BAQ110_Political Science-I(English)

INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE & ONLINE LEARNING BACHELOR OF ARTS POLITICAL SCIENCE - I BAQ110 Self Learning Material R101

BACHELOR OF ARTS POLITICAL SCIENCE – I BAQ110 Pratap Kumar Lenka

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) R.S. Bawa Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director, IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Manjulika Srivastava, Director, CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Co-ordinator - Prof. Pragya Sharma Co-ordinator - Dr. Rupali Arora Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Co-ordinator - Dr. Deepti Rani Sindhu Co-ordinator - Dr. Raju Kumar Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Co-ordinator - Dr. Shashi Singhal Co-ordinator - Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & Tourism Co-ordinator - Ms. Nitya Mahajan Management) Co-ordinator - Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Co-ordinator - Dr. Ashita Chadha Co-ordinator - Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Master of Arts (Mass Communication and Bachelor of Arts (Mass Communication and Journalism) Journalism) Co-ordinator - Dr. Chanchal Sachdeva Suri Co-ordinator - Dr. Kamaljit Kaur Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) Pranveer Singh Satvat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Pro VC (Academic) Registrar Prof. (Dr.) H. Nagaraja Udupa Prof. (Dr.) Shiv Kumar Tripathi Director (IDOL) Executive Director (USB) © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science – I Course Code: BAQ110 Credits: 3 Course Objectives:  To help the students to understand the concept of Political Science and relationship with other social sciences.  To elaborate the students about different theories of state.  To make the students aware of the Power, Authority and Sovereignty of State. Syllabus Unit 1 – Political Science: Meaning, Definition, Nature and Scope. Unit 2 – Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects: History, Sociology and Economics. Unit 3 – Importance and Utility of Political Science. Unit 4 – State: Definition, Meaning and its Elements. Unit 5 – State: Marxian Liberal and Gandhian View about State. Unit 6 – Theories of Origin of State: Social Contract, Evolutionary and Marxian Theory. Unit 7 – Power, Authority and Legitimacy: Meaning, Definition and Characteristics. Unit 8 – Sovereignty: Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and Types. Theories of Sovereignty: Monistic and Pluralistic. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Text Books: 1. Barker, E. (1976), Principles of Social and Political Theory, Calcutta: Oxford University Press. 2. Barry, N.P. (1995), An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3. Benhabib, S. and Cornell, D. (1987), Feminism as Critique, Cambridge: Polity Press. 4. Johari, J.C. (2009), Principles of Political Science, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 5. Varma, S.P. (1975), Political Theory, New Delhi: Geetanjali Publishing House. 6. Kapur, A.C. (1977), Principles of Political Science, New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. Ltd. 7. Asirvatham, E. (1936), Political Theory, New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. 8. Jain, M.P. (1993), Political Theory, Delhi: Authors Guild Publication. Reference Books: 1. www.managementstudyguide.com 2. https://www.managementstudyguide.com/political-science-and-other-social-sciences.htm 3. www.civilserviceindia.com 4. https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Political.../theories-of-the-state-liberal.html 5. www.britannica.com 6. http://rjhssonline.com 7. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1 – 14 15 – 30 Unit 1: Political Science 31 – 37 Unit 2: Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 38 – 53 Unit 3: Importance and Utility of Political Science 54 – 66 Unit 4: State - I 67 – 94 Unit 5: State - II 95 – 141 Unit 6: Theories of Origin of State 142 – 159 Unit 7: Power, Authority and Legitimacy Unit 8: Sovereignty CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 1 UNIT 1 POLITICAL SCIENCE Structure: 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Origin of the Study of Political Science 1.3 Meaning and Definitions of Political Science 1.4 Nature of Political Science 1.5 Scope of Political Science 1.6 Summary 1.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 1.8 Learning Activity 1.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 1.10 References 1.0 Learning Objectives Political Science is a social science which deals with the systematic study of politics. Ancient Greeks can claim the credit of being pioneers in studying the subject Political Science methodically. This chapter devotes a discussion about the origin, meaning, nature and scope of the study of Political Science. After studying this unit, you will be able to understand:  Meaning of Political Science  Origin of Political Science CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2 Political Science – I  Nature of Political Science  Scope of the study of Political Science 1.1 Introduction Politics is in reality a natural and essential aspect of social life. No society is or can be without politics. Everyone is involved in some kind of politics, it is said that politics is an unavoidable fact of human existence. Politics also takes care of everyone. So, modern man is a political animal. Political Science is a social science which deals with the systematic study of politics. Ancient Greeks can claim the credit of being pioneers in studying Political Science methodically. At that time Greeks lived in city states, Greek philosopher like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, made a scientific study of the various problems which has beset the city-states. While Socrates discussed orally through dialogues, his great Pupil Plato cultivated systematic Political thought in his three dozen written dialogues, among which the ‘Republic’ was the most celebrated. In this book, Plato justified moral significance of state, its organic unity and educational functions and above all its supremacy over the individuals. Aristotle is said to be intellectual child of Plato in his famous book ‘The Politics’ developed a systematic study of Political Science as an independent academic discipline. So, Aristotle is regarded as the father of Political Science. The term Political Science or politics is derived from the Greek word “Polis” which means city-states or the state. It is, therefore defined as the study of the activities of the state. But in recent times, Political Science has ceased to be merely a science of “statecraft and eloquence”. The scope of the subject has become so wide that it has become difficult to define “Political Science.” There is a great deal of controversy among the scholars regarding the nature of Political Science. Aristotle called it as a master science while scholars like August Comte, Buckle and Maitland denied that Political Science as a science. Teaching of Political Science in Plato’s “Academy” and in Aristotle’s “Lyceum” was done with a view to preparing future statesmen and administrators. Today, also the administrators, statesmen and diplomats require sound knowledge of Political Science in order to perform their functions with efficiency. The study of Political Science is valuable for securing unity of the nation and also to make the democracy success. The significance of Political Science has assumed much importance in the CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 3 nuclear age. G.B. Shaw said “Political Science is the science by which alone civilisation can be saved.” 1.2 Origin of the Study of Political Science Political Science is a social science which deals with the systematic study of politics. As an ancient field of learning it first began from the Greeks. Ancient Greece produced a series of intellectual luminaries of whom Socrates, Plato and Aristotle were famous political philosophers. Socrates laid the foundation of intellectual inquiry and the quest for truth. Plato and Aristotle were the two early Greek Political Philosophers who made far reaching and lasting contribution in the field of Political Science. In his famous book, “The Republic”, Plato justified moral significance of the state, its organic unity and educational functions and above all its supremacy over the individuals. Aristotle is said to be the intellectual child of Plato and in his famous book “The Politics”, he first developed a systematic study of Political Science as an independent academic discipline. Aristotle is regarded as the Father of Political Science, because of his far reaching and permanent contribution in the field of politics. Thus, the science of politics began with him. Subsequently, it spread over to all other countries and its study has assumed greater importance in modern times. 1.3 Meaning and Definitions of Political Science The term ‘Political Science’ or ‘Politics’ has been derived from the Greek word “Polis” which means city state. The Oxford English Dictionary defines Political Science as “the science and art of government, the science dealing with form of organisation and administration of state or part on one with the regulation of its relations with other states. Political Science has been defined by different thinkers in various ways. A precise and universally accepted definition of Political Science is not available. A perusal of the books written by eminent scholars shows that authors themselves do not hold clear-cut views with the result they find it difficult to give precise definitions. Some important definitions of Political Science are given below. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 Political Science – I Traditional Definitions 1. Paul Janet: “Political Science is that part of social science which treats the foundation of state and principles of the Government”. 2. Gettell: “Political Science is the historical investigation of what the state has been, an analytical study of what the state is and a politico-ethical discussion of what the state ought to be.” 3. Seeley: “Political Science investigates the phenomena of Government as Political Economy deals with wealth, Biology with the life, Algebra with numbers and Geometry with space and magnitudes.” 4. Bluntschli: “Political Science is the Science which is concerned with the state which endeavours to understand and comprehend the state in its fundamental conditions, in its essential nature, its various forms of manifestation and its development.” 5. Garner: “Political Science begins and ends with state.” 6. Gilchrist: “Political Science is a study of state and government.” All the definitions stated above speak out one thing that Political Science is concerned with the State, Government and formal political institutions. Modern Definitions (a) Lasswell and Kaplan: “Political Science is the study of shaping and sharing of powers.” (b) David Easton: “Political Science is concerned with the authoritative allocation of values for the society.” (c) Kindel Berger: “Politics exists when ends and means are controversial.” (d) Hillman: Politics is the science of who gets what, when and why? From the above definitions, we may conclude that Political Science is a social science which deals with the study of state, government, political institutions, political power, political behaviour and political dynamics and it now deals with the study of nature and attitude of human beings, law, human relations, relationship between individual and the state, the extent of individual freedom and self-control. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 5 1.4 Nature of Political Science There has been no agreement among thinkers as the scientific nature of Political Science. Aristotle calls it is the master science. Hobbes, Lord Bryce, Vicco, Hume, Fredrick Pollock and Seeley etc. consider it as a science. While, Maitland, Mosca, Burke, Burckle and Comte deny that Political Science is not a science. So it is worth to have a debate on it. Political Science is a Science Before discussing the scientific nature of Political Science it is necessary to know what really a science is. If science is a systematic reasoning, then we can’t deny the claim of Political Science to be a science. But if science involves exact conclusions, clearly defined subjects, then we may not regard Political Science as a science. But to my mind, Political Science is a science, science is a systematised body of knowledge. The task of science is to classify facts and recognise their relative significance and sequence and from principles of general application. A science deals with experimentation, observation within a laboratory and exact conclusion and absolute principles. The following arguments may be given to justify the claim of Political Science to a science: (a) Political Science is a systematised body of knowledge: Facts related to the State, Government and other political institutions are ascertained by employing methods that are systematical. Research in Political Science is conducted in systematic manner and the result reveals that political scientists acquire knowledge about political institutions and behaviours in every stage and phase without ignoring a single link and missing any vital step. (b) Experimentation is also possible in Political Science: The elements of Direct Democracy have been successfully experimented in the cantons of Switzerland. Political Scientists have been able to use several devices to experiment the views of the people for formation of government and the success and failure of the governmental policies. They have proved their predictions true in many cases. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 Political Science – I (c) Several Political Norms have become Universally accepted: There are certain norms universally accepted in physical sciences. In Political Science also we find that there are some principles such as the integrity of the judges, neutrality of the civil servants, loyalty by the head of the state to the constitution which have formed the cardinal virtues of almost all the states. It proves that norms of Political Science also have universal acceptability. (d) Micro study is also undertaken in Political Science: In physical sciences like physics and chemistry the students make detailed studies about the smallest and simplest parts of the substance or objects. So also in Political Science the students and the researchers make micro studies about the different aspects of Political institutions including the study of the political behaviours of the groups and individuals. For the above reasons Aristotle, Bodin, Hobbes, Lord Bryce, Bluntschli, Jellineck and others hold Political Science as Science. But the principles formulated by a Political scientist as a result of observation, analysis and experiment are not exact as the laws of physical sciences. Political Science is not a Science Scholars like Buckle, Comte, Mosca and Maitland did not accept the claim of Political Science as a science for the following reasons: (a) There is no agreement among scholars as to its methods, principles and conclusions. (b) The principles of Political Science are not universally accepted and applied. The principles and findings of Political Science lack exactness. They are mostly hypothetical. The findings cannot be regarded as true and universal. (c) It is difficult to apply scientific methods of investigation to the study Political phenomena, because Political phenomena are characterised by uncertainty, variableness and lack of proper order. (d) Laboratory experimentation is not possible in Political Science. In Physical Science the students make experiments in laboratories. The experiment is conducted with the help of tools and equipments. In Political Science such types of experiment is not possible because Political Science deals with man and his behaviour which is flexible and CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 7 dynamic. Social phenomena are constantly undergoing change and are more difficult to control. Lowell considered politics “an observational and not on experimental science.” (e) Unlike physical sciences Political Science lacks uniform principles or laws that are universally valid. It is difficult to draw precise conclusions on account of the complexity of social phenomena and changeability of human behaviour. Hence, it is labelled as on inexact. science. (f) In Political Science the researcher can not make exact predictions as political behaviour of men is influenced by human passions, emotions and prejudices. Further political phenomena do not follow proper sequences like in physical science and political behaviour of man is unpredictable. The keen Political Science researchers and bold political prophet cannot forecast feature political happenings. (g) Objectively which characterized the physical sciences is lacking in Political Science. The Subjective bias of the political observes colours his judegment of political problems and as a result, his findings would be one sided and contain partial truth. Thus, Political Science can not claim to be an exact science like Physics and Chemistry as socio-political relations are constantly changing. All natural sciences are not exact. Meteorolgy is a science whose predictions are not exact. Therefore, Political Science follows scientific method of investigation for which it is called a science. Again, there is emerging some sort of agreement among scholars on various political issues and so qualified to be called a science. Political Science is an Art Scholars like Buckle, August Comte and Maitland did not accept the claim of Political Science as a science. Maitland said, “when I see the examination questions headed by the title Political Science, I regret not for the question but for the title.” They consider Political Science as an Art. By Art we mean, “Practical application of knowledge for the achievement of a particular end.” Art is important because it applies the practical use of knowledge on gathers. It helps achieve this objective. By going through Political Science, the students gather knowledge about the State and Government. They could know the process through which the state has come to its existence and the reasons for which the state continues to exist. The knowledge about the origin, CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 Political Science – I nature and development of the state is not only accumulated, it is applied for defining and designing the purpose of the state and for its governance too. The constitution of a state is drafted by application of this knowledge. This knowledge becomes the basis for administering the day-to-day affairs of the state. The purpose and objectives of the state are realised only through this knowledge. The students of Political Science develop a skill in them to shape the foreign policies of a state on which the diplomatic relations with other states can be maintained. The researchers in Political Science apply the basic principles of Political Science for the purpose of formulating public opinion for smooth governance of the society. The rules and regulations made by the administrators and statesmen not only help public participation in administration possible, it also paves way for enlarging the sphere of state activities. Administration of a society of human beings can never run on the rigid principles of physical and natural sciences. It requires flexibility and adaptability. Political Science furnishes that skill by which the rules and regulations can be suitably amended to cope with the situations for the better and greater interest of the state. Thus, Political Science is an Art. Political Science is both a Science and an Art On the basis of the analysis of the meaning and definitions of science, Political Science is essentially a science as it is a body of systematised knowledge and is studied methodically. It is not only capable of conducting tests and experiments of political phenomenon, it also predicts results which comes true. Political Science is an Art as well. It has both theoretical and practical values. The accumulated theoretical knowledge about the political organisations, institutions and behaviours are very accurately and skillfully applied for the purpose of achieving one’s end in the society. It always provides ways and means for a better type of social living which is the real meaning of Art. Hence, Political Science is both a Science and an Art. According to William Esslinger “Science and Art need not be antithesis.” An engineer who acquires knowledge about theories of civil constructions also applies it for building houses, roads and bridges. In that case he is both a scientist as well as an artist. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 9 1.5 Scope of Political Science The scope of Political Science implies its subject-matter. In other words, it tells about its jurisdiction. The scope of Political Science is very wide and comprehensive. Political scientists seldom agree on its scope. An attempt was made by the international. Political science association in Paris in 1948 to demarcate the scope of Political Science. It demarcated the scope into four zones, viz; Political Theory, Political Institutions, Political Dynamics and International Relations. But the expanding frontier of political science goes beyond this limitations. It is increasing day by day. Political Science has now become an all embracing subject. With the advent of the idea of welfare State and human welfare the scope and importance of political science have expanded widely: 1. A study of the State and Government: The primary concern of Political Science is about the State and Government. It discusses the problem and organisation of the State and Government. The State is a group of people organised for law within a definite territory. It has four elements such as population, territory, Government and sovereignty. Government is an organ of the state. Political Science studies the activities of the state. It also explains the aims and objectives of the Government. 2. A study of Political Theory and Political Philosophy: Political Science studies about political theory and political philosophy. Political Theory deals with the definition and meaning of fundamental political concepts like state, Government, law, liberty, equality, justice, sovereignty, separation of powers, political obligation and various ideologies. A student of Political Science must starts his lessons with Political Theory. Political philosophy concerned with the theoritical and speculative consideration of the fundamental principles used by Political Scientist. The study of the political philosophies of great political philosophers such as of Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Bodin, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Hegel, Green, J.S. Mill, Karl Marx, Lenin and others forms a valuable part of the scope of Political Science. On the basis of the ideas of political philosophers political theory defines political concepts. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10 Political Science – I 3. A study of political institutions: The field of Political Science is rather vast. It includes the study of political institutions. This brings the study of constitutions and comparative Government into its fold. It studies the relative merits or demerits of different political institutions, constitutional laws and comparative Government. It helps in arriving at different conclusion of comparative basis. The state, political institutions and associations are studied in Political Science. 4. A study of Public Administration and Local Administration: The scope of Political Science includes the study of Public Administration and local administration. Public Administration deals with the organisation, control and coordination of administrative machinery, personnel administration, financial administration, public relations, administrative law and adjudication etc. It also covers the study of local self Governments like Panchayatiraj institutions, Corporations, Municipalities and Notified Area Councils. 5. A study of relation between the individual and the state: The scope of Political Science includes the nature of relationship between the individual and the state. It examines how man should adjust himself with the society. The individual enjoys certain rights and liberties which are guaranteed and protected by the state. At the same time the state puts some restrictions on the enjoyment of those rights and liberties. The state also expects of the individual’s to do some duties. Thus the reconciliation between individual’s freedom and state’s restrictions is one of the moving studies of Political Science. Political Science also studies about man in his social relationships. 6. A study of International Law and Relations: In 21st Century the isolated existence of the state is totally unthinking. So the study of Political Science includes a study of international relations. It covers diplomacy, International Politics, International law and organisation. It aims at establishing a world Government. International Law or the Law among Nations is a body of general principles and specific rules which regulates the relationship among states and international institutions in times of peace and security and harmony and cooperation among nations has made the study of international relations very important. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 11 7. A study of Political Dynamics: Political Dynamics means the current forces at work in Government and politics. It covers a wide range of subjects. Those are political parties, public opinion, pressure groups, lobby etc. A systematic study of these force will enable one to explain the political behaviour of individual and groups. This constitutes the nucleus of the study of Government and politics. These bring change in political administration, social order and cultural trend. These help in explaining economics also. Human mind is dynamic, not static. So his ideas as to politics, sociology, economics change. Political studies keep abreast of these changes. 8. A study of Political Behaviour: Another important part of the scope of Political Science in contemporary times is the study of the political behaviour of the people, in the process of politics. Voting behaviour, political participation, leadership, recruitment, elite behaviour, mass politics etc form an integral part of the study of politics. 9. A study of Political Sociology: The scope of Political Science includes the study of Political Sociology. For a studying it, modern political scientists have developed concepts like political system, political culture, political socialisation, political development, political modernisation, political power, authority, legitimacy, influence, political participation etc. 10. A study of Environment of Politics: The study of politics demands a study of the psychological, sociological, economic and anthropological environments, in fact, the total environment in which every political system operates. This study helps to explain and compare the functioning of various political systems of the world. Thus, the scope of Political Science has been expanding in recent times. It has now become very broad. It includes everything that falls within the fold of political activity and political process. It is dynamic and continuously developing subject of study. Its scope is ever expanding. 1.6 Summary Political Science is a social science which makes a systematic study of state, government, other political institutions, political powers, political dynamics, political process and political behaviour. It involves a systematic attempt to acquire scientific knowledge of the political CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 Political Science – I phenomenon. It is a social science like Sociology and Economics not a natural science. The scope of Political Science has been a continuously changing and expanding. From the study of only state and government it has now come to be a study of all political structures, functions and processes of politics in all societies. The study of Political Science has assumed greater popularity and significance in modern times. 1.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  The Republic: A famous book written by Plato.  The Politics: A famous book written by Aristatle.  Lyceum: An Athenian School founded by Aristatle.  Academy: An educational institution founded Polis city by Plato in Athen in 387 B.C.  Greek Word ‘Polis’: Means City States. 1.8 Learning Activity 1. ‘State is the central concept of the study of Political Science’. Examine it by it by analysing the traditional definitions. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. ‘Political Science is a science’. Justify it by citing the characteristics of science in Political Science. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. ‘Political Science is a misnomer’. Examine the statement. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. ‘The scope of Political Science is expanding day by day’. Prove it. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science 13 5. ‘Political Science is both Science and Art’. Justify it. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. What do you mean by Political Science? Make a difference between Politics and Political Science. 2. Is Political Science a Science? 3. “Political Science is a misnomer.” Explain. 4. Define Political Science. Discuss its scope. 5. Discuss meaning and nature of Political Science. 6. “Political Science is both Science and Art.” Explain. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. ‘The Republic’ is written by __________. (a) Socrates (b) Plato (c) Aristotle (d) Rousseau 2. __________ is regarded as the father of Political Science. (a) Plato (b) Socrates (c) Aristotle (d) Machiavelli 3. __________ said “Political Science begins and ends with state”. (a) Laski (b) Green (c) Seeley (d) Garner 4. __________ regarded Political Science as master science. (a) Aristatle (b) Lord Bryee (c) Seeley (d) Hume CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 Political Science – I 5. _________ among the following does not consider Political Science as science. (a) Aristatle (b) Hobbes (c) Bryce (d) Maitland Answers 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (d), 4. (a), 5. (d) 1.10 References 1. J.W. Garner, Political Science and Government (Calcutta, The World Press Ltd., 1951). 2. J.R. Seeley, Introduction to Political Science (London, 1923) 3. E. Barker, Political Thought from Spencer to the Present Day. 4. David Easton, “Alternative Strategies in Theoretical Research” in Varieties of Political Theory. 5. Robert A. Dahl, Modern Political Analysis (New Delhi – 1965) 6. David Easton, The Political System, New York – 1953. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 15 UNIT 2 RELATIONSHIP OF POLITICAL SCIENCE WITH OTHER SUBJECTS Structure: 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Relationship between Political Science and History 2.3 Relationship between Political Science and Sociology 2.4 Relationship between Political Science and Economics 2.5 Relationship between Political Science and Other Social Sciences 2.6 Summary 2.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 2.8 Learning Activity 2.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 2.10 References 2.0 Learning Objectives Political science is a social science. It touches the other social sciences at various points, and therefore for the proper understanding of Political Science, its relations with other social sciences have to be examined. This unit devotes discussion on the relationship of Political Science with other social sciences particularly with History, Sociology and Economics. After studying this unit, you will be able to :  Explain the relationship between Political Science and History CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

16 Political Science – I  Describe the relationship between Political Science and Sociology  Discuss the relationship between Political Science and Economics  Elaborate the relationship between Political Science and Other Social Sciences 2.1 Introduction Human society is studied by different social sciences, one of which is political science. Like other social science, political science is a humanistic social science. All social sciences, which have grown into autonomous disciplines are bound together by a common string. Social sciences together cover the whole social life of man. Each of them deals with one specialised field or aspect of man’s social behaviour. Hence we have various social sciences, which may be regarded as the petals of the same flower of society. The study of political science is only the study of one aspect of man’s integrated social life. Political science therefore, cannot be isolated from other social sciences. Political science touches the other social sciences at various points, and therefore for the proper understanding of political science its relations with other social sciences have to be examined. Sharp, clear and definitive frontiers cannot be marked around political science. While collecting data or making a psychological or behavioural approach, the political scientist may find himself in the field of sociology or any other non-political field. It is very difficult to say at what point the political researcher crosses the boundaries of political science and strays into the field of other social sciences. Scientific knowledge is an integrated whole, and artificial barriers between sciences cannot be erected. It is only for convenience and specialisation that knowledge is brought under different subjects. The specialist cannot but realise the unity in social sciences and the connection between one discipline and another. The work done in one particular field has its repercussions on other fields as well. Political science cannot be a self-sufficient discipline. Inevitably it has to rely on other social sciences and political science. The give and take principle prevails among all social sciences. We shall examine the relations between political science and sociology, history and economics. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 17 2.2 Relationship between Political Science and History History is a chronological account of man’s achievements and failures in his quest for civilization and culture, it is a story of the past, recording political, social, economic, religious and cultural progress made by man in the various parts of the world. It is a social science closely related to political science. Both the disciplines are inter-related and mutually dependent. History supplies raw material to the political scientist: One of the methods of studying political science is historical. The historian places at the disposal of the political scientist a very rich and useful fund of information about man’s activities in the past in the various parts of the world in a chronological order. A part of this material is used by the political investigator for studying the origin and the growth of political institutions. The scope of political science is narrower than that of history. The Field of history is wider than that of political science, as the former is interested in the entire record of man’s progress in all fields, while the latter is concerned only with political affairs of mankind. The political scientist has to select his material carefully from historical facts and data, as all matters provided by history may not be quite germane to the study of political science. While it is true that the debt political science owes to history is great, it is only partially correct to say that history is past politics. All history cannot be past politics, as much historical material does not deal with political activity, political principles and institutions, and is irrelevant to the study of political science. Political science and history are mutually dependent. Sir John Seeley speaks the truth through with some exaggeration when he says: “History without Political Science has no fruit; Political Science without History has no root.” Undoubtedly political institutions are the products of history. The historian provides the political scientist with rich source material for his study. The roots of political science lie in the historical material chronologically arranged by the historian. Lord Acton emphatically says: “The science of politics is the gold deposited by the stream of history.” This explains how highly indebted the political scientist is, to the historian. Similarly, the historian is indebted to the political scientist, who explains how the state and the government emerged and made rich contribution to the evolution of culture and civilisation. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 Political Science – I Political science deals with political activity, a very important part of human activity, which the historian cannot ignore. History cannot enrich itself without the aid of political science. As regards their mutual indebtedness, Seeley aptly says: “Politics are vulgar when not liberalised by history, and history fades into mere literature when it loses sight of its relation to politics.” But Freeman is not quite correct when he says that “history is past politics or that politics is present history.” The inter- dependence of the two subjects is so great that they touch each other frequently. Burgess says with great emphasis: “Separate them (history and politics) and the one becomes a cripple, if not a corpse and the other a will-of-the wisp.” Both the subjects are complementary. History covers part of the ground of human activity in the pre-political stage, and like sociology enables the researcher to study the origin of society and the formation of state and government. The remaining background is furnished by subjects like anthropology, philosophy, ethics and psychology. History and political science are distinct social sciences; but they are inseparable. History presents facts, but does not speculate. Political science speculates also while dealing with the objectives of state formation. But both the disciplines have the study of the state in common. 2.3 Relationship between Political Science and Sociology Sociology emerged as an independent discipline only in recent years. Auguste Comte (1798-1857), who coined the word Sociology in 1839 tried to popularise it and regarded it as an all-inclusive social science. The view of Comte that sociology could become an all-embracing social science was not shared by other scholars, who felt that one social science alone could not successfully deal with highly complex and amazingly wide range of social phenomena. The need of having separate social sciences to handle different types of man’s activities in society was felt and as a result independent disciplines like political science emerged. Sociology studies all the aspects and complexities of social life. It deals with the origin, structure, growth and functions of social groups, types of social groups, laws, customs, usages and institutions. It studies the whole range of social relationships. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 19 Webster’s Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia says that sociology is: “(a) The science of human relations, especially, those between the community and the individual, (b) That branch of science which treats of the origin and development of society.” The scope of sociology is wider than that of political science. The former, which is the basic social science or the mother of all social sciences has to conduct the study of the various aspects of man’s social life and all agencies of social control. The latter, which covers a narrow field deals with political activities of man. Sociology, which studies all kinds of human associations and all human “associated processes” may be regarded as a general social science. Political science, which may be regarded as a special social science, is a differentiation. Sociology studies man in all social relations and in all types of human groups, while political science deals only with one of its aspects, namely, the political aspect. Sociology studies all communities and groups, organised and unorganised, but political science studies only an organised political society, that is, the state. Sociology studies social institutions as they are and not as they ought to be. Its approach is empirical and not philosophical. Political science studies political institutions as they are and as they ought to be. The study of political science begins at a later stage than that of sociology. While the study of political science commences at a stage, when man became a member of an organised political society, the study of sociology commences at an earlier stage, when there was no state and government. Political science does not primarily study human institutions of the pre-political period. Sociology and political science are mutually dependent. They are closely associated in the study of man’s social life. Every sociologist is in need of some knowledge about political science, and every political scientist finds a knowledge of sociology indispensable. As sociology deals with human customs, traditions and usages in the pre-political stage, it helps political science by presenting facts, which are useful in knowing the origin of social laws, state and political institutions. It is sociology which tells the political scientist the reasons of state formation. In the same way, political science helps sociology by furnishing the details about state and government, which are essential in understanding sociological problems. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 Political Science – I 2.4 Relationship between Political Science and Economics Economics is a social science “dealing with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of wealth.” (Webster’s Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia). It deals with satisfaction of human wants and material welfare. Political science deals with state and government, and problems connected with the exercise of coercive power. The two social sciences are intimately connected. Till recent years, economics was regarded as a branch of political science. In most of the cases, economists were also social philosophers. The Greeks gave the title Political Economy to economics. Though today the two subjects have been separated, each with its own field, the two continue to be very closely connected. In fact both of them have to go hand in hand as inseparables though they are distinct social sciences. We may better regard them as the two sides of the same coin. If political-science is detached from economics, it will become a mere skeleton. The two disciplines came still closer to each other after the outbreak of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1850). The excessive concentration of wealth in the hands of a few industrial capitalists and the merciless exploitation of workers and the poor urgently necessitated the state regulation of industry, finance, trade and commerce through legislation. Today every state to a smaller or greater extent regulates and controls the production of wealth. Political action is required for solving economic problems. Political ideas and principles in a state shape economic conditions. Thus political science and economics have common ground of functioning and have very much to do with each other. In the modern state, the most important issues or problems of conflict are economic. Modern states have to strain their nerves for public welfare. In the promotion of welfare, both the social sciences work together in close collaboration. All over the world, whatever may be the basic principles of state control and regulation, the concept of the welfare state has been accepted. The state exists for the welfare of man, and politicians, administrators and economists coming together pool their energies for the promotion of the happiness and well-being of society. Several examples can be given to illustrate that economic forces shape destinies of states, thus proving the intimacy between political science and economics. Revolutionary changes take CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 21 place in the power structures of states owing to economic factors. Forms of government in Russia, China and other countries radically changed owing to revolutions having an economic background. The outbreak of the American Revolution and the birth of the USA had much to do with economic causes. In several countries struggles break out to acquire political power for gaining economic control, which may be utilised either to promote economic welfare or to oppress the poor masses of people. No government worth its salt can afford to remain unconcerned without regulating economic activities. Certain theories regarding the ends and functions of state and the sphere of state activity also establish a connection between political and economic principles. The combination is seen in the theories of Communism, Democratic Socialism, Fabianism, Fascism and Nazism. Democracy becomes meaningless in a country, if a few continue to be rich and powerful leaving the masses of people in the jaws of poverty. Democracy becomes meaningful only when it penetrates into the economic field to reduce substantially the disparity between the rich and the poor. In several economically backward countries, political democracy goes ahead leaving economic democracy far behind. The dependence of political science on economics is shown by the fact that people do not enjoy the fruits of democracy fully without the necessary legislation for economic changes. 2.5 Relationship between Political Science and Other Social Sciences 2.5.1 Political Science and Ethics Meaning: Ethics is the “science of human behaviour; systematised principles of morally correct conduct is the science of moral philosophy, concerned not with facts, but with values; not with character of, but with the ideal of human conduct; hence it is not a positive but a formative science.” (Webster’s Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia). Difference between the Two Subjects: Both political science and ethics are social sciences. The former deals state, government, political order and allied matters. The latter is concerned with moral order. Political science lays down principles governing political life. Ethics prescribes absolute principles of right and wrong. It deals with man as he ought to be and not as he is. It lays CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 Political Science – I down moral norms, which man is supposed to reach. Political science cannot lay down absolute norms. It draws laws, which are concerned with man’s external conduct only and not with the inner motives or intentions of man. In the state the citizen has to be law-abiding, and he is punished for the violation of law. He is not punished, if he violates rules of morality. State with Legal and not Moral Basis: The modern state has a legal basis. Governmental institutions function, according to the law and the constitution. The ancient Greeks, who gave the state an ethical basis, believed that politics and ethics were inseparable. Plato, the Greek philosopher, established an intimate connection between politics and ethics. According to him, membership for the state is necessary for leading a good and virtuous life. In his Republic Plato spoke of the state aiming at the establishment of justice or moral excellence. Aristotle too attached much significance to ethics, and regarded it as a part of politics. Some thinkers in modern times give too much importance to ethical principles in the state. To the philosopher Hegel, the state is the highest expression of morality. State should Respect Moral Values: Though the modern state has a legal basis, it should respect moral values, and should not make laws against ethical principles. It will not be possible for a state to regulate the moral life of the individual and control his inner character, but the state should make laws, which would create conditions conducive to a life of high moral principles. Practical Compromise between Law and Morality: In the course of ages society evolves its own unwritten code of moral principles, which the majority of people uphold by and large. No individual can scrupulously adhere to all moral principles unless he happens to be a true sage or saint. Minor deviations from moral principles do occur in our daily lives. But all the same we have a wholesome respect for moral values, and we strongly denounce acts of immorality. Separation of Politics from Ethics: Niccolo Machiavelli in “The Prince”, supported the absolute power of kings, who according to him are under no obligation to respect moral principles. He said that the virtue of the prince lies in increasing his power by any means. He separated politics from ethics for which he has been strongly criticised. Gandian Politics: Mahatma Gandhi tried to elevate politics to the moral level. The general opinion is that politicians are unscrupulous and they do not care for moral principles. Mahatma CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 23 Gandhi prescribed a high moral code of conduct to politicians and administrators when he proclaimed: “What is morally wrong cannot be politically right.” Intimacy and inter-dependence: Political science and ethics are closely connected, and they depend upon each other. Political science cannot be indifferent to ethical values. As mentioned earlier, the state shall respect moral principles, if its machinery is to function for the good of the people, who are its members. All political institutions should invariably have wholesome respect for moral principles, if they are not to lose their ethos. Political science has to deal, not only with political institutions as they are, but also with institutions as they ought to be. As Lord Acton aptly puts it: “The great question is to discover, not what governments prescribe, but what they ought to prescribe.” Ethics lays down principles governing the conduct of human beings in society, and political science lays down principles applicable to human beings who are organised in a political society or state. The two types of principles should associate themselves with each other for the good of the people. If ethics is entirely separated from political science, it loses its significance, because ethics lays down principles of right and wrong for people, about whom political science studies as members of the body politic or state. “Good life is the end of state”, proclaimed Aristotle. Good citizens alone make a good state. A state can never be good, if ethical principles are violated. What Aristotle said 2,500 years ago still holds good. The state will get perverted, if moral values are jettisoned. Degeneration by immorality: Immorality in politics brings about degeneration and ultimate destruction. States, whatever may be their form of government, suffer when the rulers (kings, dictators or party leaders) misuse power and rush aside moral principles. Even mighty-empires like the ancient Roman empire collapsed when moral principles were destroyed. 2.5.2 Political Science and Psychology Meaning: Psychology is the Science of the mind dealing with the mental state or attitude of human beings. “Psychology is the science of consciousness and deals with the rational and irrational aspects of the human mind.” It studies man's behaviour as an individual and as a- member of various associations and groups in society. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

24 Political Science – I Intimate Connection: Both psychology and political science are intimately connected. The state and all other political institutions are products of the human mind. The study of psychology enables the political writer to understand the influence of psychological factors in the evolution of state and political institutions. The political behaviour of man cannot be satisfactorily explained without an adequate knowledge of his psychology. Many of the political problems can be explained with the help of the psychological factor. This is what is stressed by Le Bon, Graham Wallas, Harold Lasswell, G.E.G. Catlin, Macdougall, W.H.R. Rivers, James Bryce and several other writers. Great Importance Given to Psychology in Recent Years: It was only in recent times that the study of human psychology for political purposes began to be given due importance. Earlier political science was under the strong influence of philosophy. In recent years, political leaders and rulers in a state give due weight to individual and mass psychology. During elections, leaders tap the psychological factor for winning the support of the masses of people. Leaders in power also see that their policies and laws do not go contrary to the sentiments and emotions of the people. Better Understanding of Political Science: A knowledge of psychology makes the political researcher better equipped mentally, in dealing with his subject. The study becomes more realistic, when the fact that political behaviour is the result of psychological causes is understood, if there is a close collaboration between psychologists and political scientists. The emergence of particular currents of public opinion, the peculiar electoral behaviour, the strange reactions of people to the policies of government, the unexpected success of certain leaders in elections and several other matters can be understood properly only with a thorough knowledge of the way in which the minds of the people work. The political scientist will not be able to make much progress without trying to find out how the human mind works. Not to Over-estimate Importance of Psychological Factor: The political scientist must avoid the pitfall of over-emphasizing or over-estimating the importance of psychological factor. Psychology does not explain all political problems and therefore the political scientist should cautiously select matter from psychology for his study. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 25 2.5.3 Political Science and Anthropology Meaning: Both political science and anthropology are social sciences. Anthropology is: (1) The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, racial characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of mankind. (2) The study of man’s similarity to and divergence from other animals. (3) The science of man and his works. (4) Also called philosophical anthropology is “the study of the nature and essence of man.” Thus anthropology is ‘the science of man in its widest sense.’ Languages, races and cultures of people living in the various parts of the world provide rich material for anthropological studies, which deal with man as a social being. Anthropology helpful to Political Science: The study of anthropology is helpful to political scientist. Anthropology shows how man's political behaviour is the result of race, culture and environmental influence. It throws much light on the conditions of the primitive man and helps the political scientist to study the origin of social life and development of state. It furnishes valuable information on the government, laws, racial divisions, habits, customs and usages of early societies. The rich material furnished by anthropology on diverse cultures and social systems is very useful for comparative political analysis. Increasing Importance of Anthrology: In recent years the importance of anthropology has been increasing, as primitive people very gradually became developing nations, and the political affairs of these nations could be better studied with the help of anthropology. The political scientist was not able to understand easily without the support of anthropological details the cultural features of the primitive societies following the political patterns of western countries. Misuse of Anthropology: The factors explained by anthropology in the evaluation of the state and nationhood are no doubt useful; but it is dangerous to attach excessive and indiscriminate importance to matters like race. The misuse of anthropology has been amply demonstrated in the political field by race maniacs in countries like Germany and Italy. Nazism and totalitarianism appeared in Hitlerite Germany in all their cruelty and ugliness with the theory of Nordic superiority in the background. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

26 Political Science – I 2.5.4 Political Science and Philosophy Meaning: Philosophy represents the love of all wisdom and “the knowledge of causes and laws of all things.” It helps to understand the “why” and “how” of things. Webster’s Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia says that philosophy is the “study of the causes and relations of things and ideas; the serene wisdom that comes from calm contemplation of life and the universe; a system of thought or ethics.” Mutual Dependence: Political science and philosophy are mutually dependent. Ancient Greek philosophers like Socrates, Plato and Aristotle saw in political institutions scope for the realisation of philosophical principles. In fact, they brought politics under the control of philosophy. In modern times, the two disciplines were separated. Yet we cannot have a science of state and government without principles of philosophy. The wisdom of the philosopher to have the best out of community life has to be combined with political and administrative principles. The politician and the administrator need the philosopher’s wisdom to serve the people and do their utmost to society. 2.5.5 Political Science and Jurisprudence Meaning: Jurisprudence is “the science of law; the system of laws of country; that branch of legislative procedure which treats of nature, origin and development of law.” (Webster’s Unified Dictionary and Encyclopedia.) Inter-related and Inter-dependent: Political science and jurisprudence are inter-related and inter-dependent. The scope of jurisprudence is much narrower than that of political science, and in a way it is a branch of political science. But in this age of science and specialisation the two disciplines are studied separately. No state can function without making laws, which is the subject matter of jurisprudence. To the scholar dealing with jurisprudence, the state is a legal person, which can sue and can be sued. If the political scientist needs the help of the jurist, the jurist also depends upon the political scientist. The law that is made by the jurist or the legislator has to be enforced. To do this, the state provides the necessary structure and framework. Therefore it is rightly said that law and government are “inseparable concepts and all institutions have both a legal and political aspect.” CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 27 2.5.6 Political Science and Religion Intimate connection between Religion and Politics: In ancient and medieval times, religion and politics were intimately connected. In fact they were mixed up. In ancient Egypt, Sumeria, India, China and other countries religion exercised dominating influence over political affairs. Similarly in medieval Europe, states were Christian. In the countries conquered and ruled by Muslim rulers, there was theocracy. In almost all the countries in the world in ancient, medieval and early modern times, the control of priests was conspicuous. Emergence of Secularism: Gradually in modern times tolerance and secularism rose, and in several states political affairs were freed from religious bondage. In advanced countries, it is felt that religion is a personal affair, and it should not be allowed to interfere in politics. 2.6 Summary The political scientist should know how political science is linked with other social sciences and how in many cases there is mutual reliance between this discipline and other disciplines. As explained in the foregoing pages, the political researcher has to learn or borrow much from other disciplines. Robert E. Murphy says, “a political scientist cannot close any doors. He must use the historian’s evidence of past experience; the economist’s analysis of wealth, value and distribution; the sociologist’s explanation of status and group inter relations; the geographer's comparative data on natural resources; the psychologist’s insights and findings about human behaviour; and the philosopher’s analysis of political ends.” The link between political science and the other disciplines is reciprocal. In the study of modern politics and society all the social sciences are interdependent findings for a better understanding of their own fields. Their narrow disciplinary boundaries either break down or become diluted when the political system and social system including the economic system require to be analysed and explained. The contemporary Political Scientists indubitably recognise this need and hence emphasize the interdisciplinary approach. S.M. Lipset points out there is, “almost no form of human behaviour which is not treated to some extent by each of the social sciences. Each varies only in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 Political Science – I its primary area of interest”. Therefore, as he says, we “have now reached the point where all social sciences must operate with common conceptual scheme and vocabulary.” 2.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  Social Science: It is a scientific study of human society and social relationship.  Chronological: Following order in which they occured.  USA: United States of America.  Communism: Scientific socialism or Marxism is a political ideology.  Fascism: It is an ideology or form of dictatorial Government profounded by Mussolini of Italy. 2.8 Learning Activity 1. Political Science and History are mutually dependent. Prove the truth. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Political Science and Sociology are closely associated in the study of man’s social life. Justify it by analysing their dependency. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Political Science and Economics are intimately connected. Prove it by citing examples. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Scope of Sociology is wider than Political Science”. Examine. 2. ‘Political Science and History are dependent”. Examine. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects 29 3. Discuss the relationship between Political Science and Sociology. 4. Examine the relationship between Political Science and History. 5. Examine the relationship between Political Science and Economics. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. __________ is regarded as mother of all Social Science. (a) Political Science (b) History (c) Sociology (d) Economics 2. __________ said, “History without Political Science has no fruit, Political Science without history has no roots.” (a) Laski (b) Seeley (c) Freeman (d) Garners 3. __________ said, “History is past politics.” (a) Lord Acton (b) Freeman (c) Laski (d) Seeley 4. ________ is known as Science of Wealth. (a) History (b) Economics (c) Political Science (d) Sociology Answers 1. (c), 2. (b), 3. (b), 4. (b) 2.10 References 1. Asirvatham. Eddy, Political Theory, 1957. 2. Barker, Ernest, Political Thought in England. 3. Brown, Ivor, English Political Theory, 1929. 4. Catlin, G.E.G., Systematic Politics. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 Political Science – I 5. Garner, W., Political Science and Government, 1955, The Word Press, Calcutta. 6. Ciettell. J.W., Political Science, 1956. 7. Giddings. Franklin. H., Principles of Sociology. 8. Gilchrist, R.N., Principles of Political Science, 1961. 9. Ginsberg, The Psychology of Society, 1951. 10. Heckscher, Gunnar, Study of Comparative Government and Politics, 1957. 11. Herbert, Samuel, Practical Ethics, 1935. 12. Joad. C.E.M., Guide to the Philosophy of Morals and Politics. 13. Lippmann, Walter, Preface to Politics, 1913. 14. Lipset, S.M. (Ed.). Politics and the Social Sciences, 1969, Oxford University Press. New York. 15. Lipson, Leslie, The Great Issues of Politics: An Introduction to Political Science, 1967, Jaico Publications, Bombay. 16. Murphy, Robert E., The Style and Study of Political Science, 1970, Scott Forestmann Co., Glenview, Illinois. 17. Roucek, G.S. and Others, Introduction to Political Science, 1954. 18. Seeley, I.R., Introduction to Political Science, 1923. 19. Sidgwick, Henry, The Elements of Politics, 1908. 20. UNESCO, Contemporary Political Science, 1950. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Importance and Utility of Political Science 31 UNIT 3 IMPORTANCE AND UTILITY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Structure: 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Importance and Utility of Political Science 3.3 Summary 3.4 Key Words/Abbreviations 3.5 Learning Activity 3.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 3.7 References 3.0 Learning Objectives As man is a political animal, almost everyone in a state, is directly or indirectly concerned with politics. Therefore study of politics or political science is of tremendous importance. After studying this unit, you will be able to  Discuss on the importance and utility or significance of political science.  Explain the importance of political science. 3.1 Introduction The study of Political Science is useful and valuable, as it enables is to know how and why the state was organised, why it continence and what aims and functions of the state are. It makes the individual understand his position in relation to state authority and arouses consciousness in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

32 Political Science – I him about his rights and obligations. Advance countries in which citizens have a commendable knowledge of Political Science can boast of high political vigilance and consciousness in them. 3.2 Importance and Utility of Political Science The study of Political Science has assumed greater popularity and significance in modern times. Modern man is a political animal and in his actions he is directly concerned with politics. Robert A. Dahl rightly observes “Politics is one of the unavoidable facts of human existence. Every one is involve in some fashion as sometime in some kind of political system.” Now the study of Political Science has assumed enormous significance on account of the following reasons: 1. Gives knowledge about State and Government: Study of Political Science imparts knowledge to the individuals with regard to the state, government and a host of other political institutions and process. It gives knowledge about the origin, nature, structure and functions of the state. Knowledge about state and Government is of great significance to modern man. It also give knowledge about the meaning of the government, its organs and their functions as well as the types of the government. 2. Useful for Statesmen and Administrators: The statesmen, legislators, administrators and diplomats who conduct of the affairs of the state require a sound knowledge of Political Science in order to perform their functions with efficiency. An administrator, who has no knowledge of Political Science is bound to be a failure. Consequently, all new entrants to the Indian Administrative Service have to undergo a course in Political Science at the National Academy to Administration, Mussori. Politics was taught in Plato’s ‘Academy’ and Aristotle’s ‘Lyceum’ with a view to preparing prospective statesmen and administrators. Thus, a constructive political progress rests upon a sound and comprehensive knowledge of political science. The administrators, legislators ans diplomats make a practical application of knowledge of political science in their respective fields. 3. Creates Political Consciousness and makes Democracy Success: Political Science has high educative value for citizens in its democratic states. The success of democracy depends upon the political consciousness of its people. The study of Political Science CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Importance and Utility of Political Science 33 makes people conscious of their rights and duties. It also makes them vigilant, alert, intelligent and patriotic. It is rightly said “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” Knowledge of Political Science develops a sense of participation and political efficacy. Thus the study of Political Science makes the citizens politically conscious which is a pre-requisite for the successful operation of democracy. 4. Enriches Knowledge: The study of Political Science enriches man’s mind and widens one’s intellectual horizon. In order to know what is happening in the world around us at least an elementary knowledge of Political Science is necessary. If the ultimate philosophy of human life is to enrich knowledge, then Political Science makes a major contribution to the store-house of knowledge. It is rightly said that those who do not be know anything about Political Science can not be happy. 5. Strengthens National Unity: The study of Political Science is valuable for securing unity of the nation. It makes citizens conscious of national objectives and goals. It preaches the maxim “United we prosper, divided we fall”. The study of Political Science helps to bring unity among the people. 6. Establishes Co-operation, Co-existence and Tolerance: Political Science also teaches the lesson of co-operation and tolerance. Society can not prosper without co-operation. Similarly absence of tolerance leads to anarchy. Political Science teaches the principle of “Live and Let Live”. Its study widens one’s knowledge about one’s own surroundings and happenings of the world. 7. Ensures a balance between the individuals and state: The knowledge of Political Science is useful as it ensures a proper adjustment between the individual and the state. It strikes a balance between the liberty of the individual and the authority of the state. It determines the extent of individual freedom and authority of the state. 8. Accelerates Political Dyanamics: The study of Political Science helps us to have an understanding of political dynamics. Political dynamics means those outside factors at work in government and politics like political parties, pressure groups, public opinion etc provides, stimulations to the state activities and Political Science teaches us about these forces. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

34 Political Science – I 9. Make citizens good: Political Science provides education for good citizenship. It teaches the lesson “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.” and “Live and let to live”. It makes the individuals conscious about the political system, state, decision making process, also rights and duties, which are badly required to be a good citizen. 10. Solve Problems: Modern welfare states are now facing a bundle of socio-economic and political problems. The study of Political Science helps to explain problems and their solutions. It accounts the individuals with all national and international problems. 11. Make the state and citizen ethical: The basic purpose of the state is to make its citizens good and ideal. Unless the state is itself an ideal one, how can its citizens be ideal. Political Science for that reason paves ways for the state to be a moral and ethical institution. It wants that all the activities of the state must be value based. 12. Increase Public Participation: Since the world has accepted democratic form of government and particularly parliamentary form of government, there is a need for wide participation of the people in the process of government. Unless there is peoples participation, the democratic government cannot be a responsible one. As Political Science is very much vocal about a democratic government people in more number actively participate in the process of government. 13. Develop Civic Sense: To say that man is a social animal is not everything. He is required to be civil in his character. He must be a citizen with all civic senses by which he can be a private as well as a public man. This civic sense is inculcated in a man only when he comes in contact with Political Science. One who studies Political Science understands that he is a member of the state and his personal welfare is very much associated with public welfare. Hence, he obeys state and remains loyal to the state. 14. Formulation of New Ideas: The understanding of politics and participation in revolutionary politics go a long way in bringing about the much needed change in society. Political Science as a study of both facts and values. Study of Political Science tells us about different ideologies and helps us formulate our own ideas. 15. Useful for Modern age: The significance of Political Science has assumed much importance in the nuclear age. The invention of dangerous nuclear weapons and its CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Importance and Utility of Political Science 35 wrong use by the super powers threaten the very survival of the mankind. In order to save the mankind from impeding crisis, a sound public opinion is to emerge. All individulas have to mould the world opinion to save the mankind from nuclear holocast. This is why G.B. Shaw says “Political Science is the science by which alone civilisation can be saved.” Realising importance of Political Science to the individual A.L. Rowse writes, “A people that neglects politics cannot as a people be happy.” 3.3 Summary Political Science is a social science which makes a systematic study of state, government, other political institutions, political powers, political dynamics, political process and political behaviour. It involves a systematic attempt to acquire scientific knowledge of the political phenomenon. It is a social science like Sociology and Economics not a natural science. The scope of Political Science has been a continuously changing and expanding. From the study of only state and government it has now come to be a study of all political structures, functions and processes of politics in all societies. The study of Political Science has assumed greater popularity and significance in modern times. No doubt the study of Political Science enriches man’s mind and makes a rich contribution to the realm of knowledge . Knowledge of Political Science expands the intellectual horizon of man and enables him to understand the happenings in the world around him. A.L. Rowse writes, “A people that neglects politics cannot as a people be happy.” G.B. Shaw stresses the crucial significance of Political Science when he says, “Political Science is the science by which alone civilization can be saved.” 3.4 Key Words/Abbreviations  Academy: An educational institution founded by Plato.  Lyceum: An educational institution founded by Aristotle. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 Political Science – I  State: State is a political association having four elements like population, territory, Government and sovereignty. 3.5 Learning Activity 1. The significance of political science has assumed much importance in the nuclear age. Justify it by citing the statement of G.B. Shaw. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Study of political science ensures a balance between individual freedom and authority of the state. Prove it. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3.6 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. “Study of Political Science enriches the knowledge” Explain. 2. “Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty” Explain. 3. Discuss the importance and utility of Political Science. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. __________ said, “A people that neglect politics cannot as a people be happy.” (a) Seeley (b) A.L. Rowse (c) G.B. Shaw (d) Laski 2. __________ said, “Political Science is the science by which alone civilisation can be saved.” (a) A.L. Rowse (b) Freeman (c) G.B. Shaw (d) Garner CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Importance and Utility of Political Science 37 3. ________ among the following founded ‘Academy’. (a) Socrates (b) Plato (c) Aristotle (d) Hobbes 4. ________ of the following educational institution founded by Aristotle. (a) Academy (b) Nalanda (c) Lyceum (d) Takshyashila Answers 1. (b), 2. (c), 3. (b), 4. (c) 3.7 References 1. Robert A. Dahl, ‘What is Political Science’ in Stephen K. Bailey (ed.), American Politics and Government, 1973. 2. Robert A. Dahl, ‘Modern Political Analysis’, 1965. 3. E. Asirvatham, ‘Political Theory’, 1974 (Edition). 4. J.W. Garner, ‘Political Science and Government’, 1951. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 Political Science – I UNIT 4 STATE - I Structure: 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Meaning and Definition of the State 4.3 Elements of State 4.4 State and Association 4.5 State and Society 4.6 Are the Units of a Federation States? 4.7 Is the United Nations a State? 4.8 Summary 4.9 Key Words/Abbreviations 4.10 Learning Activity 4.11 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 4.12 References 4.0 Learning Objectives The State is the central theme of Political Science. It is the most powerful and most universal of all social institutions. It is an association par excellence. It is the supreme organisation in society which controls co-ordinates the activities of individuals and associations within its territorial domain. So, it is regarded as the association of associations. This unit devotes discussion on meaning, definitions and elements of the state. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

State - I 39 After studying this unit, you will be able to understand:  Meaning of the state  Elements of the state  Differences between State and Associations 4.1 Introduction The state is regarded as the central theme of political science. It is most universal and most powerful of all social institutions. It is a natural, necessary and universal institution. It is natural, because it is rooted in the realety of nature of human being. It is necessary because, it is continuing in existence for the sake of ‘good life’. Man needs the state to satisfy his diverse wants and to be what he desires to be without state, he cannot develop his personality. The state is also a universal institution. It has existed whenever and wherever man has lived in an organised society. Stateless existence is considered to be an impossibility. It is also the supreme organisation in society which controls and co-ordinations the activities of individuals and associations within its territorial domain. 4.2 Meaning and Definition of the State In ordinary parlance the term ‘State’ is eased with a great deal of looseness and ambiguity. It has been erroneously eased as a synonym of ‘Country,’ ‘Nation’, ‘Society’ and ‘Government’. But in political science the term ‘State’ has a definite and scientific meaning. In its scientific sense, it means a collection of human beings, occupying a definite territory under an organised government and subject to no outside control. The meaning and nomenclature of the state have undergone change from time to time. The ancient Greeks used he word ‘Polis’ which means city state. The ancient Romans used the term ‘Civitas’ for state. The Teutons used the term ‘Status’ which means existence. It was Machiavelli who first used the term ‘La Stato’ (State) in the first quarter of the 16th century. As Sabine writes, “Machiavelli, more than any other thinker, created the meaning that has been attached to the state CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

40 Political Science – I in modern political usage.” For the first term he viewed the concept of the state as sovereign, secular and national institution. The word ‘State’ has been derived from the Latin word ‘Status’ which means a particular social position. To begin with the term State came to be used for describing the status of the people of a society as citizens. Gradually this term came to be used for the political institution/organisation which exercised supreme power (sovereignty) over the people living in its territory. Aristotle defined the state as “a union of families and villages having for its end a perfect and self sufficing life, by which we mean a happy and honourable life.” According to Burgess State is a “particular portion of mankind viewed as an organised unit.” Woodrow Wilson says that “the state is the people organised for law within a definite territory. According to Holland, a noted scholar on International Law, “The State is a numerous assemblage of human beings generally occupying a certain territory amongst whom the will of the majority of class is made to prevail against any of their number of who oppose it.” Prof. Harold J. Laski defined the state as “a territorial society divided into Government and subjects claiming within its allotted physical area, a supremacy over all other institutions.” Robert Dahl said, “The political system, made up of the residents of territorial areas and government of area, is a state.” According to Jean Bodin, “A State is an association of families and their common possessions governed by a Supreme power and by reason.” However, a very simple and clear meaning of the state has been given by J. W. Garner. He defined the state as “a community of persons, more or less numerous permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, independent, or nearly so, of external control and possessing an organised government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience.” CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

State - I 41 Phillimore’s definition of the state seems comprehensive. According to him, “it is a people permanently occupying a fixed territory, found together by common laws, habits and customs into one body politic, exercising through the medium of an organised government, independent sovereignty and control over all persons and things within its boundaries, capable of making war and peace and of entering into all international relations with the communities of the globe.” All the definitions stated above indicate that the state has some characteristic features or elements: First Use of the Word “State”: The word state came into political vocabulary in Renaissance Europe in the early part of the 16th century. It was not used in the modern sense by the ancient Greco-Roman writers. To begin with the term state was being used in Italy, where Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) employed this term in his book The Prince (1513) while dealing with republics and principalities or hereditary monarchies. In France the term etat and in England the term state gained currency in the 16th century and in Germany the term state in the 17th century. Since then it came to be applied universally to the body politic. Indiscriminate Use of the Term: The term state is used by common people carelessly and indiscriminately as if it is equivalent to terms like nation, society, government, country and federal unit or part of a state (like Karnataka). Political scientists use it in their literature strictly in a technical sense with a precise connotation. Here again some confusion has crept in because the term state does not have one universally accepted definition or meaning. In ordinary parlance sometimes the word state is used to indicate condition. We speak in terms of state of health or state of economy. 4.3 Elements of State After examining several important definitions of state, we conclude that the state has four essential constituent elements or attributes: (1) Population, (2) Territory, (3) Government, and (4) Sovereignty. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 Political Science – I 1. Population (a) Most Essential: Population is a very essential element of state, and it is obvious that there can be no state without population. State is meant for human beings and not vice versa. Population is inevitably a basic requirement. (b) Size of Population: No hard and fast rule can be made about the exact population a state should have. J.W. Garner says: “The nearest approach to a safe rule is to say that population must be sufficient to provide a governing body and a number of persons to be governed, and of course sufficient to support a state organisation.” Aristotle favouring a medium sized population said that the population should be large enough to be self-sufficient and at the same time small enough to be efficiently ruled. A very small number of people cannot form a state, if it is to function properly. It is ridiculous to imagine that 25 persons can form a state. Greek thinkers, who were- influenced by the city states of Athens and Sparta believed that the population should neither be too small nor too big. Plato put the ideal number at 5,040. This number constituted only citizens and non-citizens and slaves did not figure in this. Aristotle striking a via media between too small a number and too big a number says that if few persons cannot make a good state, so also a hundred thousand cannot. Rousseau favoured a small population often thousand. The opinion of thinkers like Plato and Rousseau have no validity now. An increase or decrease of population within limits does not affect the status of a state, though it may change the standard of living and strength of a state. (c) Optimum Population Desirable: Roughly the size of population a state can sustain depends upon its area and resources. Sweeping variations in population may have evil effects on a state. Decimation of population by war or epidemics may weaken a state. So also an alarming rise in population by influx of people from outside or some other reason taxes the resources of a state. Both over-population and under-population may become serious problems to state. In Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, gifts or bounties were given to mothers of many children. Similarly, in former Soviet Russia state aid was given to encourage large families. Under Article 122 of the Soviet Constitution, mothers bearing 10 or more children are honoured by the title of Heroine Mother. On the other hand, in several modern countries including India the rising population is a CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

State - I 43 serious threat to the resources. The picture is different in the West, where a few countries face the problem of under-population. (d) Contrast in Figures: A great contrast in population figures can be noted in modern states. While the states of Panama and San Marino have only a few lakhs, China and India have reached the staggering figures of nearly million and 600 million respectively. (e) Nature and Character of People: The nature and character of people can make or mar a state. While sick, easy going, physically weak, illiterate, ignorant, mentally backward and lethargic people can hardly build a flourishing state, healthy, physically strong, diligent, intelligent, educated, disciplined and dynamic people can make a state truly great. Racial factors and climatic conditions have great influence on the population of a state. Aristotle wisely said that only good citizens make a good state, while bad citizens make a bad state. India has a large population far beyond her national means. The effects of planning on a large scale are neutralised by the phenomenal increase in population. Japanese, Germans and Jews are examples of peoples who made tremendous progress in all fields and won the encomium of people all over the world by their extraordinary intelligence and hard work in spite of heavy odds. 2. Territory (a) Very Essential: Like population, fixed territory is a very essential element of state, though some authors like Sir John Seeley, Hall and Duguit do not think so. Obviously there cannot be state without territory, which is a basic requirement. Mere political unity and desire to form a state are not enough. People need actual territory to live and organise themselves politically into a state. Until 1948, when Palestine was partitioned between the Jews and the Arabs, the former could not have a state of their own. The Jewish soul secured the body in the form of Israel, their cherished state. Territory is absolutely essential for citizenship and for marking the clear frontiers of the jurisdiction of a particular state. Nomadic tribes without any fixed territory cannot form a state. (b) Meaning: The word territory includes the surface of the land, the sub-soil, lakes and rivers and also air space above the land within well-defined boundaries. Generally territory means contiguous territory; but there are exceptions. Alaska, the 49th State, and Hawaii, the 50th State, CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

44 Political Science – I of the USA are separated from mainland. During the period 1947-1972 East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) was separated from West Pakistan by about a thousand miles of Indian territory. Traditionally, the territorial frontiers of a state extend over a distance of three miles of the sea from the coast line. But in recent years states have unilaterally extended their sovereignty far beyond the traditional distance of 3 miles. The sovereignty of a state is also applicable to the air space above. The distance on the sea and in the air over which the sovereignty of a state can extend has not been fixed by agreement among states. (c) Size of Territory: As in the case of population, no rigid rule or standard can be prescribed regarding the size of territory of a state. Some states are very large in size, while there are states with incredibly small size. For example, the area of the USSR and the USA are 8,336,510 square miles and 3,570,982 square miles respectively; but those of San Marino and Monaco are 38 square miles and 8 square miles respectively. The Vatican City since 1929, over which the Pope exercises sovereignty in the centre of Rome, has an area of 109 acres only. Greek city states including Athens, the School of Hellas (Greece) which was the greatest were small. (d) Optimum Size: With reference to the population, the natural resources and other factors, the optimum size of territory can be fixed roughly, though this is rot easy by any means. (e) Basic Factor of Natural Resources: The progress of a state depends much on its natural resources. A small territory with ample water supply, rich fauna and flora, great mineral wealth and access to the sea is much better than a large but poor territory which is landlocked. Size has no value, if the territory is sandy, swampy and arid. (f) Large States Highly Advantageous: In modern times in the context of global politics and race for power and prestige among nations, large territorial states enjoy their own substantial advantages. Large states have adequate resources to maintain a high standard of living and to promote the welfare and happiness of people in general. From the defence and strategic point of view too, a large size is always favoured. However, it should be noted that size alone does not make a state strong or prosperous, and good examples can be cited to prove this. A small country like England became a world power, whereas India many times the size of England remained in the background. Japan, a small country in the Far East, became a great power highly advanced in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)