CU-MA-Eng-SEM-IV-Literary Theory II

1. Write Edward Said as an orientalist 2. Give any three important thoughts of Edward Said 3. What are Edward Said’s views on western culture? 4. What are cultural ideas of Said’s between western and eastern? 5. What is Orientalism? Long Questions 1. Describe the main ideologies are discussed in ‘Orientalism’ 2. Elaborate the major concepts on oriental vs European according to Richard Said 3. Write the life and achievements of Edward Said in detail 4. Discuss ‘Science of the concrete’ 5. Write an essay on Orientalism B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Orientalism consolidates the _______ century imperialism. a. Twentieth b. Nineteenth c. Eighteenth d. Seventeenth 2. Orientalism proposed that much _____ study of Islamic civilization. a. Asian b. Eastern c. Western d. Middle east 3. Said’s Orientalism was published in ______ a. 1978 b. 1975 c. 1977 d. 1891 4. What is discourse according to Edward Said? a. Authoritative form of communication b. Authoritative form of written c. Authoritative form of speech d. Authoritative form record 5. Who directed a film on Orientalism? 101 a. John James b. Michael CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

c. David James d. David Lean Answers 1-b, 2-c, 3-a. 4-c, 5-d 3.16 REFERENCES References book  John, MacKenzie M. (2006).Orientalism, History theory and the Arts. Publisher: Manchester University Press Textbook references  Said, Edward W. (2004). Orientalism : Penguin Random Website  https://www.mei.edu/publications/edward-said-and-two-critiques-orientalism  http://culturalstudiesnow.blogspot.com/2017/09/summary-orientalsim-chapter-1- scope-of.html#:~:text=Septemb 102 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 4: AIJAZ AHMED: THE WRITER STRUCTURE 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Biography 4.3 About his Works 4.4 Introduction -The Politics of Postcoloniality 4.5 Summary 4.6 Keywords 4.7 Learning Activity 4.8 Unit End Questions 4.9 References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the major concepts of Aijaz Ahmed  Identify scope of Aijaz Ahmed’s theory  State the life and works of Aijaz Ahmed  List the ideas of postcoloniality 4.1 INTRODUCTION Viewing deconstruction as an internal critique of the Enlightenment allows it to be deployed as a tool of cultural critique by many who share Norris's dismay with postmodernist excesses. This strategy cannot determine when it is appropriate to suspend the intellectual conversation about meaning and draw a political line, but it preserves the possibility of doing so. It is clear that the Gulf war required such a response. A dialogue is required between advocates of Marxian political economy and postmodern cultural theory because of the apparent inability of the working class to play the role designated for it in Marxist theory; because of cultural and political changes in recent years that call into question the viability of oppositional political practices associated with both Marxism and liberalism; and because of the inadequacy of Marxist theory about the nature of human difference. There is a basis for such a dialogue because, in addition to their shared opposition to bourgeois society, many Marxists and postmodern literary deconstructionists can agree that language represents its referent only through a series of cultural filters, and that interpretations so constructed are never fully

aware of their own meanings. Both can reject scientific positivism and agree that events have no single determination. Both can appreciate how postmodern cultural critique undermines the apparently natural and common sense character of dominant cultural representations and exposes the political interests in which they are embedded. . Cultural theory devoid of political economy lacks critical power and can easily become a form of entertainment for intellectuals who have no social commitments beyond the academy. We cannot, however, resuscitate the kind of Marxism Terry Eagleton advocates, despite its intellectual elegance.11 but developing a historically informed, holistic conception of society tentative and situation to extrade because it ought to may bea effective device for knowledge and political action. Categorial Theory A response to Aijaz Ahmad Aijaz Ahmad's bookie Theory help? Fully reminds us of the continuing relevance of political-economic analysis. Current discussions on postcolonialism or postmodernism often privilege libidinal over political economies and thus overlook the global distribution of material privilege that goes some way towards determining why some voices will be heard more than others. To the extent that we forget the material dimensions of the conditions that make for academic-intellectual production, the reminder is timely and valuable. That said, however, it is not clear how far a moralistic Marxist critique Dipesh Chakrabarty of postmodern and postcolonial discourses should be pushed, or what would be gained by such an exercise. Ahmad's critique depends too much on the fact that most of the people he criticizes live or work in academic institutions in the West. 4.2 BIOGRAPHY Aijaz Ahmad was born in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India, and his parents migrated to Pakistan following partition. After his education he worked in various universities in US and Canada. Before joining UC Irvine in 2017, he was professorial fellow at the Centre of Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi and was visiting professor of political science at York University; Toronto.He also works as an editorial consultant with the Indian newsmagazine Frontline and as a senior news analyst for the Indian website Newsclick. 4.3 ABOUT HIS WORKS In his book In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, Ahmad primarily discusses the role of theory and theorists in the movement against colonialism and imperialism. Ahmad's argument against those who uphold poststructuralism and postmodernist conceptions of material history revolves around the fact that very little has been accomplished since the advent of this brand of postcolonial inquiry. The ee-e book consists of an specially polemical critique of Fredric Jameson's argument in \"Third World Literature withinside the Era of Multinational Capitalism\" wherein Ahmad assaults Jameson on account that Jameson's 104 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

argument is insufficiently theorized in its use of phrases like \"Third World\" which seems to be described simply in phrases of its enjoy of colonialism. This in turn leads Jameson to make hasty and untenable generalizations about how all \"third world literature\" would necessarily function as a national allegory that according to Jameson works as resistance to a system of global postmodernism. Ahmad in his ee-e book expresses his chagrin at how his critique of Jameson has been appropriated through Postcolonial pupils as an assault on Marxism, even as Ahmad contends that he is taking problem with Jameson clearly due to the fact his use of Marxism withinside the essay on Third World Literature isn't always rigorous enough. The ee-e book additionally includes a prolonged critique of Edward Said's Orientalism which Ahmad argues reproduces the very liberal humanist lifestyle that it seeks to undermine in its choice of Western canonized texts which are critiqued for his or her Orientalism, as this upholds the concept that Western subculture is represented in its entirety thru the ones very texts. Furthermore, Ahmad asserts that via way of means of tracing Orientalist notion all of the manner again to Ancient Greece it turns into uncertain in Said's paintings whether or not Orientalism is a fabricated from Colonialism, or whether or not Colonialism is, in fact, a fabricated from Orientalism. 4.4 INTRODUCTION -THE POLITICS OF POSTCOLONIALITY The issue of 'postcolonial theory' shall detain us at some length presently.' So, let me start by reflecting on the other term in the title of the discussion at hand: the Post Condition. The word itself is taken from Niethammer whose ee-e book at the beyond careers of the idea of 'posthitory' turned into posted in Hamburg slightly some months after Francis Fukuyama, the truth seeker from Rand Corporation, posted his well-known essay which he then went directly to revise and enlarge into the even greater well-known ee-e book that outlines his personal tamer model of Kojve's philosophically magisterial announcement on fin de l'histoire? In political persuasion, philosophical stance and shape of argument, the 2 authors ought to hardly ever be greater dissimilar. It is uncanny, therefore, that each have to were concerned - Fukuyama as advocate, Niethammer from a role immediately adversarial and nuanced - with the ones strands in European highbrow records that have been keen on saying that History has already ended. Since we listen a lot in recent times approximately the End of History and its 'metanarratives of emancipation' from Fukuyama in a single register, however in lots of greater registers from postmodernist, deconstmctivist and postcolonialist positions - it is probably beneficial to start through reflecting in short on a number of the political origins of this postist philosophical reflex. The origins of the concept are manifestly traceable to Hegel however then enunciations of this kind, frequently in variations very distinct from something Hegel may have stated or thought, have become especially loud and bewilderingly diverse at awesome ancient junctures: at some point of the 1930s -withinside the midst of revolution, depression, fascism and international war - after which withinside the gift length of capitalist 105 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

triumphalism. Meanwhile, the repertoire of posthistorical imaginings has been refracted thru complex and competing traditions of thought, and it is probably a mistake to turn out to be privy to it all with a unique political stance. In Hegel's reflections on the French Revolution, of course, this idea of the 'End' had the principle because of this that of 'Purpose' or 'Vocation': the proposition, in one of a kind words, that History had in the long run determined its vocation withinside the Idea of Liberty which had grow to be the irreversible ground on which collective human struggles had been henceforth to be fought. By the 1930s, however, withinside the instances of National Socialism, 3 competing variations had been to emerge in definitions of posthistoire. In Nazi apologetics, the Third Reich itself became portrayed because the Endstate, nevertheless withinside the system of its universalisation, in the direction of which records became stated to were tending. Secondly, folks who have been later upset with the Reich, both with the way of its development or with its demise, have been then to domesticate a posthistorical melancholy, turning into deeply sceptical now no longer simplest approximately the feasibility of collective social initiatives of any type however additionally approximately what Spengler had already called 'rose-colored progress,' in order to the modes of withdrawal ranged from the sociality, to (to apply a Foucauldian word for our very own purposes) Care of the Self, to quasi-aristocratic clerics of Being.' But, then, in a very unique sort of variant, a number of the maximum effective notion that arose the various German intelligentsia in competition to the Nazis, significantly the writings of Horkheimer and Adorno, diagnosed a bit too without difficulty a critique of the technologically green barbarism of the Nazis with a worldwide Eclipse of Reason and Art - diagnosed that precise barbarism, indeed, with a cage-like entrapment withinside the technological cause of the Modern as suchAdorno's remorseless avant-gardism in subjects of Art and Literature, because the dependable safe haven from technological Reason and famous way of life alike, is of a chunk with the stringent pessimism of Minima Moralia and a pervasive feel that collective politics of a progressive type is honestly not possible withinside the face of the 'massification' of contemporary-day way of life; 'mass' and 'famous' are, withinside the writings of Horkheimer and Adorno, phrases of punctual and irredeemable degradation.What Bourdieu calls Heidegger's 'ultra-progressive conservatism' and 'aristocratic populism' meet their opposite and complement, in Adorno's writings, withinside the shape of an avantgardist aristocratism, wherein Art appears regularly to serve the equal characteristic as that of Being in Heidegger's 'consequences of priestly prophey'. In this version, the Third Reich, and the pervading technological Reason of which the Reich is visible to be the leader embodiment, spells out the quit of History, then, now no longer as its realization, as Nazi apologists could have it, however as its very last negation, spelling out the impossibility of both the wondering or the making of History as an emancipatory venture in any foreseeable future. Let us be greater precise, though. For a good deal of the leftwing philosophy that got here of age in Western Europe among Petrograd and Munich, specially across the years that introduced the Depression and the Hitlerite triumph, political truth became grim 3 instances over: Nazi barbarism, surely, however additionally the speeding of Bolshevik opportunities 106 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and modern hopes in Stalin's USSR, and the descent of what one knew as 'liberal capitalism' into the Depression on the only hand, exquisite intensification of consumerist fetishism at the other. Faced with this type of history, and despite the fact that he possibly did now no longer pretty recognise the quantity of Stalinist revision of Bolshevism, Gramsci, withinside the loneliness of a fascist prison, did stay connected to the system he had made his own, 'optimism of the will, pessimism of the intellect'. In contrast, Adorno, who himself appears in no way to had been intrinsically a part of a mass movement, even a defeated one, may want to identify 'optimism' handiest with the classy intensities and slim plenitudes of avant-garde Art; History, withinside the older philosophical feel of a mission wherein the emancipation of a few became inextricably related with the emancipation of all, appeared now to have absolutely no prospects. This avantgardist and academic elitism as a reaction to political disillusion was of course to return on a much wider scale, this time among the Parisian intellectuals who became dominant in the aftermath of May 1968, especially as many of them moved from the Far Left to make their peace with a new and neo-liberal conservatism. The placing function of this go back of cultural elitism, however, changed into that each one the ones subject matters of the Frankfurt School - antinomies of the Enlightenment, Eclipse of Reason, the ambiguities of Progress, the massification of culture, the decline of modern possibility - which had produced such disturbance or even ethical pessimism for Adorno and Benjamin, have been now re- staged as reassets of pride and symptoms and symptoms of a brand new freedom, as though this new experience of residing withinside the aftermath of the quit of meaning, the loss of life of the social, etc., produced an unparalleled variety of opportunities for play - as though Adorno changed into being reread via Daniel Bell, Marshall McLuhan, and Donald Duck. In one main aspect, the hallmark of the postmodern aesthetic is that what changed into skilled as a supply of suffering withinside the Modernist aesthetic is now staged withinside the check in of limitless gratification. Furthermore, the postmodern is posthistorical in the correct feel of being a discourse of the quit of that means, withinside the Derridean feel of limitless deferral of all that means in language and philosophical labour alike, in addition to withinside the Lyotardian feel each of what he calls 'incredulity towards the metanarratives of emancipation' in addition to the announcement that there may be no standards for deciding on among different 'language games' which are outside to the respective 'games' as such. Characteristically, this postmodern philosophical cognizance distinguishes itself from an earlier, in large part existentialist feel of meaninglessness and the Absurd through positing its personal discourse of the stop of that means as a satisfied liberation from the Logos as such. We accordingly have now no longer one however claims concerning the End of History. There is the quasi- Hegelian declare placed forth through Fukuyama which itself makes a sturdy gesture of reconciliation with Nietzsche, as we will see. But there's additionally the deconstructivist, postmodernist declare which has a miles greater complicated lineage: linked now no longer 107 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

with Hegel however with Heidegger - and via Heidegger, with the philosophical environment of put up Weimar Germany - and descended greater or much less without delay from Nietzsche, however from a Nietzschean strand instead exceptional than the only that Fukuyama invokes. These are philosophically exceptional claims, with awesome modes of argumentation. Yet there are resemblances as well, the maximum putting of that's that nor is capin a position or inclined to think about a probable destiny for humanity that could be essentially exceptional than modern-day neo-liberalist triumph and consequent universalisation of commodity fetishism. But, then, how is it that philosophers as exclusive as Fukuyama and the postmoderns attain extra or much less the equal conclusion? A not unusualplace dedication to the prevailing modalities of capitalist democracy is manifestly the extra enormous link, however, there also are commanding influences, significantly that of Kojtve, that remind us of a few shared philosophical origins for the 2 strands in post historical questioning today, but divergent they'll be in different respects. Fukuyama, now himself foregrounds his debt to Kojtve, and the truth that this have an impact on has been filtered thru Leo Strauss and Allan Bloom is likewise properly known. That Kojtve must workout his have an impact on on a segment of the U.S. intelligentsia thru such solidly reactionary interlocutors is itself significant, and is going a few manner in explaining how Fukuyama's argument which purports to take significantly Hegel's Master-Slave Dialectic does though circulate resultseasily to the jubilant conviction that capitalist democracy, headed via way of means of the United States, had now no longer handiest triumphed over its leader adversaries, mainly communism, however had additionally proved itself to be some thing of a terminating factor withinside the political evolution of humankind. What is much less extensively liked is the quantity and contradictory nature of Kojtve's have an impact on in Paris, from the early Thirties onward. His Seminar on Hegel, specially at the Phenomenology, which lasted from 1933 to 1939, changed into one of the defining activities that made Hegel so important a determine in French philosophical debates for the following a long time or so. But it changed into a completely unique studying of Hegel, filtered similarly thru Marx and Heidegger; Kojkve can be credited with introducing Heidegger to the French intelligentsia. Indeed, the pairing of Marx and Heidegger, which have become this sort of conference in Derridean deconstruction, is traceable without delay to Kojtve, with the important thing distinction that the deconstructivists generally tend to drop Hegel altogether and declare to 'radicalize' Marx thru the advanced authority of Heidegge This 'radicalization' of each Hegel and Marx thru the software of Heidegger - whose concept Karl Jaspers, Kojtve's instructor and Heidegger's personal one-time friend, changed into to find 'in its essence unfree, dictatorial, uncommunicative changed into one facet of the story. 108 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.5 SUMMARY  In his book In Theory: Classes, Nations, Literatures, Ahmad usually discusses the function of principle and theorists withinside the motion towards colonialism and imperialism.  A communicate is needed among advocates of Marxian political financial system and cultural idea due to the plain incapacity of the running magnificence to play the position distinct for it.  Cultural idea with out political economic system lacks crucial electricity and may without difficulty grow to be a shape of amusement for intellectuals who've no social commitments past the academy.  Aijaz Ahmad changed into born withinside the kingdom of Uttar Pradesh in India, and his dad and mom migrated to Pakistan following partition. After his training he labored in numerous universities in US and Canada. Before becoming a member of UC Irvine in 2017, he changed into professorial fellow on the Centre of Contemporary Studies, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi and changed into traveling professor of political technological know-how at York University, Toronto.  Ahmad in his ee-e book expresses his chagrin at how his critique of Jameson has been appropriated with the aid of using Postcolonial students as an assault on Marxism, whilst Ahmad contends that he is taking trouble with Jameson virtually due to the fact his use of Marxism withinside the essay on Third World Literature isn't always rigorous enough.  The trouble of 'postcolonial theory' shall detain us at a few period presently’, reflecting on the alternative time period withinside the name of the dialogue handy of the Post Condition.  Fukuyama himself foregrounds his debt to Kojtve, and the truth that this have an effect on has been filtered thru Leo Strauss and Allan Bloom is likewise nicely known. 4.6 KEYWORDS  Deconstruction - a way of important evaluation of philosophical and literary language which emphasizes the inner workings of language and conceptual systems, the relational great of meaning, and the assumptions implicit in types of expression.  Postcolonialism - regularly addresses the troubles and outcomes of the decolonization of a country, particularly questions regarding the political and cultural independence of previously subjugated people, and topics inclusive of 109 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

racialism and colonialism. A variety of literary principle has developed across the subject.  Marxism - The political and monetary theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels later evolved with the aid of using their fans to shape the idea of communism.  Massification – Typically a pejorative connection with the social alterations concerned in modernization, wherein humans are allegedly more and more more handled en masse (see additionally homogenization; mass audience). The idea is related to mass society theory, wherein many argue that it results in weaker own circle of relatives and network ties and to social fragmentation. It is likewise related to the rhetoric of cultural elites, no question reflecting a lessening in their personal influence.  Avantgardist - The 'boost guard' or 'vanguard', literally 'fore-guard') are humans or works which might be experimental, radical, or unorthodox with recognizing to art, culture, or society. It is often characterised via way of means of aesthetic innovation and preliminary unacceptability.  Metanarrative - (additionally meta-narrative and grand narrative; French: métarécit) in essential theory—and mainly in postmodernism—is a story approximately narratives of historic meaning, experience, or knowledge, which gives a society legitimation via the predicted crowning glory of a (as but unrealized) grasp idea.  Hitlerite - regarding or feature of Adolf Hitler or the regulations of the Nazi party. ‘the Hitlerite regime’ 4.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.List the important theme of Aijaz’s In Theory ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Give the summary of Aijaz’s theories ___________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Discuss Aijaz Ahmed is a postcolonialist 2. Give any three important thoughts of Aijaz Ahmed 110 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. How is culture described by Aijaz Ahmed? 4. What are post colonial ideas of Aijaz Ahmed? 5. What is politics of postcoloniality? Long Questions 1. Describe the main ideologies are explained in ‘Politics of Postcoloniality’ 2. According to Aijaz Ahmed, what are the institutional, historical, and linguistic difficulties in assuming Indian literature as an always, already existent category? 3. Briefly outline Ahmed’s position on English and English Literature departments in his theorisation of ‘Indian Literature’. 4. What according to Ahmed are the main areas requiring institutional intervention in order for’ Indian literature’ as a category to be adequately theorised? 5. Describe Gramsci’s notion of hegemony. What role do intellectuals play in the maintenance or subversion of hegemonic control? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Aijaz Ahmed was born in ___ a. Assam b. Kerala c. Uttar Pradesh d. Delhi 2. Aijaz Ahmed’s In Theory details about ____ a. Postcolonialsim b. Imperialism c. Politics d. Marxism 3. Avantgardist is frequently characterized by ____ innovation and initial unacceptability. a. Cultural b. Aesthetic c. Societal d. Psychological 111 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.Metanarrative offers a ____ legitimation through the anticipated completion of master idea. a.Language b. Culture c. Society d. Theory 5.Massification is typically a pejorative reference to the ____ transformations involved in modernization a. Cultural b. Social c. Idea d. Vision Answers 1-c, 2-b, 3-b. 4-c, 5-b 4.9 REFERENCES References book  Ahmed Aijaz. (2002). On Communalism and Globalization: Offensives of the FarRight - Three Essays Collective, New Delhi.  Ahmed Aijaz. (2007). In Our Time: Empire, Politics, Culture. UK: Verso Books. Textbook references  Ahmad, Aijaz (2001). Lineages of the Present: Ideological and Political Genealogies of Contemporary South Asia. UK: Verso. Website  https://www.biblio.com/aijaz-ahmad/author/96677 112 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT-5:AIJAZ AHMED: THE POLITICS OF LITERARY POSTCOLONIALITY STRUCTURE 5.0 Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Major Concepts of postcolonialism 5.3 The politics in literature 5.4 The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality 5.5 Summary 5.6 Keywords 5.7 Learning Activity 5.8 Unit End Questions 5.9 References 5.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe nature of human resource management  Identify scope of human resource  State the need for and importance of HRM  List the functions of HRM 5.1INTRODUCTION The postcolonial research with which we had been simply starting to end up familiar and diverse objections is in opposition to postcolonial theory, and the opportunity of opportunity types of postcolonial evaluation that would interact with and remodel systems of oppression and violence. Frustrated with the materialist/discursive divide, the circularity of colonial discourse evaluation itself, and the obvious failure of the sector to interact with present day types of imperialism, in addition to transnational struggles/solidarity, we talked at period approximately how postcolonial research could (or should) be modified, or even transformed, which will end up extra traditionally and politically relevant. Our business enterprise of the convention contemplated our want to increase the phrases of discussion with the aid of using achieving outdoor the parameters of the historic domestic of postcolonial studies, the English Department, to encompass students from a whole lot of disciplines, together with individuals

who do now no longer see their paintings as located withinside the field. Of course, as we recounted withinside the convention name for papers, the controversy over the destiny and advantage of postcolonial research is rarely new. In many ways, in fact, it's far pretty vintage; vintage withinside the feel that it's far tired, or extra accurately, that critics appeared uninterested in attractive it. Indeed, expressions of situation approximately the conceptual efficacy of the term \"postcolonial\" have lengthy been expressed with the aid of using many pupils; suspicion approximately the entrenchment of postcolonial pupils withinside the Euro- American college has emerge as nearly rampant; and assaults on the sphere for its inadequate interest to materialism at the moment are pretty standard. Familiarity with the controversies that plague postcolonial research has translated, it appears to us, into fatigue with discussions geared toward renegotiating its founding assumptions and procedures. The deadlock that has beset the sphere on the grounds that its inception exists now as a lot because it ever did, best there's distinctly much less hobby in questioning severely approximately the way it is probably overcome. Among practitioners, the failure to absorb in earnest the challenge of reconceptualizing postcolonial research might also additionally to do with the overall however pervasive experience that the sector has had its day, so that you can speak. That is, there appears to be a growing belief that, as E. San Juan Jr. has argued with a few force, it's time to \"flow past postcolonialism.\" More than one folks has heard it stated with a few self belief via way of means of famend postcolonial critics themselves that the give up of postcolonial research is imminent; it isn't always uncommon, furthermore, to witness postcolonial research being stated withinside the beyond tense, as though it has already disappeared as a discipline of have a look at and shape of analysis. As rookies to the subject, such proclamations problem and puzzle us, specially because the opportunity to postcolonialism appears to be the emergence of \"globalization studies,\" a subject with an excellent murkier politics and one which appears all too frequently to cognizance interest lower back on cultural manufacturing and cultural practices in Europe and North America. Admittedly, those issues might also additionally stem from anxieties approximately profession achievement and advancement, anxieties to which a number of postcolonialism's detractors would (as a substitute simplistically) declare postcolonial critics are mainly prone. However, in addition they stem from the priority that as bad a activity as postcolonial literary research has achieved of acknowledging literature now no longer written in English or constructing an inclusive and engaged network of scholarship throughout borders and classes, postcolonial idea has supplied a precious critique of the discourses that underwrote the colonial challenge and that retain to inform neoliberal imaginings of a unified world (market), including \"civilization\" and \"progress.\" Grand assertions of postcolonialism's finis appear to us, first of all, to overstate the placement of the sphere inside large institutional structures, as properly as, and greater importantly, to downplay absolutely the significance of postcolonial idea and grievance as a precious critique of a international economic system wherein the legacy of imperialism remains very an awful lot in evidence. Recently Michael Hardt and Antonio 114 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Negri have argued in Empire that via way of means of paying an excessive amount of interest to this legacy, postcolonial scholarship dangers finishing up in a useless stop. We agree that this danger of a useless stop is at hand (in fact, one should say postcolonialism is already in a useless stop), however we disagree that it's miles due to an undue consciousness on a \"beyond shape of domination\" that not exists. It is simplest as an inheritance that we will start to recognize imperialism and combat, as Hardt and Negri argue, the \"new techniques of rule\" into which it has transmuted withinside the modern era. As Diana Brydon argues in her contribution to this issue, Hardt and Negri \"had been too hasty in brushing off postcolonial principle as a backward-searching look at with out a relevance to the demanding situations of globalization. The civilizing undertaking stays alive and well.\" One purpose why postcolonialism stays in our view a essential region of instructional look at is due to the fact it's miles nonetheless arguably the simplest methodological framework strongly dedicated to a critique of the worldwide situations of domination and oppression to which the \"civilizing undertaking\" has given rise. While our preference of name for this unique difficulty may appear so widespread as to be meaningless, via way of means of foregrounding the terms \"politics\" and \"postcoloniality\" we need to signify that postcolonialism stays an critical important exercise insofar because it stands in competition to the militaristic and market- pushed agendas of our time. In determining \"postcoloniality\" from \"postcolonialism,\" Graham Huggan has argued that the previous time period represents a regime of price that privileges the past due capitalist device of commodity exchange, at the same time as the latter time period represents a politics that resists the worldwide approaches of commodification. This difference can be fairly crude in its sanitization of postcolonialism however it does serve the beneficial feature of reminding us of the critical strategic paintings that postcolonial grievance undertakes, mainly in a context of intense (and intensifying) political and monetary inequality. How precisely postcolonialism need to reply to this context, what its commitments need to be withinside the neo-imperial gift of the twenty-first century, is a tough query and now no longer one which the members to this extent solution in any definitive or singular way. Despite their divergent thoughts and opinions, however, they agree that postcolonialism is a long way from inappropriate to twenty-first century political dreams and struggles, and that, at the contrary, its conceptual equipment and analytic framework can and need to be harnessed withinside the pursuits of critiquing the colonial beyond and the modern international order. In this, the authors of the subsequent essays query the wholesale dismissal of the sphere undertaken now no longer simply with the aid of using Hardt and Negri, however with the aid of using a huge variety of critics earlier than them. One of the maximum scathing indictments of the sphere has been articulated with the aid of using San Juan Jr., who argues that postcolonial discourse's obvious radicalism mystifies the political/ideological consequences of Western postmodernist hegemony and stops change. Many other critics belongs to postcolonial studies, San Juan Jr. critizes its supposed fetishization of textualism and he homogenizes all postcolonial criticism; for instance, he contends that postcolonial critics 115 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

dismiss historical materialist analysis as obsolete or useless, or circumscribed. Interestingly, this rather popular critique of the field — one that builts postcolonial notions of hybridity and diaspora as the field's key objects of study, which, ironically enough, work in collusion with neoliberal myths of pluralism — denies the notion that postcolonial critical discourse is preoccupied with antiquated centre/periphery models of power that set up the \"periphery\" as passive victim. During sweeping statements provide provocative quotations for conference calls for papers, like the one we organized, they misrepresent the history of postcolonial studies in a way that leaves small room for imagining how postcolonialism might contribute to a wider project of social justice, or, to paraphrase Thomas King's words from the 2003 Massey Lecture, to make lives better. Recalling his pride on the emergence of postcolonial studies, King refers specially to the field's promise to enhance the cloth lives of oppressed peoples, and to convert the monetary and political configurations that render oppression a winning function of current life: now no longer simplest as it extended the canon through insisting that we read, consider, and educate literatures of colonized peoples, however as it promised to provide Native humans an area on the tabl. I recognize that it in no way promised explicitly to make the colonized international a higher location for colonized peoples. It did, however, deliver with it the implicit expectation that, thru publicity to new literatures and cultures and demanding situations to hegemonic assumptions and strength structures, lives might be made higher. Whether postcolonialism has made properly on its promise or now no longer is open to question, as King recognizes. The solution varies, of course, in step with which you ask, however for maximum it includes greater than a easy confirmation or negation. Ranjana Khanna's contribution to this trouble captures flawlessly the profound ambivalence and uncertainty that characterizes postcolonial studies, and subsequently, maximum analyses of the discipline's achievements. Describing postcolonialism as a melancholic discipline, Khanna continues that the elements main to bulletins of its death — for instance, the screw ups of anti-colonial liberation tasks and the cutting-edge neo-imperial forces of globalization — have in reality been webweb sites of engagement for a discipline characterised commonly through the anomaly of impossibility. Reading Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks' analysis of postcolonial research as stricken with melancholia as being approximately the have an effect on as opposed to the affectation of melancholia in postcolonial area formation, Khanna argues that melancholia is endemic to the sphere of postcolonial research and conceptualizes a shape of postcolonial melancholia as have an effect on. But have an effect on on this case — and Khanna borrows from Sigmund Freud, Nicolas Abraham, Maria Torok, and Jacques Derrida to theorize it — is greater than a disabling have an effect on connected to the beyond; it's miles additionally, and maximum importantly, an ethico-political gesture closer to the destiny,\" therefore presenting the opportunity of an permitting postcolonial organisation. Khanna's concluding be aware attracts wish from the anticipatory outlook of postcolonialism, as a lot because it additionally reminds us of the cost of the sphere's orientation closer to the beyond; she writes eloquently of a postcolonial melancholia whose vital organisation is 116 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

\"destiny orientated as a lot as it's miles connected to a beyond that can't be forgotten or diagnosed inside the common sense of knowable memory.\" In the wake of 9/11, postcolonialism's ethico-political gesture in the direction of the destiny can appear greater vital than ever, and the stakes of its fulfilment even higher. In questioning via postcolonial theory's many limits and achievements, some of individuals to this series recall the sphere on the subject of the assaults at the United States and the subsequent, so- referred to as conflict on terror. For Helen Scott, the present day second well-knownshows an emboldened U.S. imperialism. Against a backdrop of brutal wars of domination and un- apologetic racist mythmaking, she writes, \"crucial exposes of the fabric records and continuation of imperialism are crucial.\" Scott belongs to a numerous institution of students in postcolonial studies — amongst them also are the individuals to this quantity Nagesh Rao, Sandro Mezzadra and Federico Rahola, and Sabine Milz — who write from a materialist angle in an try to retrieve and probe anew installed Marxist categories (together with imperialism, liberation, and class) and modes of essential exercise for cutting-edge postcolonial work. She undertakes a materialist analyzing of cutting-edge Caribbean ladies’ writers and literary criticisms of this literature in an try to exhibit the essential talents of the Western Marxist theorists Georg Lukas and Raymond Williams for cutting-edge postcolonial literary study. The intention of Scott's essay is to expose that \"Marxism keeps providing a manner to study the myriad literary responses to imperialism with out dropping sight both of worldwide forces of domination or the specificity of person works of artwork of their capacity. Like Scott, Rao factors to the plain failure of postmodernist postcolonial critics to supply a sustained critique of the fabric records and continuation of imperialism. According to Rao (and Mezzadra and Rahola, Milz, and Scott concur here) the wholesale rejection of universals consisting of Marxism, nationalism, or even imperialism has disadvantaged postmodernist variations of postcolonialism of a critical analytic via which to nicely recognize the cutting- edge global order. Rao offers the instance of a current unique trouble of Postcolonial Studies that targeted on plumbing and bathrooms as proof of the irrelevance of the prevailing postmodernist mode of postcolonial important practice. According to Rao, postcolonialism has absolutely excluded itself from \"the flurry of hobby at the query of empire and imperialism (Rao) that changed into ignited via way of means of Hardt and Negri's Empire and has due to the fact been better via way of means of the Bush administration's post- September 11 assertion of everlasting battle on terror. The privatization of water services, however, in locations like South Africa and Bolivia, well-knownshows the manner wherein the availability of simple human desires is embedded in ideologies that presume the beneficence of the marketplace and improve a belief of development withinside the shape of the WC that boosts the pre-eminence of privateness and individualism and legitimizes ecological destruction. It could appear that the postcolonial critic additionally has a duty to assignment famous left opinions of U.S. overseas coverage that assemble George W. Bush 117 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

and his co-horts as buffoons and tyrants, strategically forgetting that the cutting-edge battle on terrorism is indebted to a records of Euro-American tries to dominate international politics and economics and is imbedded in an evolving machine of world electricity this is manifested, as well, in Clinton-ordered assaults on pharmaceutical plant life in Sudan or the political financial system of the HIV-AIDS pandemic in Africa. One motive postcolonial critics had been sluggish to have interaction with U.S. army incursions round the sector or the manner wherein structural adjustment applications facilitate Western benevolence withinside the shape, for instance, of meals resource to countries which have been pressured to promote off their grain reserves, is due to the fact postcolonial grievance and principle had been advanced inside English departments and via way of means of literary critics. For many lecturers’ outdoor literary studies, the ensuing postcolonial preoccupation with textuality and discourse is a motive for grievance. For many postcolonial literary theorists, it's miles a motive of tension. According to Brydon, this grievance and tension are, in part, misplaced. Brydon emphasizes that literature has a position to play however can not offer an alternative choice to politics.\" Echoing Said, she argues that a postcolonial politics entails studying literary texts as worldly texts via way of means of focusing on \"the substance in their thoughts and the contexts out of which they make their meaning.\" While we renowned that, in lots of ways, postcolonial literary principle appears to be at an impasse, we accept as true with Brydon that the examine of literature and language has a position to play in critiquing cutting-edge international family members of electricity and imagining a higher global. As Ngugi Wa Thiong'o writes, our propensity to movement or inactiveness or to a positive form of movement or inactiveness, may be profoundly laid low with the manner we study the sector\". Brydon attributes critical significance to the manner we study the sector\" in her conceptualization of a postcolonial politics of negotiation and compromise\" that could circulate past the restrictions of the cutting-edge politics of blame,\" politics of \"talking reality to electricity, and the now misused word the non-public is political.\" So does Scott in her materialist technique whilst she argues that whilst socio- financial realities and electricity relationships outline our global, literature \"continuously chafes in opposition to the bounds of lived fact and offers a imaginative and prescient of opportunity possibilities, a manner to assume a global aside from this and to talk the preference for an opportunity. Milz does likewise in her name for a flip in the direction of materialist literary grievance. In her contribution to this volume, Milz argues that postcolonial important discourse offers crucial equipment for addressing the connection among globalization, literature, and literary examine. Yet those equipment had been ignored withinside the current North American debate on \"international literary examine,\" which she sees exemplified withinside the PMLA's unique trouble Globalizing Literary Studies and, in particular, in its name for papers. The latter situates the examine of postcolonial texts in the mission of globalizing literary examine and, thus, inside a context of globalwide literature in English that establishes the 118 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Modern Language Association of America because the central, privileged location of globalwide highbrow come across and electricity. Alternatively, Milz probes a materialist literary technique to globalization that uses postcolonial grievance's interest to the hyperlinks among literature, geopolitics, and financial forces and its critique of the idea of countrywide literatures. This technique emphasizes what has been left out in present day international literary examine and postcolonial literary examine alike — particularly that the cutting-edge contexts of neoliberal globalization have a pervasive have an impact on on literature and the examine of literature and, accordingly, necessitate a view of texts that takes into consideration this very situatedness and what it says approximately the cutting-edge capabilities of literature and its examine. Citing the equal PMLA difficulty as Milz, Tilottama Rajan's essay on this difficulty additionally displays at the issues of world literary research, which she keeps displays and reinforces the contemporary worldwide order of U.S. dominance. Rajan wonders if the globalizing of literary research isn't greater an impact of monetary politics than it's miles the end result of an emancipatory or pluralist flip withinside the humanities that minority research represents. Her leader query is whether or not participants of \"visible\" minorities have now no longer in reality been assimilated and interpellated into operating on their ethnic identities because of monetary pressures of globalization. As a self-defined outsider to the sphere of postcolonial look at — withinside the feel of being located in an English Department as a hyphenated Indo-Canadian that specialize in German and French Romantic texts — she attracts on private revel in so as to signify that postcolonial literary research have built and restrained the location of the racialized student withinside the Euro-American university. Her angle offers a completely unique method of and reaction to the identification politics debate, one which articulates the priority that postcolonial literary look at reinforces the very structures of colonial identities it purports to deconstruct and dismantle, and as a consequence demanding situations us to assume anew the query of what it way to be a postcolonial intellectual. Despite the issues of critics together with San Juan, Aijaz Ahmad, and Ella Shohat, postcolonial research remains imagined with the aid of using postcolonial critics as a shape of intellectualism this is in particular political. Leela Gandhi, argues that postcolonialism's \"thought for a non-violent studying of the colonial beyond via an emphasis at the mutual transformation of coloniser and colonised, and its blueprint for a utopian inter-civilizational alliance towards institutionalised struggling is, indeed, salutary\". Similarly, Brydon contends in her contribution to this series that the instantaneously venture of the postcolonial critic is to create the styles of know-how and topics who can paintings collaboratively towards \"negotiating political extrade withinside the corporations of governance, electricity and wealth withinside the world.\" Gayatri Chakraborty Spivak's latest invocation of a perception of planetarity, which echoes and extends that with the aid of using in advance anti-colonial critics together with C.L.R. James, resembles Brydon and Gandhi's arguments in that it 119 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

suggests that postcolonial critics, amongst others withinside the academy, have to reinvent themselves so as to take part withinside the battle for a worldwide order that isn't prepared via neoliberal ideologies. Mezzadra and Rahola introduce the idea of \"postcolonial time\" to focus on the contributions postcolonialism can offer to the definition of a family tree of the present. We now locate ourselves in a postcolonial ancient time, that is characterised via way of means of the unfold of normally colonial logics of domination and exploitation into the metropolitan city. Accordingly, they argue, present day postcolonial critics have a key position to play in bringing into remedy the indissoluble hyperlink among anti-colonialism and postcolonialism; that is, in revisiting the fashions of political motion of Fanon, Lumumba, C.L.R. James, and others with the intention to identify, withinside the failure of the tasks to which their names had been connected, the experience of an hidden records\" and, with it, the experience of a ability for insubordination which has been erased via way of means of the records of the winners. This additionally implies rejecting claims that present day globalization quantities to little greater than U.S. neo-imperialism. Mezzadra and Rahola preserve and for an exciting counterargument see Rao's essay on this trouble that such claims have run the threat of limiting energy (the energy to decide, to make records) and for this reason business enterprise to the main financial, political, and cultural vectors of energy. They recommend an expertise of present day worldwide energy family members that, even as acknowledging the dominance of the Western capitalist system, accentuates the hidden legacies and significances of postcolonial liberation moves and their very failures. Like Mezzadra and Rahola, some of the individuals to this series increase the materialist critique of postcolonial research, at the least implicitly drawing at the Marxian impacts of anti-colonial thought, consisting of Frantz Fanon's reputation of war traces now no longer towards the colonist according to se however towards hunger, poverty and ignorance. Yet, even even as sympathizing with the opinions of postcolonialism they outline, additionally they articulate a destiny for postcolonialism that acknowledges that cloth inequality is at the least in part lived, understood, and changed, thru discourses, cultural expressions, and the symbolic or figurative. In his contribution to this trouble, entitled \"Postcolonial Diasporas, David Chariandy argues that it's far essential for cultural critics in diaspora research to apprehend diaspora now no longer simply \"as a reality' to be empirically analyzed,\" however additionally as something ‘self-consciously, figurative' or metaphorical' and for this reason a unique agent for social change. Discussing the pioneers of the sphere of recent diaspora research, Rey Chow, Paul Gilroy, and Stuart Hall, Chariandy shows that the brand new diasporas may exceptional be understood \"as figures' which might also additionally assist us to higher theorize the moving cultural politics of particular racialized collectivities in the contemporary-day West.\" This theoretical undertaking includes the twin project of analyzing the affinities and variations among particular new diasporas (e.g., Chinese, South Asian, Lebanese, Caribbean), in addition to among particular new diasporas and vintage diasporas 120 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

(e.g. Jewish, Armenian, African), and of exploring the wider political and epistemological implications of the marker \"new diaspora.\" In his massive survey of the primary problems withinside the discipline of recent diaspora research, Chariandy enters into communication postcolonial theory, ethnic research, migration research, globalization theory, postmodernist theory, and materialist criticism. The interdisciplinary engagement and attain of the essay emphasizes how useful (or even indispensable) the theoretical perception of different disciplines and subdisciplines may be for the postcolonial critic on the subject of situating particular cultural texts and emblems with regards to their social, political, and financial functions. It gestures closer to Said's belief of worldly criticism, that is, of a important exercise moved via way of means of an \"unquenchable hobby withinside the large picture, in making connections throughout traces and barriers, in refusing to be tied right all the way down to a specialty, in being concerned for thoughts and values in spite of the regulations of a professional’. Chandrima Chakraborty's essay on this series, which discusses the ancient significance of Bankim's novel Anandamath (1882) withinside the modern-day context of resurgent Hindu nationalism (Hindutva), additionally speaks to the want for interdisciplinary paintings in present day postcolonial research. Her name for making ‘connections throughout traces and barriers’ (Said) specializes in the problem of language privilege, or, greater precisely, at the sizeable exclusion of non-English Indian literatures consisting of Anandamath in Anglo-American postcolonial literature publications and scholarship. Chakraborty notes that considering Salman Rushdie's triumphing of the Booker Prize with Midnight's Children withinside the early 1980s, postcolonial critics and instructors have superior a completely limited, selective belief of Indian literature because the literature written by means of migrant or diasporic writers of Indian origin. However, her essay's goal is to transport past hyperbolic statements and ‘the fallacy’ of decrying postcolonial research as a First World instructional invention by means of drawing good enough interest to the software of postcolonial vital discourse for the have a look at of works by means of non- migrant, non-English-language writers which includes Bankim. The essay demonstrates that a postcolonial (re)studying of Anandamath — and in particular the novel's determine of the ascetic, masculinist nationalist — is specifically critical at the existing ancient juncture due to the text's effect on and contemporary usage by means of the Hindutva movement. It contributes to anti-Hindutva scholarship with the aid of postcolonial literary criticism, which will become a device for contextualizing Anandamath in a manner that facilitates higher apprehend and interrrogate present day militant Hindu nationalism in India. With its origins in a name for papers that posed questions on the efficacy of postcolonial scholarship and the destiny of the sector, this essay series affords a variety of counter- responses to the bulletins of the sector's coming near near demise. While the authors and editors of this quantity agree that the discursive/materialist divide, which has beleaguered the sector of postcolonial research honestly considering its inception with the booklet of Edward 121 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Said's Orientalism, is in the long run debilitating on the subject of theorizing present day worldwide power, they factor toward processes for efficaciously overcoming this divide. While the essays on this series draw upon, and extend, numerous evaluations of postcolonial research, in addition they articulate a destiny for postcolonialism as a vital project (i.e., a politics) that recognizes that an efficient expertise of and resistance to worldwide techniques of oppression should paintings on the extent of each the cloth and the symbolic. 5.2 MAJOR CONCEPTS OF POSTCOLONIALISM A essential evaluation of the records, culture, literature and modes of discourse at the Third World international locations in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean Islands and South America, postcolonialism worries itself with the observe of the colonization (which commenced as early because the Renaissance), the decolonization (which entails prevailing again and reconstituting the local cultures), and the neocolonising process (an aftermath of postmodernism and overdue capitalism, while multinational companies manage the world). Focussing on the omnipresent energy struggles among the cultures and the intersection of cultures, which leads to multiculturalism and poly-valency of culture, Post colonialism analyses the metaphysical, moral and political worries like cultural identification, race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, subjectivity, language and energy. Influenced through the poststructuralist and postmodern concept of decentering, postcolonial literary complaint undermines the universalist claims of literature, identifies colonial sympathies withinside the canon, and replaces the colonial metanarratives with counter- narratives of resistance, through rewriting records and affirming cultural identities via techniques along with separatism, nativism, cultural syncretism, hybridity, mimicry, lively participation and assimilation. Backed through an anti-essentialist belief of identification and culture, it reviews cultural hierarchies and the Eurocentrism of modernity. The essential theoretical works in postcolonial concept consist of The Wretched of the Earth (1961) through Franz Fanon, Orientalism (1978) through Edward Said, In Other Worlds (1987) Gayatri Spivak, The Empire Writes Back (1989) Bill Ashcroft et al, Nation and Narration (1990) Homi K Bhabha, and Culture and Imperialism (1993) Edward Said. In literature, indigenous humans from formerly colonised and marginalised international locations have an increasing number of discovered their voices, trying to assert their very own visions, inform their very own tales and reclaim their stories and histories. With the goal of finding the modes of illustration wherein Europeans built natives in politically prejudiced ways, put up colonial complaint intends to unveil such literary figures, subject matters and representatives which have enforced imperial ideology, colonial domination and persevering with Western hegemony. It endeavours to probe underneath the apparent and reputedly universal/aesthetic/humanist subject matters so as to show their racial, gendered, imperial assumptions. The postcolonial critics reinterpret and study the values of literary texts, through focussing on the contexts wherein they have been produced, and 122 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

display the colonial ideologies, which are hid within. Such techniques are exemplified in Chinua Achebe’s rereading, of Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, Edward Said’s rereading of Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park, Sara Suleri‘s rereading of Kipling’s Kim, Homi K Bhabha’s rereading of Forster’s A Passage to India. They search for to pick out the gaps and fissures withinside the discourse that offer the local with approach of resistance and subversion, and the dissenting colonial with approach of articulating opposition. Key concepts in postcolonialism Othering: Othering involves two concepts — the Exotic Other and the Demonic Other, The Exotic Other represents a fascination with the inherent dignity and beauty of the primitive/undeveloped other, as delineated in Yeat’s Byzantium poems; while the Demonic Other is represented as inferior, negative, savage and evil as is described in novels like Heart of Darkness and A Passage to India. Diaspora: Diaspora refers to human beings who've been displaced or dispersed from their homelands, and who own and proportion a collective reminiscence and myth, and the nostalgic memory of domestic (imaginary homelands, to apply Rushdie’s term) or an inherited ideology of domestic turns into a non-public identification in addition to a collective identification of contributors of a specific community. They aren't rooted in a single location and stay withinside the recollections of their ‘Imagined homelands.’ In the brand new geographical location, they negotiate their way of life and that of the host nation. Indian diasporic experience, for instance, has been significantly documented through authors like Bharati Mukherjee, Meena Alexander, Menon Marath, Dom Moraes, Farrukh Dhondy, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri, and plenty of others. Diasporic theorists including Avtar Brah and Robin Cohen advocate the concept of a domestic as a mythic one, an area of choice withinside the diasporic imagination, an area to which there may be no return, no matter the opportunities of touring the region this is visible because the region of origin. Hybridity/ Syncretism: The Schizophrenic nation of the migrant as s/he tries to mix the tradition of foundation with that of the host country, with out leaving behind both is called ‘Hybridity” or “Syncretism”. The relevant subject in postcolonial diasporic literature is the negotiation of identities — the cut up focus of being both, but neither completely; the more than one identity or solidarities; or in intense cases, reassertion of local cultural identification as show up in cultural fundamentalism. Hybridity in postcolonial research has been motivated via way of means of the paintings of political theorists like Will Kymlicka who posits a multicultural citizenship withinside the globalised world. This results in the emergence of recent identities wherein the authentic identification, historic reports and reminiscences aren't deserted however is constructively merged with the host tradition, to transport past the “constructed” limits of both, forging solidarities in opposition to critical racial oppression. Cultural theorists who include Stuart Hall have argued for brand spanking new ethnicities that deny thoughts of critical black or critical white identification, offering a “actual heterogeneity of pastimes and identities. 123 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Double Consciousness: A predominant idea formulated through W.E.B. Du Bois, double recognition echoes Frantz Fanon‘s competition of the divided self in Black Skin, White Masks that the black constantly sees himself thru the eyes of the white. Du Bois defined double recognition as ‘ souls, notion in a single darkish body, which Meena Alexander later altered as many souls, many mind in a single darkish body’— pointing to the migrant’s revel in in a couple of issue positions — a recurrent subject matter withinside the writings of Ben Okri, Amitav Ghosh, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Caryl Phillips and others. Subaltern: Subaltern is a time period added through Antonio Gramsci to consult the running class, and used and polpularized through Gayatri Spivak withinside the postcolonial context, in Can the Subaltern Speak? In this essay, Spivak increases problems approximately the voice of the subaltern in riot in opposition to the colonizer, and the authenticity of the voice of the subaltern — whether or not s/he speaks or is spoken for? Thus, Spivak ridicules the hypocrisy of postcolonial discourses that declare to elevate the voices of hitherto unheard, whilst they inadvertently serve to perpetuate the marginality and the subalternity of the oppressed. Spivak’s essay becomes a critique of the paintings of the Subaltern Studies organization consisting of Ranajit Guha, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Shahid Amin and others. Mimicry: Mimicry demonstrates an ambivalent courting among the colonizer and the colonized. The colonized issue mimics the colonizer through adopting the colonizer’s cultural habits, language, attire, values etc. In doing so, he mocks and parodies the colonizer. Mimicry consequently locates a crack withinside the fact of colonial dominance, an uncertainty in its manage of the behaviour of the colonized. Homi Bhabha notes that mimicry is the procedure through which the colonized issue is reproduced “as nearly the same, however now no longer quite” — it incorporates each mockery and a menace; it well-knownshows the constraints withinside the authority of the colonial discourse, nearly as aleven though the colonial authority necessarily embodies the seeds of its personal destruction. History: Writing withinside the wake of decolonization, after lengthy years of imperial suppression and effacement of identification, the writers of the Third World countries are more and more more involved and eager on writing approximately their local histories, troubles of colonization; they have got written case research of cultural colonization, local identification and anti-colonial resistance. Anti-colonial writing of the primary segment is hence of the culturalist nationalist variety — embodied in actions like Negritude, Africanite, and African Aesthetic. These struggles had been geared toward releasing themselves on the character in addition to the colonial level, from colonial attitudes and sorts of thinking. The postcolonia obsession with records, intently related with the overarching purpose of decolonization, addresses problems consisting of 1) interrogating the results of colonialism, specially in phrases of cultural alienation; 2) the anti-colonial struggles of the Third World and the upward push of nationalism; 3) the advent of mimic guys withinside the colonial subculture; 4) the appropriation of records through the colonial master; 5) tries to retrieve and re-write their personal histories through the previously colonized cultures; and 6) modes of 124 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

representations. Retrieving records for a postcolonial subculture forever consists of an excessive recognition that local records with out colonial infection aren’t always possible. The Subaltern Studies assignment seeks to discover, below the layers of colonial historiography, the nearby resistance to colonialism. It is a records from below, making use of sources in local languages and non-colonial sorts of records-recording consisting of folksongs, ballads etc. Nation: The postcolonial writers are aware in their function in state-constructing. In postcolonial literature, the state-constructing assignment seeks to erase the colonial beyond through rejecting and resisting the Western structures of the “other” as primitive, savage, demonic etc. and through looking for to retrieve a pre-colonial beyond that could assist them redefine a state and assignment a future and future. However, the postcolonial methodologies and epistemologies are nearly constantly mediated and manipulated through Western ones, and the local realizes that the future of the postcolony isn't always as perfect as were dreamt of earlier. Postcolonialism brings with it a brand new procedure of exclusion, marginalization and “subalternisation”, as Gyanendra Pandey argues, “minorities are constituted in conjunction with the state” and a continuation of colonialism thru the formation of elites. Literature of postcoloniality that constitutes nationhood emphasizes the modes of constructing, imagining and representing the state, the function of locality, space, community, religion, spirituality, cultural identification and the politics of nativism withinside the making of a country wide identification. Race: According to Michael Banton, race is a idea that has been the idea of discrimination and disempowerment. Race has come to be a crucial class in social, political and cultural principle. Critical race research, which incorporates research of race in literature and culture, ethnicity research, research of minority literatures, and precise traditions in literature and philosophy, explicitly addresses questions of race and racial discrimination. Issues of race and ethnicity cause collective, communal identities and feature a bigger political and social significance. The political reading/ essential exercise of racial research has had substantial effect inside Cultural Studies, Media Studies, Black British Studies, Asian American Studies etc. The race flip has additionally been instrumental withinside the improvement of cultural moves like Black Arts and Harlem Renaissance. W.E.B, Du Bois in his writings like The Souls of Black Folk criticizes the medical racism — Eugenics, Social Darwinism and Nazism — which offers upward thrust to “organic discrimination”. He additionally argued that racism becomes socially constructed, that it emerged via social discourses and practices and become now no longer scientifically demonstrable. Gender: Postcolonial gender discourse discusses the double colonization of girls through each imperialism and patriarchy. In postcolonial literature, gender and sexuality have come to be distinguished topics withinside the remaining a long time of the twentieth century. Gender and the function of girls withinside the postcolonial nations were the focal point withinside the writings of Anita Desai, Ama Ata Aidoo, Suniti Namjoshi, Buchi Emecheta, and Nawal 125 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

El Saasdawi. The linkage among gender and the racial/ethnic identities has been the challenge of severa autobiographical writings through local Canadian and African-American girls like Gloria Anzaldua and Maria Campbell. Postcolonial gender research study how class, caste, economy, political empowerment and literacy have contributed to the situation of girls withinside the Third World nations, Another exciting region of take a look at is the effect of “First World Feminism” on Third World writers whilst exploring the opportunities of Third World Feminism. Black Feminism: The domination of the black male withinside the civil rights motion and the white lady withinside the feminist propaganda necessitated the emergence of Black Feminism detailing the inextricable connection among sexism and racism. Alice Walker‘s Womanism, Angela Davi’s Women, Race and Class and Kimberle Crenshaw‘s Identity Politics discusses the marginalized, intersectional plight of the Black girls. The Black feminist lesbian organisation, Combahee River Collective, commenced through activists like Barbara Smith, is ideologically separated from “white feminism.” The CRC questions traditional social hierarchy with the white guy on the centre and started out developing principle which said the aggregate of problems, sexism, racism etc. that they have been battling. Neocolonialism: Neocolonialism refers back to the persevering with financial dominance and exploitation of the “politically-free” Third World nations through the European imperial powers. Neocolonialism is most usually performed now no longer simply via kingdom manipulate through Euro-American powers, however through a nexus among politicians, bankers, generals, and the Chief Executive officers. International useful resource and developmental tasks are very regularly aligned with financial coverage diktats that disable Third World economies. Neocolonialism, therefore, is a greater risky shape of colonialism. 5.3 POLITICS IN LITERATURE Both the term \"politics\" and the term \"grievance,\" essential as they're to paintings withinside the subject of literary grievance, have long gone thru great adjustments in which means. When they're combined, whether or not with the intention to describe grievance as political or in order to signify that grievance have to or have to now no longer be political or so as to outline sub-units like \"political grievance\" or \"cultural politics,\" the feasible meanings thereby generated are a couple of and bewildering. For critics-in-training, however, there can be no different problem so certain to clarify, or certainly reduce to the coronary heart of, what it manner to pick grievance as a vocation. This direction undertakes to take a look at a number of the maximum vital beyond levels of intersection among grievance and politics, together with classical rhetoric and the artwork of governing and the overlap and tensions among Romantic creativeness and the principle of democracy, as in Raymond Williams's traditional Culture and Society (1958), earlier than turning to current times and controversies. 126 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

If politics is described when it comes to the nation-state, for example, in what methods is politics thrown into query withinside the technology of globalization, while politics (just like the politics of weather change) arguably spills over the bounds of the nation-state? Is there a \"cosmo-politics,\" and in that case what approximately the precise logo or manufacturers of grievance thereof? What changed into and is the politics assumed via way of means of the nonetheless exceedingly current sub-subject of \"post-colonial research,\" and to what quantity is it like minded with its emergent competitor, \"international literature\"? What roles has grievance played, and what function have to it play, when it comes to so-referred to as \"identification politics\"? What changed into and is \"critique,\" what relation does it ought to politics, and what's the political which means of so-referred to as postcritique? For all of the debates which have roiled literature departments over the last 60 years, the arecords of the subject itself are a supply of sudden consensus. According to the same old narrative, mid-twentieth-century literary research served a conservative agenda, fostering conventional values and upholding a canon of useless white men. The dominant faculty of interpretation changed into New Criticism, whose defining technique—near reading— consisted of scrutinizing brief passages of literary works indifferent from their political context. A principle underwrote this technique: that literature will be understood aside from politics; that its which means, and energy transcended the social situations inside which it changed into produced. From more or less the Nineteen Forties thru the early Nineteen Sixties, this changed into the triumphing technique. But new colleges of interpretation, energized via way of means of the anti-established order political moves of the past due Nineteen Sixties and early 1970s—poststructuralist, feminist, anti-racist, Marxist, postcolonial, new historicist, queer—rejected New Criticism’s conservatism and usurped its valuable function inside literature departments. These new methodologies are dedicated to the belief that a piece of literature has to be understood as attentive to its time. But now, many students are announcing that the subject have to take every other new direction. Some have referred to as for a go back to the formalist worries championed via way of means of the New Critics. Others have wondered what they regard as an mindset of suspicion followed in political grievance, favoring the greater affirmative, emotional responses to literature of readers out of doors the academy. Still others have recommended for a quantitative, data-pushed technique enabled via way of means of new virtual technology. What distinguishes Joseph North’s smart new polemic Literary Criticism: A Concise Political History from different those different efforts is his refusal to just accept the traditional narrative of the subject’s records. To apprehend wherein literary research, have to go, North says, we want to reconsider wherein it has been. But later, the New Critics and others hijack the technique brought via way of means of Richards—near reading—and make it serve exactly the concept of aesthetic price that he had sought to invalidate that of splendor for splendor’s sake. It’s an know-how of aesthetics that locations politics or social betterment below literature, as some thing that critics shouldn’t 127 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

sully their arms with. In protecting this view, the New Critics shrink back from the venture of cultivating minds, focusing alternatively on “objectively” rating literary works, thereby propagating what North calls the “sterile problem with hierarchy and canonicity so one can occupy lots of Anglophone literary research during the Cold War period.” The New Critics, in North’s account, are greater interested by making absolute claims approximately the greatness of literary works than in the use of those works to enhance readers’ lives. 5.4 INTRODUCTION: THE POLITICS OF POSTCOLONIALITY Identifying in it a number one approach of imperial control, Ahmad attempts to update the ‘nation’ together along with his idea of “collectivity” in an all encompassing cultural hybridity. Moving from there into his „The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality‟, you can still hint a particular favouring of cultural hybridity over records, in postcolonial spaces. And in which can one hint the richness of cultural hybridity of a network if now no longer in its evergreen folklore? This is in which I would really like to usher in Rushdie‟s Haroun and the Sea of Stories, in which Rushdie now no longer best brings in all of the myths and legends of his mom culture, however, additionally hybridizes it through mutating them with myths and legends from his displaced vicinity. While the tale starts offevolved withinside the anonymous town of Alifbay (which receives its call from the aggregate of first letters of the Arabic script primarily based totally Urdu letter, Alif and Beth), it is going onto branching out withinside the locations, now named after the English alphabet, specifically the, Valley of K or the Tunnel of I. Though thick with allusions, its richness of subject together with its language may be deciphered and preferred at numerous levels. Originally written for his son Zafar, the analyzing of the ee-e book does now no longer stay age-specific and continues unraveling more recent surprises for each the younger and the old. However, earlier than delving into the play of words, names, locations and time that Rushdie takes us to, one need to don't forget the vicinity of the writer himself. In Ahmad’s words, he's the migrant intellectual “signifying a regular circumstance of hybridity” and is handled as having an advanced knowledge of each culture than the ones dwelling inside the ones cultures. Being dislocated from their unique places and scattered, they're the webweb sites of duality among a misplaced motherland on one hand and the relocated motherland on the opposite. Little Haroun turns into the image of this displaced person, stuck among the lack of his mom on one hand and being nearly hurled into a brand new area of that of the Gup land on the opposite. The displaced person looking for his identification turns into the mediator of creating, building and reconstructing identification, now no longer through staying rooted to one ancestral place, however thru touring itself. In the recuperation of a misplaced records, or a misplaced call withinside the case of Haroun, you can still move lower back to Ahmad’s reaction to Jameson’s role, in which figuring out the First and the Second Worlds in phrases in their manufacturing systems, this is capitalism and socialism (that which has constituted human records), he accords them a role of folks that 128 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

make records. On the opposite hand, the Third-World being recognized only in phrases of its colonialist experience is however decreased to mere items of records. Theother‟ of this written records could be very convincingly discovered withinside the folklore of the colonized nation, and it's far to that multicultural fluid beyond of the colonized, that critics like Ahmad go back to, in an try to write a brand new records withinside the postcolonial area to keep away from the Eurocentric universalization that one is maximum in all likelihood to fall into the traps of. Correlating his imaginative and prescient with Rushdie‟s utilization of borrowed myths from each culture, you can still apprehend the contribution that any such displaced creator can do to the politics of postcolonialism, which in itself is an interiorized displacement of sorts. Ahmad recollects Bhabha’s perspectives at the same, who believes that these, cultural amphibians “(The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality” 286) gaining access to a international identification are freed from gender, elegance or any identifiable political vicinity. They upload to the discourse of postcoloniality, certain, translation”: an area of hybridity. However, Ahmad additionally deviates from Bhabha, to postulate his personal information of the migrant parent because the ‘Truth-Subjects’. Making a clean reduce difference on the very earliest, that postcoloniality had moved from the area of political concept into that of literary concept, he additionally designates this postcoloniality as remember of class’. What colonialism does to the colonized is a community of intertwined processes, beginning with the results of the primary colonial contact, to the diffused kinds of neo-colonial domination even after decolonization. As a result, the results of colonialism come to be an everlasting lived truth of the colonized, to the factor that it turns into the leader mode of periodising records as precolonial, colonial and postcolonial, eroding away all different nearby specs that could were the defining motif of that unique community. Thus, Ahmad rightly factors out, that withinside the postcolonial areas, its miles very tough to recover from the colonial hangover, and etch a countrywide identification, with out unconsciously falling into the traps of seeking to show oneself in opposition to a different. Talking approximately the Third-World, particularly India, there's enough scope of slipping into this type of a Eurocentrism, having recognised no different manner of self willpower for a completely lengthy time. This is what emerges as the primary factor of rivalry in postcolonial critics like Ahmad, that regardless of a shared revel in of colonialism; the cultural realities of post- colonial societies might also additionally massively differ. It is as a result extraordinarily insufficient to membership collectively all once-colonized areas as an unmarried mass, stripping away their person historicities and densities. Critics like Jameson appear to have in addition annoyed those phenomena, via way of means of basing this colonial hangover of the Third-World as its self-defining moment, demarcating itself announcement to mere “nationalism” alone. With each European imperialism and Third-World nationalism, all that the geographical region is decreased to is a widespread area because the maximum perfect 129 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

shape of political community (Ashcroft, Griffith and Tiffin 341). This leaves little or no area, for the Third-World to individuate its identification in its non-public area of multiculturalism. This builds up a name for post-colonial records (as Dipesh Chakrabarty could suggest) that starts even earlier than the results of colonialism adulterated the colonized areas. This could imply to move again to its early beginnings, periodised in its oral culture of folklore. Howe ver, being oral, it's miles extraordinarily fluid, and just like the Ocean of Stream of Stories, has floating in its vastness, unmarried colored strand of endless memories, making the complete Ocean look like made up of “thousand thousand thousand and one exceptional currents, ea ch one a exceptional colour, weaving inside and out of each other like a liquid tapestry of breathtaking complexity” (Haroun and the Sea of Stories 72). Beginning in that legendary beyond of authenticity and origin, by the point one reaches the postcolonial present, the memories are interspersed with legacies inherited from the colonial lifestyle (much like the older testimonies mutate with different testimonies to shape more recent ones withinside the novella) due to the fact no postcolonial shape can keep away from the effect of the assimilating colonial tendencies, which leads to aware moments of cultural suppression with the approaching of the colonizers. However, the older bureaucracy by no means die out, however retain existing, despite the fact that more recent bureaucracy emerge out of a sure cross-fertilization among each the cultures. The try is to simply accept this multiculturalism and hybridity in resisting the formation of an overarching countrywide identification, which has a tendency to universalisation via way of means of implicitly assimilating inside an identification that grew up in dialogue/reaction to its colonial beyond (this is in “nationalism”). Hence there's the want to shop the Wellspring: the Source of Stories withinside the South Pole of Kahani (the storehouse of the historical memories), with out which records may be however what most effective the colonizers make of it. Coming again to in which I began out from, Ahmad’s “anti-records” name to keep away from universalisation below Eurocentricism, appear to be fulfilled in Rushdie: the migrant, displaced storyteller, whose most effective get right of entry to to his beyond is thru revisiting the ones areas in creativeness and building up fictions which can regenerate statistics instead of the so-referred to as legit statistics (that which Jameson could symbolize because the Hegelian Master-Slave paradigm). The name for “cultural differentialism” withinside the former, “wherein no lifestyle is or should be to be had for correction via way of means of some other lifestyle”, appear to be demonstrated withinside the latter, as he can get away the entrapments of both essentialism or nativism, however instead discover a synthesis among the two, being, at one and the equal time insiders and outsiders on this society‟ (Imaginary Homelands 19). Though the novella (1990) precedes Ahmad’s “The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality” (1995), and aleven though Ahmad factors out his apprehensions of bestowing those migrant figures the electricity of being Bhabha’s “Truth-Subjects” with out thinking their narrative tonality, there appears to adapt a continuity withinside the manner each view records. One, together along with his Marxist attention of the relation among 130 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

records and electricity; and the alternative handling his historic loss via way of means of recreating records in myths, appear to uphold a name for the want of an alter-historiography, via way of means of advocating a story that intentionally makes visible, withinside the very shape of its narrative bureaucracy, its personal repressive techniques and practices’. Of course, as we recounted withinside the convention name for papers, the talk over the destiny and advantage of postcolonial research is infrequently new. In many ways, in fact, it's far pretty vintage withinside the experience that it's far tired, or greater accurately, that critics appeared bored with enticing it. Indeed, expressions of problem approximately the conceptual efficacy of the term \"postcolonial\" have lengthy been expressed via way of means of many pupils; suspicion approximately the entrenchment of postcolonial pupils withinside the Euro- American college has come to be nearly rampant; and assaults on the sector for its inadequate interest to materialism at the moment are pretty standard. Familiarity with the controversies that plague postcolonial research has translated; it appears to us, into fatigue with discussions geared toward renegotiating its founding assumptions and procedures. The deadlock that has beset the sector seeing that its inception exists now as a whole lot because it ever did, most effective there may be extraordinarily much less hobby in wondering significantly approximately the way it is probably overcome. Among practitioners, the failure to absorb in earnest the challenge of reconceptualizing postcolonial research might also additionally do with the overall however pervasive experience that the sector has had its day, as a way to speak. That is, there appears to be a growing belief that, as E. San Juan Jr. has argued with a few force, it's time to \"circulate past postcolonialism.\" More than one folks has heard it stated with a few self belief via way of means of famend postcolonial critics themselves that the quit of postcolonial research is drawing close; it isn't always uncommon, furthermore, to witness postcolonial research being stated withinside the beyond tense, as though it has already disappeared as a area of have a look at and shape of analysis. As freshmen to the sector, such proclamations hassle and puzzle us, particularly for the reason that opportunity to postcolonialism appears to be the emergence of \"globalization research,\" a area with an excellent murkier politics and one which appears all too frequently to attention interest again on cultural manufacturing and cultural practices in Europe and North America. Admittedly, those concerns might also additionally stem from anxieties approximately profession achievement and advancement, anxieties to which a number of postcolonialism's detractors would (alternatively simplistically) declare postcolonial critics are specifically prone. However, additionally they stem from the priority that as bad a activity as postcolonial literary research has completed of acknowledging literature now no longer written in English or constructing an inclusive and engaged network of scholarship throughout borders and classes, postcolonial concept has supplied a precious critique of the discourses that underwrote the colonial mission and that retain to tell neoliberal imaginings of a unified world (market), including \"civilization\" and \"progress.\" Grand assertions of postcolonialism's finis appear to us, first of all, to overstate 131 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

the location of the sector inside large institutional structures, as nicely as, and greater importantly, to downplay absolutely the significance of postcolonial concept and complaint as a precious critique of a worldwide economic system wherein the legacy of imperialism remains very a whole lot in evidence. Recently Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have argued in Empire that via way of means of paying an excessive amount of interest to this legacy, postcolonial scholarship dangers finishing up in a lifeless quit. We agree that this danger of a lifeless quit is at hand (in fact, one should say postcolonialism is already in a lifeless quit), however we disagree that it's far due to an undue attention on a ‘beyond shape of domination that now no longer exists. It is most effective as an inheritance that we will start to apprehend imperialism and combat, as Hardt and Negri argue, the \"new techniques of rule\" into which it has transmuted withinside the cutting-edge era. Diana Brydon argues in her contribution to this issue, Hardt and Negri ‘had been too hasty in disregarding postcolonial concept as a backward-searching have a look at and not using a relevance to the demanding situations of globalization. The civilizing assignment stays alive and nicely’. One cause why postcolonialism stays in our view a essential location of educational have a look at is due to the fact it's far nevertheless arguably the most effective methodological framework strongly dedicated to a critique of the worldwide situations of domination and oppression to which the civilizing assignment has given rise. With its origins in a name for papers that posed questions on the efficacy of postcolonial scholarship and the destiny of the sector, this essay series gives a range of counter-responses to the bulletins of the sector's drawing close demise. While the authors and editors of this extent agree that the discursive/materialist divide, which has beleaguered the sector of postcolonial research truly seeing that its inception with the ebook of Edward Said's Orientalism, is in the end debilitating on the subject of theorizing cutting-edge worldwide power, they factor toward processes for effectively overcoming this divide. While the essays on this series draw upon, and extend, diverse evaluations of postcolonial research, additionally they articulate a destiny for postcolonialism as a important mission (i.e. a politics) that recognizes that a efficient information of and resistance to worldwide tactics of oppression should paintings on the extent of each the cloth and the symbolic. 5.5 SUMMARY  The postcolonial research with which we have been simply starting to end up familiar and numerous objections are in opposition to postcolonial principle, and the opportunity of opportunity styles of postcolonial evaluation that would have interaction with and remodel systems of oppression and violence.  Recently Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri have argued in Empire that with the aid of using paying an excessive amount of interest to this legacy, postcolonial scholarship dangers finishing up in a lifeless end. 132 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 While our preference of identify for this unique difficulty would possibly appear so common as to be meaningless, with the aid of using foregrounding the terms \"politics\" and \"postcoloniality\" we need to indicate that postcolonialism stays an quintessential vital exercise insofar because it stands in competition to the militaristic and market- pushed agendas of our time.  Whether postcolonialism has made properly on its promise or now no longer is open to question, as King recognizes. The solution varies, of course, in step with which you ask, however for maximum it includes extra than a easy confirmation or negation.  One purpose postcolonial critics were sluggish to have interaction with U.S. army incursions round the sector or the manner wherein structural adjustment packages facilitate Western benevolence withinside the shape, for instance, of meals resource to countries which have been pressured to promote off their grain reserves, is due to the fact postcolonial grievance and principle were advanced inside English departments and with the aid of using literary critics.  Despite the worries of critics including San Juan, Aijaz Ahmad, and Ella Shohat, postcolonial research remains imagined with the aid of using postcolonial critics as a shape of intellectualism this is in particular political.  Diaspora refers to humans who've been displaced or dispersed from their homelands, and who own and percentage a collective reminiscence and myth, and the nostalgic memory of ‘domestic’ (imaginary homelands, to apply Rushdie’s term) or an inherited ideology of domestic will become a non-public identification in addition to a collective identification of contributors of a selected community. They aren't rooted in a single location, and stay withinside the recollections of their “Imagined homelands.”  The Schizophrenic kingdom of the migrant as s/he tries to mix the lifestyle of beginning with that of the host country, with out forsaking both is called ‘Hybridity” or “Syncretism”.  Subaltern is a time period delivered through Antonio Gramsci to consult the running class, and used and polpularized through Gayatri Spivak withinside the postcolonial context, in Can the Subaltern Speak? In this essay, Spivak increases troubles approximately the voice of the subaltern in rebel in opposition to the colonizer, and the authenticity of the voice of the subaltern.  Mimicry demonstrates an ambivalent dating among the colonizer and the colonized. The colonized challenge mimics the colonizer through adopting the colonizer’s cultural habits, language, attire, values etc. In doing so, he mocks and parodies the colonizer.  According to Michael Banton, race is a idea that has been the premise of discrimination and disempowerment. Race has grow to be a relevant class in social, political and cultural principle. 133 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 The domination of the black male withinside the civil rights motion and the white girl withinside the feminist propaganda necessitated the emergence of Black Feminism detailing the inextricable connection among sexism and racism.  Neocolonialism refers back to the persevering with financial dominance and exploitation of the “politically-free” Third World international locations through the European imperial powers. Neocolonialism is most usually performed now no longer simply via kingdom manage through Euro-American powers, however through a nexus among politicians, bankers, generals, and the Chief Executive officers.  Both the time period \"politics\" and the time period \"grievance,\" essential as they're to paintings withinside the field of literary grievance, have long gone via giant adjustments in meaning. When they're combined, whether or not if you want to describe grievance as political or in order to indicate that grievance need to or need to now no longer be political or in an effort to outline sub-units like \"political grievance\" or \"cultural politics,\" the feasible meanings thereby generated are a couple of and bewildering.  Identifying in it a number one method of imperial manage, Ahmed attempts to update the ‘nation’ together along with his idea of collectivity in an all encompassing cultural hybridity.  However, Ahmed additionally deviates from Bhabha, to postulate his very own information of the migrant discern as the ‘Truth-Subjects’. Making a clean reduce difference on the very earliest, that postcoloniality had moved from the area of political principle into that of literary principle, he additionally designates this postcoloniality as a ‘count number of class’.  Said’s Orientalism is in the long run debilitating on the subject of theorizing present day worldwide power, they factor toward tactics for efficiently overcoming this divide. 5.6 KEYWORDS  Hybridisation - refers to a style of expertise and motion related to the hybrid. And this remaining concept denotes the interstices, the community of relationships, the locations and times that, whilst merging their essences and experiences, generate new productions and reproductions of themselves.  Post colonialism - frequently addresses the issues and outcomes of the decolonization of a country, especially questions referring to the political and cultural independence of previously subjugated people, and subject matters which include racialism and colonialism. A variety of literary principle has developed across the subject. 134 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Subaltern - is a term introduced by Antonio Gramsci to refer to the working class, and used and polpularized by Gayatri Spivak in the postcolonial context, in Can the Subaltern Speak?  Black Feminism - The domination of the black male in the civil rights movement and the white woman in the feminist propaganda necessitated the emergence of Black Feminism detailing the inextricable connection between sexism and racism.  Mimicry: demonstrates an ambivalent relationship between the colonizer and the colonized.  Diaspora - refers to people who have been displaced or dispersed from their homelands, and who possess and share a collective memory and myth, and the nostalgic reminiscence of home. 5.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.List the major concepts of postcolonialism ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.Give summary for any of the work by Aijaz Ahmed ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 5.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1.Write Aijaz Ahmed as a post colonial critic 2.Explain the important thoughts discussed in ‘The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality’ 3.How is feminism described by Aijaz Ahmed? 4.Discuss politics in literature? 5.Describe the distinct ideologies of Aijaz Ahmed? Long Questions 1.Describe the ideologies are discussed in ‘The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality’ 2.Elaborate the term politics in literature 3.Write the life and achievements of Aijaz Ahmed in detail 4.Discuss black feminism 135 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.Write an essay on ‘The Politics of Literary Postcoloniality’ B. Multiple Choice Questions 1.Diaspora refers to people who have been displaced or dispersed from their___ a. Culture b. Language c. Literature d. Homeland 2.Subaltern - is a term introduced by _____ a. John Gramsci b. Gayathri spivak c. Antonio Gramsci d. Mathew Arnold 3. Ahmed tries to replace the ___ with his concept of collectivity in an all encompassing cultural hybridity. a. Culture b. Nation c. Language d. Themes 4. Black Feminism detailing the inextricable connection between _____ and racism. a. Culture b. Sexism c. Gender d. Homeland 5. The Schizophrenic state of the migrant as s/he attempts to combine the culture of origin with that of the host country, without abandoning either is called ‘Hybridity” or ____ a. Eco feminisim b. Postcolonialism c. Syncretism d. Black feminism Answers 136 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1-d, 2-c, 3-b. 4-b, 5-a 5.9REFERENCES References book  Ahmed Aijaz. (2002). On Communalism and Globalization: Offensives of the Far Right - Three Essays Collective, New Delhi.  Ahmed Aijaz. (2007). In Our Time: Empire, Politics, Culture. UK: Verso Books. Textbook references  Ahmad, Aijaz (2001). Lineages of the Present: Ideological and Political Genealogies of Contemporary South Asia. UK: Verso.  Gandhi, Leela. (1998). Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. New York: Columbia University Press. Website  https://www.biblio.com/aijaz-ahmad/author/96677 137 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT-6:ELAINE SHOWALTER: THE WRITER STRUCTURE 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Background to Feminism 6.3 Biography 6.4 Works 6.5 Summary 6.6 Keywords 6.7 Learning Activity 6.8 Unit End Questions 6.9 References 6.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Explain the life of Elaine Showalter  Identify scope the feminism  State the importance of feminism  List the phases of feminism 6.1INTRODUCTION The feminist critique as a form of feminist grievance envisions the girls because the readers of these male produced texts. The feminists thus, attempt to hint out the pictures and stereotype of the girls uncovered withinside the male texts. This is likewise known as conventional feminist grievance in which girls are the clients of the manufacturing in literary writing. On the opposite gynocritics is this type of segment of feminist grievance in which “girls turns into author with girls because the manufacturer of textual meaning, with the records, themes, genres and systems of literature via way of means of girls”. This is in authentic experience the lady version of writing being unbiased of male values and norms. It displays the location and significance of girls’s writing withinside the literary records. In this way, gynocritics eschews (intentionally avoid) the inevitability of male fashions and theories and seeks a merely lady version. She takes her departure from the belief via way of

means of announcing that girls are exclusive in phrases of nature, race, tradition and nation. Thus, they can't be universally studied. She claims that just like the male writers, lady writers too have their personal tradition. She says that girls’s writing withinside the beyond became neglected and undervalued via way of means of male critics. To make the literature of girls exclusive and special, there may be a want of the reconstruction of its beyond and rediscovery of the ratings of girls writers. As a result, she has reconstructed the beyond of literary records of girls via way of means of dividing the 3 ranges of female writers. 1) The Feminine Phase (1840 to 1880):- The ladies’ writers which include the Bronte sisters, George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell, belong to this section, which covers the duration of 1840 to 1880. The writers observed male’s norms internalizing the dominant male aesthetic standards. They diagnosed themselves with the male lifestyle as ladies had been now no longer allowed to write. Some of them wrote in male pseudonyms. Their works treated social and home background. They but exhibited a form of experience of guilt of their writing. They usually face positive obstacle of their writings. 2) The Feminist Phase(1880to 1920):- This section covers the length of 1880 to 1920 along with the writing like Elizabethan Robins, Francis Trallope and others. The ladies’ writers of this section protested in opposition to the male canons and values. It is the duration of separatist utopia. They rejected any textual content that stereotyped the ladies. They evolved a private experience of injustice and wrote biases of male. 3) The Female Phase (1920 to present):- The writers who include Rebecca West, Katherine Mansfield, and Dorothy Richardson of the duration among 1920 to the modern-day got here beneathneath this section. The writers of this section keep away from each the imitation of the female writers and the protest of the feminist writers and the protest of the feminist writers. They merely expand the concept of woman writing and woman revel in. They differentiate woman writing and male writing in phrases of language. Their attempt to pick out and examine the woman revel in leads them to this section of self discovery. Thus, Showalter’s try is notice worth in a experience that she desires to unfastened ladies from the male ruled literary tradition. For this, she rejects the heliocentric language and requires the ladies’s get entry to to language in order that the ladies can expand a cultural version in their very own writing to specific and interpret ladies’s reports surprisingly and authentically. 6.2 BACKGROUND OF FAMINISM Feminism offers with the notion in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. Although in large part originating withinside the West, feminism is manifested global and is represented with the aid of using diverse establishments dedicated to pastime on behalf of girls’s rights and pastimes Throughout maximum of Western history, girls have been restricted to the home sphere, at the same time as public lifestyles become reserved for men. 139 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In medieval Europe, girls have been denied the proper to personal property, to study, or to take part in public lifestyles. At the cease of the nineteenth century in France, they have been nonetheless forced to cowl their heads in public, and, in components of Germany, a husband nonetheless had the proper to promote his wife. Even as past due because the early twentieth century, girls should neither vote nor preserve non-obligatory workplace in Europe and in maximum of the United States (in which numerous territories and states granted girls’s suffrage lengthy earlier than the federal authorities did so). Women have been averted from accomplishing commercial enterprise with out a male representative, be it father, brother, husband, prison agent, or maybe son. Married girls couldn't exercising manage over their personal kids with out the permission in their husbands. Moreover, girls had very little get admission to to training and have been barred from maximum professions. In a few components of the world, such regulations on girls maintain today. History of Feminism: There is scant proof of early prepared protest towards such circumscribed fame. In the third century BCE, Roman girls crammed the Capitoline Hill and blocked each front to the Forum while Consul Marcus Porcius Cato resisted tries to repeal legal guidelines restricting girls’s use of costly goods. “If they may be effective now, what's going to them now no longer attempt?” Cato cried. “As quickly as they start to be your equals, they'll have grown to be your superiors.” That riot proved exceptional, however. For maximum of recorded history, handiest remoted voices spoke out towards the inferior fame of girls, presaging the arguments to come. In past due 14th- and early 15th-century France, the primary feminist philosopher, Christine de Pisan, challenged winning attitudes towards girls with a formidable name for lady training. Her mantle become taken up later withinside the century through Laura Cereta, a 15th- century Venetian female who posted Epistolae familiares (1488; “Personal Letters”; Eng. trans. Collected Letters of a Renaissance Feminist), a extent of letters managing a panoply of girls’s complaints, from denial of training and marital oppression to the frivolity of girls’s attire. The protection of girls had grow to be a literary subgenre through the stop of the sixteenth century, while Il merito delle donne (1600; The Worth of Women), a feminist broadside through every other Venetian author, Moderata Fonte, become posted posthumously. Defenders of the fame quo painted girls as superficial and inherently immoral, whilst the rising feminists produced lengthy lists of girls of braveness and accomplishment and proclaimed that girls will be the highbrow equals of fellows in the event that they have been given identical get entry to to training. The so-referred to as debate approximately girls did now no longer attain England till the past due sixteenth century, while pamphleteers and polemicists joined warfare over the proper nature of womanhood. After a chain of satiric portions mocking girls become posted, the primary feminist pamphleteer in England, writing as Jane Anger, answered with Jane Anger, Her Protection for Women (1589). This volley of opinion endured for extra than a century, 140 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

till every other English author, Mary Astell, issued a extra reasoned rejoinder in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies (1694, 1697). The two-extent paintings recommended that girls willing neither towards marriage nor a non secular vocation have to installation secular convents wherein they could live, study, and teach. Yet through emphasizing training and political rights that have been the privileges of the higher classes, the embryonic feminist motion had little reference to normal girls cleansing homes in Liverpool or choosing cotton in Georgia. The unmarried nonwhite female’s voice heard at this time—that of Sojourner Truth, a former slave—symbolized the gap among the normal and the elite. Her famous ‘Ain’t I a Woman’ speech become added in 1851 earlier than the Women’s Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio, however Truth did now no longer devote her existence to girls’s rights. Instead, she promoted abolitionism and land- distribution software for different former slaves. In the speech \"Truth remarked, that guy over there says that girls want to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the fine region everywhere\". Nobody ever enables me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or offers me any fine region! And ain’t I a female? Although Seneca Falls become accompanied through girls’s rights conventions in different states, the hobby spurred through the ones first moments of organizing fast faded. Concern withinside the United States grew to become to the pending Civil War, whilst in Europe the reformism of the 1840s gave manner to the repression of the past due 1850s. When the feminist motion rebounded, it has become centered on a unmarried issue, girls’s suffrage, a aim that could dominate worldwide feminism for nearly 70 years. After the American Civil War, feminists assumed that girls’s suffrage might be blanketed withinside the Fifteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which prohibited disfranchisement on the idea of race. Yet main abolitionists refused to assist such inclusion, which precipitated Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, a temperance activist, to shape the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. At first, they primarily based totally their call for for the vote at the Enlightenment precept of herbal law, often invoking the idea of inalienable rights granted to all Americans through the Declaration of Independence. By 1900, however, the American ardour for such ideas as equality has been dampened through a flood of Eastern European immigrants and the increase of city slums. Suffragist leaders, reflecting that shift in attitude, commenced attractive for the vote now no longer at the precept of justice or at the not unusualplace humanity of ladies and men however on racist and nativist grounds. As early as 1894, Carrie Chapman Catt declared that the votes of literate, American-born, middle-elegance girls might stability the votes of foreigners. This elitist inclination widened the divide between feminist organizers and the masses of American women who lived in those slums or spoke with foreign accents. As a result, working-class women—already more concerned with wages, hours, and protective legislation than with either the vote or issues such as women’s property rights—threw themselves into the trade union movement rather than the feminists’ ranks. Anthony, however, ceded no 141 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

ground. In the 1890s she asked for labour’s support for women’s suffrage but insisted that she and her movement would do nothing about the demands made by working women until her own battle had been won. Similarly, when asked to support the fight against Jim Crow segregation on the nation’s railroads, she refused. Radical feminists challenged the single-minded cognizance on suffrage because the sine qua non of girls’s liberation. Emma Goldman, the nation’s main anarchist, mocked the perception that the poll should stable equality for girls, because it hardly ever executed that for almost all of American guys. Women might advantage their freedom, she said, only “with the aid of using refusing the proper to all of us over her body…with the aid of using refusing to be a servant to God, the country, society, the husband, the own circle of relatives, etc., with the aid of using making her lifestyles less difficult however deeper and richer.” Likewise, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, in Women and Economics (1898), insisted that girls might now no longer be liberated till they had been free of the “home mythology” of domestic and own circle of relatives that saved them depending on guys. Mainstream feminist leaders including Stanton succeeded in marginalizing greater excessive needs including Goldman’s and Gilman’s; however, they didn't stable the vote for girls. It changed into now no longer till a one of a kind type of radical, Alice Paul, reignited the girls’s suffrage motion withinside the United States with the aid of using copying English activists. Like the Americans, British suffragists, led with the aid of using the National Union of Woman Suffrage Societies, had first of all approached their war politely, with ladylike lobbying. But in 1903 a dissident faction led with the aid of using Emmeline Pankhurst started a sequence of boycotts, bombings, and pickets. Their strategies ignited the nation, and in 1918 the British Parliament prolonged the vote to girls’ householders, householders’ wives, and Woman College graduates over the age of 30. In the USA the problems of the previous 15 years had been observed with the aid of using a brand new tradition of domesticity. Women started marrying more youthful and having greater kids than that they'd withinside the 1920s. Such tv applications as Father Knows Best and Ozzie and Harriet meditated what many observers known as an idyllic suburban lifestyles. By 1960 the share of hired woman specialists changed into down as compared with figures for 1930. The girls’s motion of the Sixties and ’70s, the so-known as “2d wave” of feminism, represented a apparently abrupt damage with the tranquil suburban lifestyles pictured in American famous tradition. Yet the roots of the brand new riot had been buried withinside the frustrations of college- knowledgeable moms whose discontent impelled their daughters in a brand new direction. If first-wave feminists had been stimulated with the aid of using the abolition motion, their great-granddaughters had been swept into feminism with the aid of using the civil rights motion, the attendant dialogue of standards including equality and justice, and the modern ferment as a result of protests in opposition to the Vietnam War. Women’s issues had been on Pres. John F. Kennedy’s timetable even earlier than this public dialogue started. In 1961 he created the President’s Commission at the Status of Women and 142 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

appointed Eleanor Roosevelt to guide it. Its report, issued in 1963, firmly supported the nuclear own circle of relatives and getting ready girls for motherhood. But it additionally documented a countrywide sample of employment discrimination, unequal pay, prison inequality, and meagre aid offerings for operating girls that had to be corrected via legislative ensures of identical pay for identical work, identical activity opportunities, and accelerated child-care offerings. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 presented the primary guarantee, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 changed into amended to bar employers from discriminating on the idea of sex. Some deemed those measures inadequate in a rustic in which categorised classified ads nevertheless segregated activity openings with the aid of using sex, in which country legal guidelines confined girls’s get admission to to contraception, and in which incidences of rape and home violence remained undisclosed. In the past due Sixties, then, the perception of a girls’s rights motion took root on the equal time because the civil rights motion, and girls of every age and situations had been swept up in debates approximately gender, discrimination, and the character of equality. Unlike the number one wave, 2d-wave feminism provoked exceptional theoretical speak about the origins of women’s oppression, the person of gender, and the characteristic of the personal circle of relatives. Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics made the best-provider list in 1970, and in it she broadened the term politics to embody all “strength-based relationships” and posited that the non-public modified into definitely political. Shulamith Firestone, a founder of the New York Radical Feminists, published The Dialectic of Sex withinside the identical twelve months, insisting that love disadvantaged women with the useful resource of the use of developing intimate shackles amongst them and the men they loved—men who have been moreover their oppressors. One twelve months later, Germaine Greer, an Australian dwelling in London, published The Female Eunuch, in which she argued that the sexual repression of women cuts them off from the progressive strength they need to be impartial and self- fulfilled. Ultimately, 3 essential streams of notion surfaced. The first changed into liberal, or mainstream, feminism, which centered its strength on concrete and pragmatic extrade at an institutional and governmental level. Its aim changed into to combine ladies greater very well into the strength shape and to provide ladies identical get right of entry to to positions guys had historically dominated. While aiming for strict equality (to be evidenced through such measures as an identical variety of ladies and men in positions of strength, or an identical amount of cash spent on male and girl scholar athletes), those liberal feminist agencies though supported the present day equal of protecting rules consisting of unique place of business blessings for mothers. In evaluation to the pragmatic method taken through liberal feminism, radical feminism aimed to reshape society and restructure its institutions, which they noticed as inherently patriarchal. Providing the center principle for present day feminism, radicals argued that 143 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

ladies’s subservient function in society changed into too carefully woven into the social cloth to be unraveled with out a progressive revamping of society itself. They strove to supplant hierarchical and conventional strength relationships they noticed as reflecting a male bias, and that they sought to broaden nonhierarchical and antiauthoritarian techniques to politics and organization. Finally, cultural or “difference” feminism, the final of the 3 currents, rejected the perception that males and females are intrinsically the equal and encouraged celebrating the traits they related to ladies, consisting of their extra difficulty for affective relationships and their nurturing preoccupation with others. Inherent in its message changed into a critique of mainstream feminism’s tried and input historically male spheres. This changed into visible as denigrating ladies’s herbal tendencies through trying to make ladies greater like guys. 6.3 BIOGRAPHY Elaine Showalter become born in 1941, an American literary critic, feminist, and creator on cultural and social issues. She is one of the founders of feminist literary complaint in United States academia, growing the idea and exercise of gynocritics, a time period describing the take a look at of girls as writers. Best recognized in instructional and famous cultural fields, she has written and edited severa books and articles centered on a number of subjects, from feminist literary complaint to fashion, on occasion sparking enormous controversy, mainly together along with her paintings on illnesses. Showalter has been a tv critic for People mag and a commentator on BBC radio and tv. She works as a recipient of the Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism. Showalter is a expert in Victorian literature and the Fin-de-siècle (flip of the nineteenth century). Her maximum revolutionary paintings on this discipline is in insanity and hysteria in literature, in particular in girls's writing and withinside the portrayal of woman characters. She is the Avalon Foundation Professor Emerita. Her instructional honors consist of a [Guggenheim Fellowship] and a Rockefeller Humanities fellowship (1981–82). She is likewise the past-president of the Modern Language Association. Showalter's first-class recognized works are Towards a Feminist Poetics (1979), The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture (1830–1980) (1985), Sexual Anarchy: Gender and Culture on the Fin de Siecle (1990), Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (1997), and Inventing Herself: Claiming a Feminist Intellectual Heritage (2001). In 2007 Showalter become chair of the judges for the celebrated British literary award, the Man Booker International Prize. 144 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6.4 WORKS Showalter's Ph.D. thesis is referred to as The Double Critical Standard: Criticism of Women Writers in England, 1845–1880 (1969) and become later become the ee-e book A Literature of Their Own: British Women Novelists from Brontë to Lessing (1978), which incorporates a prolonged and tons-mentioned bankruptcy on Virginia Woolf. The Female Malady: Women, Madness, and English Culture, 1830–1980 (1985) discusses hysteria, which become as soon as referred to as the \"girl malady\" and in line with Showalter, is referred to as melancholy today. Showalter demonstrates how cultural thoughts approximately right female behaviour have formed the definition and remedy of girl madness from the Victorian technology to the present. Sexual Anarchy: Gender at Culture on the Fin de Siecle (1990) outlines a records of the sexes and the crises, themes, and troubles related to the war for sexual supremacy and identity. In the 1990s, Showalter started out writing for famous magazines, bringing her paintings in addition into the general public sphere than it ever have been in the course of her instructional career. Showalter become the TV critic for People mag in 1996. She explains her impetus to do famous cultural paintings: \"I've constantly simply cherished famous culture, however it wasn't some thing critical intellectuals have been prepurported to be worried approximately. … I would love on the way to carry my history and my capabilities to topics that do attain a huge audience\" (Plett). In Hystories: Hysterical Epidemics and Modern Media (1997) Showalter argues that hysteria, a clinical situation historically visible as female, has continued for hundreds of years and is now manifesting itself in cultural phenomena withinside the styles of socially and medically typical maladies. Psychological and bodily results of sad lives become \"hysterical epidemics\" whilst famous media saturate the general public with paranoid reviews and findings, basically legitimizing, as Showalter calls them, \"imaginary illnesses\" (Hystories, cover). Showalter tells that \"Hysteria is a part of regular life\". It now no longer best survives withinside the 1990s, however it's far greater contagious than withinside the past. Newspapers, magazines, communicate shows, self-assist books, and of direction the Internet make sure that thoughts, as soon as planted, show up themselves the world over as symptoms\" (Plett). This view has prompted Showalter to be criticized via way of means of patient's rights agencies and clinical practitioners, who argue that Showalter, with out a formal clinical training, isn't always certified to make this determination. Inventing Herself: Claiming the survey, Feminist Intellectual Heritage (2001) feminist icons because the 18th century, located generally withinside the US and the United Kingdom. Showalter enfolds the contributions of predominately intellectuals such as Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Camille Paglia and Mary Wollstonecraft. Noting famous media's significance to the belief of girls and feminism today, Showalter additionally discusses the contributions of famous personalities like Oprah Winfrey and Princess Diana. 145 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Teaching Literature (2003) is basically a manual to coaching English literature to undergraduate college students in university. Showalter covers methods to coaching theory, making ready syllabi and speakme approximately taboo topics amongst many different sensible topics. Showalter says that coaching ought to be taken as critically and given as tons highbrow attention as scholarship. Faculty Towers: The Academic Novel and Its Discontents (2005) is a take a look at of the Anglo-American instructional novel from the Fifties to the present. A Jury of Her Peers: American Women Writers from Anne Bradstreet to Annie Proulx (2009) makes a declaration for a literary lifestyle of American girls’ writers. This ee-e book gained the 2012 Truman Capote Award for Literary Criticism. \"The Civil Wars of Julia Ward Howe\" (2017) is a biography of American feminist pioneer Julia Ward Howe, satisfactory acknowledged for writing the phrases to The Battle Hymn of the Republic. 6.5 SUMMARY  Feminist critique as a kind of feminist complaint envisions the girls because the readers of these male produced texts. The feminists thus, attempt to hint out the snap shots and stereotype of the girls uncovered withinside the male texts. This is likewise referred to as conventional feminist complaint wherein girls are the clients of the manufacturing in literary writing.  Women come to be author with girls because the manufacturer of textual meaning, with the history, themes, genres and systems of literature with the aid of using girls”. This is in authentic experience the lady version of writing being impartial of male values and norms. It displays the placement and significance of girls’s writing withinside the literary history.  The Feminine Phase (1840 to 1880):- The girl’s writers together with the Bronte sisters, George Eliot and Elizabeth Gaskell, belong to this segment, which covers the length of 1840 to 1880. The writers observed male’s norms internalizing the dominant male aesthetic standards.  The Feminist Phase(1880to 1920):- This segment covers the length of 1880 to 1920 together with the writing like Elizabethan Robins, Francis Trallope and others. The girl’s writers of this segment protested in opposition to the male canons and values.  The Female Phase (1920 to present):- The writers together with Rebecca West, Katherine Mansfield, and Dorothy Richardson of the length among 1920 to the contemporary got here beneathneath this segment. The writers of this segment keep away from each the imitation of the female writers and the protest of the feminist writers and the protest of the feminist writers. 146 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Feminism offers with the notion in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. Although in large part originating withinside the West, feminism is manifested international and is represented with the aid of using numerous establishments dedicated to interest on behalf of girls’s rights and pastimes for the duration of maximum of Western history; girls have been constrained to the home sphere, at the same time as public existence become reserved for men.  The elitist inclination widened the divide among feminist organizers and the loads of American girls who lived in the ones slums or spoke with overseas accents. As a result, working-elegance girls—already greater involved with wages, hours, and shielding rules than with both the vote or troubles together with girls’s assets rights—threw themselves into the change union motion in place of the feminists’ ranks. Anthony, however, ceded no ground.  Unlike the primary wave, second-wave feminism provoked sizeable theoretical dialogue approximately the origins of girls’s oppression, the character of gender, and the position of the family. Kate Millett’s Sexual Politics made the best-supplier listing in 1970, and in it she broadened the time period politics to consist of all “power-dependent relationships” and posited that the non-public become genuinely political.  Elaine Showalter become born in 1941, an American literary critic, feminist, and author on cultural and social troubles. She is one of the founders of feminist literary complaint in United States academia, growing the idea and exercise of gynocritics, a time period describing the take a look at of \"girls as writers\". 6.6 KEYWORDS  Feminism - The acceptance of women's rights on the idea of the equality of the sexes, The principle of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes, and The perception that ladies and men have to have identical rights and opportunities.  Male-chauvinism - male prejudice in opposition to women; the perception that guys are advanced in phrases of capacity, intelligence, etc. \"a bastion of male chauvinism\"  Feminist - 'a feminist' surely as 'An endorse or supporter of the rights and equality of women'.  Women empowerment - Women's empowerment may be described to selling women's feel of self-worth, their capacity to decide their very own choices, and their proper to steer social extrade for themselves and others.  Patriarchy - a shape of social business enterprise wherein a male is the own circle of relatives head and name is traced thru the male line. 147 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1.Narrate the life of Elaine Showalter and her achievements ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2.Explain the phases of feminism ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 6.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Describe the development of feminism 2. Write three phases of feminism 3. Discuss the influence of feminism in literature 4. Define male chauvinism 5. Give any two works of Elaine Showalter Long Questions 1. Describe the importance of feminism 2. Write an essay on the three phases of feminism 3. List the types of feminism 4. Discuss the contribution to feminism by Elaine Showalter 5. What are the main elements of feminism? Explain B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Elaine Showalter was born in ____ a. 1941 b. 1942 c. 1931 d. 1950 2. This phase covers the duration of 1880 to _____ a. 1930 b. 1920 c. 1940 d. 1950 148 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. Elaine Showalter is the ______ critic a. Canadian b. Australian c. American d. British 4. _____ deals with the belief in social, economic, and political equality of the sexes. a. Neoclassism b. Postcolonialism c. Male-chauvinism d. Feminism 5. Who is the author of Sexual Politics? a. Elaine Showalter b. Edward Said c. Aijaz Ahmed d. Kate Millett’s Answers 1-a, 2-b, 3-c. 4-d, 5-d 6.9REFERENCES References book  Showalter Elaine. (2002). A Literature of Their Own. Princeton University Press Textbook references  Beasley, Chris. (1999).What is Feminism? An introduction to feminist theory. India: Sage Publication.  Phillips, Anne. (1998). Feminism and Politics.UK: Oxford University Press. Website  https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/20200413215949995 5madhu_singh_eng_Elaine_Showalter.pdf 149 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT-7:ELAINE SHOWALTER: FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICSM IN THE WILDERNESS STRUCTURE 7.0 Learning Objectives 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Types of Feminism 7.3 Feminist Literary Criticism in the Wilderness 7.4 Social and Cultural Background 7.5 The Text 7.6 Summary 7.7 Keywords 7.8 Learning Activity 7.9 Unit End Questions 7.10 References 7.0LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand the concepts of feminism  Learn the phases of feminism  State the influence of feminism in literature  List the main of Feminist Literary Criticism in the Wilderness 7.1INTRODUCTION Every concept seems to have emerged out of a few disaster and tries to uplift the pursuits of the weaker phase of the society represented through the disadvantaged and segregated group/businesses of men and women at the floor of sure social, cultural and organic attributes that they do now no longer possess. Marxism, for instance, perspectives the trouble of guy in phrases of sophistication and ventures to weed out the conflicts germinated at the soil of the feel of sophistication difference made through the undue dissemination of capital among them. Postcolonial research upholds the purpose of the men and women discriminated as a consequence of their different, and ordinary, race, culture, faith and ethnicity. In the equal way, Structural and Post-Structural research are seeking to take away the disaster of which