MAp 601 6

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2 M.A.(Psy) SYSTEM AND THEORY Course Code: MAP601 Semester: First E-Lesson: 5 SLM Unit: 6 www.cuidol.in https://images.app.goo.gl/YSL3acgti2rtPY6y5 Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SYSTEM AND THEORY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION To enable students to gather a creative and in The unit outlines the behaviourist depth understanding of psychology as a science. approach and its important features. To understand the role and importance of various The unit further explains the contribution school of psychology. of Watson to psychology and his approach and concepts. To familiarize students with recent development in the fields in the field of Psychology. Students will acquire and demonstrate Unit-6(MAP 660011)) INASTllITrUigThEtOaFreDrISeTsAeNrvCeEdAwNiDthOCNUL-IINDEOLLEARNING knowledge of information pertaining to personality and individual differences. . www.cuidol.in

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > BEHAVIOURISTS PERSPECTIVE > JOHN B. WATSON > LITTLE ALBERT EXPERIMENT > INFLUENCE OF WATSON www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BEHAVIORAL 5 PERSPECTIVE • It is the theory of psychology which states that human behaviours are learned and not innate. • New behaviour or changes in behaviours are acquired through association between stimuli and response. • They asserts the human beings have no free will rather all the behaviour, characteristics and personality traits are shaped by individual’s environmental and cultural forces. • The theory focuses on observable and measurable behaviours. • It highlights the role of reinforcement and conditioning is acquiring a particular behaviour. • The important contributor of this perspective are mainly: Thorndike, Pavlov, Watson and Skinner www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

JOHN B. WATSON (1878-1958) 6 • John Broadus Watson (1878–1958) was born on January 9 in south Carolina. • He is known as the father of behaviourism. • Watson’s first book (1914) dealt mainly with animal behavior and very little about human behavior. • He was a radical environmentalist who believed that change is not inherited but happens as a result of experience. • In 1913, he published his first famous article, “Psychology as behaviourist views it”. • In 1919, he published Psychology from standpoint of behaviourist. https://images.app.goo.gl/mvmBxuB3RqpxoUiMA www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WATSON’S OBJECTIVE 7 PSYCHOLOGY • Watson was influenced by the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. He like Pavlov rejected introspection and also the explanation of behavior based on mentalism. • Unlike Pavlov who was interested in understand physiological roots behind a behaviour, Watson became even less interested in physiology and more interested in correlating stimuli and responses. The Goal of Psychology • He had stated the goal of psychology as the prediction and control of behavior. • According to Watson. a stimulus could be a general environmental situation or some internal condition of the organism. A response was anything the organism did. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF BEHAVIOR 8 According to Watson, there are four kinds of behaviour: • explicit (overt) learned behavior such as talking, writing, and playing baseball • implicit (covert) learned behavior such as the increased heart rate caused by the sight of a dentist’s drill; • explicit unlearned behavior such as grasping, blinking, and sneezing • implicit unlearned behavior such as glandular secretions and circulatory changes For studying behavior, Watson proposed four methods: 1. Observation, either naturalistic or experimentally controlled; 2. The conditioned-reflex method, which Pavlov and Bechterev had proposed; 3. Testing, by which Watson meant the taking of behavior samples and not the measurement of “capacity” or “personality” 4. Verbal reports, which Watson treated as any other type of overt behavior www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LANGUAGE AND 9 THINKING • Watson had to reduce language and thinking to some form of behavior and nothing more: “Saying is doing—that is, behaving.” • Watson solved the problem of thinking by claiming that thinking is implicit or sub-vocal speech. Because overt speech is produced by substantial movement of the tongue and larynx, Watson assumed that minute movements of the tongue and larynx accompany thought. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THE ROLE OF INSTINCTS 10 IN BEHAVIOR. Watson’s attitude toward instincts changed radically over the years. • In 1914 instincts played a prominent role in his theory. • By 1919 Watson had taken the position that instincts are present in infants but that learned habits quickly displace them. • In 1925 he completely rejected the idea of instincts in humans, contending that there are a few simple reflexes such as sneezing, crying, eliminating, crawling, sucking, and breathing but no complex, innate behavior patterns called instincts. EMOTIONS Watson believed that, along with structure and the basic reflexes, humans inherit the emotions of fear, rage, and love. • In infants, fear is elicited by loud noises and loss of support (such as falling), rage by restricting the infant’s freedom of movement, and love by stroking or patting the infant. Through learning, these emotions come to be elicited by stimuli other than those that originally elicited them. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WATSON’S EXPERIMENT 11 WITH ALBERT • To demonstrate how emotions could be displaced to stimuli other than those that had originally elicited the emotions. • Watson and Rosalie Rayner performed an experiment in 1920 on an 11-month-old infant named Albert. • They showed Albert a white rat, and he expressed no fear of it. In fact, he reached out and tried to touch it. • As Albert reached for the rat, a steel bar behind him was struck with a hammer. The loud, unexpected noise caused Albert to jump and fall forward. (Repeated several times) • Again Albert jumped, and this time he began to cry. So as not to disturb Albert too much, further testing was postponed for a week. • Five days later, Watson and Rayner found that Albert’s fear of the rat was just as strong as it had been at the end of testing and that the fear had generalized to other furry objects such as a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, and a Santa Claus mask. • clearly demonstrated how experience rearranged the stimuli that caused emotional responses. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WATSON’S EXPERIMENT 12 WITH ALBERT https://images.app.goo.gl/iYwKiUBLm9hvTr5e9 www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

WATSON’S INFLUENCE 13 • He changed psychology’s major goal from the description and explanation of states of consciousness to the prediction and control of behavior. • He made overt behavior the almost-exclusive subject matter of psychology. • Two types of behaviourism came into being. 1. Radical behaviourism: The belief that an explanation of behavior cannot be in terms of unobserved internal events. All that can be directly observed are environmental events and overt behavior, and therefore only they should constitute the subject matter of a scientific analysis of behavior. 2. Methodological behaviorism: postulating cognitive or physiological events but insists that such events be validated by studying their manifestations in overt behavior. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 14 • Watson is known as the father of behaviourism. He gave a distinct approach to psychology when most of the researches in psychology were taking place around mental phenomena's. • He was a radical behaviourist who believed that behaviour takes place as a result of environmental events when acts as a basis for scientific analysis of behaviour. • Watson highlight the covert processes like thinking and language from overt standpoint and how instincts and emotions can have effect on behaviour. • He did experiment on Little Albert where he developed fear in 9 month infant who earlier showed no signs of fear to stimulus. • He approach gave a distinct approach to psychology to gain the status of science. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 15 1. Behaviourist who did not deny the importance of unobserved cognitive or physiological events in their analyses of behavior are known as a. Radical behaviourism b. Methodological behaviourism c. Radical environmentalist d. None of these 2. Watson was one of the early American psychologists to break with popular notions that our unconscious mind was behind most of our behavior. What was his viewpoint? a. Only subjective mental states could explain behavior b. Motives could be determined by talking to a person c. Only observable, measurable behavior was valid d. People should be studied in groups to form a context for behavior Answers: 1. b) 2.c) www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 16 3. Watson's thinking was significantly influenced by the earlier classical conditioning experiments of which psychologist? a. Sigmund Freud b. B.F. Skinner c. Albert Bandura d. Ivan Pavlov 4. Who outlined the behaviorist school of thought in his 1913 paper \"Psychology As the Behaviorist Views It?\" a. B.F. Skinner b. Ivan Pavlov c. John B. Watson d. Edward thorndike Answers: 3.d) 4.c) www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 17 Q1.Distinguish between radical and methodological behaviorism. Ans:Behaviourism emerged into two distinct approaches which are radical by watson and methodological behaviourism by Tolman. For further detail refer PPT. Q2. Elaborate on the contribution of Watson in Psychology. Ans: John B. Watson is the radical behaviourist who believed in the systematic analysis of observable behaviour. For further detail refer PPT. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 18 •Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2008). Theories of Personality, 7th edition. McGraw hill. • Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. •Hergenhahn, B.R. & Oslon, M.H.(2001). An Introduction to theories of Learning 6th Edition. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

19 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-6(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL