CU-MA-PSY-SEM-IV-Psychology of Disaster Management

d. Psychodynamics Answers 1-d, 2-d, 3-d, 4-b, 5-c 10.8 REFERENCES References  Coleman, James C. Abnormal Psychology and Modern Life, D.B. 4th edition Taraporevala Sons & Co. Pvt. Ltd.  Diaz, J.O. Prewitt&Murthy, S.R.&Lakshminarayana, R. (2004). Indian Red Cross Society, Voluntary Health Association of India.  Urban Risk Forum. (2000) Disaster Briefing Notes, Oxford Centre for Disaster Studies,Oxford, UK. Textbooks  HUDCO, HSMI. (1999). Shelter, HUDCO, New Delhi.  World Disasters Reports, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2003, 2004, International Red Cross and Red Crescent Society.  World Health Organisation, (1999). Rapid Health Assessment Protocols for Emergencies, Geneva.  Bres, P. (1986). Public Health Action in Emergencies caused by Epidemics, World Health Organisation, Geneva. Websites  http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/July/14/illusions-of-psychiatry/  http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/23/epidemic-mental-illness-why/  http://www.stish.org/content/view/37/72/  www.ndmindia.nic.in/Mitigation/-58k 201 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 11: MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES STRUCTURE 11.0 Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Trauma and Stress Management 11.2.1 Introduction 11.2.2 The Concept of Trauma 11.2.3 Symptoms of Stress 11.2.4 Types of Stress 11.2.5 Sources of Stress 11.2.6 Management of Stress 11.3 Summary 11.4 Keywords 11.5 Learning Activity 11.6 Unit End Questions 11.7 References 11.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Illustrate the comprehensive view of the concept of trauma.  Explain the meaning and nature of stress.  Identify the symptoms of stress.  Describe the types of stress and its sources.  Examine the management of stress. 11.1INTRODUCTION Disaster changes as far as their sorts, seriousness, and span. The term Disaster is usually used to signify any odd occasion; it might either be regular or man-made. Disaster causes incredible death toll, property, injury, difficulty, and unfavourable consequences for physical just as psychological well-being. The casualty experiences extraordinary injury. It influences 202 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the casualty's life profoundly and result casualty experiencing a sensation of uncertainty. This horrible experience creates pressure inside the person. Stress is a characteristic and unavoidable component of life. An individual countenances numerous snags – ecological or interior for the delight of need. These deterrents make the individual upsetting. Consequently, stress is whatever invigorates to act, and it builds the degree of sharpness, however a lot of pressure becomes upsetting and tiring. In some cases, abundance of stress, may harm person's physical and enthusiastic wellbeing. Stress is something exceptionally singular, a few groups can endure a wide range of pressing factors without the sensation of upset, while others think that it’s hard to adapt when life gets distressing. In this way, to make life sound and agreeable, it is important to get pressure and to control or lessen it more successfully. In this unit we will examine the idea of injury, which means and nature of stress, analyse the manifestations of stress, feature the kinds of stress and its sources, and think about the administration of stress. Stress is an ordinary response the body has when changes happen, bringing about physical, enthusiastic, and scholarly reactions. Stress the board preparing can help you manage things in a better way. Stress is a typical human response that happens to everybody. Indeed, the human body is intended to encounter pressure and respond to it. At the point when you experience changes or difficulties (stressors), your body produces physical and mental reactions. That is pressure. Stress reactions assist your body with changing circumstances. Stress can be positive, keeping us ready, inspired and prepared to stay away from risk. For instance, on the off chance that you have a significant test coming up, a pressure reaction may help your body work more earnestly and stay conscious longer. However, stress turns into an issue when stressors proceed without help or times of unwinding. The test of characterizing pressure and the contrasting implications and employments of that term are considered in Annex C. This direction utilizes the term to depict the test to individuals and gatherings of individuals that might emerge from untoward occasions that are of such a nature as well as seriousness as might cause them psychosocial injury. Along these lines, most individuals who are associated with horrendous mishaps experience pressure and it might have impacts that reach from upgrading individuals' strength and individual abilities through to inciting genuine mental problems. At the end of the day, stress might be cautioning, electrifying, further develop strength and raise execution, yet it might likewise cause the passionate experience of pain, decrease execution to the place of brief andoccasionally more supported brokenness, and especially if the pressure is maintained, give a danger to emotional well-being. Frequently, the distinctions accordingly turn on close to home attributes, formative encounters, beneficial encounters, preparing, family, group and gathering participations, and the initiative and social help offered to individuals. 203 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

11.2 TRAUMA AND STRESS MANAGEMENT Trauma is a Greek word; the first importance of injury is wound or harm to body tissue. As referenced in word reference – Trauma is an incredible shock that might have enduring impact. The term mental Trauma portrays a condition wherein an individual has encountered a troublesome occasion that has injured his mind. Mishaps, blast, fires, plane accidents, tremors, twisters and so forth are such startling encounters that influence individuals genuinely as well as intellectually hurt them also. Different occasions like the abrupt loss of friends and family, social shame or serious monetary misfortunes may likewise demonstrate amazingly awful. Injury is a condition where person's physiological, mental, and enthusiastic state get upset. Adler (1943) revealed that over a large portion of the overcomers of the lamentable coconut woods fire in Boston, required treatment for extreme mental shock. 11.2.1 Introduction Distress is the term that portrays the encounters and sensations of individuals after outside occasions that challenge their resistance and variation. It is started and kept up with straight by essential and auxiliary stressors and dies down if the stressors vanish or as individuals adjust to the changed conditions. Distress is an expected human feeling, not a confusion, when it and any related psychosocial brokenness arises and continues with respect to outside unpleasant circumstances. Separation among trouble and confusion is evaluative because it isn't characterized by target guidelines and contrasts are available to social contemplations and varying individual insights and qualities. Brokenness implies any debilitation or anomaly, anyway caused, of capacity in the social, passionate, physical, or potentially intellectual spaces. Distress turmoil - The term problem is utilized when individuals' encounters, feelings and practices are more exceptional, incessant, maintained or debilitating than may be anticipated from everybody or when these highlights go astray from an expected standard and socially authorized reactions to outside conditions and circumstances. Ongoing improvements prompt utilizing the term when inward mental dysfunction(s) are inferred that might reflect, be interceded by, or result from neurochemical problem. Distress injury is a reaction to an occasion that an individual finds profoundly distressing. Models incorporate being in a disaster area, a catastrophic event, or a mishap. Injury can cause a wide scope of physical and passionate indications. Not every person who encounters an upsetting occasion will foster injury. There are likewise different kinds of injuries. A few groups will foster manifestations that purpose following half a month, while others will have morelong-haul impacts. With treatment, individuals can address the main driver of the injury and discover valuable approaches to deal with their manifestations. 204 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In this article, we talk about the different kinds of injuries, injury indications, and the accessible treatment alternatives. 11.2.2 The Concept Of Trauma The traumatic mishap is generally flighty and wild. It breaks one’s suspicion that all is well and good and leaves one helpless and fomented. The traumatic conditions are not just the ones in which an individual is straightforwardly included, at times the information on the passing of somebody close or some other stunning news might be horrible for an individual. There are two significant variables that make an occasion horrible, they are 1. Threat of death or genuine injury to us or to someone else. 2. Strong sensation of dread and vulnerability. These sentiments influence the behaviour and reactions of a person. Casualty experiencing shock might foster a wide scope of manifestations, contingent on the seriousness and nature of the frightening experience, the level of shock and the character make-up of the person. A 'debacle disorder' has been seen among the casualties of twisters, blasts, and comparable calamities. This disorder, which seems to portray most individuals in behaviour, might be depicted in three phases as follows: 1. Shock Stage: In shock stage casualty is staggered, stupefied and passionless. As often as possible he is ignorant of the degree of his physical issue and will in general meander about capriciously. The casualty discovers him incapable to put forth more than negligible attempts at helping himself or others. 2. Suggestible Stage: In this stage individual become uninvolved, suggestible, and willing to take headings from salvage laborers or other less influenced than him. 3. Recovery Stage: Individual continuously recovers his mental harmony, frequently with the assistance of gentle strong psychotherapy at a medical clinic or other guide community. He might become incredulous of salvage and help laborers. The casualty might become tense, jittery, and troubled and may now and then experience issues in concentrating and dozing. As per the American Psychological Association (APA), trauma is \"an enthusiastic reaction to a horrendous occasion like a mishap, assault, or catastrophic event.\" Be that as it may, an individual might encounter trauma as a reaction to any occasion they find truly or genuinely compromising or destructive. A damaged individual can feel a scope of feelings both following the occasion and in the long haul. They might feel overpowered, defenceless, stunned, or experience issues preparing their encounters. trauma can likewise cause actual manifestations. 205 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Injury can have long haul impacts on the individual's prosperity. On the off chance that side effects persevere and don't diminish in seriousness, it can show that the injury has formed into an emotional wellness problem called pressure issue (PTSD). There are a few sorts of trauma, including:  Acute trauma - These outcomes from a solitary unpleasant or hazardous occasion.  Chronic trauma - These outcomes from rehashed and delayed openness to profoundly unpleasant occasions. Models incorporate instances of kid misuse, tormenting, or abusive behaviour at home.  Complex trauma - These outcomes from openness to various awful mishaps. Optional injury, or vicarious injury, is another type of injury. With this type of injury, an individual creates injury side effects from close contact with somebody who has encountered an awful mishap. Relatives, psychological well-being experts, and other people who care for the individuals who have encountered an awful mishap are in danger of vicarious injury. The manifestations frequently reflect those of PTSD. Mental Trauma Significant episodes and calamities challenge our convictions about ourselves, our families and companions and the world. Usually, individuals make three basic suppositions. 1. The world is basically a decent spot. 2. Life and occasions have significance and reason. 3. They are significant and commendable. Mental injury happens when occasions challenge these suppositions and take an individual past their resistance. Every so often, occasions are frightful to the point that individuals address and change their crucial perspectives on the world. These occasions cause harm in view of the prompt damage caused as well because of the waiting requirement for individuals to reconsider themselves and the world. Put in another manner, mental injury happens when the adapting assets of an individual, family, or local area are overpowered, or are taken steps to be overpowered, by a specific occasion. The occasion might be a solitary, intense episode, it very well might be a delayed one or there may a progression of occasions happening throughout some undefined time frame. It ought to be noticed that it is the individual importance of the occasion and not simply the occasion which decides if something is horrible. Complex Trauma The idea of complex mental injury comes from the separation that might be made between two wide examples of occasions and how individuals react to them. 206 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The first identifies with the psychosocial sway brought about by single, extraordinary occurrences that lead to stun full and point by point recollections, and misperceptions in an enormous number of individuals in the quick fallout. The subsequent example is that of complex injury where reactions are incited by long- standing or rehashed trials that outcome in expectation, monstrous disavowal, separation, self-sedation, distinguishing proof with the assailant, and fury. Specialists have recognized examples of reaction based on the nature and designing of the horrible accidents. There are likewise hybrid examples recognized between the two sorts. 11.2.3 Symptoms Of Stress Infrequently a month pass by without our hearing or perusing the information on a quake, volcanoes, tropical storm, or flood happening some place on the planet. Aside from these catastrophic events there are numerous synthetic fiascos which make extraordinary uneasiness and stress among people. There are numerous deterrents both ecological and inner, which meddle without need satisfaction and make the objective confounded. Such a deterrent spot descriptor requests or weight on the association. What precisely is stress? The word reference proposes pressing factor or strain. In any case, in clinical speech, it is the body's reaction to a circumstance or a climate that is unwanted, inappropriate, unconquerable, and impromptu. Logical proof expresses that when one is encountering pressure, the cerebrum delivers undeniable degrees of two explicit chemicals – adrenalin and cortisol – created by the nerve centre. As per mental perspective, stress alludes to be in a condition of irregularity inside a living being that (a) is inspired by a real or saw dissimilarity between natural requests and the life form's ability to adapt to these requests and (b) is showed through an assortment of mental, enthusiastic and conduct reactions. This reaction condition happens because of the life form's openness to exorbitant natural requests or stress. Every individual faces an exceptional example of descriptor requests. Person's age, sex, financial status, character make-up and different variables help to decide the requests made on him. A kid confronting the pressure design contrasts in numerous regards from that of a more established individual. The impact of pressure likewise relies on the seriousness of the pressure. Gentle pressure might work on the exhibition of individual, though, serious pressure will in general debilitate joining and adequacy and inordinate pressure eventuates in a breakdown of the framework. Stress need not generally influences us adversely being available in our everyday life. Stress is a piece of reaction to any test, any interest, or any chance. It produces the energy important to change over our musings right into it. Accordingly, stress helps us in our endurance as well as works with our development. The best illustration of further developed execution with expanding level of pressure is in misfortune. We end up working enthusiastically at whatever point there is a characteristic catastrophe like fire or floods. It is conceivable because pressure triggers a physiological reaction to stimulate our body, yet if this reaction is set off too 207 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

habitually or proceeds for quite a while, individuals begin feeling tense and restless. In this stage individual becomes mutilated and has battle to adapt to it and presently the pressure becomes trouble. The connection among stress and execution can be displayed with the assistance of this diagram. Figure 11.1: Stress-Performance relationship Figure 11.1 shows that low degree of stress is as definable to execution as exorbitant pressure. The exhibition improves with expanding anxiety up to an ideal degree of stress. Up to this level, the pressure is good, and individuals feel ready and centred. In any case, if the anxiety transcends this ideal level, the pressure becomes pessimistic, and individuals feel tense and Low High-Performance Level of pressure Optimum level Low High twisted up. After having such undeniable degree of stress for quite a while they become depleted and experience issues in getting a charge out of life. Symptoms of Stress On the off chance that an individual is presented to distressing circumstances constantly and his stress bearing ability is low, the individual will begin encountering the negative manifestations of stress. During and after a catastrophe, casualties experience the ill effects of exceptional pressure. They might show an assortment of side effects that express their pressure. These side effects resemble early alerts that the feeling of anxiety is arriving at a basic point. These unreasonable anxieties can make genuine damage the wellbeing and prosperity. The initial move toward overseeing pressure is, subsequently, distinguishing these manifestations. Various individuals show various manifestations relying upon their character, their way of life and the idea of work they are occupied with Symptoms of exorbitant pressure can be arranged into four habits as follows: 208 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. Emotional disturbance: When the pressure experience is extremely exceptional or drawn out, it prompts the improvement of different enthusiastic issues, which continue disturbing typical existence of an individual in any event, when the pressure isn't there. Significant pressure identified with feeling incorporates. Irritability -Feeling lonely Anger - Sense of futility Hopelessness -Feeling of being Fear/panic. -Worthless 2. Disruption of thought process: Another warning sign of excessive stress in people is the inability to think clearly or the disruption of thought processes. Under stress, one's ability to organise thoughts in a logical and coherent way is impaired and the person is distracted by his/her own thoughts. Because of the mental distraction things do not register in the memory and the person becomes forgetful and confessed which causes more stress. Some important mental signs of excessive stress are as follows. i. Trouble making of mind or making decision ii. Forgetfulness iii. Mind goes blank iv. Being easily distracted v. Constant working 3. Physical Discomfort: When a person is continuously under stress, he gradually loses the capacity to fight with various diseases. The physiological impact of excessive stress depends on the general stage of physical fitness. Physical symptoms of excessive stress are not always visible at the time of acute pressure and sometimes health problems resulting from stress occur as much as one year after the stressful event. People exposed to stressful situations in life may manifest the following symptoms: i. General weakness ii. Digestive symptoms (indigestion, constipation) iii. Respiratory symptoms (breathing difficulty, allergy) iv. Skin problems v. Muscular symptoms (backache, neck ache) vi. Bladder problems vii. Cardiac symptoms (palpitation, chest pain etc.) 4. Behavioural Changes: In stressful conditions individual exhibits varied behavioural problems. Typical behavioural problems associated with excessive stress includes 209 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

i. Poor sleeping habits ii. Excessive eating/loss of appetite iii. Excessive drinking iv. Increase in smoking v. Criticising, blaming or ridiculing others compulsively vi. Taking pain killers frequently The body’s autonomic nervous system controls your heart rate, breathing, vision changes and more. Its built-in stress response, the “fight-or-flight response,” helps the body face stressful situations. When a person has long-term (chronic) stress, continued activation of the stress response causes wear and tear on the body. Physical, emotional, and behavioural symptoms develop. Physical symptoms of stress include  Aches and pains.  Chest pain or a feeling like your heart is racing.  Exhaustion or trouble sleeping.  Headaches, dizziness or shaking.  High blood pressure.  Muscle tension or jaw clenching.  Stomach or digestive problems.  Trouble having sex.  Weak immune system. Stress can lead to emotional and mental symptoms like  Anxiety or irritability.  Depression.  Panic attacks.  Sadness. When stress becomes long-term and is not properly addressed, it can lead to several more serious health conditions, including  Depression  High blood pressure 210 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Abnormal heartbeat (arrhythmia)  Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)  Heart disease  Heart attack  Heartburn, ulcers, irritable bowel syndrome  Upset stomach -- cramps, constipation, and diarrhoea  Weight gain or loss  Changes in sex drive  Fertility problems  Flare-ups of asthma or arthritis  Skin problems such as acne, eczema, and psoriasis Often, people with chronic stress try to manage it with unhealthy behaviours, including:  Drinking too much or too often.  Gambling.  Overeating or developing an eating disorder.  Participating compulsively in sex, shopping, or internet browsing.  Smoking.  Using drugs.  Overall, inappropriately, or ineffectually oversaw pressure typically negatively affects the body. At the point when stress-related sentiments, temperaments, feelings are driven into the body, the soma, this is normally named psychosomatic or psychogenic ailment, including migraines, heart palpitations, physical/intellectual/enthusiastic agony and enduring, contracted throat and shallow, tightened breathing, damp palms, exhaustion, sickness, nervousness, sensitivities, asthma, immune system conditions identified with an ineffectual working of the safe framework, (hypertension), and gastrointestinal aggravations like the runs, resentful stomach, duodenal ulcers and oesophageal reflux disorder.  Prolonged stress can bring about stifled invulnerable capacity, expanded defencelessness to irresistible and safe related illnesses and malignancy. Enthusiastic pressure can likewise bring about hormonal awkward nature (adrenal, pituitary, thyroid, and so on) that further meddle with sound safe working. 211 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Cognitive - Anxious considerations, unfortunate expectation, helpless focus, trouble with memory.  Emotional - Feelings of pressure, peevishness, anxiety, stresses, powerlessness to unwind, wretchedness.  Behavioural - Avoidance of errands; rest issues; trouble in finishing work tasks; squirming; quakes; stressed face; gripping clench hands; crying; changes in drinking, eating, or smoking practices.  Physiological - Stiff or tense muscles, grating teeth, perspiring, pressure migraines, faint sentiments, stifling inclination, trouble in gulping, stomach-throb, sickness, heaving, slackening of guts, obstruction, recurrence and earnestness of pee, loss of premium in sex, sluggishness, flimsiness or quakes, weight reduction or gain, familiarity with heart beat.  Social - Some individuals in unpleasant occasions will in general search out others to be with. Others pull out under pressure. Likewise, the nature of connections can change when an individual is under pressure. 11.2.4 Types of Stress The types of stress are anticipatory, current, residual, and positive which is described below: Anticipatory Stress Anticipatory Stress are those where brain and body get ready ahead of time for change, emergency, or challenge. Instances of this sort of expectant pressure are various. Stress before a test, dread of an approaching typhoon, fear of constrained retirement and so forth are the genuine model. In flood inclined space of the nation advance arrangement by individuals and the public authority for its administration is a genuine illustration of expectant stress. Current Stress Current Stress emerges during an encounter of distressing circumstance. Current Stress whenever saddled adequately is fundamental for ideal execution. For instance, body's outrageous alert during seismic tremor or the flood of energy in the last hundred-meter race. Residual Stress During Residual Stress, the body stays in a condition of excitement after the occasion has passed. It could be positive or negative. Over incitement, regardless of whether lovely or disagreeable, can have a similar impact. Markowitz in his examination saw that firemen presented to a hazardous synthetic had mental manifestations which endured even following 22 months. 212 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In another examination it was discovered that forward storm casualties the side effects proceeded even up to a normal of 16 months after the occasion (Krause, 1987), Residual pain has additionally been accounted for among calamity salvage and tidy up laborers. Positive Stress This is moderate in nature, and it assists the person with reacting rapidly and powerfully in actual crises, like battling a fire, turning away a car accident and so on Positive Stress is valuable in performing admirably under tension. It likewise helps in stretching the boundaries of the person. Given that Stress has been connected as a co-factor in 95% or all infection measures, a cornerstone of comprehensive, elective wellbeing and mending is figuring out how to viably oversee Stress. This learning cycle starts with perceiving or distinguishing four explicit kinds of stress influencing you and how these stressors (that is, the thing that requests a change from you) are appearing or showing as side effects in your day-to-day existence. Stress factors extensively fall into four sorts or classifications: actual Stress, mental Stress, psychosocial stress, and psycho profound pressure. Physical Stress (Trauma, disease, medical procedure), extraordinary actual work/over-effort, natural contamination (pesticides, herbicides, poisons, substantial metals, deficient light, radiation, clamour, electromagnetic fields), ailment (viral, bacterial, or contagious specialists), exhaustion, insufficient oxygen supply, hypoglycaemia I(low glucose), hormonal or potentially biochemical uneven characters, dietary pressure (wholesome lacks, food hypersensitivities and sensitivities, undesirable dietary patterns), parchedness, substance misuse, dental difficulties, and musculoskeletal misalignments/irregular characteristics. Psychological Stress Emotional pressure (feelings of disdain, fears, dissatisfaction, misery, outrage, sorrow/mourning), psychological pressure (data over-burden, sped up feeling of time, stress, blame, disgrace, desire, opposition, connections, self-analysis, self-hatred, unfeasible hair- splitting, uneasiness, alarm assaults, not feeling such as yourself, not feeling like things are genuine, and a feeling of being crazy/not being in charge), and perceptual pressure (convictions, jobs, stories, perspectives, world view). Psychosocial Stress Relationship/marriage challenges (accomplice, kin, youngsters, family, manager, colleagues, business), absence of social help, absence of assets for satisfactory endurance, loss of work/ventures/reserve funds, loss of friends and family, liquidation, home abandonment, and disconnection. Psycho-spiritual Stress 213 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

An emergency of qualities importance and reason for sad endeavouring (rather than useful, fulfilling, significant and satisfying work) and a misalignment inside one's centre profound convictions. 11.2.5 Sources of Stress Stress is physiological and psychological reaction which gets trigged when individuals see an unbalance between the degrees of pressing factor set upon them and the capacity to confront that pressing factor. If we dissect the reasons for pressure, the rundown will be wide running. The wellsprings of stress can be isolated into two classes:  Stressful life events and  Chronic stressor 1. Stressful life events All through life individuals are confronted with an entire series of changes, occasionally outside the ability to control, which must be overseen. A daily existence changes occasions lead to disequilibrium, and it causes a ton of maladjustment. An enormous quantity of ground-breaking occasions inside a brief timeframe, regularly produces side effects of pressure. Some of life occasions, which can cause a great deal of choppiness throughout everyday life, are as per the following: i. Death of loved ones: death of spouse, death of a close relative ii. Change in marital stability divorce, separation, serious arguments iii. Change in honour: failure, dismissal, disciplinary action iv. Change is social status: retirement, demotion promotion v. Illness/injury: self, close family members dislocation vi. Transfer to a new place, change in residence, on vacation vii. Change in financial status: Sudden financial loss/gain, decrease in carry home income, and increase in liabilities. 2. Chronic Stressors There are some constant stressors as well. Constant unrelieved condition of pressure is alluded to as ongoing pressure. It is the consequence of those dangers, imperatives and uncertainly, which individuals need to confront day in and day on. Stress is really a typical piece of life. Now and again, it fills a helpful need. Stress can rouse you to get that advancement at work or run the last mile of a long-distance race. Yet, if you don't understand your pressure and it turns out to be long haul, it can truly meddle with your work, day to day life, and wellbeing. The greater part of Americans 214 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

say they battle with companions and friends and family due to stress, and over 70% say they experience truly physical and enthusiastic indications from it. Everybody has distinctive pressure triggers. Work pressure beat the rundown, as per studies. Forty rates of U.S. laborers confess to encountering office stress, and one-quarter say work is the greatest wellspring of stress in their lives. Causes of work stress include:  Being unhappy in your job.  Having a heavy workload or too much responsibility.  Working long hours.  Having poor management, unclear expectations of your work, or no say in the decision-making process.  Working under dangerous conditions.  Being insecure about your chance for advancement or risk of termination.  Having to give speeches in front of colleagues.  Facing discrimination or harassment at work, especially if your company isn't supportive. Life stresses can also have a big impact. Examples of life stresses are:  The death of a loved one  Divorce  Loss of a job  Increase in financial obligations  Getting married  Moving to a new home  Chronic illness or injury  Emotional problems (depression, anxiety, anger, grief, guilt, low self-esteem)  Taking care of an elderly or sick family member  Traumatic event, such as a natural disaster, theft, rape, or violence against you or a loved one Sometimes the stress comes from inside, rather than outside. You can stress yourself out just by worrying about things. All these factors can lead to stress: 215 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Fear and vulnerability. At the point when you consistently find out about the danger of psychological oppressor assaults, a worldwide temperature alteration, and harmful synthetic compounds on the news, it can because you to feel worried, particularly because you feel like you have no influence over those occasions. What's more, even though calamities are commonly exceptionally uncommon occasions, their distinctive inclusion in the media might cause them to appear as though they are bound to happen than they truly are. Fears can likewise hit nearer to home, for example, being stressed that you will not complete an undertaking at work or will not have sufficient cash to cover your bills this month.  Attitudes and discernments. How you see the world, or a specific circumstance can decide if it causes pressure. For instance, if your TV is taken and you take the disposition, \"It's OK, my insurance agency will pay for another one,\" you'll be less focused than if you might suspect, \"My TV is gone, and I'll never get it back! Imagine a scenario where the cheats return to my home to take once more?\" Similarly, individuals who feel as they're working hard grinding away will be less worried by a major impending venture than the individuals who stress that they are awkward.  Unrealistic assumptions. Nobody is great. If you hope to do everything right constantly, you're bound to feel anxious when things don't go true to form.  Change. Any significant life change can be distressing - even a cheerful occasion like a wedding or a task advancement. More unsavoury occasions, like a separation, major monetary mishap, or passing in the family can be critical wellsprings of stress. Your anxiety will contrast dependent on your character and how you react to circumstances. A few groups let all that roll away from them. To them, work stresses and life stresses are simply minor obstructions. Others in a real sense stress themselves wiped out. In another report from the American Psychology Association (APA) who as of late delivered a report named \"Stress in America: Paying with our Health\". The report gives key measurements to getting what components contribute the most pressure to our lives. Utilizing the gathered information, the APA discovered what stress means for various ages, and the diverse ways ages deal with their pressure. Likewise remembered for the report are significant realities about what passionate help means for feelings of anxiety. The top four sources for stress are:  Money  Work  Family responsibilities  Health Concerns 216 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

These four categories have been the same top reasons for stress in the same order since 2008, the beginning of the recession. While the overall trend of stress levels has decreased since peaking in 2010, a deeper dive reveals some enlightening facts about Americans and their stress. Money: The Root of All Stress At the point when respondents were asked how their worry about cash has changed more than the previous year, 88% addressed that their pressure has either remained something very similar or expanded. In this way, while a portion of the tensions from the downturn have died down, by far most of Americans are yet worried about their funds. The three most huge wellsprings of cash related pressure were: paying sudden costs, paying for basics, and putting something aside for retirement. Each of the four classes can be viewed as being affected by each other. For instance, cash concerns can impact choices about wellbeing concerns, or work concerns can impact worry over family obligations. Indeed, the APA states in their report that \"Almost 1 out of 5 Americans say that they have either considered skipping or skirted going to the specialist in the previous year when they required medical services on account of monetary concerns.\" Generation Gap It may appear glaringly evident that changed ages would have various burdens because of their stations throughout everyday life, except survey pressure through the crystal of ages takes into consideration a clearer image of things to come of pressure and stress the board. The APA report features the split between the ages utilizing measurements about cash pressure: \"Cash is a fairly or extremely critical wellspring of stress for most of Americans (64 rates) however much more so for guardians (77 rates), Millennials (75 rates) and Gen Xers (76 rates).\" Effects of Stress Every individual's pressure and what it means for them is remarkable to them, and the methods of managing mounting pressure fluctuate enormously. The main three side effects of pressure announced were: crabby/furious, apprehensive/restless, and absence of interest/inspiration. Every one of the three indications can prompt adverse results at home, at work, or in one's public activity. With 75% of Americans encountering a manifestation of stress in the previous month, it is stressing some that \"[a] sizable number of Americans say that they participate in undesirable practices as a result of pressure, for example, lying alert around evening time… or eating excessively… \" Presenteeism is characterized as a worker being truly present at work, however not being completely connected due to outside burdens. Presenteeism can be hard to see, yet it can unleash destruction on efficiency, and surprisingly an association's main concern. As indicated by research included in the Harvard Business Review, presenteeism costs 217 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

associations more than $150 billion every year. Shockingly, the examination tracked down that \"hands on efficiency misfortune coming about because of sorrow… was around multiple times more prominent than the nonappearance related usefulness misfortune ascribed to these conditions.\" We would then be able to see that when stress is weighing intensely on an individual, it's difficult harming oneself, yet additionally the whole association is unfavourably influenced. Frustration Everyone has a few requirements and wants, and Frustration happens when the significant necessities and wants to stay unsatisfied. A portion of the significant human necessities incorporate sex, material belongings, security, acknowledgment and so on Individuals need to have a sense of safety against vulnerabilities of future. They feel undermined with any incident or something a probable calamity. This need is fulfilled by building a house, having a bank equilibrium, and contributing for future requirements. Numerous individuals have a serious requirement for force and command over others. They fulfil this need through their situation in office or mutuality. They might feel worried if they end up being constrained by others. Struggle Struggle is the significant wellspring of stress and habitually prompts pressure and inward unrest. Struggle emerges between two need or esteemed objectives, in which picking either choice mean prompts disappointment with respect to the next. Sometimes, among different objectives, picking either objective is truly challenging, so individuals experience the ill effects of incredible pressure. For instance, in post debacle circumstance a lamented casualty gets much worried and feels either to leave the spot or to stay in a similar fiasco inclined region where he should be. In the present circumstance these two parts of life can regularly be in struggle, and it isn't in every case simple to track down the right alternative. Pressing factor Issue of change might stem from disappointment and struggle as well as from pressures that convolute our strivings. This pressing factor happens from circumstances for the most part past our nearby control. Unreasonable requests additionally function as pressing factor that happens because of an excess of duty, danger, or intellectually tiring position. On the off chance that the pressure bearing ability of an individual is low, even modest quantity of pressing factor will turn into a weight for that individual. Pressing factor likewise happens when a relationship neglects to satisfy assumptions. At work relationship ought to give incitement, backing and companionship. If individual faces character conflicts, absence of trust and backing analysis and vicious contest in the work connections, the people will undoubtedly feel worried. At home relationship ought to give enthusiastic security, love, and a feeling of belongingness. Likewise, a relationship can make pressure if the individual is misjudged or dismissed, the closer the relationship, and the more 218 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

pressing factor will be felt by the individual. Pressing factor might emerge from being unfortunate about future at work, feeling incapable to work at full limit, or occupation fulfilment and so forth 11.2.6 Management of Stress Stress is an unpredictable issue including the brain, body, and feelings; and leaves its effect on person's physiological and mental conditions. Lazarus characterizes adapting as 'continually changing intellectual and social endeavours to oversee explicit outer or interior requests that are assessed as burdening or surpassing the assets of the individual' (1984, 141). A few groups show the physiological indications of stress more than the others. They need to make some certain strides towards supporting the actual prosperity; this incorporates dealing with the food propensities exercise, rest, and rest. We will talk about beneath the methods of overseeing pressure. Food Habit What we eat and drink has a ton of suggestions for our pressure bearing capacity. We take food to give us energy, important to stay typical for the duration of the day. This procedure assists with blossoming with pressure by giving expanded energy to fulfil the needs. Regular Exercise Regular exercise makes a man solid and sound. At the point when an individual is solid, all frameworks inside the body get a progression of energy. If there should arise an occurrence of an over-burden from work out, stress, some framework stops to get energy. Actual activities assist an individual with loosening up the strained and tight muscles, further develop blood course and take out synthetic from the framework. Rest and Sleep Our bodies require standard rest and rest to recovers energy and revive us. During rest the body additionally fixes itself. Both amount and amount of rest and rest are significant Developing Emotional Maturity Numerous individuals respond sincerely to stretch. Those individuals who respond to unpleasant circumstances genuinely require fostering their feelings solidness. To deliver the enthusiastic pressing factor, an individual needs to control the passionate impulsivity. Stress can be diminished by creating emotionally supportive network to try to avoid panicking even in the most antagonistic conditions. Delivery Emotional Maturity Individuals who don't completely communicate their sentiments regularly become restless, anxious, and grieved. A few groups shroud their feelings in trouble; their repressed feelings don't vanish yet go underground and hamper the person. The most ideal way will be to 219 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

deliver feelings. An individual ought to pick an individual before whom he can put himself out there. He might communicate his inclination by sobbing, chuckling, and chastening. Gather External Emotional Support Everybody has a should be perceived and acknowledged for the individual that they truly are. Genuine enthusiastic help comes in this way, from being both known and cherished in an emergency like fiasco. Some of the time individuals experience the ill effects of sensation of depression; this inclination likewise creates instability among them. Survivor might take this limitative for salvage laborers or family members to assist the survivor with developing an organization and care group. Relax Consciously In post catastrophe stage it is truly challenging for the survivor to conquer the upsetting occasions that he looked in past. There are some unwinding strategies which additionally assume a significant part in decreasing pressure which are as per the following. Deep Relaxation Reflection, yoga, self-entrancing and different techniques for getting the unwinding reaction have been utilized for quite a long time to adapt to the stressors of everyday living. Deep Relaxation re-establishes energy, yields inventive answers for issues and truly quiets the individual for confronting tough spots. Casualties experiencing injury or stress ought to use it in ordinary daily practice as a component of living. Exercise Exercise is an exceptionally compelling method for dealing with stress. Steady day by day or close to day-by-day exercise might fill in as avoidance of misery. In one of the examinations 55 understudies who detailed a high number of ongoing negative life occasions partook in an investigation contrasting gatherings having actual exercise, unwinding preparing, no treatment, while all revealed further developed wellbeing over the fourteen-day time of the examination, the activity bunch showed a more prominent drop in burdensome manifestations (Roth and Holmes, 1987). In another investigation Sime (1987) found that among 15 decently discouraged people going in age from 26 to 53, wretchedness scores were altogether lower as seen following 10 weeks, a half year, and 21 months of activity. Prayer For quite a long time, supplication has been utilized to adapt to strain. Prayerbuilds expectation and hopefulness. In draft it is seen that individuals perform 'Havana and yagya' to satisfy the God of downpour Indra. It can acquire useful arrangement such a circumstance. The faith in divine direction and comfort makes a positive unavoidable outcome. Overseeing pressure carefully through consciousness of self-heading is altogether steady with strict conviction and practice. All things considered; God helps the individuals who help themselves. 220 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Hobbies Numerous individuals discover complete unwinding by investing energy seeking after a most loved movement. Most loved sporting exercises like planting, golf, chasing, photography, book perusing or watching proficient ball on TV can likewise help forestall or diminish pressure severally. Side interest is a decent buddy of a person, where by fostering his diversion, an individual might move away from the stressors and won't ever feel himself forlorn. Individuals feel glad and loosened up when they do something that offers joy to them, henceforth, their focused-on muscles and nerves likewise become loose. By Developing Positive Attitude towards Life Individuals influenced by debacles experience the ill effects of incredible physical and passionate issues. In the wake of losing their family members and properties in a calamity, the survivor’s free expectation throughout everyday life. This procedure will assist them with distinguishing disillusionments. It is important to relinquish the past on the grounds that individuals have no influence over what's to come. Survivors will just feel disillusioned by considering past positions, connections, and dreams, which won't ever emerge. Despite contemplating the past, survivors might discover options for future circumstances. By focusing on the present, they can accomplish a superior harmony among exercises and feeling. Individuals ought to consistently recollect that they have most extreme control of themselves and very little control of others. They should attempt more to work freely so they will get less disappointment when others don't meet their assumption. Individuals should condition their mentalities to expect intermittent put off. Everybody needs to look up and downs in their day-to-day existence, consequently, in most noticeably terrible circumstances additionally, they ought not free pride and confidence. The methods of stress the board are classified into three gatherings 1. Action Orientated Approaches: used to make a move to change an unpleasant circumstance. 2. Emotion-arranged methodologies: used to change the way we see an unpleasant circumstance. 3. Acceptance-arranged methodologies: utilized for managing distressing circumstances you can't handle. Action-Orientated Approaches Action-oriented approaches allow you to act and change the stressful situation. 1. Be assertive Clear and effective communication is the key to being assertive. When we’re assertive, we can ask for what we want or need, and explain what is bothering us. The key is doing 221 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

this in a fair and firm manner while still having empathy for others. Once you identify what you need to communicate, you can stand up for yourself and be proactive in altering the stressful situation. 2. Reduce the notice Switching off all the technology, screen time, and constant stimuli can help us slow down. How often do you go offline? It is worth changing, for your own sake. Make time for some quietness each day. You may notice how all those seemingly urgent things we need to do become less important and crisis-like. That to-do list will be there when you’re in a place to return to it. Remember that recharging is a very effective way of tackling stress. 3. Manage your time If we let them, our days will consume us. Before we know it, the months have become overwhelmingly busy. When we prioritize and organize our tasks, we create a less stressful and more enjoyable life. 4. Creating boundaries Boundaries are the internal set of rules that we establish for ourselves. They outline what behaviours we will and won’t accept, how much time and space we need from others, and what priorities we have. 5. Get out of your head Sometimes it’s best not to even try contending with the racing thoughts. Sometimes you just need a break. Distract yourself. Watch a movie, phone, or catch up with a friend, go for a walk, or do something positive that you know takes your mind off things. Emotion–Orientated Approaches Emotion-oriented approaches are used to change the way we perceive stressful situations. 1. Affirmations and imagery The force of positive symbolism and certifications is currently experimentally demonstrated to build positive feeling. How? At the point when you think about a positive encounter, your mind sees it to be a reality. Along these lines, supplant those negative considerations with positive articulations and challenge and change the way you see and experience the world. 2. Cognitive Restructuring During the 1950's clinician Dr. Albert Ellis created what intellectual rebuilding, a strategy for understanding negative feelings and testing the occasionally mistaken convictions that cause them. Intellectual rebuilding is a vital segment of Cognitive conduct treatment (CBT). 222 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. ABC Technique The ABC method was additionally initially made by analyst Dr. Albert Ellis and was subsequently adjusted by Martin Seligman. The letters ABC represent; A – misfortune, or the distressing occasion. B – Beliefs, or the way that you react to the occasion. Then, at that point C – results, the aftereffect of your convictions prompts the activities and result of that occasion. Basically, the more hopeful your convictions one has, the surer the result. Acceptance Orientated Approaches Acceptance arranged methodologies are valuable in distressing circumstances that you can't handle. 1. Diet and Exercise You've heard it previously, however the type of food you eat will affect your general health. Be aware of having a decent and solid eating routine. Simplifying diet changes, like diminishing your liquor, caffeine and sugar admission is a demonstrated method of lessening uneasiness. Another ensured approach to lessen pressure is work out. It's demonstrated to likewise be just about as powerful as antidepressants in mitigating gentle sorrow. 2. Meditation and physical relaxation Use methods like profound breathing, directed perceptions, yoga, and directed body filters. These exercises assist with loosening up the body. A few models for you to give a shot are incorporated beneath. 3. Build resilience Flexibility is our capacity to bob back from upsetting or negative encounters. To streamline, tough individuals are talented at tolerating that the circumstance has happened, they gain from what unfolded and afterward they continue. 4. Talk it out Try not to hold everything inside. Converse with somebody near you about your concerns or the things getting you down. Sharing concerns can slice them down the middle, and furthermore allow you an opportunity to giggle at conceivably silly circumstances. Many our concerns sound much less troubling when we say them so anyone can hear. On the off chance that you don't feel capable of sharing, thinking of them down is likewise an extraordinary method to deliver them. Or then again perhaps draw in with a free proficient. There are a lot of administrations accessible, including free 223 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

administrations, which you can rapidly Google to track down what's accessible in your city. 5. Sleep Getting a decent night rest is central for re-energizing and managing unpleasant circumstances in the most ideal manner. While it changes from one individual to another, on the specific measure of rest required, a continuous rest of around 8 hours is for the most part suggested. Other Ways of Managing Stress When it comes to managing stress, making simple changes can go a long way in improving your overall health and reducing stress. Having tools and strategies you can turn to in stressful situationscan prevent your stress levels from escalating. 1. Find a balance It’s important to structure some of your time so that you can be comfortably busy without being overwhelmed, Brown says. “Working hard does not usually equate with working efficiently,” he said. In fact, working too much can reduce productivity. 2. Be kind to yourself Understanding that you aren’t weak because you’re feeling stress is important, Brown says. Stress is a very normal react 3. Lean on the people you trust Before your stress levels escalate, reach out to someone you trust, such as a friend, family member, or co-worker. Sharing your feelings or venting your concerns may help to reduce your stress. 4. Keep a journal Set aside time to reflect on your day. Write down any thoughts or feelings you’re having. This can be a useful tool to help you better understand your stressors and how you react to stress, Brown says. 5. Eat well-balanced, regular meals When it comes to managing stress, proper nutrition is your friend. Skipping meals can lower your blood sugar, which can depress your mood. In some cases, this can also trigger intense feelings of anger and frustration, Brown says. 6. Exercise regularly Engaging in regular physical activity can improve your overall health and reduce your stress levels. When you exercise, your body releases endorphins. These feel-good hormones can also ease symptoms of depression and anxiety. 224 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

7. Get plenty of rest Your ability to manage stress decreases when you’re tired. Try to get a recommended seven to nine hours each night. If you have insomnia, aim to get as much sleep as you can, then build in periods of rest during the day. 8. Practice relaxation exercises These exercises, which can include deep, slow breathing and progressive muscle relaxation, involve tensing and then relaxing various groups of muscles. Try to carve out three minutes, three times a day to practice these exercises, says Dr. Russell Morfitt, a psychologist. 9. Schedule your worry While it may feel awkward at first, consider scheduling the worry to specific parts of the day, Morfitt says. “When we lean into our fears by deliberately seeking out our stressors and not avoiding them or escaping them, they often lose their power,” he said. 11.3 SUMMARY  Trauma is a Greek word; the first importance of injury is wound or harm to body tissue. As referenced in word reference – injury is an incredible shock that might have durable impact. The term mental injury depicts a condition where an individual has encountered a troublesome occasion that has injured his mind. Mishaps, blast, fires, plane accidents, tremors, twisters and so forth are such alarming encounters that influence individuals truly as well as intellectually hurt them too.  Distress is an expected human feeling, not a confusion, when it and any related psychosocial brokenness arises and perseveres with respect to outside distressing circumstances. Separation among trouble and confusion is evaluative on the grounds that it isn't characterized by target norms and contrasts are available to social contemplations and varying individual discernments and qualities  Mental disorder - The term problem is utilized when individuals' encounters, feelings and practices are more extreme, continuous, supported or weakening than may be anticipated from everybody or when these highlights veer off from an expected standard and socially authorized reactions to outer conditions and circumstances.  Without a legitimate emotionally supportive network set up, individuals frequently go to undesirable procedures to deal with their pressure, especially recent college grads with high cash pressure. For instance, everything being equal, 38% say they surf the web to oversee pressure, while 67% of twenty- to thirty-year-olds say something very similar. For eating to manage pressure, the breakdown is 23% to 41%, individually. Liquor use for pressure the board is almost twofold at 12% for all Americans and 25% 225 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for recent college grads. In any case, when enthusiastic help is free (family, companions, or expert assistance, for example, a worker help program) we see critical improvement in pressure. i. 43% of respondents without passionate help say pressure has expanded in the previous year. ii. 26% of respondents with passionate help say pressure has expanded in the previous year.  Those with passionate help can deal with pressure and its belongings better than those without: i. 46% of individuals without enthusiastic help felt discouraged because of stress somewhat recently ii. 32% of individuals with passionate help felt discouraged because of stress somewhat recently.  The generally constructive outcomes of a passionate emotionally supportive network are amazingly promising. At the point when people can go to prepared experts with their pressure issues, they are less inclined to take part in unfortunate conduct, and are bound to be useful grinding away, and keep up with better connections. An expert help program can offer a wide assortment of trainings, directing administrations, and references to assist individuals with figuring out how to adequately deal with their pressure. Focusing on your time is the way to overseeing pressure. An unmistakable timetable that diagrams precisely when and where you must be and when you are free to meet goes far in keeping a workplace coordinated and calm. The Wall Street Journal takes note of, \"A quiet, unruffled work style is yet a characteristic of ability, the board specialists say. \"Recollect that being harried doesn't generally mean work is being acted in an effective way. The Wall Street Journal referenced a director whose guidance was to \"comprehend the higher perspective and not get gotten up to speed a lot in everyday subtleties\". At whatever point a day can feel too feverish it tends to be useful to venture back and ponder what should be done at that point to guarantee long haul objectives are accomplished. The following time you see somebody rushing around the workplace or you feel anxious, attempt to get to the wellspring of the pressure. Talking about pressure is something that is occasionally done however being open about obligations and undertakings will make your working environment a more group situated climate. 11.4 KEYWORDS 226 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Stress Management - Set of procedures and projects expected to assist with peopling manage pressure in their lives by breaking down the particular stressors and making positive moves to limit their belongings\"  Stress - Stress is the \"mental, physiological and conduct reaction by a person when they see an absence of balance between the requests put upon them and their capacity to satisfy those needs, which, throughout some stretch of time, prompts chronic sickness\".  Psychological trauma- It is a reaction to an occasion that an individual finds exceptionally unpleasant. Models incorporate being in a disaster area, a cataclysmic event, or a mishap. Injury can cause a wide scope of physical and passionate indications.  Disaster Mental Health Plan - An arrangement which is planned before the event of a fiasco which subtleties how the enthusiastic prosperity of survivors, families, and crisis responders will be met.  Negative Stress Reactions: - A scope of responses, normal after openness to injury, which can be risky and can hinder mental recuperation. A portion of these include spousal or kid misuse, substance misuse, and other self-hurting practices. 11.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Illustrate the nature and causes of work stress happened to your colleague working in a bank. ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Illustrate the various stresses that can happen to a neighbour student who is appearing for the board exam. What measures he/she can take to relieve the stress? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 11.6UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the different types of traumas? 2. Explain the psychological trauma 3. Describe complex trauma. 4. Discuss the symptoms of stress. 227 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. What are the two important factors which make an event traumatic? Long Questions 1. Describe the concept of trauma in detail. 2. Describe the three stages of trauma? 3. What are the factors upon which physical well-being depends on? 4. Explain the different ways of managing stress. 5. Explain the sources of stress in detail. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Identify which among the following is a stress management technique does deep breathing, yoga and exercise relate to? a. Religious b. Cognitive c. Physical d. Social 2. Which of the following would be classed as a cognitive action strategy for dealing with stress? a. Goal setting b. Asking questions c. Analysing the problems d. All of these 3. Which is more correct from the below? One response to stress in the work place is “presenteeism” which may include a. Working longer hours b. Working while ill c. Not taking holidays d. All of these 4. Which is correct about ecological theory? a. About cognitive development. b. About affective processes in development. c. About environmental influences on development. d. None of these 228 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Which theory says that there are sensitive periods of development in human life? a. Social cognition theory b. Ecological theory c. Ethological theory d. None of these Answers 1-c, 2-d, 3-d, 4-c, 5-c 11.7 REFERENCES References  Mishra, G.K. & G.C. Mathur (eds.) (1993). Natural Disaster Reduction. New Delhi: Reliance Publishing House.  Gupta, M.C.&V.K. Sharma&L.C. Gupta & B.K. Tamini. (2001). Manual on Natural Disaster Management in India. New Delhi: IIPA.  Coleman, James C. Abnormal Psychology and modern life, Bombay. Third edition. D.B..Taraporvalia sons and co pvt. Ltd.  Gatrell, C. Anthony&Loytonen, Markku, (ed.), (1998), GIS and Health, British Library Cataloguing. London. Publication Data.  Parasuraman, S,& P.V. Unnikrishnan.(2000). India Disaster Report: Towards a Policy Initiative, New Delhi. OXFORD University Press. Textbooks  Government of India. Report of the IXth Finance Commission. New Delhi  Walt, Schafer. Stress management for wellness, Wordsworth group/Thomson learning 10 Davis Duire, 4th edition. Beltron CA94002-3098 USA  Government of India. Report of the Xth Finance Commission. New Delhi  Government of India. Report of the XIth Finance Commission. New Delhi Websites  https://www.mentalhelp.net/blogs/types-of-stress-and-their-symptoms/  https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/11874-stress  https://www.webmd.com/balance/guide/causes-of-stress 229 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 12: RESPONSE MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 12.0 Learning Objectives 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Role of Information and Communication Technology in Response Management 12.2.1 Meaning and Concept 12.2.2 Tools of ICT: Applications 12.3 Summary 12.4 Keywords 12.5 Learning Activity 12.6 Unit End Questions 12.7 References 12.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe the meaning and concepts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT).  Examine the various tools of ICT and their role in health response.  Discuss the ICT initiatives taken in the field of health management ofdisasters. 12.1 INTRODUCTION Numerous investigations of occupation stress incorporate mental reactions, and they have been summed up in various survey articles (Holt 1982, Cooper and Payne 1988, Kahn and Byosiere 1992, Lundberg 1999). As these audits show, the greater part of the mental reactions to work pressure in this exploration are self-detailed and unlinked to clinical approval or physiological measures. An exemption is crafted by associates at Stockholm University, both at the Karolinska Institute and the Department of Psychology (Stockholm University 1999). By a wide margin the most regularly referred to reaction to work pressure is disappointment with the work. More extreme full of feeling reactions incorporate outrage, dissatisfaction, bothering, and antagonism toward bosses and the association all in all. Other negative reactions corresponded with work pressure are more aloof; among them are weariness, burnout, and exhaustion, sensations of defencelessness and misery, and discouraged state of mind. Large numbers of these words are virtual equivalents, a reality that 230 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

mirrors the propensity of scientists to plan and mark their own actions instead of reproducing past work. Replication in different associations would be exceptionally valuable, be that as it may, as would the mix of physiological and social standards with mental reactions. Calamities are by and large geo-climatic occasions, and they hit the people with no or very little earlier signs. All throughout the planet, catastrophes strike both created and agricultural countries, and leave a colossal imprint on the economy and foundation. All around the world, catastrophic events represent almost 80 level of all calamity influenced individuals. Circumstance in areas like South-Asia is the same. Sufferings of individuals because of cataclysmic events are normal in the nations of this area. Catastrophic events can't be forestalled;however, their antagonistic effects can be limited by taking certain alleviation measures. Among the different measures to relieve the adverse consequence of catastrophe, arranging and readiness are the most critical. With ICT, it has gotten conceivable to get earlier data about the area and size of a possible calamity. Today, ICT assumes a significant part in a fiasco the board and in obliging the differing wellbeing needs of the influenced populace with its devices and applications. We will presently examine the importance, importance, and pretended by ICT in the wellbeing the board of calamities. 12.2 ROLE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN RESPONSE MANAGEMENT Data and Communication Technology (ICT) is a term that envelops all types of innovation used to make, store, trade, and use data in its different structures (business information, voice discussions, pictures, movies, interactive media show and different structures, including those not yet considered). It is an advantageous term for remembering both communication and PC innovation for a similar word. Data and Communication 12.2.1 Meaning And Concept Innovation utilizes a variety of present-day electronic devices like satellites, radars, PCs, sensors, cameras, and so on to gather, measure, and scatter the data. It is a solid, financially savvy, and quick mode of taking care of data. There are number of parts of Information Technology like Remote Sensing, Satellite Imagery, Internet, Geographical Information System, versatile and satellite phones, and so on, which either work separately, or in mix towards taking care of the accessible data. 12.2.2 Tools OfIct - Applications Following sections, we will discuss the various tools and applications ofICT in disaster health management. The various applications of four tools of ICT, namely:  Geographical Information System (GIS)  Remote Sensing  Satellite Imagery 231 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Internet Geographical Information System (GIS) Burrough has defined GIS as ‘a set of tools for collecting, storing, retrieving, transforming, and displaying spatial data from real world for particular set of purposes. The Department of Environment defines GIS as a system for capturing, storing, checking, integrating, manipulating, analysing, and displaying data, which are spatially referenced to the earth. There are three main components of GIS, namely: 1. Computer system 2. Software and spatial data 3. Data management and analysis procedures. Spatial information is additionally alluded as to geological information, and is portrayed by data about position, associations with different highlights, and subtleties of non- spatial characters. For instance, spatial information about a specific region might include: i. Latitude and longitude as a geological reference. ii. Connection subtleties, for example, administration streets, rail heads, and so forth, which permits the outcasts to get to that space. iii. Non-spatial (or property) information, for example, subtleties of measure of snow or precipitation, wind speed, and heading. GIS utilizes topographical position or area, as a consistent idea to incorporate and examine data from different sources. GIS can likewise be used to evaluate hazard to life and property originating from normal risks, for example, tremors, twisters, torrent, and floods. The possible employments of GIS in geological arranging of wellbeing for various circumstances are many. They are as per the following. 1. Studies of environmental hazards and disease clusters The geological examination of ecological wellbeing risks envelops a wide scope of studies wherein GIS assume a valuable part, including, investigations of detailed illness bunches, topographical reconnaissance, examination of wellbeing insights comparable to single or various wellsprings of contamination, normal catastrophes, synthetic mishaps, and so forth It is likewise helpful for demonstrating appropriation of openings, just as, the size and attributes of populace in danger. It has application in regions, for example, quantitative danger evaluation of openness to outside air contamination, assessment of wellbeing effect of flood perils, wellbeing result of limited water contamination, irresistible infections and impacts of worldwide change, spread of vector borne illnesses, heat-related and cold-related passings, change in farming examples and yields, impacts of bright radiation from ozone consumption, and so on GIS techniques are likewise utilized in arranging of reaction of crisis administrations to significant synthetic or 232 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

radioactive component spillage, seismic tremors or comparative episodes. Displaying of various situations, for example, contamination scattering from a mishap gives a sign of expected setbacks and later wellbeing impacts. This data would then be able to be utilized to test, in principle, the limit of crisis administrations and wellbeing frameworks to manage the crisis. Helpful exercises might be gained from such contextual analyses about crisis reaction techniques. 2. Disease mapping and geographical correlation studies Perhaps the most valuable elements of GIS in general wellbeing are planning. Guides of wellbeing measurements can be priceless in understanding nearby example of sicknesses and their topographical affiliation. They enjoy the benefit of passing on moment visual data available to non-specialists, just as, general wellbeing experts. One more advantage of GIS is that it permits semi-computerized information preparing so investigation can be done at high goal and with wide topographical inclusion. 3. Patterns of health service use and access From various perspectives, GIS is an optimal device for arranging hierarchical issues of wellbeing administration. Right off the bat, reference examples of the medical clinics and crisis centre areas to manage crisis circumstances are profoundly fit to GIS examination. For instance, in the event of an event of a typhoon in the beach front region, there are inquiries concerning the ideal size, design, and area of treatment focuses. Various medical clinics might be furnished with various expert administrations. How administrations can be most viably coordinated, which clinics ought to foster expert offices, where centres ought to be sited, and so on, rely upon numerous elements, some of which are obviously geological. How individuals presently use wellbeing administration offices in various regions and how rebuilding they could further develop their entrance are fundamental elements. GIS might be utilized to inspect current examples of utilization and do displaying of various 'situations', considering the populace dissemination, area of offices, transport joins, essential consideration administrations, and scope of different elements. Also, assessment of administration spaces of medical clinics can be made. There are issues of precise count as the populace served by a clinic is normally topographically scattered, and not perfectly obliged by managerial and evaluation limits. Regardless, it is normal attractive to portray the populace that a clinic serves, so legitimate record can be taken of its necessities. Overlay of guide layers-address areas on enumeration limits, and other topographical highlights utilizing GIS methods can assist with characterizing emergency clinic's administration region. Thirdly, that the essential, auxiliary, and tertiary medical care administrations are available to all segments of the populace including the individuals who need to depend on open vehicle to arrive at a wellbeing place, regions served by explicit offices and travel times are, subsequently, critical to 233 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

support arrangement and can be analyzed in the structure of area examination of GIS. Social also as actual variables can be brought into investigation utilizing region-based markers of financial hardship, female-headed houses, and houses with truly tested kids, houses with senior residents, and so forth 4. Search and rescue GIS can be utilized in completing inquiry and salvage activities in a more successful way by recognizing regions that are calamity inclined, drafting them as indicated by hazard extents, reviewing populace and resources in danger, and mimicking harm situations. 5. Records management Record keeping is an urgent undertaking in calamity the board. Cases, status of fixes, required fix work, faculty, etc, can be hard to keep up with and represent. GIS works with record keeping, and status of on-going work. As work is finished and recognized, GIS can outwardly show current undertaking status. For instance, harmed structures considered perilous for inhabitance, or those requiring negligible work can be properly coded and shown in GIS. As the status changes, data can be immediately refreshed, and reports produced. Status can be effectively seen and gotten to through a concentrated GIS, and Remote Sensing interface. Remote Sensing (RS) Remote Sensing is an innovation for inspecting electromagnetic radiation to gain and decipher non-quick geo-spatial information from which to separate data about highlights, items, and classes on the Earth's territory surface, seas, and environment. It accumulates information and data about the physical \"world\" by recognizing and estimating radiation, particles, and fields related with objects situated past the quick area of the sensor device(s). Remote Sensing contains Arial Remote Sensing, which is the way toward recording data, for example, photos and pictures. The sensors might be fitted with the satellites or low flying articles or might be introduced on the ground (radars) to procure the pictures of different sorts from the earth. Distantly detected picture information might be recorded in either photographic or computerized (numeric) structure. Information should be in advanced structure for PC preparing. Along these lines, any information, which was recorded photographically, for example, airborne photography, are changed over to advanced structure prior to being utilized in picture preparing frameworks. Most satellite picture information and airborne scanner symbolism are at first recorded in computerized structure. Remote sensors depend upon the location of energy discharged from or reflected by the article. The wellspring of the radiation being detected might be free of the detecting gadget. Dynamic Remote detecting gadgets, like radar, direct radiation of a specific structure towards an object and afterward recognize the measure of that energy, which is emanated by the article. Tramacentres pictures have a place with the dynamic far off detecting framework. 234 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Then again, latent far-off detecting depends on the radiation beginning from some other source, essentially the sun. Ethereal photography and SPOT satellite symbolism are instances of information gathered by latent far off detecting frameworks. Pictures procured from airborne sensors flying at a somewhat low elevation cover rather little regions, with a decent degree of subtleties. Pictures gained from satellite borne sensors circling at many kilometres cover bigger region, yet as a rule give a coarser portrayal of the world's surface. Remote sensing data can be used in  Land-cover mapping  Environmental assessment  Traffic management (navigation information)  Air pollution modelling  Disaster management (pre, during, post). Contingent on the need of the client, wellsprings of far-off detecting data are picked among the pool of pictures taken by the stage/sensors. Since the dispatch of Landsat 1 out of 1972, distantly detected information has been utilized to plan includes on earth's surface. An expanding number of wellbeing considers have utilized distantly detected information for checking, and reconnaissance or hazard planning of vector borne infections. Virtually all investigations have utilized information from Landsat, French SPOT, and NASA's AVHRR. Remote Sensing related to GIS and photogrammetry can be utilized to recognize perils. Researchers utilizing GIS to dissect satellite picture, aeronautical photographs, and field review information, can recognize seismic blames and flood inclined regions. Application in Disaster Management and Health Response: GIS and RS Emergency disaster management the board requires reaction, occurrence planning, setting up needs, creating activity designs, and carrying out plans to ensure lives, property, and climate. RS and GIS permit calamity directors to rapidly get to and outwardly show basic data by area. This data works with the advancement activity designs that are printed or communicated to disaster reaction staff for the coordination and execution of crisis endeavours. Real time monitoring of flood is helpful for distinguishing the separated marooned towns and individuals in that. This is particularly useful in starting help and wellbeing offices to the people in question. All the while, the weak populace like matured, pregnant ladies, youngsters, and genuinely tested can be better off with exactness. Following of a pandemic after a fiasco should be possible through distant detecting information and required wellbeing offices can be shipped off the influenced region. Additionally, wellbeing framework harmed during a calamity can be featured, and vital therapeutic activity can be started. For twister, India Meteorological Department (IMD) gives typhoon admonitions from the Area Cyclone Warning Centres (ACWCs). It has created essential framework to begin and 235 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

scatter the admonitions at proper levels. It has made functional, a satellite-based correspondence framework called Cyclone Warning Dissemination System, for direct dispersal of typhoon admonitions to the tornado inclined beach front regions. IMD runs functionally a Limited-Area Analysis and Forecast System (LAFS), considering an Optimal Interpretation (OI) Analysis and Limited Area Primitive Equation (PE) Model, to give mathematical direction Earlier data procured from the previously mentioned offices could be utilized to react to the wellbeing necessities of the catastrophe influenced individuals. Assembly of the wellbeing staff and other clinical gear's, drinking water, food, and so on, can be arranged beforehand with the data acquired through distant detecting. This will help in making wellbeing administrations receptive to the weak gathering in the best of time. Similarly, far off detecting information and pictures can assume a significant part during the time spent harm computation and getting ready for the restoration and recreation of the wellbeing offices. Planning of far-reaching avalanche zonation map requires a lot of information concerning numerous factors, and covering huge extension regions to be gathered, put away, arranged, and assessed. The utilization of aeronautical photos and reception of far-off detecting methods help in assortment of such information. Danger zonation guide can be useful in arranging the arrangement of the wellbeing offices, like wellbeing focuses and clinics, to serve the most defenceless in the mountain ranges. In 1998, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Centre for Health Applications of Aerospace Related Technologies (CHAART) assessed ebb and flow and arranged satellite sensor frameworks as a first step in quite a while to decide information pertinent for epidemiologic, entomologic, and ecologic parts of their exploration, just as creating distant detecting-based models of transmission hazard. The model was first carried out to describe the spatial example of key parts of the Lyme infection transmission cycle in New York by utilizing LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) Image. This has completely investigated the Lyme sickness transmission factors, for example, vector and supply environments, just as, human danger for infection. One more utilization of distantly detected information has been to look for transient example related with cholera flare-ups in the Bay of Bengal district. Studies and perceptions recommend cholera plagues brought about by Vibrio cholera O1 happening consistently in Bangladesh and India, and irregularly in numerous pieces of the world. The episodes of cholera that have happened during the previous decade began mostly in seaside regions. Because of Bangladesh, the dregs load moved to the Bay of Bengal by the Ganges and Brahmaputra waterways had supplements that upheld microscopic fish blasts. Microscopic fish is a significant marine repository of Vibrio cholera, which appends basically to zooplankton, which, thusly is related with phytoplankton. Alongside this, information on ocean surface temperature (SST) and ocean surface stature (SSH) were additionally examined after the shading infrared pictures were caught by various sensors. It has been seen that 236 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

expansion in SST and SSH has gone before cholera flare-ups in Bangladesh. A model driven by satellite far off detecting will be valuable in following the spatial and transient improvement of such tufts, as they encroach on beach front regions, identified with flare-ups of cholera in the area. The model can be utilized to give an early admonition framework to cholera in seaside regions and empower more compelling organization of assets to check, if not forestall, monstrous scourges of cholera. Wet soils demonstrate an appropriate living space for types of snails, mosquito hatchlings, ticks, and worms. A few sorts of sensors, for example, engineered opening radars (SARs), shortwave-infrared, and warm infrared sensors can recognize soil dampness. SARs are especially significant for detecting ground conditions in spaces of overcast cover, or vegetation shade cover. Some sickness vectors are related with explicit metropolitan highlights, for example, lodging, which must be distinguished by sensors with exceptionally high spatial goal. Most recent satellites with refined sensors are required to give data on the metropolitan climate. It is assessed that in the following fifteen years, we will have new sensors that will give important information in investigations of illness vectors. Satellite Imagery As a rule, a satellite is a body or mass, which circles a bigger body or mass. At the point when we talk about satellites as they identify with climate, we are typically alluding to man- made machines, which circle the earth. Satellites are helpful for climate perception since they are at an optimal vantage point. All climate satellites circle high over the environment well over any mists, storms, or other climate impacts. This manages the cost of an unmistakable perspective on the climate designs beneath. The outrageous elevation likewise permits us to see a huge space of environment. Likewise, contingent upon the idea of the circle, it is at times feasible for a satellite to see the whole earth in an issue of not many hours. Most climate satellites convey a wide cluster of instruments to permit an incredible number of pictures and estimations to be made. The satellites are put frozen geo-centrically, which can offer dull inclusion of specific areas at normal spans with its radiated, just as, planned photos. In right now, satellite symbolism has gotten characteristic for meteorological investigation, and has made climate forecasts successful to complex. This has helped the wellbeing supervisors to design ahead of time for the weak populace against any approaching debacles. Web Web is an organization that interfaces hundreds and thousands of neighbourhoods making a worldwide medium in which a huge number of PCs can associate with one another to share assets. It can store immense amount of information in digitized structure and can get to the information banks worldwide and recover those whenever, quickly, and consequently. This works with worldwide scattering of catastrophe data in a quick and unconstrained way. The above highlights of Internet can be utilized to foster a powerful debacle alleviation 237 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

framework. Data with respect to the trademark and misfortunes of a past catastrophe can be put away securely for future references. An obvious site containing catastrophe data can be dispatched to impart to the rest of the world about any calamity. Web can likewise be utilized to call for outside help for an influenced region from the proposed offices. This is immediate and paperless, and thusly, is generally proficient and savvy. Tests are on by number of individual and gatherings, including a few public meteorological administrations to give continuous climate perceptions, and estimates through Internet for concerned experts and individuals. Web likewise works with two extremely viable arrangement of wellbeing reaction in both ordinary and crisis times. These are telemedicine and clinical record. These offices are altogether the more imperative to masses that live in far off places and don't have simple admittance to wellbeing offices. Telemedicine It is the examination, observing, and the executives of patients, and furthermore the instruction of patients and staff utilizing frameworks that permit prepared admittance to master guidance and patient data, regardless of where the patient or significant data is found. Through telemedicine super claim to fame medical care habitats or experts are associated through Internet, and well-qualified assessment is looked for by sending the necessary information and significant data about a medical condition through Internet from any piece of the world. The cycle is quick, savvy, and efficient. Medical Transcription This is one more financially savvy measure in which clinical experts' discussions are recorded during the exhibition of activities and deciphered later for audit. On one hand, this works with the experts to audit their own exercises in pressure circumstances; then again, it gives a simple admittance to experts in distant spots about the exercises of their kindred experts. Here are a few locales on Internet, which give data on different parts of calamity the board: This site expresses the District Disaster Management Plan of Sambalpur area in Orissa, ready by the locale organization. It gives data about fundamental geo-climatic highlights, history of fiascos like floods, heat wave and so on in the region, and the readiness of organization to confront the crisis circumstance. It reports data of the crucial assets like drinking water source, earth moving hardware stores, supply subtleties, wellbeing focuses, ICDS work force, transportation and correspondence organization, imperative guides, fire stations, spots of food stocks, and so on, to get simple admittance to them in crisis circumstances. The arrangement likewise considers the plausible spots where debacles can strike (peril planning). More significantly, it gives the phone numbers and the email locations of significant people and NGOs working nearby, who might be reached if there should be an occurrence of a crisis. 238 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Alleviation Web is a venture of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Its motivation is to reinforce the reaction limit of philanthropic help local area through ideal scattering of dependable data on avoidance, readiness, and calamity reaction. This is a Government of India site dispatched by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The site comprises of the executive’s plan of the public authority regarding catastrophes. It gives the subtleties of current and past debacles. It additionally makes accessible the current climate status and cloud pictures taken by satellites, and the climate conjecture by IMD. Satellite Telephone Communication System All calamities, regardless of whether normal or man-made, have the normal quality of first disturbing the transportation and correspondence framework. Satellite frameworks hold forward the guarantee of genuine 'anyplace, whenever' admittance to correspondence, even in the most country and far off spaces of the globe. Various overall satellite phone frameworks are as of now in activity. These frameworks give correspondence inclusion over exceptionally wide regions, including the sea. As a rule, they fall into three wide classes: geosynchronous (GEO), \"large\" low earth circle (LEO), and \"little\" LEOs. As the frameworks are run on remote and can be worked with the assistance of sun-oriented energy, they, true to form, are assuming an essential part in misfortune circumstances. We have effectively experienced circumstances like, super tornado Orissa, incredible flood, West Bengal, and huge quake, Gujarat, where the wide range of various customary correspondence frameworks bombed wretchedly, satellite phones assumed an essential part in keeping steady touch with the rest of the world. Truth be told, this was the solitary medium to speak with the external world till the traditional correspondence framework, like, phone, broadcast, and so on, was re-established. 12.3 SUMMARY  Disaster readiness, crisis alleviation, and recuperation are the three fundamental lines of activity that accommodate a powerful general wellbeing the executives of calamities. ICT resolves these issues by working with admittance to, and dispersal of ideal data and information. It has functional utility, both, at the miniature and full scale level. At the miniature level, ICT can be utilized in spreading mindfulness about catastrophe readiness and relief locally through Internet based local area data focuses. At the full scale level, it very well may be used to work with wellbeing network availability inside the country, and furthermore among nations.  Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a term that envelops all types of innovation used to make, store, trade, and use data in its different structures (business information, voice discussions, actually pictures, movies, interactive media show and different structures, including those not yet considered). It is a helpful term 239 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

for remembering both communication and PC innovation for a similar word. Data and Communication  ICT has made huge commitment to the field of catastrophe medication. It has made tele-medication and tele-counsel conceivable in far off regions that were not associated or open during calamities. It has set up electronic availability among emergency clinics and calamity site, which has empowered prompt analysis and treatment of the catastrophe casualties. It has additionally worked with successful and fast correspondence and transportation and has delivered coordination powerful with itscapacity to move and trade data at a high velocity. On the whole, it has guaranteed constant subjective clinical and wellbeing administrations in catastrophes.  Remote Sensing is an innovation for inspecting electromagnetic radiation to secure and decipher non-quick geo-spatial information from which to remove data about highlights, items, and classes on the Earth's property surface, seas, and air. It accumulates information and data about the physical \"world\" by distinguishing and estimating radiation, particles, and fields related with objects situated past the prompt area of the sensor device(s).  Remote Sensing involves Arial Remote Sensing, which is the way toward recording data, for example, photos and pictures. The sensors might be fitted with the satellites or low flying items, or might be introduced on the ground (radars) to get the pictures of different sorts from the earth. 12.4 KEYWORDS  Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) - A mental problem analyzed by an emotional well-being proficient or clinical specialist that can happen following openness to injury, which can have enduring adverse consequences. These can include: bad dreams, flashbacks, meddlesome recollections, different types of evasion, misrepresented surprise reactions, dozing challenges, and impedance of working enduring one month or more.  Psychiatrist - A prepared psychological well-being proficient who has gotten the degree M.D. of psychiatry. Essential obligations are like a therapist, ordinarily with a greater amount of an accentuation on restorative and natural ways to deal with treatment.  Psychological First Aid - Psychological First Aid is a program showing a bunch of abilities which helps local area inhabitants to really focus on their families, companions, neighbors, and themselves by offering essential mental help in the repercussions of horrendous mishaps. This type of mental mediation has been acknowledged by the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent 240 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Societies as the favored technique for giving emotional wellness administrations following calamities influencing numerous people.  Psychologist - A prepared psychological well-being proficient who has gotten the degree Ph.D. in brain science. Essential obligations incorporate evaluation, treatment, treatment, schooling, and exploration of mental issues.  Satellites – An electronic gadget that is shipped off space and moves around the earth or another planet for a specific reason. Likewise it is a characteristic article that moves cycle a greater item in space. 12.5 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Narrate an ICT Project in disaster management in India. ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 2. Create a survey of the various tools used by your state’s disaster team. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 12.6 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Write short note on information and communication technology (ICT). 2. What are the different components of Information and communication technology? 3. Write short note on geographical information system (GIS) 4. Describe the patterns of health service use and access? 5. What are the main components of GIS? Long Questions 1. Explain the various tools of ICT and its applications. 2. What is the potential uses of GIS in geographical planning of health? 3. Write a short note on remote sensing. 4. Explain the uses of data sensing data. 5. Describe the applications in disastermanagement and healthresponse. 241 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

B. Multiple Choice Questions 242 1. What does ICT stand for? a. Inter connected terminals b. Intra common terminology c. International communication technology d. Information and communication technology 2. What are the various applications of four tools of ICT? a. Geographical Information System (GIS) b. Remote Sensing c. Satellite Imagery d. All of these 3. What does effective hazard management rely on? a. Govt.Agencies b. Emergency responses c. Pre-disaster planning d. Volcanoes 4. Which sensors are used for detecting soil moisture? a. Synthetic aperture radars b. Shortwave-infrared c. Thermal-infrared sensors d. All of these 5. What can remote sensing data be used in? a. Land-cover mapping b. Environmental assessment c. Traffic management d. All of these Answers 1-d, 2-d, 3-c, 4-d, 5-d 12.7 REFERENCES CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

References  Gupta, Alok, (2000), Information Technology and Natural Disaster Management in India, National Centre for Disaster Management, IIPA, Delhi.  Gatrell, C. Anthony&Loytonen,Markku, (ed.), (1998), GIS and Health, British Library Cataloguing, London. Publication Data  Agarwal, Rita. (2001) Stress management in life and at work. New Delhi. A division of sage publication.  Parasuraman, S, P.V. Unnikrishnan,). (2000) India Disaster Report: Towards a Policy Initiative, New Delhi OXFORD University Press.  Gupta, M.C., Sharma, V.K.&L.C. Gupta & B.K. Tamini (2001). Manual on Natural Disaster Management in India. New Delhi. IIPA. Textbooks  HUDCO, HSMI, 1999, Shelter, HUDCO, New Delhi.  Louisa, R. Beck, Bradley, M. Lobitz, et. al., 2000, Remote Sensing and Human Health: New Sensors and New Opportunities in Perspectives, Vol. 6, and No. 3.  Edited by –Irwin, G.Sarason&D,Spielberger(1997) Hemesphere Publishing Corporation, New Delhi, A Halsted Press Book Government of India. Websites  http://wwwnotes.reliefweb.in  http://www.ndmindia.nic.in  http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2011/jun/23/epidemic-mental-illness-why/ 243 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)