CU-Bsc TTM-Loss & Prevention in Hospitality Management-Completed SLM (1)

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE SEMESTER TTM Loss & Prevention in Hospitality Management BTT211

First Published in 2022 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action 2

CONTENTS Unit - 1: Hotel Security-I....................................................................................................... 4 Unit - 2:Hotel Security –II................................................................................................... 19 Unit - 3: Handling Emergency Procedures........................................................................... 45 Unit –4.General Hotel Security-I......................................................................................... 63 Unit - 5:General Hotel Security II ....................................................................................... 83 Unit - 6: Waste Management And Pollution Control-I ..................................................... 112 Unit - 7: Waste Management And Pollution Control-II.................................................... 129 Unit - 8: Crisis Management Fire-I.................................................................................... 144 Unit - 9: Crisis Management Fire-II .................................................................................. 159 Unit - 10: Hostage Crisis ................................................................................................... 173 3

UNIT - 1: HOTEL SECURITY-I STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 concept 1.3 Importance 1.4 Types of hotel security 1.4.1 Important Security measures necessary in hotel 1.4.2 Bomb threats 1.4.3 Data security 1.5 Organization chart of hotel 1.6 Security trends 1.7 Summary 1.8 Keywords 1.9 Learning Activity 1.10 Unit End Questions 1.11 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe nature of security.:  Identifying the content.  State the need for and importance of security.  Explain organisation chart.  Understand the types of security.  Know the trends in market. 4

1.1 INTRODUCTION It is observed that safety and security concern is not limited to the guests only but yes, it has been extended beyond it. It also encompasses the hotel employees, the property and the tangible and intangible assets which are helpful in making the stay pleasant. However, the value of a hotel is estimated by its assets and that’s why the security concern other than guests are highly required by the hotels. The word security and safety are used together but it has literary differences too. Safety has been defined as a condition in which a person is being protected from harm caused by unintentional failure while security is defined as a condition in which a person is being protected from harms caused due to intentional human behavior or actions. So, in the present unit we will be discussing about the relevance of safety and security in the hotel industry along with the case studies of various hotel chains. Security as a condition is the degree of resistance to, or protection from, harm. It applies to any vulnerable and valuable asset, such as a person, dwelling, community, nation, or organization, establishing or maintaining a sufficient degree of security is the aim of the work, structures, and processes. 1.2 CONCEPT Security is the moral and legal responsibility of a hotel to protect its guest and their property against threats posed by human beings with a conscious intent to harm them. The security department of the hotel is responsible for the overall security of the building, in house guest, visitors, day user, and employees of the hotel. 1.3 IMPORTANCE The guest, who comes to a particular hotel, comes with an understanding that he and his belongings both will be safe and secure during his stay at the hotel. At the same time it is also quite important that the hotel staff and assets are protected and secure. Hence it is very important to have a proper security system in place to protect staff, guests and physical resources and assets such as equipment, appliances buildings, gardens of the hotel and also the belongings of the guest. The management must take care that the security and safety systems cover the following areas: 1. Guest: Protection from crimes such as murder, abduction and health hazards from outsiders, hotel staff, pests, food poisoning etc. 5

2. Staff: Providing staff lockers, insurances, health schemes, provident funds etc. Protective clothing, shoes, firefighting drills, supply of clean drinking water use of aqua guards, sanitized washrooms etc. 3. Guest luggage: Secure luggage storerooms and proper equipment such as luggage trolley and bell hop trolley should be provided. 4. Hotel Equipment: Lifts, Boilers, Kitchen equipment, furniture fitting and building etc. must be protected and for these the security and safety should cover up fire safety equipment, bomb threat security system, water floods security system, earthquake security system, safe vault security system etc. 5. Protection of raw materials, goods, provisions and groceries etc. for this the security system should cover proper storage and pest control systems, apart from the application of total material management system. 1.4 TYPES OF HOTEL SECURITY 1) Physical aspect is divided into two parts a) Internal b) External 1. a) Internal security  Against theft  Fire safety  Proper lighting  Safeguarding assets  Track unwanted guests 1. b) External Security  Proper lighting outside the building  Proper fencing of the building  Fencing of pool area to avoid accidents in the night  Manning of service gates to restrict entry  Fixing of closed circuit TV cameras 2) Security aspects of persons 1. a) Staff  Effective recruitment and selection  Identification of staff  Key control  Red tag system 6

 Training  Locker inspection 1. b) Guests: Fig.1.1 Guest safety locker  Check scanty baggage guests  Guests suspected of taking away hotel property should be charged according to hotel policy  Guest room security: 1. Provide wide angle door viewer, dead bolt locks, night torch, chains on doors etc 2. Employees should be trained to not give any information about in-house guests to outsiders. 3. While issuing a duplicate card key ask for identification if in doubt of the guest. 4. Housekeeping staff should never leave keys expose on unattended carts in corridors 3) Security aspects of systems The term system implies the operations of the hotel eg: all the equipment used for operation, procedures laid down for operations and policies to be followed. Systems procedures and policies if followed properly shall safeguard the assets and increase life span of equipment as well as avoid any breakdown maintenance This would mean the following: 7

 Fix duties and responsibilities: Fix duties of staff members so that they don’t interfere with others’ work.  Make surprise checks  Staff who have access to liquid assets should be made to sign a bond so that in case of theft the concerned person can easily be caught  Hiring of some independent security company to check the security system of the hotel  Record of all losses and missing items immediately  Inventory control should be proper  Auditing should be done on a regular basis  Proper system for cash disbursements should be made 1.4.1 IMPORTANT SECURITY measures necessary in hotels 1. Key Card Locks: Guest room locking systems these days include punch and magnetic key cards which have locks with flash memory and other functions. The system can directly be linked with PMS. Fig.1.2 Key Card Locking System 2. Security Guards: Trained security guards working 24-hours every day to provide the best in safety and security for the guests 3. Security Cameras: Security cameras with digital technology, intelligent access central system, software interface with CCTV for matching undesirable visitors and criminals, along with metal detectors, and spy cameras and use of biometric readers like hand key reader or face recognition system etc. 4. Fire Alarms: Smoke detectors and fire alarms in each guest room and throughout the entire complex that is monitored 24 hours a day, 7 days per week that pinpoints the 8

exact point of the alarm allowing our security staff to respond immediately to the area of any alarm condition. 5. Emergency Power: Provision for emergency power in case of a power cut to provide uninterrupted guest service. 6. Emergency Manual: Hotels maintain an emergency manual, detailing exits and help in the event of a variety of emergencies. 7. Employee Photo ID: For added security, some hotels have employees wearing a photo ID nametag allowing quick identification. 8. In-Room Safes: In addition to the safety deposit boxes offered by most hotels at the front desks, Some hotels provide in-room guest safes capable of holding a lap-top computer that use the guest’s own credit card as the key. 9. Guest elevators 10. Defibrillation Units: A life saving device in case of heart attacks, defibrillation units are starting to be deployed among police and emergency personnel across the nation. 1.4.2 Bomb threat security All hotels should prepare a emergency or contingency plan with logical and chronological steps to handle these situations. Handling Bomb threat by Front office staffs - As bomb threats are often received by phone, the person receiving the call should be prepared to obtain the below information: ( It would be ideal to prepare a checklist with the following points and kept on an area which is easily accessible by the staffs during such emergency ) 1. The time the call was received and on which telephone number or extension 2. Callers telephone number. ( If the hotel is having a operator board which displays the callers telephone number). 3. The Exact words of the person making the threat. 4. Listen to any background noises such as traffic, music, railway station, loud music etc. 5. Note down the gender of the caller and also the approximate age. 6. Any particular accent or familiar voice. Precautions and measures that may be taken in the above case:  Security nets and body searches for guests not known to the staff. 9

 Banqueting suites and other non-public areas should be security checked and locked after use.  Goods received and bags should be checked and kept tidy.  If a bomb threat is received via telephone, the telephone operator should note carefully what exactly is said, the time of the call received, the accent of the caller and background noise if any. After the alert the GM should stay put in the lobby where he can be reached easily.  Duties and responsibility of staff during an emergency should be well-defined.  The hotel should work closely with the police to keep them updated.  Chamber maids and HK supervisors should be trained to conduct security checks in the guest rooms. • Metal Detectors: Metal detectors are contrary to the hotel business; Bag searches may be a more friendly option if you find searches necessary. • X-Ray Luggage: many hotels started using x-ray machines for luggage that went through the main entrance. These machines are very expensive to maintain, they break down a lot, and they are not fool proof as TSA (Transportation Security Administration) has reminded us. • Bomb Dogs: Several hotels throughout the United States have sniffer dogs. This is a large expense and is not practical for 24-hour operation. Hotels that have them use them for random patrol, for investigating suspicious packages, and for a visible presence. • Countersurveillance : Part of the countersurveillance process includes behavioural recognition. The other component involves assigning an investigator to inspect the property on a regular basis to identify those who may be gathering information on the property. • Video Surveillance : Your digital video system should have analytics that can be used for counterterrorism. Your system should be able to “see” packages or bags left unattended, persons in unauthorized areas, license plate recognition, facial recognition, and many other bells and whistles. 10

1.4.3 data security Data security is defined by protecting sensitive information and data from being accessed, stolen, or damaged by unauthorized persons. Data security may be impacted by cyberattacks or data breaches and can have serious consequences for businesses. HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR HOTEL DATA SECURITY? Improving hotel data security is an important step all hotels need to take in order to protect themselves from possible attacks. Keep reading to find out some steps that can be taken. 1. Make sure hotel equipment is only used for intended purposes A good way to prevent information from leaking is to only allow the hotel computers and business devices to be used for their intended purposes. For example, if employees check their personal email or social media accounts, it’s easier for malware to be installed accidentally or for employees to fall for phishing attempts to their personal accounts. It’s recommended that point-of-sale computers are used only for this purpose and for no other. 2.Back up data regularly and keep systems up-to-date Backing up data such as financial records, business plans, and confidential customer information to a backup server separate from the main system is a good strategy. Back ups should take place on a daily basis to a cloud storage, followed by weekly, quarterly and yearly server backups. In the case you were attacked then you would have the data available on another server. It’s also important for your devices and systems to be regularly updated with anti-virus software to keep them safe. 3.Compartmentalize networks The best practice to avoid breaches is to compartmentalize networks for their respective purposes. For example, you don’t want guests connecting to the same Wi-Fi as the network used for your hotel PMS. As many hotels nowadays provide free Wi-Fi, it’s important that you have a designated Wifi for guests and a separate one for the corporate network as letting anyone connect to your corporate network can leave hotels vulnerable. Furthermore, mobile phones and devices used by staff should be limited to the corporate network via firewalls. 11

4.Use secure passwords Password security is fundamental to preventing data breaches. Make sure to frequently update your passwords, and use unique passwords for each program. If you don’t use different passwords for different accounts, then the hacker will be able to access all your accounts more easily, so change your passwords monthly, using a password generator or other smart tool. Don’t just use variations on the same password every time. 5.Education is key Educate your staff about possible breaches. It’s important that employees recognize phishing attempts in order to protect them against attacks, and learn how to detect and deal with problems to minimize potential damage to the hotel’s data and reputation. • In Security, flow is through alarms, access control, video, reports and admin functions, and even patrol systems. Physical Security is using more “bandwidth” and more “systems” than ever before. • Convergence has been the term used in most security circles to describe the new relationship between these two entities. If you have ever had any drug recognition training, you know that convergence means two eyes working together to focus on one target. • If that is true, then we don’t have to look at IT as a threat or an intruder in our world, but one with whom we can collaborate to achieve a common goal. • After all, one eye without the other cannot perceive depthThe fact is there are hardly any projects or any equipment you will acquire where you won’t need the expertise of the IT department. • A good IT department can go one step farther and alert you when problems occur. Web filters can monitor attempts to enter pornography sites, emails with key words, unusual login times and frequency, access level violations, etc. • These triggers can be set in advance with a consistent response from Security and Human Resources (HR) 12

1.5 ORGANISATIOIN CHART OF SECURITY General manager Director of security Security manager Security supervisors Security Officers Security Guards Fig.1.3 organization chart of security department SECURITY MANAGER: Security managers oversee asset protection for businesses and companies, from the protection of people and staff to the prevention of theft and inventory loss. These professionals develop and implement security standards and ensure that they are followed by all company staff. As a security manager, you might be in charge of managing a budget for security operations and hiring security staff.  Identify and protect company assets through the development and implementation of security protocols  Make sure that staff follow security procedures and guidelines through training programs and assessments  Ensure the safety of staff and customers within the workplace  Perform security process evaluations and inspections  Prepare the organization and staff for external inspections 13

 Manage the budget for security operations within an organization  Control security department spending  Hire and train security staff SECURITY SUPERVISOR: The Security Supervisor will oversee facility security to protect all company assets. The Security Supervisor may also manage and/or implement security protocols related to the storage of confidential information and documents.  Provides and/or implements security and security protocols for all assigned facilities and information systems.  Takes proactive steps to provide a safe and secure working environment to staff and visitors.  Provides specialized security for and monitors access to limited and restricted access areas such as inventory areas, network equipment areas, and employee files and confidential records.  Conducts regular walk-through and security inspections for assigned facilities.  Where government projects are involved, serves as a liaison to government agencies concerning project security; assists with security clearance processing for employees working on government classified programs.  Performs other related duties as assigned. SECURITY OFFICER: Provide information about the type of services or products you sell, the place, object, or person in need of security, and the size and hierarchy of the staff. Include specifics that will intrigue potential candidates to continue to read. A hotel security officers is responsible for providing safety in hotels. They help protect guests and their valuables, as well as fellow hotel employees. Typically, hotel security guards do not carry firearms, although there might be weapons on the premises they can access if required. Their typical duties and responsibilities include:  Patrolling the hotel premises (both interior and exterior)  Checking the parking area and ensuring there are no unauthorized vehicles  Ensuring all hotel doors are locked and that all rooms are properly silent  Monitoring who enters, and who leaves, the hotel 14

 Filling in the security log (this is a small report of what areas have been checked)  Monitoring the security cameras  Responding to calls when colleagues need assistance  Escorting guests where necessary (e.g., if they are intoxicated and need to go to their room or if they are lost) Security Guard:  Ensure that guests sign in upon arrival and exit.  Make guests aware of rules that must be adhered to.  Remove trespassers or unwanted individuals from the property.  Contact the relevant authorities if a crime is committed or an accident occurs.  Report to supervisors on a regular basis.  Record any suspicious activities to the supervisor. 1.6 SECURITY TRENDS • The evolving technologies is one of the buzziest trends in hotel security—the transition from key cards to “mobile keys.” Stephen Pollack, vice president of marketing for KABA, says, “This year and next will see a lot of new mobile access solutions being added to the marketplace.” • A number of major chains, as well as many independently owned hotels, have already begun to use this form of room security. In general, they have found that it aids in driving their loyalty programs and cuts time off of check-in and check-out procedures. • Some mobile keys even send alerts to guests’ phones to let them know if someone has entered their room while they were out. “From a hotel security standpoint, guests used to only get convenience or security. • Now we have millennial travellers who always have their mobile devices and are aiding in the creation of a hotel experience that is both convenient and secure,” explains Pollack. • Managing the daily operations of a hotel also requires behind-the-scenes security. There are a number of comprehensive security systems available on the market that can sync security measures like cameras and door locks and provide measurable data 15

1.7 SUMMARY • Hotel security system ensures guest safety, protection and personal property duration of guest stay in the hotel. • It also ensure protection of hotel property from hostile actions (theft, acts of vandalism etc) • Maintaining public order and ensuring proper behaviour in all public places of the hotel • Providing hotel guest with peace and privacy during their stay at the hotel. • It helps for proper behaviour as well as the honesty and integrity of all staff members. • It provides special services to ensure increasing security of high ranking officials. 1.6 KEYWORD  CCTV-closed-circuit television and is commonly known as video surveillance  Defibrillation Units- A defibrillator is a device that gives a high energy electric shock to the heart of someone who is in cardiac arrest  Data security- he practice of protecting digital information from unauthorized access, corruption, or theft throughout its entire lifecycle.  TSA -Transportation Security Administration  Guest luggage: Secure luggage storerooms and proper equipment such as luggage trolley and bell hop trolley should be provided. 1.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define key card system. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Write down the importance of security system in hotels. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 1.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions 16

Short Questions: 1. Define hotel security. 2. Explain bomb treats? 3. What is surveillance? 4. What are the physical aspects of security in hotels? 5. What is the uses of video surveillance ? 6. Draw the organisation chart of security. Long Questions: 1. Write down the job description of security manager. 2. What is the difference between internal security and external security? 3. Explain the different types of security in hotel industry 4. Why security measures are necessary in hotel industry. 5. Explain new trends in security departments. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. ------------------- device is used in bomb treat security a. Metal detector b. Fire alarm c. Machine d. Security camera 2. PMS stands for ------------- a. Proper maintenance system b. Property management system c. Power management system d. Performance management system 3. --------------------- is a large metal basket on wheels which is used by a cleaner in a hotel to move clean bed linen, towels, and cleaning equipment. a. Chamois leather b. maids bag c. maids cart d. linen hamper 4. CCTV stands for 17

a. Common circuit television b. Closed circuit television c. Compact circuit television d. Control circuit television 5. ------------ are used for alerting guest phones from a hotel security stand point. a. Wrist watch b. Mobile valet c. Mobile key d. Room key Answers 1-a, 2-b, 3-c. 4-b, 5-c 1.9 REFERENCES References book  Hotel housekeeping third edition ,Raghubalan.  Hospitality Security: Managing Security in Today’s Hotel, Lodging ...By Darrell Clifton. Textbook references  Hospitality Management Gajanan Shirke Website  https://www.slideshare.net/KalamKhadka/hotel-security-38680372  https://images.app.goo.gl/egccxqzWd432uQtF9  https://bngkolkata.com/safety-security/  https://lodgingmagazine.com/lock-it-down-hotel-security-trends/ 18

UNIT - 2:HOTEL SECURITY –II STRUCTURE 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Importance 2.3 First aid box 2.4 First aid procedure 2.4.1 Basic methods of first aid 2.4.2 Cardiopulmonary resuscitation 2.4.3 Stroke 2.4.4 Burns and scalds 2.4.5 Wound and bleeding 2.4.6 Fainting 2.4.7 Fracture 2.4.8 Sprain 2.5 Summary 2.6 Keywords 2.7 Learning Activity 2.8 Unit End Questions 2.9 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe first aid  Principle of first aid  State the first aid procedures 19

 List the items in first aid box 2.1 INTRODUCTION The initial assistance or treatment given to a casualty for any injury or sudden illness before the arrival of and ambulance, doctor, or other qualified person is called first aid . The motion of first aid and itself signifies that the casualty is likely to be in need of ‘secondary aid’ First Aid knowledge is invaluable for both you as the individual and for your community. It enables you to assist persons who become injured in the event of an accident or emergency situation until help arrives. First Aid skills can be applied in the home, the workplace or in public locations, therefore the more First Aid certified people there are in a community the safer that community becomes. Becoming First Aid certified not only benefits you as an individual, but it extends to your family, friends, co-workers and even the community as a whole. As unpleasant as it is to talk about, accidents and emergency situations are not completely preventable or unavoidable. If an accident happens in the workplace, in your home or in a public space, being a helpless witness to an emergency situation can potentially worsen the situation. 2.2 IMPORTANCE First aid is the first medical help that is provided to a patient at the site before any significant treatment. It aims to prevent complications before any definitive treatment. Sometimes, first aid is the preliminary support to someone undergoing a medical emergency. This may save their life till the time professional help arrives. First aid is also dealing with minor injuries such as treating bruises, cuts, insect stings, etc. There are certain important principles involved in first aid. These are listed as follows, the First aid provider must  Act calmly and logically  Be in control both of himself/herself and the problem  Be gentle but firm, and speak to the casualty kindly but purposefully  Build up trust by talking to the casualty kindly but purposefully  Explain to the casualty what he/she is going to do  Answer honestly and say so if he/she does not know the answer 20

 Never leave casualty alone but continue to talk to him/ her until the ambulance or doctor arrives  Send the casualty to a hospital or doctor by the quickest means of transport  Always inform the police about serious accidents and  Inform the relatives of the casualty 2.3 FIRST AID BOX First Aid Box  A first-aid box containing medical supplies for emergency use is usually kept in the housekeeping department.  A minimum variety of certain types of supplies should be ensured at all times.  A 17 ½ inch x 10 x 6 ½ inch dirt-proof box is ideal.  The first-aid box must at least contain the following items:  A first-aid book  Antiseptic cream-useful for cuts and bruises. Savlon or Dettol antiseptic solution- 2 bottles  Calamine lotion – a medicated liquid containing zinc carbonate, this has a soothing effect on painful sunburn. It can also relieve itching caused by minor insect bites and stings.  Antacid tablets—give relief from mild indigestion and heartburn, a burning sensation caused by stomach acid irritating the gullet.  Anti-diarrhea tablets—these are used to relieve diarrhea by slowing down bowel movements. Paracetamol—used for relieving pain and lowering a high temperature. Aspirin—used for relieving pain and lowering a high temperature. Its use should be restricted, however, as it may irritate the stomach lining.  Pain Relief spray—gives instant relief in back pain, joint pain, muscular pain, sprains & sports injuries. Chloromycetin eye ointment—2 tubes-This can be used in case of bacterial infections of the eye.  Soframycin skin ointment-2 tubes. This is used in bacterial infections of the skin and in burns too.  Travel sickness tablets—these can be taken before a journey or as directed on the label. 21

 Oil of cloves—for an aching tooth, this is used to provide temporary relief.  Clinical Thermometer—can be used either orally or under the arm. It should be cleaned with antiseptic after each use, even for the same patient.  Sterilized dressing (No.18)—12 packets; for use on fingers  Sterilized dressing (No. 24) —12 packets; for use on hands and feet.  Large sterilized dressing —-12 packets; for use on other parts.  Sterilized cotton wool —-6 packets; can be used to pad a dressing or to clean an injury with soap and hot water.  Crepe bandage—6 packets; may be needed to bandage a sprained or strained joint such as wrist or knee.  Adhesive plaster (Large)—can be used on minor wounds or to secure a dressing.  Adhesive dressing strip—for small cuts and wounds.  Roller bandages—various sizes, 18 packets, can be used to secure dressings, to apply pressure to control bleeding, and to give support to sprains or strains. Eye-pad—for placing on the eye in case of an eye injury. Tweezers—to remove splinters from the skin. Dressing Scissors—to use when cutting away dressing or bandages.  Safety pins—1 packet of 10; to be used for fixing bandages or slings in place.  Pad and pencil for writing—1 each. 2.4 FIRST AID PROCEDURE Biological hazards First aider may be exposed to biological substances such as blood-borne pathogens and communicable diseases, whilst dealing with a victim. These may result from dealing with: • Trauma related injuries • Resuscitation There are many different blood-borne pathogens that can be transmitted from a penetrating injury or mucous exposure, in particular, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immune deficiency Virus (HIV). 22

Other diseases not found in human blood may be carried in fluids such as saliva (e.g. Hepatitis A and the organism that cause meningitis) or animal blood and fluid. Universal Precautions: First aiders should equip themselves with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). This equipment is used to minimize infection from disease. Exposure sources: The following are common sources of exposure: • All human body fluids and secretions, especially any fluid with visible blood • Any other human material Exposure Routes: The following are typically means of exposure: • Punctures or cuts from sharp objects contaminated with blood/fluid • A spill of blood/fluid onto mucous membranes of the eyes, mouth and/or nose • A spill of blood/fluid onto skin that may or may not be intact • A laceration and contaminated with blood/fluid from a bite The expression ‘universal precaution’ refers to the risk management strategy used of communicable disease, by reducing contact with blood and other body substances. Universal Precaution include: • Wearing appropriate protective equipment for the task • Treating all person as if infectious • Washing following completion of task • Appropriate disposal of disposal protective items and/or equipments • Maintaining good hygiene practices before, during and after tasks involving contamination risk. Immediate action at scene following exposure: For an open wound • Encourage the wound to bleed, thoroughly wash with water for 15 minutes and dress 23

• Do not attempt to use a caustic solution to clean the wound • Seek medical advice as soon as possible For a splash to a mucous membrane • Flush splashes to nose, mouth or eyes thoroughly with water for 15 minutes • If the splash is in the mouth, spit out and thoroughly rinse out with water for 15 minutes • If the splash is in the eyes, irrigate with the eyes open for 15 minutes • Seek medical advice as soon as possible For a splash to the skin • At the scene, wash thoroughly with soap and water • Seek medical advice as soon as possible if the exposure is medium/high risk. Basic of First Aid Most injured or ill service members are able to return to their units to fight or support primarily because they are given appropriate and timely first aid followed by the best medical care possible. Therefore, all services members must remember the basics. 1. Check for BREATHING: Lack of oxygen intake (through a , brain damage or death in few minutes 2. Check for BLEEDING: Life cannot continue without an adequate volume of blood to carry oxygen to tissues 3. Check for SHOCK: Unless shock is prevented, first aid performed, and medical treatment provided, death may result even though the injury would not otherwise be fatal 2.4.1 BASIC MEASURES OF FIRST AID Lack of breathing and excessive loss of blood (circulation) . A casualty without a clear airway or who is not breathing may die from lack of oxygen. Excessive loss of blood may lead to shock, and shock can lead to death; therefore, you must act immediately to control the loss of blood. All wounds are considered to be contaminated, since infection-producing organism (germs) are always present on the skin and clothing, and in the soil, water, and air. Any missile or instrument (such as bullet, shrapnel, knife, or bayonet) causing a wound pushes or carries germs into that wound. Infection results as these organism multiply. That a wound is contaminated does not lessen the importance of protecting it from further as soon as possible to prevent further contamination 24

Fig.2.1 Emergency First Aid 2.4.2 Cardiopulmonary resusication Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a lifesaving technique that's useful in many emergencies, such as a heart attack or near drowning, in which someone's breathing or heartbeat has stopped. The American Heart Association recommends starting CPR with hard and fast chest compressions. This hands-only CPR recommendation applies to both untrained bystanders and first responders. If you're afraid to do CPR or unsure how to perform CPR correctly, know that it's always better to try than to do nothing at all. The difference between doing something and doing nothing could be someone's life. Here's advice from the American Heart Association:  Untrained. If you're not trained in CPR or worried about giving rescue breaths, then provide hands-only CPR. That means uninterrupted chest compressions of 100 to 120 a minute until paramedics arrive (described in more detail below). You don't need to try rescue breathing.  Trained and ready to go. If you're well-trained and confident in your ability, check to see if there is a pulse and breathing. If there is no pulse or breathing within 10 seconds, 25

begin chest compressions. Start CPR with 30 chest compressions before giving two rescue breaths.  Trained but rusty. If you've previously received CPR training but you're not confident in your abilities, then just do chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 a minute (details described below). The above advice applies to situations in which adults, children and infants need CPR, but not newborns (infants up to 4 weeks old). CPR can keep oxygen-rich blood flowing to the brain and other organs until emergency medical treatment can restore a typical heart rhythm. When the heart stops, the body no longer gets oxygen-rich blood. The lack of oxygen-rich blood can cause brain damage in only a few minutes. If you are untrained and have immediate access to a phone, call 108 or your local emergency number before beginning CPR. The dispatcher can instruct you in the proper procedures until help arrives. To learn CPR properly, take an accredited first-aid training course, including CPR and how to use an automated external defibrillator (AED). Remember to spell C-A-B The American Heart Association uses the letters C-A-B to help people remember the order to perform the steps of CPR.  C: compressions  A: airway  B: breathing 26

Fig:2.1 CAB Compressions: Restore blood flow Compressions means you'll use your hands to push down hard and fast in a specific way on the person's chest. Compressions are the most important step in CPR. Follow these steps for performing CPR compressions: 1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface. 2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders. 3. Place the lower palm (heel) of your hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. 4. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands. 5. Push straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches (5 centimeters) but no more than 2.4 inches (6 centimeters). Use your entire body weight (not just your arms) when doing compressions. 27

6. Push hard at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute. The American Heart Association suggests performing compressions to the beat of the song \"Stayin' Alive.\" Allow the chest to spring back (recoil) after each push. 7. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until there are signs of movement or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, go on to opening the airway and rescue breathing. Airway: Open the airway If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the person's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver. Put your palm on the person's forehead and gently tilt the head back. Then with the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. Breathing: Breathe for the person Rescue breathing can be mouth-to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing if the mouth is seriously injured or can't be opened. Current recommendations suggest performing rescue breathing using a bag-mask device with a high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter. 1. After opening the airway (using the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre), pinch the nostrils shut for mouth-to-mouth breathing and cover the person's mouth with yours, making a seal. 2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Give the first rescue breath — lasting one second — and watch to see if the chest rises. 3. If the chest rises, give a second breath. 4. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre and then give a second breath. Thirty chest compressions followed by two rescue breaths is considered one cycle. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too much force. 5. Resume chest compressions to restore blood flow. 6. As soon as an automated external defibrillator (AED) is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Give one shock, then resume chest compressions for two more minutes before giving a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 108 operator or another emergency medical operator may be able to give you instructions. If an AED isn't available, go to step 5 below. 28

7. Continue CPR until there are signs of movement or emergency medical personnel take over. To perform CPR on a child The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through puberty is essentially the same as that for an adult — follow the C-A-B steps. The American Heart Association says you should not delay CPR and offers this advice on how to perform CPR on a child: Compressions: Restore blood flow If you are alone and didn't see the child collapse, start chest compressions for about two minutes. Then quickly call 108 or your local emergency number and get the AED if one is available. If you're alone and you did see the child collapse, call 108 or your local emergency number first. Then get the AED, if available, and start CPR. If another person is with you, have that person call for help and get the AED while you start CPR. 1. Place the child on his or her back on a firm surface. 2. Kneel next to the child's neck and shoulders. 3. Place two hands (or only one hand if the child is very small) on the lower half of the child's breastbone (sternum). 4. Using the heel of one or both hands, press straight down on (compress) the chest about 2 inches (approximately 5 centimeters) but not greater than 2.4 inches (approximately 6 centimeters). Push hard and fast — 100 to 120 compressions a minute. 5. If you haven't been trained in CPR, continue chest compressions until the child moves or until emergency medical personnel take over. If you have been trained in CPR, open the airway and start rescue breathing. Airway: Open the airway If you're trained in CPR and you've performed 30 chest compressions, open the child's airway using the head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver.  Place your palm on the child's forehead and gently tilt his or her head back.  With the other hand, gently lift the chin forward to open the airway. Breathing: Breathe for the child 29

Follow these steps for mouth-to-mouth breathing for a child. 1. After using the head-tilt, chin-lift man oeuvre to open the airway, pinch the child's nostrils shut. Cover the child's mouth with yours, making a seal. 2. Breathe into the child's mouth for one second and watch to see if the chest rises. If it rises, give a second breath. If the chest doesn't rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift man oeuvre first, and then give the second breath. Be careful not to provide too many breaths or to breathe with too much force. 3. After the two breaths, immediately begin the next cycle of compressions and breaths. Note: If there are two people available to do CPR on the child, change rescuers every two minutes — or sooner if the rescuer is fatigued — and give one to two breaths every 15 compressions. 4. As soon as an AED is available, apply it and follow the prompts. As soon as an AED is available, apply it and follow the prompts. Use pediatric pads for children older than 4 weeks old and up to age 8. If pediatric pads aren't available, use adult pads. Give one shock, then restart CPR — starting with chest compressions — for two more minutes before giving a second shock. If you're not trained to use an AED, a 108 operator or another emergency medical operator may be able to give you directions. Continue until the child moves or help arrives. To perform CPR on a baby 4 weeks old or older Cardiac arrest in babies is usually due to a lack of oxygen, such as from choking. If you know that the baby has an airway blockage, perform first aid for choking. If you don't know why the baby isn't breathing, perform CPR. First, evaluate the situation. Touch the baby and watch for a response, such as movement. Don't shake the baby. If there's no response, call 108 or your local emergency number, then immediately start CPR. Follow the compressions, airway and breathing (C-A-B) procedure (below) for a baby under age 1 (except newborns, which include babies up to 4 weeks old): If you saw the baby collapse, get the AED, if one is available, before beginning CPR. If another person is available, have that person call for help immediately and get the AED while you stay with the baby and perform CPR. 30

Compressions: Restore blood flow 1. Place the baby on his or her back on a firm, flat surface, such as a table or floor. 2. Imagine a horizontal line drawn between the baby's nipples. Place two fingers of one hand just below this line, in the centre of the chest. 3. Gently compress the chest about 1.5 inches (about 4 centimeters). 4. Count aloud as you push in a fairly rapid rhythm. You should push at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions a minute, just as you would when giving an adult CPR. Airway: Open the airway After 30 compressions, gently tip the head back by lifting the chin with one hand and pushing down on the forehead with the other hand. Breathing: Breathe for the baby 1. Cover the baby's mouth and nose with your mouth. 2. Prepare to give two rescue breaths. Use the strength of your cheeks to deliver gentle puffs of air (instead of deep breaths from your lungs) to slowly breathe into the baby's mouth one time, taking one second for the breath. Watch to see if the baby's chest rises. If it does, give a second rescue breath. If the chest does not rise, repeat the head-tilt, chin-lift manoeuvre and then give the second breath. 3. If the baby's chest still doesn't rise, continue chest compressions. 4. Give two breaths after every 30 chest compressions. If two people are performing CPR, give one to two breaths after every 15 chest compressions. 5. Continue CPR until you see signs of life or until medical personnel arrive. 2.4.3 stroke A stroke may cause loss of balance or unconsciousness, which may result in a fall. If you think you or someone around you may be having a stroke, follow these steps:  Call emergency services. If you’re having stroke symptoms, have someone else call for you. Stay as calm as possible while waiting for emergency help. 31

 If you’re caring for someone else having a stroke, make sure they’re in a safe, comfortable position. Preferably, this should be lying on one side with their head slightly raised and supported in case they vomit.  Check to see if they’re breathing. If they’re not breathing, perform CPR. If they’re having difficulty breathing, loosen any constrictive clothing, such as a tie or scarf.  Talk in a calm, reassuring manner.  Cover them with a blanket to keep them warm.  Don’t give them anything to eat or drink.  If the person is showing any weakness in a limb, avoid moving them.  Observe the person carefully for any change in condition. Be prepared to tell the emergency operator about their symptoms and when they started. Be sure to mention if the person fell or hit their head. Know the signs of a stroke Depending on the severity of the stroke, symptoms may be subtle or severe. Before you can help, you need to know what to watch for. To check for warning signs of a stroke, use the FAST acronym, which stands for:  Face: Is the face numb or does it droop on one side?  Arms: Is one arm numb or weaker than the other? Does one arm stay lower than the other when trying to raise both arms?  Speech: Is speech slurred or garbled?  Time: If you answered yes to any of the above, it’s time to call emergency services immediately. Other stroke symptoms include: • blurred vision, dim vision, or loss of vision, especially in one eye • tingling, weakness, or numbness on one side of the body • nausea • loss of bladder or bowel control • headache 32

• dizziness or light-headedness • loss of balance or consciousness If you or someone else has stroke symptoms, don’t take a wait-and-see approach. Even if symptoms are subtle or go away, take them seriously. It only takes minutes for brain cells to start dying. The risk of disability decreases if clot-busting drugs are administered within 4.5 hours Trusted Source, according to guidelines from the American Heart Association (AHA) and American Stroke Association (ASA). These guidelines also state that mechanical clot removals can be performed up to 24 hours after the start of stroke symptoms. Causes of stroke A stroke occurs when the blood supply to the brain is interrupted or when there’s bleeding in the brain. An ischemic stroke happens when arteries to the brain are blocked by a blood clot. Many ischemic strokes are caused by a buildup of plaque in your arteries. If a clot forms within an artery in the brain, it’s called thrombotic stroke. Clots that form somewhere else in your body and travel to the brain may cause embolic stroke. A hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds. A transient ischemic attack (TIA), or ministroke, may be hard to identify by symptoms alone. It’s a quick event. Symptoms go away completely within 24 hours and often last fewer than five minutes. TIA is caused by a temporary block of blood flow to the brain. It’s a sign that a more severe stroke may be coming. Stroke recovery After first aid and treatment, the stroke recovery process varies. It depends on many factors, such as how fast treatment was received or if the person has other medical conditions. The first stage of recovery is known as acute care. It takes place in a hospital. During this stage, your condition is assessed, stabilized, and treated. It’s not unusual for someone who’s had a stroke to stay in the hospital for up to a week. But from there, the recovery journey is often just beginning. Rehabilitation is usually the next stage of stroke recovery. It may take place in the hospital or an inpatient rehabilitation center. If stroke complications aren’t severe, rehabilitation may be outpatient. 33

The goals of rehabilitation are:  strengthen motor skills  improve mobility  limit use of the unaffected limb to encourage mobility in the affected limb  use range-of-motion therapy to ease muscle tension 2.4.4 burns & scalds  Stop the burning process as soon as possible. This may mean removing the person from the area, dousing flames with water, or smothering flames with a blanket. Do not put yourself at risk of getting burnt as well.  Remove any clothing or jewellery near the burnt area of skin, including babies' nappies. But do not try to remove anything that's stuck to the burnt skin, as this could cause more damage.  Cool the burn with cool or lukewarm running water for 20 minutes as soon as possible after the injury. Never use ice, iced water, or any creams or greasy substances like butter.  Keep yourself or the person warm. Use a blanket or layers of clothing, but avoid putting them on the injured area. Keeping warm will prevent hypothermia, where a person's body temperature drops below 35C (95F). This is a risk if you're cooling a large burnt area, particularly in young children and elderly people.  Cover the burn with cling film. Put the cling film in a layer over the burn, rather than wrapping it around a limb. A clean clear plastic bag can be used for burns on your hand.  Treat the pain from a burn with paracetamol or ibuprofen. Always check the manufacturer's instructions when using over-the-counter medication. Children under 16 years of age should not be given aspirin.  Sit upright as much as possible if the face or eyes are burnt. Avoid lying down for as long as possible, as this will help reduce swelling. When to go to hospital: 34

Once you have taken these steps, you'll need to decide whether further medical treatment is necessary. Go to a hospital accident and emergency (A&E) department for:  large or deep burns bigger than the affected person's hand  burns of any size that cause white or charred skin  burns on the face, hands, arms, feet, legs or genitals that cause blisters  all chemical and electrical burns Also get medical help straight away if the person with the burn:  has other injuries that need treating  is going into shock – signs include cold, clammy skin, sweating, rapid, shallow breathing, and weakness or dizziness  is pregnant  is over the age of 60  is under the age of 5  has a medical condition, such as heart, lung or liver disease, or diabetes  has a weakened immune system (the body's defence system) – for example, because of HIV or AIDS, or because they're having chemotherapy for cancer If someone has breathed in smoke or fumes, they should also seek medical attention. Some symptoms may be delayed, and can include: • coughing • a sore throat • difficulty breathing • singed nasal hair • facial burns 35

Electrical burns Electrical burns may not look serious, but they can be very damaging. Someone who has an electrical burn should seek immediate medical attention at an department. If the person has been injured by a low-voltage source (up to 220 to 240 volts) such as a domestic electricity supply, safely switch off the power supply or remove the person from the electrical source using a material that doesn't conduct electricity, such as a wooden stick or a wooden chair. Do not approach a person who's connected to a high-voltage source (1,000 volts or more). Acid and Chemical Burns : It can be very damaging and require immediate medical attention at an department. If possible, find out what chemical caused the burn and tell the healthcare professionals If you're helping someone else, put on appropriate protective clothing and then: remove any contaminated clothing on the person if the chemical is dry, brush it off their skin use running water to remove any traces of the chemical from the burnt area Sun burn: In cases of sunburn, follow the advice below: If you notice any signs of sunburn, such as hot, red and painful skin, move into the shade or preferably inside. Take a cool bath or shower to cool down the burnt area of skin. Apply after sun lotion to the affected area to moisturize, cool and soothe it. Don't use greasy or oily products. If you have any pain, paracetamol or ibuprofen should help relieve it. Always read the manufacturer's instructions and do not give aspirin to children under the age of 16. Stay hydrated by drinking plenty of water. Watch out for signs of heat exhaustion or heatstroke, where the temperature inside your body rises to 37 to 40C (98.6 to 104F) or above. Symptoms include dizziness, a rapid pulse or vomiting. 36

If a person with heat exhaustion is taken to a cool place quickly, given water to drink and has their clothing loosened, they should start to feel better within half an hour. 2.4.5 wound & bleeding A wound is an abnormal break in the continuity of the tissues of the body. Any wound will, to a greater or lesser extent, result in either internal or external bleeding. Severe blood loss could result in shock, so it is important to treat wounds promptly. There are several types of wound – identification and treatment are detailed here. Types and basic treatment of wounds Contusion is a bruise. Contusions are caused by ruptured capillaries bleeding under the skin. Typically, these are caused by a blow or by bleeds caused by an underlying problem such as a fracture. Put an ice pack on the affected area or place the area under cold running water as soon as possible. Abrasion is a graze. This is the result of the top layer of skin being scraped off, usually as the result of a sliding fall or a friction burn. Abrasions can often contain particles of dirt which could lead to infection. Any dirt that is not embedded in the graze should be removed with clean water and sterile swabs. Always clean from the centre of the wound outwards to reduce the risk of introducing more dirt into the wound. Laceration is a rip or tear in the skin. These are more likely to have particles of dirt than a cut but tend to bleed less. Treat as a bleed and prevent infection. Incision is a clean cut. These wounds are usually caused by a sharp object, such as broken glass or a knife. If the wound is deep, it could provide complications such as severed tendons or blood vessels. These wounds tend to bleed freely and may even ‘gape open’. Treat as a bleed and prevent infection. Puncture is a stab wound. These wounds can be caused by such implements as a nail or actually being stabbed. The wound is likely to be deep but may appear to be small in diameter. Damage may be deep, hitting underlying organs such as the lungs or heart, and may cause severe internal bleeding. Dial 108 for an ambulance if you suspect the wound has penetrated deep enough to damage any organs or cause internal bleeding. If the object is embedded in the puncture do not remove it as it may be stemming the bleed, and removal may cause further damage. Gun shot is caused by a bullet or other missile travelling at a high enough speed to drive into and possibly exit the body. There may be a small entry wound and a larger, ‘crater’ exit wound. 37

2.4.6 fainting It is a temporary loss of consciousness that happens when there isn't enough blood going to the brain because of a drop in blood pressure. Blood pressure can drop from dehydration, a quick change in position, standing or sitting still for a long period, or a sudden fear of something (such as the sight of blood). It's important to get medical care to figure out what brought on the fainting episode and help prevent it from happening again. Signs and Symptoms Someone who is about to faint might have: • dizziness • light headedness • paleness • unsteady balance • vision changes • fast or irregular heartbeat • sweating • nausea or vomiting What to Do? Whether your child is about to faint or already fainted: loosen tight clothing, make sure the area is well-ventilated, wipe your child's face with a cool washcloth, and don't let him or her stand or walk until feeling much better. If your child seems about to faint: Have him or her lie down or sit down with the head between the knees. If your child has fainted: Have him or her lie flat with feet slightly elevated. Don't move your child if you think the fall might have caused an injury. 38

2.4.7 fracture A bone fracture is a medical condition that occurs when significant pressure is exerted on the bones, caused by: falls, traffic accidents, or bone stress (to which stress fractures in athletes are attributed). Besides, fractures may be attributed to some medical conditions that weaken the bones, such as: osteoporosis and some cancers. Fractures caused by diseases are referred to as pathologic fractures. Common fractures are of two types: Closed fracture: where the damaged bone does not tear through the skin; and Open (compound) fracture: where the skin is torn and penetrated by the damaged bone. Open fractures are more serious. Symptoms: The signs and symptoms of a fracture vary according to the affected area, severity of the injury, and which bone is affected, as well as the patient's age and general health. However, they often include some of the following:  Pain, swelling and bruising;  Discolored skin around the affected area;  Angulation: the affected area may be bent at an unusual angle;  Inability to move the affected area;  In the case of open fractures, where the skin is torn: bleeding;  When a large bone is affected, such as the pelvis or femur, other symptoms develop, including skin paleness, nausea and dizziness (feeling faint). First aid of fractures:  Stop bleeding, especially in the case of open fracture where the skin is torn, by wrapping the wound with a sterile bandage or a clean cloth.  Avoid moving the affected area; any movement can result in serious complications— especially in the case of neck and back fractures.  Cool the affected area by applying and ice pack or ice cubes wrapped in a clean cloth. 39

 Treat the patient's shock: help them get into a comfortable position, encourage them to rest, and reassure them. Cover them with a blanket or clothing to keep them warm.  Call the ambulance, and help the patient get to the emergency department for examination and treatment. Cast care: A cast may be used to treat fractures, by fixing the damaged bones. Casts are necessary for better healing, and mitigating the pain caused by bone movement. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the cast, to reduce the risk of complications, and avoid infection. Following are some cast care instructions:  It is common to experience swelling of the fracture area, which results in a feeling of discomfort at first. To mitigate swelling, it is advisable to place the cast on pillows, and elevate it above the level of the heart, for 24 - 48 hours.  Use cold compresses, by applying a pack of ice, or a clean cloth including ice cubes, to the swollen area. It is advisable to use compresses for 20 minutes every two hours. But avoid applying ice directly to the skin.  Take painkillers (e.g., acetaminophen or ibuprofen) for at least 48 hours to reduce pain.  Keep the cast dry while bathing, and make sure that water does not get into it. Before you bathe, wrap your cast with two layers of plastic. Then put a plastic bag over it. Keep the plastic bag tightly sealed by using and adhesive tape.  If the cast gets wet, it must be dried immediately. You may use a hairdryer on a cool setting (never use the hot settings because it might burn your skin).  Keep the cast clean, and keep it away from dirt or sand, so as not to be infected.  Never insert any objects (pens, etc.) into the cast when feeling itchy. This may damage the skin, and cause infection. 2.4.8 sprain Strains are injuries to muscle or tendons (which connect muscle to bone) due to overstretching. Sprains involve a stretch or a partial tear of ligaments (which connect two bones). Sprains and strains happen more often in teens than in younger children. Signs and Symptoms 40

• pain in the joint or muscle • swelling and bruising • warmth and redness of the injured area • trouble moving the injured part What to Do Make sure your child stops activity right away. Think R.I.C.E. for the first 48 hours after the injury: • Rest: Rest the injured part until it's less painful. • Ice: Wrap an icepack or cold compress in a towel and place over the injured part immediately. Continue for no more than 20 minutes at a time, four to eight times a day. • Compression: Support the injured part with an elastic compression bandage for at least 2 days. • Elevation: Raise the injured part above heart level to decrease swelling. 2.5 SUMMARY  A simple way to remember the aims of first aid is to think of the “Three Ps”- Preserve / Prevent / Promote.  A wound is an injury in which the skin is cut or penetrated.  Bleeding, technically known as hemorrhaging, is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system.  First aid mnemonic PEEP to remember how to deal with a severe bleeds. Position, Expose & examine, Elevation, Pressure.  Shock is a syndrome that results from a decrease in effective circulating blood volume in the body as a result of injury or illness  Shock, a potentially life-threatening condition in which the organs and tissues of the body are not receiving an adequate flow of blood.  To manage severe injuries, follow. DRSABCD ( Danger, Response, Send, Airway, Breathing, CPR, Defibrillation) A break or crack in a bone is called a fracture.  A dislocation is where a bone has been displaced from its normal position at a joint. 41

 Respiratory emergencies are medical emergencies characterized by difficulty in breathing or inability to breathe.  Poisonous bites.  CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It’s a lifesaving medical procedure which is given to someone who is in cardiac arrest. It helps to pump blood around the person’s body when their heart can’t.  There are 6 Major CPR steps.  Bandages are used to prevent contamination of wound by hold dressings in position, provide support to the part that is injured, sprained or dislocated joint and to prevent & control hemorrhage. 2.6 KEYWORDS • Wound – An injury to living tissues usually characterized as skin cut or broken, typically open or closed. • Sprain – An injury to the tissues surrounding a joint where ligaments are either stretched or torn that causes pain and swelling but not dislocated • Stroke- Medical emergency when there is not enough oxygen or nutrients in a person’s brain because of a blood clot or bleeding in the brain. • Fracture- A medical term for a broken bone. Bone fractures usually require immediate hospital care. • Defibrillator- A device that uses electrical shocks to restore normal heartbeat and correct abnormal heart rhythm. • Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)- (AKA: Chest Compressions)/Rescue Breathing (AKA: Artificial Respiration) Also abbreviated as CPR. A life-saving first aid procedure of chest compressions given to patients who is in cardiac arrest. This medical process helps patient’s body pump blood when the heart fails 2.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define first aid. 42

___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. List out the first aid for fracture. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions: 1. Define CPR. 2. Explain ABC 3. Describe the symptoms of heart attack? 4. What are the important points should be consider in first aid procedure? 5. What is Rehabilitation? Long Questions: 1. What should I have in my first aid kit? 2. What is the first aid treatment for a crush injury? 3. What is the treatment for a casualty with diabetes who is sweating, trembling and confused? 4. How should you warm a casualty with hypothermia? 5. What is the treatment for a casualty with a suspected fractured ankle? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. What would you give to someone who seems to have a heart attack? a. Massage b. CPR c. Aspirin d. paracetamol 2. Which test should you use if you suspect that a casualty has had a stroke? a. Face, Arms, Speech, Test. 43

b. Alert, Voice, Pain, Unresponsive. c. Response, Airway, Breathing, Circulation. d. Pulse, Respiratory Rate, Temperature 3. Which medical condition will develop from severe blood loss? a. Shock. b. Hypoglycemia. c. Anaphylaxis. d. Hypothermia. 4. What is a faint? a. A response to fear. b. An unexpected collapse. c. A brief loss of consciousness. d. A sign of flu. 5. What steps would you take to control bleeding from a nosebleed? a. Sit casualty down, lean forward and pinch soft part of nose. b. Sit casualty down, lean backward and pinch soft part of nose. c. Lie casualty down and pinch soft part of nose. d. Lie casualty down and pinch top of nose. Answers 1-b, 2-a, 3-a, 4-c, 5-a 2.8 REFERENCES References book  Hotel housekeeping third edition ,G.Ragubalan.  Hospitality Security: Managing Security in Today’s Hotel, Lodging ...By Darrell Clifton. Textbook references  Hotel housekeeping third edition ,G.Ragubalan. Website  http://msdma.gov.in/publications/Basic_First_Aid_Manual_English.pdf 44

 https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/burns-and-scalds/treatment/ UNIT - 3: HANDLING EMERGENCY PROCEDURES STRUCTURE 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Importance 3.3 Types of emergency situation encountered in hotels 3.3.1 Bomb Threat emergency situation. 3.3.2 Fire Threat emergency situation. 3.3.3 Death of an In-house Guests in the hotel. 3.3.4 Accident emergency situation. 3.3.5 Lost and Found. 3.3.6 Theft emergency situation. 3.3.7 Illness and Epidemics emergency situation. 3.3.8 Vandalism. 3.3.9 Damage to property by the guest. 3.3.10 Handling drunken guest. 3.4 Summary 3.5 Keywords 3.6 Learning Activity 3.7 Unit End Questions 3.8 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe emergency situation  Identifying the content of different situation  Understand the procedures to be followed in case of an emergency.  How to deal with emergency situation 45

 Understand responsibilities of the staff.  The Flow chart of the procedures 3.1 INTRODUCTION The nature of all emergencies is the same they are uncontrollable and unforeseen. Thus, all properties must be prepared for it and have emergency plan put down in writing. Emergency may come in any form- earthquake, floods, tsunamis, bomb threats and so on. In this unit we shall discuss the various methods to handle emergencies that arises in an hospitality Sector to ensure safety of guests and avoid any losses to both guests as well as to the Hotel. This unit discusses various emergency situations that arise in a Hotel and the methods and procedures to be followed in such situations. 3.2 IMPORTANCE It is important to practice emergency procedure/ Drills regularly in order to identify any weakness in the current emergency situation. This process can reveal weakness like a shortage of equipment, supplies, and trained personnel. It also helps to improve workers moral when faced with the emergency. It plays a significant role in the hospitality industry providing the highest level of safety standards and security ensures prevention of an accident before it becomes a major issue causing loss of life and property. 3.3 10 TYPES OF EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ENCOUNTERED IN HOTELS  Bomb Threat emergency situation.  Fire Threat emergency situation.  Death of an In-house Guests in the hotel.  Accident emergency situation.  Lost and Found.  Theft emergency situation.  Illness and Epidemics emergency situation.  Vandalism.  Damage to property by the guest.  Handling drunken guest. 46

3.3.1 Bomb Threat Emergency Situation: In case of any call received regarding the bomb threat, the hotel should tie-up with the local police authority and follow their instructions. The person who receives the call should take complete details of the situation and should even try to note down the voice and accent of the person calling regarding a bomb threat. Immediately the hotel should inform the anti-bomb squad and should defuse the bomb after locating the place where it is planted. Signal the colleague to also listen in the call and try to find out the location through the exchange. Listen to the caller carefully and make it prolong and get all the information carefully like the place where planted, time of explosion and strength of explosives. If possible, this call may be taped and note the background noise and try to gain information from accent and police to be informed. Immediately after disconnection, the G M and security officer has to be informed. If the location is identified the department head should be also informed People from that suspected area have to be evacuated from that particular location. After “all clear” signal from the police, the normal process of the hotel can be continued. 3.3.2 Fire Threat Emergency Situation: Fire is the most common emergency situation which could break in the hotel at any point in time. The most probable reason for a fire break in the hotels can be a kitchen or faulty electrical wirings in the hotel. The concerned staff should be immediately informed and fire brigade should be informed immediately. Do not panic, If the hotel staff is well versed with the firefighting equipment then immediately fire extinguisher should be used. The supply of electricity and gas should be immediately turned off whenever any information regarding fire comes to the hotel. FIRE PREVENTION, FIRE FIGHTING AND FIRE CONTROL:- INTRODCTION ABOUT THE FIRE SAFETY:- FIRE: - A fire occurs when the elements i.e. heat, fuel, oxygen and chemical chain reaction are present and combined in the right mixture. A fire can be prevented or extinguished by removing any one of the elements in the fire tetrahedron. Essentially all four elements must be present for fire to occur, heat, fuel oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. CLASSES OF FIRE:  Class A - fires involving solid materials such as wood, paper or textiles. 47

 Class B - fires involving flammable liquids such as petrol, diesel or oils.  Class C - fires involving gases.  Class D - fires involving metals.  Class E - fires involving live electrical apparatus. (Technically ‘Class E’ doesn’t exists however this is used for convenience here)  Class F - fires involving cooking oils such as in deep-fat fryers. CHARACTERISTICS OF FIRE: In order to protect yourself from fire, it is important to understand the basic characteristics of fires. A fire has many characteristics and some of them are listed below:  A fire can occur at any time.  Short circuit is one of the leading causes of fire.  In just two minutes, a residence can be engulfed in flames.  The water is the best medium to fight fires except electrical and oil fires.  Most deaths due to fire occur at night when people are sleeping.  Fire produces gases that make you drowsy.  Smoke and poisonous gases are the primary killer in fires.  Instead of being awakened by fire, you may fall into a deeper sleep.  Asphyxiation is the leading cause of fire deaths exceeding burns.  Heat and smoke from fire can be more dangerous than the flames.  Inhaling the super-hot air can sear your lungs.  Pouring water on electrical or oil fires will be dangerous. POTENTIAL FIRE HAZARDS: The best measures to be adopted for the prevention of a fire are to eliminate potential fire hazards. Therefore, you need to know what fire hazards are and what you should do to remove them from your home or workplace. Some potential fire hazards are listed below:  Electric wiring in poor condition.  Electric system those are overloaded, resulting in hot wiring or connections, or failed components.  Storage of flammable liquids. 48

 Storage of combustibles with insufficient protection.  Storage of combustibles near equipment that generate heat, flame or sparks.  Smoking of cigarettes, cigars, pipes, beedis, etc.  Ignition sources such as candles, lighters, match, etc.  Equipment that generates heat and utilizes combustibles.  Use of cooking appliances, stoves, furnaces, boilers, heaters, ovens, etc. disregarding safety guidelines.  Poor housekeeping practices. FIRE PREVENTION: A fire can occur at any time. Therefore, various measures are to be adopted in advance to prevent a fire in your building. Some of the measures need to be adopted are given below:  Prohibit smoking in storage areas of flammable materials.  If electrical equipment is not working properly or if it gives off an unusual odour disconnect the equipment and call the duty electrician.  Properly replace any electrical cord that is cracked or has broken connection.  When using extension cords, protect them from damage. Do not put them across doorways or any place where they will be stepped on or chafed. Check the amperage load specified by the manufacturer.  Do not plug an extension cord into another, and do not plug more than one extension cord into one outlet.  Keeps all heat producing appliances away from the wall and away from anything that might burn and spread fire. Leave plenty of space for air to circulate around equipment that normally gives off heat.  Make sure all appliances in your area such as hot plates, ovens, toasters, mixers, grinders, geezers, clothing irons are turned off when not in use.  Use ash trays and empty them only when you are sure the ashes, matches and butts are cold.  Make sure that no one including visitors has left cigarettes smoldering in waste – baskets or on furniture’s, sofas, beds, etc.  Keep storage areas, stairway landings and other out of way locations free of waste paper, empty cartons, dirty rags and other material that could fuel a fire.  Report all fire hazards to the institute security & fire safety wing.  Create awareness to use fire retardant furniture’s, carpets, curtains, etc.  Follow good housekeeping practices – because a clean house is a safe house. 49

Fire Safety Precautions  Don't overload outlets with multiple outlet cords or plugs. If additional outlets are required, use an IS marked multi-outlet \"power strip\" with its own built-in circuit breaker.  Careless smoking, use of candles and incense, and unattended cooking appliances remain major causes of fatal fires in residential buildings. Use of fire crackers, hot work, and open fire is prohibited in all buildings. Keep walkways, stairwells and exits free from obstructions at all times.  Report immediately if you observe/noticed damaged fire equipment and other fire hazards to Campus security and Fire Safety wing.  Do not open fire hydrant/hose reel water for unnecessarily use.  Do not misuse of Fire Extinguisher. KITCHEN FIRE: - Thousands of fire incidents occur every year in which many residential structures are also involved. Majority of the fire incidents, in residential houses, have actually emanated from the kitchen, while cooking food, which had been left unattended, on the stove.  Never leave your cooking unattended. The cooking vessel could overflow and extinguish the burners, causing gas to leak.  Never get distracted. If you are called away, turn off the gas.  Keep the flame from extending past the pot side -Turn pot handles away from the stove edge.  Be especially careful when cooking with oil or fat. Fats and cooking oils will ignite once they have reached a certain temperature.  Never use water to put out fat and oil fires. Water can cause a fire to spread rapidly and inflict horrific burns.  Ensure good ventilation in your kitchen by keeping the windows open.  Never allow a child to cook without adult supervision.  Wear tight-fitting sleeves when cooking.  Do not place flammable or plastic items near the flame.  Close the regulator knob to OFF position when the cylinder is not in use. 50