it’s a dependable and mature platform. Symfony is an in-depth PHP MVC framework and the handiest framework recognized to observe Hypertext Pre-processor and internet standards to the tee. Motives to apply Symfony • Symfony is the right preference for growing huge-scale corporation tasks. It’s clean to install and configure on most platforms. • one of its key functions? It’s reusable PHP components. It also boasts database engine– independence, and it’s solid, complies with most net nice practices and design styles, and permits for integration with other vendor libraries. • Symfony is also noticeably bendy and can combine with bigger projects like Drupal. Symfony and Laravel have many common and specific functions, which makes it tough to mention which of these frameworks is higher. However, even as Laravel focuses more on simplicity and handing over fees, even for developers who aren't superior, Symfony goals superior builders and is a piece tougher, to begin with. Similarly, the Symfony safety mechanism is a piece hard to use. And, as it lets builders “do all of it,” it can be slower than other frameworks. 4. CakePHP If you’re seeking out a toolkit that’s simple and elegant, look no further. Cakephp will help you increase visually impressive, function-loaded web sites. Similarly, cakephp is one of the easiest frameworks to learn, especially due to its crud (create, examine, replace, and delete) framework. Cakephp hit the marketplace inside the early 2000s, and in view that then it’s gained higher overall performance and plenty of new components. Reasons to apply cakephp • cakephp is straightforward and easy to install, as you simplest need a web server and a replica of the framework. 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• it makes an excellent desire for industrial programs because of safety functions that encompass square injection prevention, input validation, pass-website request forgery (csrf) safety, and go-website scripting (xss) protection. • some key functions include a cutting-edge framework, speedy builds, proper elegance inheritance, validation, and safety. Further, cakephp provides exceptional documentation, many aid portals, and top class help through cake improvement business enterprise.. 5. Yii The Yii framework — which stands for yes, it is! — is, in fact, simple and evolutionary. It’s an excessive-performance, component-primarily based personal home page framework for growing cutting-edge net programs. Yii is appropriate for all varieties of internet apps. For that reason, it’s a standard web programming framework. Motives to use Yii • Yii has a smooth installation process. Moreover, its sturdy protection features make the framework appropriate for incredibly relaxed endeavors which include e-trade tasks, portals, cms, forums, and many others. • it boasts super pace and overall performance, it’s exceptionally extensible, and it shall we developers keep away from the complexity of writing repetitive sq. Statements, as they can model the database data in terms of gadgets. • Yii has a core developer team and specialists that make contributions to its development. With a massive network the uses it, you could submit issues on Yii boards and get assistance. • yii is extremely extensible, and you can customize nearly every piece of the center’s code. But, if it’s your first time the usage of it, be prepared for a steep getting to know curve. 6. Zend Framework The Zend framework is an entire object-oriented framework, and the truth that it uses features including interfaces and inheritance makes it extendable. It turned into built at the agile technique, which helps you to supply notable programs to agency customers. Zend is 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

relatively customizable and abides by using PHP nice practices—an crucial point for builders who need to feature venture-specific functionalities. Motives to use Zend • Zend framework is incredible in shape for complex, corporation-degree initiatives. It’s the desired framework for huge departments and banks. • a few key features include MVC components, easy cloud API, data encryption, and session control. • it can combine with outside libraries, and you may use handiest the additives you need. The Zend framework comes with high-quality documentation and has a big community base. However, in case you’re a mobile app builder, get geared up for a steep mastering curve. 7. Phalcon A complete-stack personal home page framework that employs the MVC web architecture layout pattern, phalcon turned into initially written in c and c++ and launched in 2012. Because it’s added as a c-extension, you oughtn’t fear learning the interval. Reasons to apply phalcon • phalcon is simple to put in and appropriate for growing exceedingly configurable net packages that are in step with enterprise improvement suggestions. • key functions include accelerated execution pace, asset management, an accepted autoloader, and pinnacle security and caching. • not like other frameworks, phalcon optimizes overall performance because of its efficient memory usage. If you’re looking to create a blazing speedy internet site, deliver phalcon a strive. • at the poor facet, phalcon builders are a piece gradual to patch bugs, which may not jive with these days’ need for excessive degrees of safety. 8. FuelPHP 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Fuel PHP is a flexible, complete-stack Hypertext Pre-processor framework first launched in 2011. Aside from helping the MVC layout pattern, it has its personal model referred to as the hierarchical version view controller (MVC). With MVC, in contrast to with MVC, content material doesn’t need to duplicate to expose on a couple of pages. As a result, it consumes less time and memory. Reasons to apply fuelphp • fuelphp allows builders supply cease-to-quit net solutions that are numerous in length and complexities. • key capabilities consist of MVC implementation, restful implementation, a URL routing gadget, vulnerability protection, and a caching machine. • it extends its security approach beyond everyday security features, making it a top- notch alternative if safety is important to your mission. Due to the fact, fuelphp is quite new, it gives less help and can gift a steeper mastering curve. 9. PHPixie Delivered in 2012 and much like fuelphp, phpixie implements the hmvc layout sample. Its aim was to create a high-performance framework for study-most effective websites. Reasons to apply phpixie • it’s smooth to get began with phpixie, which is appropriate for social networking websites, customized internet packages, and net app improvement offerings. • key capabilities consist of MVC structure, well-known ORM (object-relational mapping), input validation, authorization capabilities, authentication, and caching. • phpixie is built the usage of unbiased additives. Because of this, you could use it without the framework itself. Be aware that phpixie has rather few modules. Except that, it lacks aid for additives independently made from the dependencies. Since it’s exceptionally new, it’s much less popular and has a smaller network of customers than other frameworks. 10. Slim 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Slim is some other popular personal home page micro-framework that facilitates builders to quickly create easy however effective web applications and APIs. Reasons to use slender • much like phpixie, narrow is straightforward to examine. Hypertext Preprocessor builders use slender to develop restful APIs and web offerings. • key functions encompass URL routing, session, and cookie encryption, patron-side HTTP caching, and greater. • it’s the first-rate framework for a small net utility that doesn’t always require a complete-stack Hypertext Preprocessor framework. In addition, lively protection and friendly documentation make narrow super person-pleasant 13.3 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CMS AND MVC What is a CMS? CMS stands for the content material control system, which reduces the function of the developer and it is extra device knowledge and much less code that gives default templates and issues for building the websites. CMS is a base premade system that you can expand with modules or plugins. This provides a number of net designs and plugins for primarily all standard issues. The developer has to only customize the equipment ( net templates and plugins) to construct a website. Even though the builders can write their personal plugins and templates but, in most instances, they need no longer this painting. You genuinely don’t want to recognize any code to apply CMS. Examples for CMS are WordPress, Joomla, Umbraco, and so forth. What is MVC framework? Whereas MVC stands for model view controller, it's far a sample that decouples the view (UI) and controller good judgment. It is a software architecture, that you could use to develop utility. It helps us to make the nice use of the HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and ajax functions to present fantastically dynamic net applications. MVC is broadly utilized in asp .Net, the personal home page, python, and java. To apply any MVC you must have awesome know- how of that language as well as the libraries furnished by way of that MVC. You need to write all plugins and templates yourself. Advantages of CMS • ready-to-use web templates, i.e., not want to jot down code. Simply customize and gift internet sites without any hard have enough money. • geared up-to-use plugins. You have to only search for plugins for any capability. For example, WordPress has more than 17,000 plugins. • CMS are right for having many websites with traditional functionality. 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• with CMS, there’s no want to reinvent generally used stuff together with breadcrumbs, easy media files, menu management, and many others. Dangers of CMS • CMS restrict what you may do. CMS are for a few kinds of trendy motives like WordPress is for running a blog. So, it isn't always feasible/smooth (if viable) to construct a chatting and video calling website the usage of WordPress. • gradual customizing for unique requirements (if you have now not constructed your own CMS). CMS is constructed for all users so customizing it for some unique cause (which is not commonly commonplace) is difficult. • changing the code can be difficult and, worse, volatile because you might lose compatibility with new versions of the CMS or other plugins. • with CMS it’s impossible to apply proper programming practices inclusive of automatic assessments and refactoring. • with CMS, if overall performance trouble is in the core, you couldn't fix it. Although this isn't a common hassle. Benefits of MVC • complete control. You haven't any restrictions as you can do any issue. • excellent built-in API for every type of application. • MVC is good for extremely custom websites with precise functionalities. • preservation is simple • clean to change code as the code does now not relies upon the third-celebration Hazards of MVC • require a high understanding of programming languages as you need to write code • require an understanding of inbuilt APIs • no longer required for small websites (like running a blog web sites) • take lots of time to construct a website More comparison • CMS are high-priced to set up and keep while MVC is costly to install but no longer ultimately. • CMS are speedy than MVC • MVC is first-class for dynamic websites in long term as opposed to CMS. 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

13.4 SUMMARY  A PHP framework is a platform for creating personal home page web packages. It contains libraries with pre-packaged functions and lessons and, more frequently than no longer, factors for software program design pattern cognizance. The latter constitutes an out-of-the-field skeleton of the destiny task, on which the developer strings code that is both written from scratch or inherited from a library class.  Php frameworks have become a commonplace practice due to the fact they cope with the mundane and repetitive elements of internet development. Additionally, the library capabilities and instructions follow preferred internet development practices and are nicely examined. The usage of them, you received should reinvent the wheel all the time as well as drastically reduce the probability of mistakes which could strengthen and cause a breakdown.  The last but not least benefit of relying on those frameworks is that they make your code readable and intelligible for fellow developers who may work at the same venture. 13.5 KEYWORD  CMS-CMS stands for content management system  MVC framework-Whereas MVC stands for model view controller, it is a pattern that decouples the view (UI) and Controller logic. 13.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define content management system ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. State the use of MVC framework ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 13.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 209 Short Questions 1. What are PHP frameworks? 2. Give short example of use of PHP framework. 3. Which frame is best for PHP? 4. Is WordPress a PHP framework? 5. Are PHP frameworks worth it? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Long Questions 1. Explain the various types of Frameworks. 2. Which Are the Best PHP Frameworks? 3. Explain the advantages of CMS. 4. Explain the advantages of MVC. 5. What makes CMS different from MVC? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which CakePHP entities can the Bake console create? a. Controller b. All of these c. Model d. View 2. How does one add scaffolding to an application? a. class CategoriesController extends AppController {public$scaffold; } b. None of these c. class CategoriesController expands AppController { public$scaffoldx12 } d. class CategoriesController extends AppController { public $scaffolding$ } 3. Which by is not a core find type provided by CakePHP? a. first b. all c. active d. threaded e. neighbours 4. Is it possible to define custom data retrieval methods and if so, where would you define them? a. Yes, create a component b. Yes, as a controller function c. Yes, in the routes d. Yes, in the model e. No, good luck 5. What CakePHP component is not part of the Viewlayer? 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Element b. Helper c. Layout d. ViewClass e. Behaviour Answers 1-b, 2-a, 3-c. 4-d, 5-e 13.8 REFERENCES Textbooks  T1: Steven Holzner, WordPress-The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill.  T2: Robin Nixon, WordPress-MySQL-JavaScript, O’Reilly. Reference Books  R1: Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin Tatroe, Bob Kaehms, Ric McGredy, WordPress, O’Reilly, Shroff Publishers. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 14: WORDPRESS STRUCTURE 14.0 Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Features 14.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of WordPress 14.4 Installing WordPress 14.5 WordPress Administration Dashboard & Bar 14.6 WordPress Settings 14.7 Summary 14.8 Keywords 14.9 Learning Activity 14.10 Unit End Questions 14.11 References 14.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Install word press  Work on administrative Dashboard  Know the features of word press  Set word press environment 14.1 INTRODUCTION WordPress is an open supply software device used by millions of people around the world to create beautiful websites and blogs. It's miles completely customizable by way of the use of topics and plugins. “WordPress is a net software program you may use to create a beautiful internet site or weblog. We like to say that WordPress is each free and priceless at the equal time.” Topics may be easily downloaded from the legitimate WordPress website online or from masses of other places around the internet. The equal is going with plugins, which are used to increase the functionality of your WordPress website online. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

As well as being an exquisite blogging and content material management system, one of the large blessings is the wealth of information obtainable. There’s a remarkable community of humans at the back of the layout & improvement of the WordPress system itself. Human beings from everywhere in the international make contributions to their time, know-how, and skill to maintaining WordPress up to date and comfy. 14.2 FEATURES Here are some of the capabilities that we suppose you’ll love.  Simplicity Simplicity makes it possible with a purpose to get online and get publishing, quickly. Not anything must get within the way of you getting your website up and your content obtainable. WordPress is built to make that show up.  flexibility With WordPress, you could create any sort of website you need: a private blog or website, a photoblog, an enterprise internet site, a professional portfolio, a government internet site, a magazine or information internet site, an online network, even a community of websites. You may make your internet site beautiful with issues, and enlarge it with plugins. You may even construct your very own software.  publish without difficulty In case you’ve ever created a record, you’re already a whizz at developing content with WordPress. You can create posts and pages, layout them effortlessly, insert media, and with the press of a button your content material is live and on the web.  publishing equipment WordPress makes it clean so that it will manage your content material. Create drafts, agenda book, and look at your put-up revisions. Make your content public or non-public, and cozy posts and pages with a password.  consumer management No longer all people require equal access to your website. Administrators control the website online, editors’ paintings with content, authors and members write that content, and subscribers have a profile that they could manipulate. This lets you have a variety of members to your website, and allow others actually be a part of your community.  media control They are saying a picture says a thousand phrases, that's why it’s essential for you to be able to speedy and effortlessly upload snapshots and media to WordPress. Drag and drop your media into the uploader to feature it on your website. Upload alt textual content and captions, 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and insert images and galleries into your content material. We’ve even added some photo- enhancing equipment you may have a laugh with.  full standards compliance Each piece of WordPress-generated code is in complete compliance with the requirements set by way of the w3c. Which means that your website will work in these days’ browser while retaining forward compatibility with the next generation of browser. Your website is a beautiful issue, now and inside the destiny.  clean subject matter system WordPress comes bundled with three default subject matters, but if they aren’t for you there’s a subject directory with heaps of issues with the purpose to create a lovely internet site. None of these for your taste? Upload your personal theme with the clicking of a button. It handiest takes some seconds to be able to provide your website a whole makeover.  amplify with plugins WordPress comes packed with numerous features for each user. For each function that’s not in WordPress middle, there’s a plugin listing with hundreds of plugins. Add complicated galleries, social networking, boards, social media widgets, junk mail safety, calendars, great- song controls for SEO, and paperwork.  integrated remarks Your blog is your property, and feedback offers an area for your buddies and followers to engage together with your content material. Word press’s remark tools come up with the whole thing you want to be a forum for discussion and to slight that discussion.  seek engine optimized WordPress is optimized for search engines like google right out of the field. For more high- quality-grained search engine optimization management, there are plenty of SEO plugins to take care of that for you.  use WordPress in your language WordPress is to be had in greater than 70 languages. If you or the man or woman you’re building the internet site for might opt to use WordPress in a language apart from English, that’s smooth to do.  clean set up and upgrades WordPress has usually been smooth to install and improve. Plenty of web hosts provide one click on WordPress installers that allow you to set up WordPress with, well, just one click on! Or, if you’re happy with the usage of an FTP program, you could create a database, add WordPress using FTP, and run the installer.  importers 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The usage of weblog or website software program which you aren’t glad about? Going for walks your blog on a hosted service that’s about to close down? WordPress comes with importers for bloggers, LiveJournal, movable type, Type pad, Tumblr, and WordPress.  personal your records Hosted services come and pass. In case you’ve ever used a carrier that disappeared, you know how disturbing that may be. In case you’ve ever visible advertisements appear on your internet site; you’ve probably been quite irritated. The usage of WordPress means no one has access to your content. Own your facts, it all — your website, your content, your information.  freedom WordPress is licensed below the GPL which become created to defend your freedoms. You're unfastened to apply WordPress in any manner you pick out: install it, use it, adjust it, distribute it. Software freedom is the inspiration that WordPress is constructed on.  network As the most popular open supply CMS on the internet, WordPress has a vibrant and supportive community. Ask a query on the assist forums and get help from a volunteer, attend a WordCamp or meetup to learn extra approximately WordPress, examine blogs posts and tutorials approximately WordPress. The network is at the coronary heart of WordPress, making it what it is today.  make a contribution You could be WordPress too! Assist to build WordPress, answer questions on the aid forums, write documentation, translate WordPress into your language, speak at a WordCamp, write about WordPress on your weblog. 14.3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF WORDPRESS  Easy to apply WordPress simplifies internet improvement and content material management for website owners. This indicates tech newcomers can easily upload new pages, manage blog posts, add merchandise, photographs, and more without having to input or realize code.  Lower priced Website owners can reduce fees with WordPress and its loose themes. WordPress issues variety from unfastened to $99. Website owners will have to add their WordPress subject onto the server, upload content material, plug-ins, and put it up.  Energetic community WordPress has extra builders creating new themes and plugins than another online software program of its type. Despite the fact that WordPress has had court cases for now not having a 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

sturdy offline support system, the web WordPress network is enormously helpful and available. Rest assured, there’s usually someone available ready to reply to your WordPress question.  Ecommerce Whilst users don’t have a tech background, developing an eCommerce website can be out of the query. With WordPress eCommerce subject matters, users can be able to sell products online the usage of WordPress; simplifying the eCommerce process. Hazards of WordPress  Security troubles When you consider that WordPress relies on plugins, the open supply software program is prone to malicious attacks, you recognize, those crooked people seeking to smash your records with malware. On the tremendous side, there are plugins that will help you resolve and save you these troubles.  Updates may additionally spoil your web page Be cautious with WordPress updates. When you consider that an honest chew of these plugins ignores former customizations, you may find yourself with nothing after one update. What is going to you do when your internet site shuts down? Make certain to live on the pinnacle of your updates.  Internet builders hate Hypertext Pre-processor WordPress makes use of Hypertext Pre-processor, a language written to template HTML for folks that didn’t in reality apprehend code. Quite a few ‘real’ developers whinge approximately PHP for logical motives; specifically, how it’s a broken language at every function and the way it’s inconsistent and easy to shoot oneself within the foot. However, this the most effective subjects if you’re writing or customizing your WordPress internet site. 14.4 INSTALLING WORDPRESS 1. Download and unzip the WordPress package deal if you haven’t already. 2. Create a database for WordPress to your internet server, as well as a MySQL (or MariaDB) user who has all privileges for having access to and enhancing it. 3. (optional) find and rename wp-config-pattern. Php to the wp-config.php home page, then edit the file and add your database facts. Word: if you aren't at ease with renaming documents, step 3 is non-compulsory and you may skip it as the install application will create the wp-config.Php record for you. 4. Add the WordPress documents to the desired area for your net server: 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• if you need to integrate WordPress into the root of your domain (e.g., Http://example.Com/), pass or upload all contents of the unzipped WordPress directory (with the exception of the WordPress directory itself) into the basis directory of your net server. • if you need to have your WordPress set up in its personal subdirectory in your internet site (e.g., Http://example.Com/blog/), create the weblog listing in your server and upload the contents of the unzipped WordPress bundle to the directory via FTP. • observe: if your FTP customer has an option to convert report names to decrease cases, ensure it’s disabled. 5. Run the WordPress installation script by using gaining access to the URL in a web browser. This ought to be the URL wherein you uploaded the WordPress files. • if you hooked up WordPress inside the root directory, • in case you installed WordPress in its own subdirectory known as a blog, as an example, That’s it! WordPress must now be hooked up. 14.5 WORDPRESS ADMINISTRATION DASHBOARD & BAR Step 1 Log in to the WordPress admin area Firstly, you'll need to log in to the WordPress admin dashboard. To access the login screen, simply go to yourdomain.com/wp-admin. At the login screen, enter your username and password into the fields provided, then click the button labelled 'Login'. 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 2 Welcome to WordPress! After logging in, you will be taken to the WordPress admin area dashboard. If it is your first- time logging into WordPress, you should be greeted by the message 'Welcome to WordPress!'. The dashboard home screen provides an overview of your website. Adding content, functionality and changing your website’s appearance Step 1 Navigating around the WordPress admin dashboard The main way to navigate around parts of the WordPress admin dashboard is by using the sidebar menu, located on the left-hand side of the screen. 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 2 Add a new blog post If you want to create a new blog post for your website, simply click on the 'Posts' link, from the sidebar menu. Step 3 Add a new page 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

You can also add pages to your website via the WordPress admin dashboard. To add a new page, simply click on the 'Pages' link, from the sidebar menu. Step 4 Install a plugin Plugins are a way of adding new functionality to your website, without having to write any code. There are thousands of free (and some paid) plugins to choose from and they can be installed on your website with just a few clicks. To install a new plugin, simply click on the 'Plugins' link, from the sidebar menu. 220 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 5 Change your website's appearance You can also change the design of your website, using WordPress themes. Themes are templates that control how your website looks. Like plugins, there are thousands to choose from, many of which are free. To install a new theme, simply click on the 'Appearance' link, from the sidebar menu. 221 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Using the WordPress toolbar Step 1 The WordPress toolbar There are more options accessed via the WordPress toolbar, located the top of the WordPress admin dashboard. Step 2 View your site You can toggle between your website, and the WordPress admin dashboard by hovering over your website name, and clicking the 'Visit Site' link. Whilst you are logged in to the WordPress admin dashboard, the toolbar will display on your website too so that you can easily toggle between the two. 222 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 3 Manage your comments If any of your website visitors have left comments on your blog posts, you can manage them by clicking on the speech bubble icon. Step 4 Quick links 223 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

You can also quickly create new content or users by clicking on the + New icon. From this menu you can:  Add a new post  Add new media (images, video, audio, pdf's etc)  Add a new page  Add a new user Step 5 User settings On the right-hand side of the WordPress toolbar, are your user preferences. Clicking on your username will display a menu, where you can;  Edit your profile/preferences  Log out of the WordPress admin dashboard 224 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Customising the WordPress admin dashboard Step 1 Screen options It is possible to customise the WordPress admin dashboard. One option is to hide or show different boxes of content so that each page shows the content that is important to you. To customise your screen options, simply click the 'Screen Options' button, located underneath the WordPress toolbar, on the right-hand side of the screen. 225 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 2 Choose which boxes to hide/show Screen options vary from section to section. Simply click on the checkbox next to each section to toggle its visibility on or off. Step 3 Customise the colour palette You can also change the colour palette of the WordPress admin dashboard. To do this, click on your username, located on the toolbar in the top right-hand side of the screen. 226 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 4 Choose 'Edit my profile' From the dropdown menu, choose 'Edit my profile'. Step 5 227 Select a colour palette CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Choose the colour palette you wish to use, and click on it. This will instantly change the colours on the WordPress admin dashboard. Save your choice by scrolling down to the bottom of the page and click on the button labelled 'Update Profile'. 14.6 WORDPRESS SETTINGS Following are the steps to access the general settings − Step 1 − Click on Settings → General option in WordPress. 228 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Step 2 − The General Setting page is displayed as shown in the following snapshot. 229 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Following are the details of the fields on general settings page.  Site Title − It displays the name of the site in the template header.  Tagline − Displays a short sentence about your site.  WordPress Address (URL) − It is the URL of WordPress directory where your all core application files are present.  Site Address (URL) − Enter the site URL which you want your site to display on the browser.  E-mail Address − Enter your e-mail address which helps to recover your password or any update. 230 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Membership − Anyone can register an account on your site after you check this checkbox.  New User Default Role − The default role is set for the newly registered user or members.  Time zone − Sets the time zone based on the particular city.  Date Format − Sets the date format as you need to display on the site.  Time Format − Sets the time format as you need to display on the site.  Week Starts On − Select the week day which you prefer to start for WordPress calendar. By default, it is set as Monday.  Site Language − Sets the language for the WordPress dashboard. Step3 − After filling all the information about general settings, click on Save Changes button. It saves all your general setting information. 14.7 SUMMARY  WordPress is an open supply content control device (CMS), which allows users to build dynamic websites and blogs. WordPress is the most popular blogging device on the internet and lets in updating, customizing, and managing the internet site from its returned-end CMS and components.  What is a content material management gadget (CMS)?  The content management device (CMS) is a software program that shops all of the information consisting of text, pics, track, files, etc. And is made to be had in your internet site. It helps in enhancing, publishing, and enhancing the content of the internet site.  WordPress become initially launched on 27th May, 2003 via matt Mullenweg and mike little. WordPress changed into introduced as open-source in October 2009. 14.8 KEYWORD  CMS-Content Management System (CMS) is a software which stores all the data such as text, photos, music, documents, etc. and is made available on your website.  Tagline − Displays a short sentence about your site.  WordPress Address (URL) − It is the URL of WordPress directory where your all core application files are present.  Site Address (URL) − Enter the site URL which you want your site to display on the browser. 231 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14.9LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Describe the features of WordPress. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Install word press on your system. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 14.10UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Explain Tagline. 2. What is WordPress Address (URL)? 3. Explain Site Address (URL). 4. What is the use of word press? 5. What are the basic requirements for word press? Long Questions 1. What is word press? 2. Explain the various features of word press? 3. What are the various advantages of word press? 4. What are the various disadvantages of word press? 5. Explain how to install word press and how can we set environment? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. WordPress (WordPress.org) script is written in__________ a. NET b. PHP c. Python d. Django 2. WordPress.org provides ____________ you can use to create a beautiful website, blog, or app. a. Paid Software b. Licensed Software 232 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. Open-source software d. Commercial Software 3. WordPress (WordPress.org) was founded by__________ a. Toni Schneider b. Mark Jaquith c. Mark Zuckerberg d. Matt Mullenweg 4. WordPress can be called as_________ a. Content Management System b. Word Management Software c. Learning Management System d. Website Management Software 5. WordPress.com is __________, while WordPress.org is not a. Fully for-profit b. Non-Profit c. Open-Source software d. Free Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-d. 4-a, 5-a 14.11 REFERENCES Textbooks  T1: Steven Holzner, WordPress-The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill.  T2: Robin Nixon, WordPress-MySQL-JavaScript, O’Reilly. Reference Books  R1: Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin Tatroe, Bob Kaehms, Ric McGredy, WordPress, O’Reilly, Shroff Publishers. 233 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 15: PAGES AND POSTS STRUCTURE 15.0 Learning Objectives 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Difference between Pages and Posts 15.3 Creating Posts 15.4 Creating Pages 15.5 Creating Child Pages 15.6 Summary 15.7 Keywords 15.8 Learning Activity 15.9 Unit End Questions 15.10 References 15.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe Pages.  Describe the Posts.  Differentiate between Pages and Posts.  Understand child pages. 15.1 INTRODUCTION A page in WordPress typically refers back to the web page submit kind. It is one of the default pre-defined WordPress put-up sorts. WordPress began out as easy running a blog tool that allowed customers to jot down posts. Within the year 2005, pages had been brought in WordPress model 1.5 to permit customers to create static pages that have been not a part of their blog posts. As an instance, an approximately web page, touch web page, felony info, etc. 15.2 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PAGES AND POSTS Some of the important thing differences among posts and pages are: 234 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• posts are timely content part of a sequence of posts in a blog. Pages are static one-off types of documents that aren't tied to the blogs opposite chronological order of content • pages can be hierarchical, because of this a page can have sub-pages, as example a discern web page titled “about us” will have a sub-page known as “our history”. However, posts aren't hierarchical. • by using default posts in WordPress can be sorted into taxonomies categories and tags. Pages do now not have categories or tags • pages can utilize custom web page templates. Posts can't make use of this feature via default in WordPress. • WordPress posts are displayed in RSS feeds even as pages are excluded from feeds. There's no restriction on what number of pages you create in WordPress and it's far feasible to create an internet site with only pages and no longer the usage of posts in any respect. Even though pages are presupposed to have static content material, however, that does not mean users can't update them. Pages can be up to date as regularly as consumers need to update them. Customers can also use a web page to be the static front page in their website and feature their weblog posts displayed on any other web page of the website. To pick static the front page and weblog web page, a user needs to permit static the front page on Settings » Reading under ‘Front page displays’ option. 15.3 CREATING POSTS 1. Login to your WordPress Dashboard. 2. Click the Posts link in the navigation menu. 3. Click the Add New button on the Posts page. 235 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4. Enter a title in the available field. This will display on the top of your Post. 5. Enter your page content in the available field. You can use the Editor to format your text. You can also click the Add Media button to add images, audio, etc. 6. Once you have entered your information in the Post, click the Publish button. (You can also click Save Draft to save your work without publishing the Post publicly) You are finished when you see a Post published message. 236 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

15.4 CREATING PAGES To create a new Page, log in to your WordPress installation with sufficient admin privileges to create new pages. Select the Pages > Add New option to begin writing a new Page. 15.5CREATING CHILD PAGES To create a child page, you will need a parent page. If you already have a page that you would like to use as the parent, then you are good to go. Simply go to the Pages » Add New to create a new page or edit an existing page in your WordPress admin area. On the right side, you will see Page Attributes Box with Parent dropdown. In the Parent drop-down, you will see the list of all pages from your site. By default, it is set to ‘no parent’ which means this page is an individual page with no association. You need to select the page you want to use as the parent from the drop-down menu. 237 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

After that, you can just go ahead and save your changes. You can repeat this process to create more child pages. To view child pages, you can go to the ‘Pages » All Pages’ page in WordPress admin area. You will see child pages listed under their parent page with a — prefix. Next, you can go ahead and add your child pages to your website’s navigation menu as sub- menu items. Advanced users can use other methods to automatically display a list of child pages for a parent page in WordPress sidebar widgets or theme templates. 238 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

15.6 SUMMARY At first, understanding the difference between posts and pages can be confusing. Think of pages as your static content or “one-off” kind of content that will seldom need changing. This might for example be your About page, and is seen as timeless entities. Posts on the other hand are your blog entries or dynamic content that gets added regularly. 15.7 KEYWORD  Post-posts are where you’ll publish your main content such as what’s been happening in class.  Pages- Pages are normally used for information that you want to share with your readers but don’t expect to update frequently.  Page Title – tells the reader what the page is about.  Categories – are used to help readers locate posts on your site.  Post Title – tells the reader what the post is about. 15.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. What are pages used for? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. How to make posts? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 15.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 239 Short Questions 1. Explain Post. 2. Explain Pages. 3. Explain Post titles. 4. Why categories are used? 5. What are child pages? Long Questions 1. Differentiate between pages and post? 2. Write the steps for creating a post? CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Write the steps for creating a page? 4. Explain child page. Write the steps for creating child page? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. How to add new page in WordPress? a. New b. Add c. Create d. Post 2. The editor page has __________ tabs. a. 4 b. 3 c. 2 d. 1 3. It is used to write the title of the article, which is later displayed on the page. a. Slug b. Description c. Date d. Title 4. How to reverses the most recent editing command? a. Redo b. Undo c. Both A and B d. None of these 5. ______________ module allows you to select the parents for your particular page. a. Page object b. Page media c. Page attributes d. None of these Answers 240 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1-b, 2-c, 3-d. 4-c, 5-c 15.10 REFERENCES Textbooks  T1: Steven Holzner, WordPress-The Complete Reference, McGraw-Hill.  T2: Robin Nixon, WordPress-MySQL-JavaScript, O’Reilly. Reference Books  R1: Rasmus Lerdorf, Kevin Tatroe, Bob Kaehms, Ric McGredy, WordPress, O’Reilly, Shroff Publishers. 241 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)