MAE605-eL3 9

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

2 M.A. English Language Course Code: MAE 605 Semester: First e-Lesson: 3 SLM Unit: 3,9 www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) https://www.google.com/search?q=Greek+theatre All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be introduced to the Paragraph In this unit we shall be able to understand Writing Paragraph & Essay Writing Student will be introduced to Essay Writing Student will be introduced to Summarizing & We shall be able to understand the Report Paraphrasing Writing The student will be introduced to Digital Writing We shall be able to understand Digital Writing www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) INSTITUTE OF DAIlSlTAriNgChEt aArNeDreOsNeLrvINeEd LwEiAthRNCIUN-GIDOL

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Paragraph Writing > Essay Writing > Summarizing & Paraphrasing > Report Writing > Digital Writing www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PARAGRAPH WRITING 5 A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points. Paragraphs can contain many different kinds of information. A paragraph could contain a series of brief examples or a single long illustration of a general point. It might describe a place, character, or process; narrate a series of events; compare or contrast two or more things; classify items into categories; or describe causes and effects. Regardless of the kind of information they contain, all paragraphs share certain characteristics. One of the most important of these is a topic sentence. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PARAGRAPH WRITING 6 TOPIC SENTENCES:- A well-organized paragraph supports or develops a single controlling idea, which is expressed in a sentence called the topic sentence. A topic sentence has several important functions: it substantiates or supports an essay’s thesis statement; it unifies the content of a paragraph and directs the order of the sentences; and it advises the reader of the subject to be discussed and how the paragraph will discuss it. Readers generally look to the first few sentences in a paragraph to determine the subject and perspective of the paragraph. That’s why it’s often best to put the topic sentence at the very beginning of the paragraph. In some cases, however, it’s more effective to place another sentence before the topic sentence—for example, a sentence linking the current paragraph to the previous one, or one providing background information. Although most paragraphs should have a topic sentence, there are a few situations when a paragraph might not need a topic sentence. For example, you might be able to omit a topic sentence in a paragraph that narrates a series of events, if a paragraph continues developing an idea that you introduced (with a topic sentence) in the previous paragraph, or if all the sentences and details in a paragraph clearly refer—perhaps indirectly—to a main point. The vast majority of your paragraphs, however, should have a topic sentence. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PARAGRAPH WRITING 7 PARAGRAPH STRUCTURE :- Most paragraphs in an essay have a three-part structure—introduction, body, and conclusion. You can see this structure in paragraphs whether they are narrating, describing, comparing, contrasting, or analyzing information. Each part of the paragraph plays an important role in communicating your meaning to your reader. Introduction: the first section of a paragraph; should include the topic sentence and any other sentences at the beginning of the paragraph that give background information or provide a transition. Body: follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, and other information. Conclusion: the final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraph and the paragraph’s controlling idea. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PARAGRAPH WRITING 8 COHERENCE:- In a coherent paragraph, each sentence relates clearly to the topic sentence or controlling idea, but there is more to coherence than this. If a paragraph is coherent, each sentence flows smoothly into the next without obvious shifts or jumps. A coherent paragraph also highlights the ties between old information and new information to make the structure of ideas or arguments clear to the reader. Along with the smooth flow of sentences, a paragraph’s coherence may also be related to its length. If you have written a very long paragraph, one that fills a double-spaced typed page, for example, you should check it carefully to see if it should start a new paragraph where the original paragraph wanders from its controlling idea. On the other hand, if a paragraph is very short (only one or two sentences, perhaps), you may need to develop its controlling idea more thoroughly, or combine it with another paragraph. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PARAGRAPH WRITING 9 A number of other techniques that you can use to establish coherence in paragraphs are described below:- Repeat key words or phrases. Particularly in paragraphs in which you define or identify an important idea or theory, be consistent in how you refer to it. This consistency and repetition will bind the paragraph together and help your reader understand your definition or description. Create parallel structures. Parallel structures are created by constructing two or more phrases or sentences that have the same grammatical structure and use the same parts of speech. By creating parallel structures you make your sentences clearer and easier to read. In addition, repeating a pattern in a series of consecutive sentences helps your reader see the connections between ideas. I n the paragraph above about scientists and the sense of sight, several sentences in the body of the paragraph have been constructed in a parallel way. The parallel structures (which have been emphasized) help the reader see that the paragraph is organized as a set of examples of a general statement. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ESSAY WRITING 10 Definition Essay:- As the name suggests, a definition type of essay defines different things, ideas, and perceptions. Types of Essay:- Narrative Essay:-A narrative essay is a narration like a short story. It is, however, different from a short story in that it is written in an essay format. Descriptive Essay:-A descriptive essay describes something to make readers feel, smell, see, taste, or hear what is described. Expository Essay:-An expository essay exposes things in detail to make readers understand without any complications. Persuasive Essay:-A persuasive essay is meant to convince the target audience to do something or not do something. Argumentative Essay:- It deals with topics of debate www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ESSAY WRITING 11 Four Major Types of Essays:- Distinguishing between types of essays is simply a matter of determining the writer’s goal. Does the writer want to tell about a personal experience, describe something, explain an issue, or convince the reader to accept a certain viewpoint? The four major types of essays address these purposes: 1. Narrative Essays: Telling a Story:- In a narrative essay, the writer tells a story about a real-life experience. While telling a story may sound easy to do, the narrative essay challenges students to think and write about themselves. When writing a narrative essay, writers should try to involve the reader by making the story as vivid as possible. The fact that narrative essays are usually written in the first person helps engage the reader. “I” sentences give readers a feeling of being part of the story. A well-crafted narrative essay will also build towards drawing a conclusion or making a personal statement www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ESSAY WRITING 12 2. Descriptive Essays: Painting a Picture A cousin of the narrative essay, a descriptive essay paints a picture with words. A writer might describe a person, place, object, or even memory of special significance. However, this type of essay is not description for description’s sake. The descriptive essay strives to communicate a deeper meaning through the description. In a descriptive essay, the writer should show, not tell, through the use of colorful words and sensory details. The best descriptive essays appeal to the reader’s emotions, with a result that is highly evocative. 3. Expository Essays: Just the Facts The expository essay is an informative piece of writing that presents a balanced analysis of a topic. In an expository essay, the writer explains or defines a topic, using facts, statistics, and examples. Expository writing encompasses a wide range of essay variations, such as the comparison and contrast essay, the cause and effect essay, and the “how to” or process essay. Because expository essays are based on facts and not personal feelings, writers don’t reveal their emotions or write in the first person. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ESSAY WRITING 13 4. Persuasive Essays: Convince Me While like an expository essay in its presentation of facts, the goal of the persuasive essay is to convince the reader to accept the writer’s point of view or recommendation. The writer must build a case using facts and logic, as well as examples, expert opinion, and sound reasoning. The writer should present all sides of the argument, but must be able to communicate clearly and without equivocation why a certain position is correct. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARISING & PARAPHRASING 14 Summarising There is an art to good summarising. Keep in mind that your purpose is to use the source material by tying the ideas in the summary to the general point you are making. Summarising is the best way to show your voice and convince the reader you understand what you are talking about. For both paraphrasing and summarising you must indicate the source with an in-text reference and provide full details of the source in your reference list. Paraphrasing Paraphrasing is not substituting a few words or rearranging sentences. Think what the original writer is trying to say and write a completely new sentence if you can. If there is a key phrase, well expressed by the original writer, then use it as a short direct quotation (see below). Paraphrasing shows the reader what you think about the source material or how it fits into your work. It is academically unacceptable to create a long paraphrase from a source and simply put a reference citation at the end. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REPORT WRITING 15 Report:- A report writing gives factual information about many things in business world. In academia there is some overlap between reports and essays, and the two words are sometimes used interchangeably, but reports are more likely to be needed for business, scientific and technical subjects, and in the workplace. Essentially, a report is a short, sharp, concise document which is written for a particular purpose and audience. It generally sets outs and analyses a situation or problem, often making recommendations for future action. It is a factual paper, and needs to be clear and well- structured. Requirements for the precise form and content of a report will vary between organisation and departments and in study between courses, from tutor to tutor, as well as between subjects, so it’s worth finding out if there are any specific guidelines before you start. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REPORT WRITING 16 Reports may contain some or all of the following elements: A description of a sequence of events or a situation Some interpretation of the significance of these events or situation, whether solely your own analysis or informed by the views of others, always carefully referenced of course An evaluation of the facts or the results of your research Discussion of the likely outcomes of future courses of action www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING 17 Type # 1. Formal or Informal Reports: Formal reports are carefully structured; they stress objectivity and organization, contain much detail, and are written in a style that tends to eliminate such elements as personal pronouns. Informal reports are usually short messages with natural, casual use of language. The internal memorandum can generally be described as an informal report. Type # 2. Short or Long Reports: This is a confusing classification. A one-page memorandum is obviously short, and a twenty page report is clearly long. But where is the dividing line? Bear in mind that as a report becomes longer (or what you determine as long), it takes on more characteristics of formal reports. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING 18 Type # 3. Informational or Analytical Reports: Informational reports (annual reports, monthly financial reports, and reports on personnel absenteeism) carry objective information from one area of an organization to another. Analytical reports (scientific research, feasibility reports, and real-estate appraisals) present attempts to solve problems. T ype # 4. Proposal Report: The proposal is a variation of problem-solving reports. A proposal is a document prepared to describe how one organization can meet the needs of another. Most governmental agencies advertise their needs by issuing “requests for proposal” or RFPs. The RFP specifies a need and potential suppliers prepare proposal reports telling how they can meet that need. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING 19 3 Type # 5. Vertical or Lateral Reports: This classification refers to the direction a report travels. Reports that more upward or downward the hierarchy are referred to as vertical reports; such reports contribute to management control. Lateral reports, on the other hand, assist in coordination in the organization. A report traveling between units of the same organization level (production and finance departments) is lateral. Type # 6. Internal or External Reports: Internal reports travel within the organization. External reports, such as annual reports of companies, are prepared for distribution outside the organization. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF REPORT WRITING 20 Type # 7. Periodic Reports: Periodic reports are issued on regularly scheduled dates. They are generally upward directed and serve management control. Preprinted forms and computer-generated data contribute to uniformity of periodic reports. Type # 8. Functional Reports: This classification includes accounting reports, marketing reports, financial reports, and a variety of other reports that take their designation from the ultimate use of the report. Almost all reports could be included in most of these categories. And a single report could be included in several classifications. Although authorities have not agreed on a universal report classification, these report categories are in common use and provide a nomenclature for the study (and use) of reports. Reports are also classified on the basis of their format. As you read the classification structure described below, bear in mind that it overlaps with the classification pattern described above. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DIGITAL WRITING 21 Digital writing is just that: digital. It is the new term used to describe all of the innovative ways of communicating in the Digital Age. In the evolution of the computer and its growing cousin the Internet, words and phrases like blogging, posts, tweets, text messaging and my personal favorite \"updating my status\" have become the social norm in today's internet jargon. Yet, digital writing is not limited to just social networking and a Facebook status. Digital writing can also be used to describe the use of multimedia in the efforts of communicating. The network news program with scrolling information, the long slideshows in class, the coding used to write software and websites, and even this paragraph and website you're are currently reading all fall under the category of digital writing www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 22 www.cuidol.in MCQ For IPCE/Inter for Nov 2019 attempt All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Unit-1 (MAE 605)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 23 1.What is a paragraph? c) A group of ideas a)A group of sentences on a single topic d) Deals with some ideas b)None c)Some thoughts 2.What is an essay? d)On a topic in a detailed way a)Deals with a topic b)Deals with some topics c)Gives detailed information d)Gives factual information 3.What is a report? a)Gives data c)Communication through mobile b)Gives analysis d)Communication in a digital way 4.What is the meaning of Digital Writing? a) Communication through Letters b)Communication through E-mail Answers: 1.a) 2. d) 3. d) 4.d) www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 24 A paragraph is a series of sentences that are organized and coherent, and are all related to a single topic. Almost every piece of writing you do that is longer than a few sentences should be organized into paragraphs. This is because paragraphs show a reader where the subdivisions of an essay begin and end, and thus help the reader see the organization of the essay and grasp its main points www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) Summary Writing All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 25 . Definition Essay:- As the name suggests, a definition type of essay defines different things, ideas, and perceptions. Types of Essay:- Narrative Essay:-A narrative essay is a narration like a short story. It is, however, different from a short story in that it is written in an essay format. Descriptive Essay:-A descriptive essay describes something to make readers feel, smell, see, taste, or hear what is described www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 26 Q1. What is the definition of a paragraph? Q2. What are the components of a good paragraph/ Q3. What are the techniques to write a good paragraph? Q4. What is the definition of an essay? Q5. What are the techniques to write a good essay/ Q6. What are the types of essay? Q7. What is the meaning of a report? Q8. What are the types of a report> Q9. What is the meaning of summarizing/ Q10. What is the meaning of paraphrazing? www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 27 1. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Communication 2. www.toppr.com › business-studies › directing › communication 3.www.merriam-webster.com › dictionary › barrier 4.www.toppr.com › guides › business-correspondence-and-reporting › 5. Models of communication - Wikipedia en.wikipedia.org › wiki › 6.www.managementstudyguide.com › communication-models 7. www.iedunote.com › nature-of-communication 8.ebrary.net › management › 9. Guffey, Mary Ellen & Loewy, Dana. (23 Aug 2010). Business Communication. 7th edition 10. Guffey, Mary Ellen & Loewy, Dana. (23 Aug 2010). Essential of Business Communication9th edition www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

28 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MAE 605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL