Unit -2, Historical Perspective of Psychology, 03-04-2021

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2 M.A.(Psy) PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE Course Code: MAP-601 PSYCHOLOGY Semester: First AS SCIENCE E-Lesson: 2 SLM Unit: 2 https://images.app.goo.gl/YSL3acgti2rtPY6y5 www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION To enable students to gather a creative and in In this unit we shall be able to understand the depth understanding of psychology as a nature and goals of Psychology science. We shall be able to understand the To understand the role and importance of psychology’s historical origins. various school of psychology. To familiarize students with recent development in the fields of Psychology. Students will acquire and demonstrate Unit-1,2(MAP 601) We shall be able to categorize the research knowledge of information pertaining to methods of psychological investigation and personality and individual differences. role of ethics in such research. . INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING www.cuidol.in

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > HISTORICAL ORIGIN OF PSYCHOLOGY: PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE PRE-SCIENTIFIC > CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGICAL > PERSPECTIVES PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE > ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH > www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 5 SCIENTIFIC METHOD  As psychology is about trying to determine facts and reduce uncertainty.  It can be done by using scientific method- system of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD  Perceiving the Question  Forming a Hypothesis  Testing the Hypothesis  Drawing Conclusion https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fipi.org.in%2Ftexts%2Fothers%  Report your Results 2Fpetersedlmeier-ip- sm.php&psig=AOvVaw05F3uwA88hG17vY8ORiV7D&ust=1585469677590000&source www.cuidol.in =images&cd=vfe&ved=2ahUKEwjo-d_43LzoAhWLISsKHbBoAU4Qr4kDegUIARD4AQ Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 6 OBSERVATION RESEARCH METHODS CASE STUDY SURVEY Observation (watching what people do) would seem to be an obvious method of CORRELATION carrying out research in psychology. However, there are different types of EXPERIMENTAL observational methods – Controlled, Naturalistic ad Participant Observation www.cuidol.in Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group, event or community. Typically, data are gathered from a variety of sources and by using several different methods (e.g. observations & interviews). A survey is defined as a brief interview or discussion with individuals about a specific topic. The term survey is often used to mean 'collect information.‘ Survey can be done by using questionnaires and interview techniques. Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related. There are three possible results of a correlational study: a positive correlation, a negative correlation, and no correlation. An experiment is an investigation in which a hypothesis is scientifically tested. In an experiment, an independent variable (the cause) is manipulated and the dependent variable (the effect) is measured; any extraneous variables are controlled. Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PSYCHOLOGY AS SCIENCE 7 https://www.google.com/search?q=Various+Research+methods+in+psychology&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjosKua4rzoAhWRJbcAHQMoDUUQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=Various+Research+methods+in+psychology&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQGDoECAAQQzoCCAA6BggAEAcQHlCu5xpYmp0bYN2gG2gAcAB4AYAB4Q OIAccckgEJMC4xLjguMy4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=8gx_XujvDJHL3LUPg9C0qAQ&bih=625&biw=1349&hl=en#imgrc=xrS2YoVsyYw9NM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 8 There are quite a few ethical concerns when dealing with human subjects in an experiment of other type of study. Some most common ethical guidelines are:  Right and well-being of participants must be weighed against the study’s value to science.  Informed Consent  Deception must be justified – Debriefing  Participants must be protected from risks or told explicitly of risks  Investigators must debrief the participants, telling the true nature of the study and expectations of the results.  Data must be remain confidential www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ETHICS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 9 Some Most important Ethical Principles are: https://www.google.com/search?q=Psychology+Research+ethics&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjIqdax6LzoAhU9xDgGHTXcBwkQ_AUoAXoECBAQAw#imgrc=eeMdTWW_XLFcoM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 10  Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.  Philosophical roots of psychology dates back to the times of Aristotle and Plato, with their nature vs nurture debate.  Further, the study of psychology can be approached from several perspectives. https://www.google.com/search?q=Summary&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiag9r_6bzoAhUFzTgGHYVFCO8Q_ AUoAnoECBEQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=jpex4yBOPJQirM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 11  Doing psychological research involves generating a Hypothesis and then testing it by using a scientific method  For carrying out psychological research, there are various methods that can be used as per the requirement.  The ethical principles are of paramount concerns while dealing with Human and animals for research. https://www.google.com/search?q=Summary&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiag9r_6bzoAhUFzTgGHYVFCO8Q_ www.cuidol.in AUoAnoECBEQBA&biw=1366&bih=625#imgrc=dhX5V4aCBnoOuM&imgdii=vtgMjgPA HqKuNM Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 21 https://www.google.com/search?q=Quiz+pic&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjp28aE-7zoAhU6HLcAHRQ2CxsQ2- cCegQIABAA&oq=Quiz+pic&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIECAAQQzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIAFDrwQVY4uIFYP_tBWgAcAB4AIAB kwSIAf0XkgEJMi0zLjUuMC4xmAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWc&sclient=img&ei=-yZ_XqnyGLq43LUPlOys2AE&bih=625&biw=1366#imgrc=bSPeD1pfuphS6M www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 22 1. Which of the following is NOT one of the common ethical rules? a) Participants have to give informed consent b) Deception cannot be used in any studies with human beings c) The rights and well-being of the participants must come first d) Data must remain confidential 2.More you study, the higher your grade will be. What kind of correlation is this? a) Positive b) Negative c) Zero d) Causal Answers: 1. b) 2. a) Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 23 3.In the scientific method, the first step is…. a) Reporting your result b) Perceiving a question c) Drawing a conclusion d) Testing the hypothesis 4. Who said a new born child is like a tabula rasa? a) Thomas Hobbes b) Aristotle c) John Locke d) Socrates • Answers: 3. b) 4.c) Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 24 Q1. What is the definition of Psychology and what are four primary goals of psychology? Ans. Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The four goals of psychology are description, explanation, prediction and control. Q2. Why is psychology a science and what are the steps in using the scientific methods? Ans. The scientific method is a way to determine facts and control the possibilities of error and bias when observing behavior. The five steps are perceiving the question, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis, drawing conclusions and reporting the results. https://www.google.com/search?q=Frequently+asked+questions&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ086W97zoAhVhxDgGHThOAwsQ_A UICigB&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=FG3Il8jpHiwLPM&imgdii=hV6KeEOk7v6jfM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 25 Q3. What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist? Ans. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who provide diagnosis and therapy for persons with mental disorders whereas psychologists have academic degrees and can do counseling, teaching and research and may specialize in any one of a large number of areas within psychology. https://www.google.com/search?q=Frequently+asked+questions&rls=com.microsoft:en- US&tbm=isch&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ086W97zoAhVhxDgGHThOAwsQ_A UICigB&biw=1366&bih=625&dpr=1#imgrc=FG3Il8jpHiwLPM&imgdii=hV6KeEOk7v6jfM www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 26  Retrieved from https://www.tutor2u.net/psychology/reference/wundts-contribution-to-psychology  Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/perspectives-in-modern-psychology-2795595  Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/experimental-method.html  Brioschi , M.R. (2013). How novelty arises from fields of experience: A comparison between W. James and A.N. Whitehead. European Journal of Pragmatism Am Phil [Online]. doi:10.4000/ejpap.595 .  Nolen-Hoeksema, Fredrickson, Loftus and Wagenaar. (2014). Atkinson & Hilgard’s Psychology: An Introduction. Cengage Learning.  Saundra K. Ciccarelli and J. Noland White. (2008). Psychology. Pearson Education in South Asia. www.cuidol.in Unit-1,2(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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