CU-BA-Sem VI-English VI

________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 7.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS Short Questions 1. What is the meaning of phonemic transcription? 2. How do you transcribe phonetically? 3. Discuss the role of phonetics in English. 4. Why intonation is important in speaking? 5. How intonation changes meaning of a sentence? Long Questions 1. Why phonetic transcription is important? 2. What are Phonetic Alphabets? 3. What is Phonemic Transcription? 4. What is the difference between Phonetic and Phonemic Transcription? 5. What is Phonetic Transcription? Multiple choice questions 1. Allow us to express emotions: finality, confidence, interest, surprise, doubt etc. This statement refer to.... a. Discourse Functions b. Grammatical functions c. Accentual functions d. Attitudinal functions 2. Which of sentences below shows the rise- fall intonation? a. It can be true b. Red, yellow, green and blue c. All of them d. It won't hurt 3. All of the answers below show the types of attitudinal functions except a. Discourse function 201

b. Fall rise intonation c. Rise intonation d. Fall intonation 4. “He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. His brother is.” Which sentence convey meaning stated above? a. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. b. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. c. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. d. He isn't flying to Paris tomorrow. 5. You'll get it right. What is the function of the sentence above? a. To express disappointment b. To seek confirmation c. To encourage d. To list Answers: 1. d, 2.c, 3. a, 4. b, 5. c 7.8 REFERENCES Reference Books  Gerry T.M. Altmann-Cognitive Models of Speech Processing  Fred Lerdahl, Ray S. Jackendoff- Generative Theory of Tonal Music, A  Emmanuel Dupoux- Language, Brain, and Cognitive Development  William D. Marslen-Wilson- Lexical Representation and Process  Michael A. Arbib- Language, Music, and the Brain TextBooks  Small, H. Larry (2019) Fundamentals of Phonetics, UK, Pearson Publications.  Collins, Beverly; Mees, Inger (2003) The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Leiden, Brill Publications.  Goulston , Mark, Just Listen, Harper Collin Publishers. 202

Websites  https://www.englishclub.com/pronunciation/what.htm  https://www.grammar-monster.com/glossary/vowels.htm  https://www.myenglishlanguage.com/linguistics-language-guide/english- phonology/syllables-and- stress/#:~:text=A%20general%20rule%20is%20that,stress%20on%20the%20second %20syllable.  https://www.managementstudyguide.com/phonetics-and-homophones-in- communication.htm  https://www.britannica.com/science/phonetics/Secondary-articulations 203

UNIT-8 SOCIAL SKILLS Structure 8.0 Learning Objective 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Social Skills 8.3 Manners & Etiquette 8.3.1 Significance of Manners and Etiquette 8.3.2 Practicing Etiquette and Manners 8.3.3 Table Manners and Etiquette 8.4 Summary 8.5 Keywords 8.6 Learning Activity 8.7 Unit End Questions 8.8 References 8.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, students will be able to:  Comprehend social skills  Understand significance of manners and etiquette  Comprehend table manners  Understand table etiquette 8.1 INTRODUCTION Etiquette alludes to the necessities and assumptions for social and business conduct, practices and lead that are recommended by friendly show, and a code of moral way of behaving among experts. It essentially comes down to exhibiting great habits. As purported normal civility turns out to be more uncommon, habits and manners are fundamental parts of profession achievement. It's not just about rules and let individuals know what they should or it’s about ensuring that people are treated with respect. Work environment Etiquette 204

These guidelines manage your way of behaving at the workplace. Culture and assumptions contrast from one organization to another, so what's discourteous at one work environment might be ordinary at another. For example, HubSpot is canine cordial, so my collaborators oftentimes get their puppies with them. At a conventional office, appearing with Rover would presumably bother your partners - - and may try and get you in steaming hot water with upper administration. Sort out what's adequate and what's not by perusing your organization handbook, focusing on how the chiefs act (and going with the same pattern), and staying by the standard guidelines, (for example, \"Don't warm up exorbitantly rancid food varieties in the lounge.\") Professionalism Being proficient means adding to a charming, useful, and comprehensive workplace. Incredible skill incorporates a whole scope of ways of behaving; be that as it may, here are the most norm: Keeping your promise, whatever they may be: When you commit a responsibility - - whether it's huge or little - - keep it. On the off chance that you realize that will be inconceivable, give the other individual however much notification as could be expected. Being dependable: Show up on time (or early). Trying to avoid panicking: Even in warmed circumstances, give your all to remain cool. Acting adaptable: Sometimes you'll need to remain late, appear early, change plans, move gatherings, and more to make things work. Except if this is occurring constantly, oblige these progressions without causing a ruckus. Utilizing tact: There will be individuals you could do without - - possibilities, colleagues, or both. At any rate, be caring and friendly. Tolerating useful analysis: Throughout your vocation, others will offer criticism. Assuming that you're shut off to it, you'll not just mischief your expert affinity, you'll likewise lose important chances to get to the next level. Correspondence Etiquette A greater part of our connections depend on great correspondence. Not certain what that involves? We should separate correspondence behavior into three classifications: Telephone Etiquette Try not to talk too boisterously or too delicately. Assuming you're stressed over your volume, inquire, \"How am I running over? Do you really want me to talk pretty much discreetly?\" Never interface with your telephone while you're with another person. Keep it reserved in your pocket or pack consistently. 205

In the event that you're on a phone call and you're not talking, quiet yourself so the others aren't occupied by the external clamor. 8.2 SOCIAL SKILLS Proficient correspondence should constantly take care of the crowd. This is valid particularly in up close and personal connections where, dissimilar to with composed correspondence, you can survey crowd response progressively and change your message likewise. This places the obligation of acting expertly in the working environment exclusively on you. At the point when we discuss proficient way of behaving, we mean the accompanying angles that for the most part fall under the standard of delicate abilities: Mutual respect Social Intelligence The capacity to understand anyone on a profound level Basic manners Business Etiquette Every angle will be viewed as in more detail, however first analyzing the character qualities of fruitful professionals is significant. We should be cautious with how we characterize achievement when we discuss character, notwithstanding. The people who miss the mark on delicate abilities related with the above viewpoints are challenging to work with and are typically downgraded or terminated. In uncommon occurrences, savage, childish, haughty, self-centered, or sociopathic individuals ascend to key, influential places through a blend of empowering agents enduring or in any event, compensating their enemy of social way of behaving and their own lying, cheating, and harassing. This is a lamentable the truth that is hard to watch, yet it's essential to try not to be empowering influences. Business experts must don't permit those terrible guides to become satisfactory. They aren't, and the evidence is the enduring it spreads among individuals in their effective reach. For each terrible individual who climbs the professional bureaucracy, there'll be a path of broken, harsh, and vindictive individuals afterward. The hating the vast majority feel towards such individuals demonstrates the significance of acting in any case. Five Qualities of a Successful Professional A constant thought inside the area of brain science is that there are five essential character qualities, frequently known as the \"Huge Five\" or by the abbreviations OCEAN or CANOE. Every characteristic holds inside it a sliding scale that depicts how we act in specific circumstances. The five are as per the following: Receptiveness to encounter: inquisitive and inventive versus wary and predictable Reliability: objective driven and meticulous versus easygoing and reckless 206

Extraversion: active and excited versus single and watched Appropriateness: agreeable and adaptable versus insubordinate and difficult Neuroticism: restless and unpredictable versus sure and stable With the exception of neuroticism, a large portion of the characteristics as named relate with proficient achievement. Scientists have observed that effective individuals are for the most part coordinated, creative, cordial, helpful, and stable, despite the fact that extraverts don't work out quite as well as thoughtful people on individual undertakings and pleasantness doesn't be guaranteed to prompt a significant compensation. Mixing these with Guffey, Loewy, and Almonte's six components of expert conduct in Essentials of Business Communicationunderneath presents an aide for how for the most part to find true success in your work, how to be popular, and how to be content. Note:Business etiquette is not just knowing what to discuss during a business dinner or how to address colleagues. It’s a way of presenting yourself in such a way that you will be taken seriously […], as well as having the ability to make others feel comfortable around you. 8.3 MANNERS AND ETIQUETTE Business behavior is basically about building associations with partners, clients or clients. In the business world, these individuals can impact your prosperity or disappointment.Decorum, and specifically business manners, is basically a method for boosting your business potential by introducing yourself well.Conferences are one field in which unfortunate decorum can make adverse consequences. By further developing your conference manners you consequently work on your odds of coming out on top. Solace, trust, mindfulness and clear correspondence are instances of the positive aftereffects of exhibiting great decorum. Casual gatherings are for the most part more loosened up issues and may not be guaranteed to happen in the workplace or meeting room. All things being equal a feeling of incredible skill and great business decorum are as yet required. There are 7 focuses to consider with informal gatherings: 1. Business decorum requests that the individual assembling the conference (consequently 'the seat') ought to be the most senior or the one with the most immediate or pressing interest in the point within reach. 2. The seat ought to choose the time, spot and plan. These subtleties ought to be affirmed with everybody to settle on certain all are in arrangement and no burden is caused. 207

3. The seat should make the motivation behind the gathering clear to the participants, how long it will endure and what is generally anticipated of them, for example specific data or arrangement of archives. Neglecting to hand-off the legitimate data is terrible business behavior as it could cause humiliation. 4. Dependability is an unquestionable requirement. Keeping individuals holding up is viewed as the level of unfortunate manners as it mishandles their time. 5. The seat ought to endeavor to guarantee the gathering stays inside a set system or plan so it is kept as short and viable as could be expected. He/she should downplay round conflicts and such. 6. The seat ought to (pre-)select somebody to record the procedures; archiving significant choices or activity focuses. This can later be disseminated to the participants for reference. 7. Assuming that the aftereffects of the gathering significantly affect other people who were absent it is viewed as appropriate business decorum to illuminate them. Formal Meeting Etiquette The business decorum of formal gatherings, for example, departmental gatherings, the executives’ gatherings, executive gatherings, discussions and such can astound. Such gatherings typically have a set organization. For instance, the seat may constantly be similar individual, minutes, plans or reports might be pre-circulated or casting a ballot might happen. The following are 10 business behavior rules that are appropriate to any conventional gathering: 1. Plan well for the gathering as your commitment might be essential to the procedures. Assuming you are utilizing measurements, reports or some other data ensure it has been distributed no less than three days before the gathering. 2. Dress well and show up sooner or later. Your impressive skill is connected to both. 3. Continuously make sure to turn off a cell phone. 4. Assuming there is a laid out seating design, acknowledge it. Assuming you are uncertain, inquire. 5. Recognize any presentations or introductory statements with a short acknowledgment of the seat and different members. 6. At the point when conversations are in progress it is great business behavior to permit more senior figures to contribute first. 7. Never hinder anybody - regardless of whether you differ firmly. Note what has been said and return to it later with the seat's authorization. 8. While talking, be brief and guarantee what you say is significant. 208

9. Continuously address the seat except if obviously others are not doing as such. 10. It is a significant break of business decorum to reveal data to others about a gathering. What has been talked about ought to be thought of as secret. Note:A good business etiquette requires that you put some extra thought into your work outfit – that way, you’ll be showing your employees and colleagues that you respect your position and care about the company’s image. 8.3.1 Significance of manners and ETiquette Etiquette is about showing consideration, being amiable, being polite, having moral character, and having good manners. We can learn how to treat others thanks to etiquette. With the aid of etiquette, we can better understand how to act and carry ourselves in various settings. Etiquette is not about being perfect or prim and proper; it has nothing to do with your occupation, social position, wealth, or level of education. Etiquette puts people at rest and demonstrates our regard and value for other people. Kindness, compassion, and humility are encouraged by etiquette. Etiquette teaches us life skills and gives us the self-assurance to handle a variety of situations. Etiquette improves your personal image and gets rid of rude behaviour. 8.3.2 Practising Etiquette and Manners Respecting others' sentiments and acting in a way that others will find endearing and deserving of respect requires good manners. Children were taught the Golden Rule in the \"olden days,\" which states: \"Always do to others as you would desire them to do to you if you were in their position.\" Today, it's still appropriate to act in this manner. You are more likely to receive respect from others if you treat them with respect. You are more likely to influence others to treat you nicely if you exhibit good manners wherever you go. Jump to the table of manners. Simple Cases of Manners and Etiquette Be careful with your comments and hold off on making judgments about subjects you are unfamiliar with. Speaking isn't always better than listening well. You are not required to have a position on every issue. Before you speak, consider your options, especially if you tend to struggle with finding the perfect words to express yourself. It sounds odd to begin a statement with \"ums\" and \"ers,\" so try speaking to yourself in front of a mirror instead. Your speaking confidence rises as a result. 209

Try not to talk uproariously. You will rapidly lose regard on the off chance that you do, as this should be visible as oppressive and inconsiderate. It can likewise drive others crazy and annoyed with you before you even lay out a relationship with them of some sort or another. They will see you as a 'motor mouth' who can't be entrusted with anything secret. So, work on cranking your volume down on the off chance that you will generally have an uproarious voice. Talk as for and of others. You can do this by staying away from negative comments that might affront another person. The common guideline is-in the event that you don't believe somebody should talk about you that way, you don't talk about them to other people. Never discuss fundamentalphysical processes regardless of whether it is a relaxed discussion, like utilizing the washroom or making unrefined quips, for this gives indication of youthfulness and frequently makes a terrible impression of you with your companions, family, and collaborators. Continuously regard more seasoned individuals and pay attention to them and learn. This applies to all older folks and not simply guardians and grandparents. Utilizing the terms 'Thank You', and 'You are Welcome' shows that you have great habits. Individuals who need habits don't utilize these terms. Hold open an entryway for anybody following you intently. This is an indication of a decent way and has never showed signs of change. There are no severe orientation rules these days. Commend your folks regard them, regardless of whether there are things about them that you could do without. On the off chance that you can't do that, avoid talking about them by any means. It looks terrible to affront or tear down individuals who brought you into this world or raised you. Try not to wash grimy family clothing in broad daylight. It is negative and impolite. Try not to commit to utilize rottenness language and revile words. It is amateurish! Individuals who do this are typically extremely juvenile and have no restraint or regard for them and others! Great habits are basically regard and thought for other people or monitoring the necessities of others. They are the oil which greases up the rubbing of relational relations and makes a blissful and fruitful society. Thus, Give Respect and Take Respect! 8.3.3 Table Manners and Etiquette Directing business over feasts is an extraordinary method for building business connections. Dinners make for a more easy-going climate contrasted with workplaces and are consequently more helpful for a casual conversation. In this module, we would talk about a portion of the manners rules while feasting with business partners, for example, understanding spot setting, behaviour rules while eating, and ways of keeping away from dilemmas. 210

Understanding Your Place Setting Place setting is the plan of the drinking vessels (glasses, mugs), food containers (plates, bowls, and saucers), and utensils (spoons, forks, cuts) that will be utilized during a dinner. Put settings contrast contingent upon the menu and the convention of the eating occasion. The more casual you plan your dinner with be, the less inflexibly you need to comply to the standards of spot setting. The following are a couple of nuts and bolts to recollect: Solids on the left, fluids on the right. Plates are constantly put on the left, while glasses are on the upper right. This guide can assist you with finding which place settings are yours. Forks are on the left, blades, and spoons on the right half of the plate. By and large, forks are set to the left of the plate except for the clam fork which is put on the right. Work your direction inwards with the utensils. The standard for utensils is to work internal toward your plate as the feast advances. Place settings are coordinated so that, with each new course introduced, the visitor can utilize the peripheral utensil(s). For example, the chilled fork would be furthest left, before the supper fork, as the serving of mixed greens precedes the fundamental course. Adhere to the 'guideline of threes.' Assuming you're facilitating the supper, don't mess the table with such a large number of carries out. Set all things considered three of anything (for example three glasses, three forks and so on.). In the event that in excess of three would be utilized, the extra carry out would come as the new dinner is introduced. Additionally perceive How to Meet and Greet Utilizing Your Napkin Here are some manners rules to utilizing your napkin: At the point when everybody is situated, delicately unfurl your napkin and put it on your lap. Assuming that the napkin is enormous, overlap the napkin in half first. Your napkin stays on your lap all through the whole feast. On the off chance that you really want to utilize your napkin to gently clean something all the rage, simply spot it. In the event that you leave the table during a supper, put your napkin on your seat to indicate to the waiter that you will return. At the point when you are done feasting, put your napkin flawlessly on the table to the left half of the plate. 211

In the event that you drop your napkin on the floor, carefully ask the server or host for another. Eating Your Meal Essential manners rules while eating: Try not to talk business during the dinner appropriate, except if the senior individuals have any desire to do as such. In any case, business matters ought to be tended to either before the dinner or after it. Follow the host, or the most senior in the table, where to sit yourself. Follow the host, or the most senior in the table, when to start eating. Keep elbows off the table while eating. Elbows on the table are in the middle between feasts. Try not to chat with your mouth full. Bite discreetly. Try not to guzzle your fluids. Try not to apply make-up or brush your hair while feasting. Try not to pick your teeth at the table. On the off chance that you want something not inside your span, amiably ask the individual close to you to pass it to you. Food is ordinarily passed from passed on to right. Attempt to take on a steady speed so you can complete simultaneously as every other person. At the point when you have completed the process of eating, you can tell others that you have by putting your blade and society together, with the prongs on the fork confronting upwards, on your plate. Remember to thank your host for the feast! Dilemmas and Possible Solutions Here are some abnormal feasting circumstances and how to manage them: Having placed something in your mouth that disagrees with you: Ask the server for a paper napkin and tactfully let the food out. Fold the napkin and spot it under the sides of your plate. Keep the food you had let out away from the other's view. You coincidentally spilt food or beverages on a visitor: Don't overreact. Apologize earnestly first. Utilize the fabric napkin and water to wipe the spill tenderly. You may likewise direct the visitor to the wash room. A visitor commits a violation of social norms: If you notice that a partner or a subordinate is utilizing some unacceptable utensil, the most effective way to tell them is by utilizing the right one yourself. Try not to address them, it would noble motivation humiliation. You've seen a bug in your food: Discreetly send it out to the server. You don't need to tell everybody as it would mess up their desire to eat. 212

You have dietary constraints: If you can't eat a specific sort of food or have a few exceptional requirements, tell your host a few days before the evening gathering. This can assist with staying away from off-kilter circumstances like not having the option to eat what was served as a result of a medical problem or strict conviction. Note:Place settings differ depending on the menu and the formality of the dining event. The more informal you intend your meal to be, the less rigidly you have to adhere to the rules of place setting. 8.4 SUMMARY  Etiquette alludes to the necessities and assumptions for social and business conduct, practices and lead that are recommended by friendly show, and a code of moral way of behaving among experts.  It essentially comes down to exhibiting great habits. As purported normal civility turns out to be more uncommon, habits and manners are fundamental parts of profession achievement. It's not just about rules and let individuals know what they should or it’s about ensuring that people are treated with respect.  Express yourself admirably and don't race to remark about things you have barely any insight into. Being a decent audience is in many cases better compared to talking. You don't have to have an assessment on everything.  Think things out before you talk, particularly in the event that you are an individual who might be poor at tracking down the right words to say. Try not to begin a sentence, with 'ums' and in the middle between, it appears to be abnormal and you ought to take a stab at addressing yourself before a mirror, it works! It builds your sure about talking.  Try not to talk uproariously. You will rapidly lose regard in the event that you do, as this should be visible as tyrannical and discourteous. It can likewise drive others crazy and annoyed with you before you even lay out a relationship with them of some sort or another. They will see you as a 'loud mouth' who can't be entrusted with anything private. So, work on cranking your volume down on the off chance that you will quite often have a boisterous voice.  Talk as for and of others. You can do this by staying away from negative comments that might affront another person. The overall guideline is-in the event that you don't believe somebody should talk about you that way, you don't talk about them to other people.  Never discuss normal physical processes regardless of whether it is a relaxed discussion, like utilizing the washroom or making unrefined wisecracks, for this gives 213

indication of youthfulness and frequently makes a terrible impression of you with your companions, family, and colleagues.  Continuously regard more seasoned individuals and pay attention to them and learn. This applies to all seniors and not simply guardians and grandparents.  Utilizing the terms 'Thank You', and 'You are Welcome' shows that you have great habits. Individuals who need habits don't utilize these terms.  Hold open an entryway for anybody following you intently. This is an indication of a decent way and has never showed signs of change. There are no severe orientation rules these days.  Commend your folks regard them, regardless of whether there are things about them that you could do without. In the event that you can't do that, avoid talking about them by any means. It looks awful to affront or criticize individuals who brought you into this world or raised you. Try not to wash grimy family clothing out in the open. It is negative and impolite.  Try not to commit to utilize foulness language and revile words. It is amateurish! Individuals who do this are generally extremely juvenile and have no poise or regard for them and others!  Talk concerning and of others. You can do this by keeping away from negative comments that might affront another person. The basic principle is-in the event that you don't believe somebody should talk about you that way, you don't talk about them to other people.  Never discuss important physical processes regardless of whether it is a relaxed discussion, like utilizing the washroom or making rough quips, for this gives indication of youthfulness and frequently makes a terrible impression of you with your companions, family, and collaborators.  Continuously regard more seasoned individuals and pay attention to them and learn. This applies to all older folks and not simply guardians and grandparents.  Utilizing the terms 'Thank You', and 'You are Welcome' shows that you have great habits. Individuals who need habits don't utilize these terms.  Hold open an entryway for anybody following you intently. This is an indication of a decent way and has never showed signs of change. There are no severe orientation rules these days.  Compliment your folks regard them, regardless of whether there are things about them that you could do without. On the off chance that you can't do that, avoid talking about them by any stretch of the imagination. It looks terrible to affront or tear down 214

individuals who brought you into this world or raised you. Try not to wash messy family clothing openly. It is negative and inconsiderate.  Try not to commit to utilize rottenness language and revile words. It is amateurish! Individuals who do this are generally exceptionally youthful and have no restraint or regard for them and others!  Great habits are essentially regard and thought for other people or monitoring the requirements of others. They are the oil which greases up the erosion of relational relations and makes a cheerful and effective society. Thus, Give Respect and Take Respect 8.5 KEYWORDS  Openness to experience: curious and innovative vs. cautious and consistent  Conscientiousness: goal-driven and detail-oriented vs. casual and careless  Extraversion: outgoing and enthusiastic vs. solitary and guarded  Agreeableness: cooperative and flexible vs. defiant and stubborn  Neuroticism: anxious and volatile vs. confident and stable  Social Etiquette- Social etiquette is a set of rules that one should follow in society.  Eating Etiquette- Eating Etiquette is the set of rules one should follow while eating in a public place. One should not make sounds while eating. 8.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss the social dinning etiquettes in a group. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Discuss the social etiquette in a group. ________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 8.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS Short Questions 1. Research and explain good dining etiquette or how to dress for success in the workplace with clear recommendations for how your audience should conduct themselves. 215

2. What are manners? 3. What are etiquette? 4. What are the 5 rules of etiquette? 5. What is the difference between etiquette and manners? Long Questions 1. What are social skills? 2. Discuss the nine golden rules to professional ethics in the workplace. 3. Why is it important to practice good etiquette and manner? 4. What are table manners and etiquette? 5. Why social skills are significant? Multiple Choice Questions 1. The set of rules, forms and practices established for behavior in a polite society or in official or professional life. a. Etiquette b. Business Etiquette c. Ethics d. Netiquette 2. The rules of good workplace manners For example: Listening without interrupting the speaker. a. Etiquette b. Business Etiquette c. Netiquette d. Ethics 3. Listening without interrupting the speaker are examples of........ a. Business Etiquette b. Ethics c. Netiquette d. Etiquette 4. __________ describes good Internet behavior. a. Etiquette b. Business Etiquette 216

c. Ethics d. Netiquette 5. Show up for work, Be energetic, listen without interrupting, be dependable are examples of...... a. Etiquette b. Workplace Etiquette c. Netiquette d. Employability Answers: 1. A, 2. B, 3. A, 4. C, 5. D 8.8 REFERENCES  Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. Routledge, 2015. Print.  Singh, Ishtla The History of English: A Student’s Guide. Routledge, 2013. Print.  Johann, Francis G. A Treasury of Vivid Newsweek English: The New, Ideal Way to Enhance Vocabulary, Reading, and Writing Skills, 2010. Print.  Nurnberg, Maxwell & Rosenblum Morris, How to Build a Better Vocabulary, 2011. Print. Textbooks  Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. Routledge, 2015. Print.  Singh, Ishtla The History of English: A Student’s Guide. Routledge, 2013. Print.  Johann, Francis G. A Treasury of Vivid Newsweek English: The New, Ideal Way to Enhance Vocabulary, Reading, and Writing Skills, 2010. Print.  Nurnberg, Maxwell & Rosenblum Morris, How to Build a Better Vocabulary, 2011. Print. Websites  https://bizcommunicationcoach.com/guidelines-for-effective-speech-in- communication/  https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/conversational-skills.html  Ekman, P Micro expressions. Retrieved from https://www.paulekman.com/resources/micro-expressions/ 217

 The Gandalf Group. The 49th quarterly C-suite survey. Retrieved from http://www.gandalfgroup.ca/downloads/2017/C- Suite%20Report%20Q4%20December%202017%20tc2.pdf  Gollom, M.. Jian Ghomeshi found not guilty on choking and all sex assault charges. CBC News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/jian-ghomeshi- sexual-assault-trial-ruling-1.3505446 218

UNIT-9 GREETINGS: GREETINGS AND INVITATION SKILLS, MAKING REQUESTS: MAKING REQUESTS AND APOLOGY SKILLS Structure 9.0 Learning Objective 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Greetings and Introduction Skills 9.3 Exchanging Conversation and Saying Goodbye 9.4 Making Requests 9.5 Apology skills 9.6 Summary 9.7 Keywords 9.8 Learning Activity 9.9 Unit End Questions 9.10 References 9.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, students will be able to:  Comprehend Greeting skills  Understand introduction skills  Comprehend apology skills  Understand making requests 9.1 INTRODUCTION Having the option to convey successfully is maybe the most significant of all fundamental abilities. It empowers us to pass data to others, and to comprehend what is shared with us. You just need to watch a child listening eagerly to its mom and attempting to rehash the sounds that she makes to comprehend how key is the inclination to convey. 219

Correspondence, at its easiest, is the demonstration of moving data starting with one spot then onto the next. It very well might be vocally (utilizing voice), composed (utilizing printed or computerized media like books, magazines, sites or messages), outwardly (utilizing logos, guides, diagrams or charts) or non-verbally (utilizing non-verbal communication, signals and the tone and pitch of voice). By and by, it is much of the time a mix of a few of these. Relational abilities might take a lifetime to dominate — if for sure anybody can at any point profess to have dominated them. There are, nonetheless, numerous things that you can do decently effectively to further develop your relational abilities and guarantee that you can communicate and get data actually. 9.2 GREETINGS AND INTRODUCTION SKILLS For a decent presentation in English, you want to rehearse ahead of time. As an English student, it's smart to set up two or three presentations and practice them until you're alright with them. Likewise, remember that self-presentations are setting subordinate. To concoct great presentations, you'll have to ponder normal spots and circumstances where you are probably going to present yourself in English. Self-presentations in a class are intended to be brief and conversational. You don't have to give a definite record of your life. Remember this agenda: Notice your given name if not the same as your authority’s name. Discuss where you're from, or where you were conceived and where you're residing now. Share an intriguing insight regarding yourself: What do you for no particular reason? What intrigues you? Perhaps you're excessively bustling working and lack the capacity to deal with side interests. Not an issue! Simply discuss a leisure activity you did before, or an action you might want to attempt from here on out. The motivation behind acquainting individuals is with offer them a chance to know one another. Past expressing names of the two gatherings, the individual making the acquaintance is frequently committed with lay out a colleague and assist the two gatherings with starting a discussion. The Art of Making Introductions: Four Steps The essential convention of presentations calls for presenting the 'lesser-positioning' (socially, expertly, by age or status) to the 'higher-positioning' individual. The following are four stages: In the first place, express the name of the individual being acquainted with. This is the 'higher-positioning' individual. 220

Second, say \"I might want to present\" or, \"if it's not too much trouble, meet\" or, \"this is,\" and so on. Third, express the name of the individual being presented. This is the 'lower-positioning' individual. At last, offer a few insights concerning each, as suitable. As I wrote in a past article, add a scrap of data about a subject of normal interest between the two gatherings. Try not to expound. This will help them interface and seek after a discussion. A handshake is a piece of numerous social connections. It's a method for presenting one's self, offer congrats and, surprisingly, a method for finishing up an agreement. A handshake is a token of generosity. The Three-Step Process to Handshake: Look: Start non-verbal's that show transparency and earnestness. Keep in touch. Grin. Shake Hands: Your handshake gives an impression. Assuming your grasp is excessively remiss, you send the message that you're reluctant and conceivably uncertain. On the off chance that your hold is excessively close, you could appear to be excessively reckless, in any event, threatening. Go for a hold that in the middle between. It sends the message that you're sure. For most events, a few siphons of the hand are fitting. Longer handshakes can cause certain individuals to feel awkward. However, there are individuals who in all actuality do favour longer handshakes. If questionable, take the path of least resistance, and follow the lead of the other individual. Assuming you feel that now is the right time to give up, simply loosen up your hand to flag the other individual. Welcome the Person: Talk to the individual whose hand you are shaking. A straightforward \"hi\" or \"how would you do\" is fitting. The Four Levels of Conversation The genuine specialty of discussion isn't just to say the proper thing with flawless timing, however to leave inferred some unacceptable thing at an enticing second. It requires responsiveness at this phase of a relationship, the setting of the discussion and the solace level of the individual you are conversing with rely upon it. There are four degrees of discussion in view of the degree and measure of individual divulgence. They are: Casual conversation: This is regularly alluded to as the 'trading of merriments' stage. In this level, you discuss conventional themes, subjects that nearly everybody is open to examining. These subjects incorporate the climate, the area you're both in and recent developments. The casual discussion stage lays out compatibility; it causes an individual to feel quiet with you. It's likewise a protected and nonpartisan road for individuals to unpretentiously 221

'evaluate' each other, and investigate if a discussion or relationship they'd need to put resources into. Assuming the casual conversation works out positively, you can continue into a higher level: reality divulgence. Truth Disclosure: In this stage, you educate the other individual a few realities concerning you like your work, your area of home, and your inclinations. This is a 'getting-to-know' stage, and it expects to check whether you share something for all intents and purpose with the other individual. It's likewise a sign that you are opening up a smidgen to the next individual while as yet remaining on unbiased subjects. On the off chance that the reality divulgence stage works out positively, you can continue to imparting perspectives and insights. Perspectives and Opinions: In this phase of the discussion, you can offer your opinion on different points like governmental issues, the new plan of action or even the most recent blockbuster. It assists then with perusing and be interested about numerous things, from governmental issues to diversion to recent developments. Imparting perspectives and insights require the 'buffering impact' of the initial two phases for two reasons: Initial, an individual requirements compatibility with one more before they can examine possibly petulant proclamations, regardless of whether they're having a solid discussion. Second, imparting perspectives and insights opens an individual to the examination of another, and this expects that there is some degree of wellbeing and confidence in a relationship. The dubious, and subsequently possibly hostile, nature of an assessment exists in a reach; ensure that you stay inside the 'protected' zone in the beginning phases of your relationship. Individual Feelings: The fourth stage is exposure and affirmation of individual sentiments. For example you can share about your fervour for the new venture, or your stress over your child's impending piano presentation. Contingent upon the unique circumstance and the level of the fellowship, you can uncover more private subjects. This stage requires trust, compatibility, and, surprisingly, a certifiable kinship, due to the personal idea of the subject. 9.3 EXCHANGING CONVERSATION AND SAYING GOODBYE These are some of the common ways to respond to some of the greetings above Bye See you in a few 222

Good-Bye See you around See you Later See You later Take care See you tomorrow These are some of the most common leave-taking that we use in English Good to see you Good to see you too I am fine Very well thanks Great Not bad I am doing great Pretty good Fine Not Good Nothing Not much Good 9.4 MAKING REQUESTS Requesting, Giving and Refusing Permission by Using the Modals Can/Could Assuming somebody is allowed to follow through with something, they are permitted to make it happen; on the off chance that somebody is denied consent to follow through with 223

something, they are not permitted to get it done. You can utilize the modular action word 'can' to request and give consent.  A: Can I ask you something? B: Yes, obviously you can. 'Can't' is utilized to deny authorization. 'Can't (can't)' is the negative type of the modular action word 'can'.  A: Can I go to the film with my companions, Dad? B: No, you can't. Refusals can frequently be mellowed with different words. For instance:  A: Can I ask you something extremely private? B: No, I'm apprehensive you can't. You can likewise utilize the modular action word 'could' to request authorization; it is more considerate than 'can'.  A: Could I ask you something? B: Yes, you can. (NOT ... Indeed, you could. /No, you proved unable.) Keep in mind: Do not utilize 'could' to give or reject consent. To give authorization, utilize the modular action word 'can'. To reject authorization, use 'can't'. Communicating, Granting and Denying Requests by Using the Modals Can/Could At the point when you make a solicitation, you ask somebody for something or request that they follow through with something. The most straightforward method for requesting something is to say 'Can I have...?' You can likewise add the word 'please' to be more considerate.  A: Can I have my book back, please? B: Yes, obviously you can.  A: Can you assist me with lifting this seat? B: Sure I can. If you have any desire to make your solicitation more affable, utilize the modular 'could'.  A: Could I have one more cup of tea? B: Yes, you can. /No, you can't. (NOT ...Yes, you could.) Keep in mind: Do not utilize 'could' to give or reject a solicitation. To give demands, utilize the modular action word 'can'. To decline demands, use 'can't'. Requesting, Giving and Refusing Permission by Using the Modals May/Might 'May' and 'could' are utilized for consent generally in a conventional style. They are significantly more formal, speculative and amenable than their kin 'can' and 'could'.  Might I at any point go home a piece recently? (more casual, relaxed)  Excuse me, may I go home a piece recently? (formal) 224

'Might' is significantly more formal and affable than 'may'. It is for the most part utilized in aberrant inquiry structures.  I keep thinking about whether I could go home a piece recently? You can likewise say  Might I go home a piece recently? in any case, the above backhanded question structure sounds more regular. 'May not' is utilized to reject authorization.  A: May I get your lipstick? B: No, you may not! A note: Speakers of American English frequently really like to utilize the modular action word 'may' (rather than 'can' or 'could') to ask consent. Communicating, Granting and Denying Requests by Using the Modals May/Might You can likewise make demands with the modals 'may' and 'may'. Demands with 'may' or 'could' sound extremely affable and formal. In less formal or easy-going circumstances, you ought to utilize 'can' or 'could'.  Excuse me, may I view your paper? (extremely respectful, formal)  Could I at any point check out at your paper briefly? (relaxed, casual)  Excuse me, I keep thinking about whether I could view your paper briefly? (extremely affable, formal)  Might I have something to eat? (exceptionally pleasant, formal)  Demands with 'might' sound somewhat dated. A few English speakers find 'might' to be excessively far off for making demands. 'May not' is utilized to deny a solicitation.  A: May I get you vehicle? B: No, you may not.  A: Excuse me, I keep thinking about whether I could view your paper briefly? B: No, you may not! 9.5 APOLOGY SKILLS Conceding that you did or offered something wrong, and afterward saying 'sorry' to somebody for it, can be harrowing and frightening. Here are a few tips that can make it somewhat more straightforward. This can help if: you want to apologize to somebody 225

you don't have the foggiest idea about the most effective way to articulate your thoughts in a tough spot you find it hard to move stuff out into the open. Young lady conversing with her upset beau Why saying 'sorry' is hard Everybody acts severely some of the time, even great individuals. Tragically, when you're confronted with taking ownership of jerk-like way of behaving, your mind needs to stay at work past 40 hours to persuade you that you're the one-off base. That is not a wonderful encounter. Saying 'sorry' is hard in light of the fact that we would rather not regret ourselves. We attempt to have a positive picture of ourselves, and our need to safeguard that can make earnestly saying 'sorry' very hard. Why taking ownership of our slip-ups is significant Not having the option to take ownership of our missteps and to apologize genuinely to somebody when we want to can hurt each aspect of our life, remembering for the working environment, the homeroom and our connections. It can likewise keep us from developing and gaining from our encounters. Ventures for saying you're grieved 1. Before you do anything, practice self-attestation It means quite a bit to begin by saying a couple of positive words to yourself. This is known as 'self-confirmation' and decidedly affects the manner in which you see yourself. Self- assertion has been displayed to work on fearlessness and confidence, while decreasing pressure and uneasiness. Think about your qualities and your extraordinary individual characteristics - like your gifts and leisure activities, your triumphs at work or at school, or the positive ways you treat relatives and companions. For instance, you could tell yourself something like: 'I'm perfect at concocting inventive thoughts,' or 'I'm benevolent towards everybody I meet.' Utilizing self-insistence prior to offering somebody a statement of regret can really assist with making your conciliatory sentiment more veritable and truer. By helping yourself to remember your great characteristics, you're letting your watchman down and showing yourself that 'Hello, there are such countless extraordinary things about you, one mix-up changes nothing.' 2. Illuminate because you need to apologize It could sound self-evident, yet the initial segment of a conciliatory sentiment is to obviously state what you have done prior to talking about you're upset for it. It additionally shows the 226

other individual that you comprehend what you fouled up. It very well may be useful to practice precisely exact thing you will say before you apologize. For instance, you could say: 'I raged at you yesterday.' 3. Concede you were off-base It's vital to show the other individual that you're willing to get a sense of ownership with your activities and to concede that you were off-base. For instance, you could say: 'It was off-base of me to converse with you the manner in which I did.' 4. Recognize the other individual's sentiments A decent expression of remorse incorporates showing you're mindful of what your activities have meant for the other individual. This lets them know you comprehend the reason why they feel hurt. For instance, you could say: 'I comprehend you probably felt profoundly disturbed, furious and confounded.' 5. Let's assume you're heartbroken Show that you're true with a plain old 'I'm grieved.' Keep it basic, and don't tack a 'however… ' onto the finish of that sentence. 6. Request that they excuse you Request absolution by saying: 'I realize it will require investment; however I truly trust we can in any case be companions,' or 'Is there anything I can do to make this right?' This tells the other individual that your relationship with them means a lot to you. Show that you're grieved Appearing, not simply saying, that you lament what you have done is a significant piece of saying 'sorry' If conceivable, contemplate how you can fix the issue and make things right. For instance, assuming you lost or broke something that had a place with another person, you could assist them with supplanting it. In any case, a few things can't be fixed, for example, when you've offered something harmful to a companion. In this example, the best thing to do is to ensure it doesn't reoccur, and to show by your activities that you're truly heartbroken. Assuming you've understood that there's an issue that you can deal with, you could likewise specify this, to show that you're doing whatever it takes to ensure it doesn't repeat. For instance, you could say: 'I understand that I battle with controlling my annoyance, and it's somewhat ridiculous for others when I snap at them. I'm attempting to be more mindful of when this occurs.' 227

It takes a ton of boldness to concede that you've committed an error and to apologize for it. It'll be startling from the get go, yet over the long haul, figuring out how to do this genuinely can truly work on your associations with individuals around you. You have got this. 9.6 SUMMARY  Having the option to convey successfully is maybe the most significant of all fundamental abilities.  It empowers us to pass data to others, and to comprehend what is shared with us.  You just need to watch a child listening eagerly to its mom and attempting to rehash the sounds that she makes to comprehend how key is the inclination to convey.  Correspondence, at its easiest, is the demonstration of moving data starting with one spot then onto the next.  It very well might be vocally (utilizing voice), composed (utilizing printed or computerized media like books, magazines, sites or messages), outwardly (utilizing logos, guides, diagrams or charts) or non-verbally (utilizing non-verbal communication, signals and the tone and pitch of voice). By and by, it is much of the time a mix of a few of these.  Relational abilities might take a lifetime to dominate — if for sure anybody can at any point profess to have dominated them. There are, nonetheless, numerous things that you can do decently effectively to further develop your relational abilities and guarantee that you can communicate and get data actually.  For a decent presentation in English, you want to rehearse ahead of time. As an English student, it's smart to set up two or three presentations and practice them until you're alright with them.  Likewise, remember that self-presentations are setting subordinate. To concoct great presentations, you'll have to ponder normal spots and circumstances where you are probably going to present yourself in English.  Self-presentations in a class are intended to be brief and conversational. You don't have to give a definite record of your life. Remember this agenda:  Notice your given name if not the same as your authority’s name.  Discuss where you're from, or where you were conceived and where you're residing now. 228

9.7 KEYWORDS  Informal Speech:Informal language is more casual and spontaneous. It is used when communicating with friends or family either in writing or in conversation. It is used when writing personal emails, text messages and in some business correspondence.  Formal Speech: Formal Speech is a type of speech which is used in formal, 'serious' situations such as the workplace or a dinner party.  Speaking: To speak, we create sounds using many parts of our body, including the lungs, vocal tract, vocal chords, tongue, teeth and lips.  Communication: the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium.  Business Communication: Business communication is the process of sharing information between employees within and outside a company. The way people communicate and operate within a business is very vital to the company’s success in the business world.  Telecommunication: Telecommunication is the transmission of information by various types of technologies over wire, radio, optical, or other electromagnetic systems. 9.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Introduce yourself in a group. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. What do you mention while introducing someone? _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 9.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS Short Questions 1. What are the qualities of a good apology? 2. What are the 3 R's in an apology? 3. What are the 5 A's of apologizing? 4. What are the 7 steps to apologize? 5. What is the importance of introduction skills? 229

Long Questions 1. What is greeting in communication skills? 2. What are greeting examples? 3. What are importance of greetings? 4. What are the five ways of greeting? 5. How to make requests? Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which one can make your speech more powerful and more effective a. Fluency b. Vocabulary c. Grammar d. Pronunciation 2. While speaking, which one is most important a. Fluency b. Vocabulary c. Grammar d. Pronunciation 3. Which of these does not come under short speech? a. Introducing dignitaries b. Presenting reports c. Giving a briefing d. Presenting an award 4. Before a speech, when you picture yourself giving the presentation, you should imagine all of the elements below except__ a. Effective delivery b. Nervousness c. the possibility of failure d. Success 5. Why are telephone greetings so important? a. It is the first impression. b. It shows that you are happy. c. It shows that you are polite. d. It shows that you are moody. 230

Answers:1.b, 2.c, 3.b, 4.c, 5.b 9.10 REFERENCES Reference Books  Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. Routledge, 2015. Print.  Singh, Ishtla The History of English: A Student’s Guide. Routledge, 2013. Print.  Johann, Francis G. A Treasury of Vivid Newsweek English: The New, Ideal Way to Enhance Vocabulary, Reading, and Writing Skills, 2010. Print.  Nurnberg, Maxwell & Rosenblum Morris, How to Build a Better Vocabulary, 2011. Print. Textbooks  Strang, Barbara M. H. A History of English. Routledge, 2015. Print.  Singh, Ishtla The History of English: A Student’s Guide. Routledge, 2013. Print.  Johann, Francis G. A Treasury of Vivid Newsweek English: The New, Ideal Way to Enhance Vocabulary, Reading, and Writing Skills, 2010. Print.  Nurnberg, Maxwell & Rosenblum Morris, How to Build a Better Vocabulary, 2011. Print. Websites  https://bizcommunicationcoach.com/guidelines-for-effective-speech-in- communication/  https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/conversational-skills.html  Ekman, P. Micro expressions. Retrieved from https://www.paulekman.com/resources/micro-expressions/  The Gandalf Group. The 49th quarterly C-suite survey. Retrieved from http://www.gandalfgroup.ca/downloads/2017/C- Suite%20Report%20Q4%20December%202017%20tc2.pdf  Gollom, M. Jian Ghomeshi found not guilty on choking and all sex assault charges. CBC News. Retrieved from https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/jian-ghomeshi- sexual-assault-trial-ruling-1.3505446 231