MAp 601 11

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2 M.A.(Psy) SYSTEM AND THEORY Course Code: MAP601 Semester: First E-Lesson: SLM Unit: 9 11 www.cuidol.in https://images.app.goo.gl/YSL3acgti2rtPY6y5 Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SYSTEM AND THEORY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION To enable students to gather a creative and in This unit covers the contribution of Albert depth understanding of psychology as a science. Bandura to the psychology. To understand the role and importance of various The unit further covers the significant school of psychology. concepts given by Bandura like self efficacy , reciprocal determinism etc. To familiarize students with recent development in the fields in the field of Psychology. Students will acquire and demonstrate Unit-11(MAAPP660011)) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING knowledge of information pertaining to personality and individual differences. . www.cuidol.in

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > ALBERT BANDURA > SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY > BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ALBERT BANDURA 5  Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925 in northern Alberta, Canada.  He earned an M.A. and Ph.D. in psychology from the University of Iowa in 1951 and 1952, respectively.  He started teaching in the department of psychology at Stanford University, where he has remained ever since.  He actively became engaged in understanding social cognition in human beings while working in Stanford.  In recognition of his many contributions to psychology, Bandura has received numerous awards and honors. https://images.app.goo.gl/gm93Lgx3r5k4KHdKA www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY 6 • Social cognitive learning theory highlights the idea that much of human learning occurs in a social environment. • By observing others, people acquire knowledge of rules, skills, strategies, beliefs, and attitudes. • Individuals also learn about the usefulness and appropriateness of behaviors by observing models and the consequences of modeled behaviors and they act in accordance with their beliefs concerning the expected outcomes of actions. • Social cognitive theory is a direct response to Behaviorism. Bandura began building his theory of social learning by identifying 3 areas of weakness of Behaviorism: a. the limited range of behaviors possible for research in a laboratory type setting b. the fact that these theories were unable to account for the acquisition of new responses to situations c. That is dealt with only one type of learning, i.e., direct learning, where the learner performs a response and experiences the consequences. (Bandura referred to this type of learning as instantaneous matching. Bandura referred to indirect learning as delayed matching where thel earner observes reinforced behavior and later enacts the same type of behavior. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BASIC PRINCIPLES 7 1. People learn by observing others: Modeling (3 types of modeling). Generally, cognitive modeling involves modeled demonstrations, together with verbal descriptions of the model's thoughts and actions. 2. There are 3 types of reinforcers of behaviors: a. direct reinforcement -- Direct reinforcement would be directly experienced by the learner. b. vicarious reinforcement -- Vicarious reinforcement would be observed to be consequences of the behavior of the model. c. self reinforcement -- Self reinforcement would be feelings of satisfaction or displeasure for behavior gauged by personal performance standards. 3. Learning is internal 4. Learning is goal-directed behavior. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MODELLING 8 • Modeling is a general term that refers to behavioral, cognitive, and affective changes deriving from observing one or more models. • The characteristics of models is an important factor in determining the degree to which the attention is paid to the model by the learner. • The response of the learner to the modeling behavior is largely determined by three sets of factors: 1.) the particular attributes of the model, such as relevance and credibility for the observer; 2.) the prestige of the model, and 3.) the satisfaction already present in the situation where the behavior is being modeled. • · A second determinant of the models success is the nature of the ob server. Those with a poor sense of self esteem and those who lack self confidence are more prone to adopt the behavior of models. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF MODELS 9 1. Direct Modeling: • Simply attempting to imitate the model's behavior. • Live models include family members, friends, work associates and others with whom the individual has direct contact. 2. Symbolic Modeling: • Imitating behaviors displayed by characters in books, plays, movies, or television. . • The symbolic model is a pictorial representation of behavior. 3. Synthesized Modeling: • Developing behaviors by combining portions of observed acts. • Ex.: A child uses a chair to get up and open the cupboard door after seeing her brother use a chair to get a book from a shelf and seeing her mother open the cupboard door. https://images.app.goo.gl/GHUFCkhrDBCuFXY98 www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PROCESS OF SOCIAL 10 LEARNING THEORY https://images.app.goo.gl/xprTrfdtWAQehvAeA www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BOBO DOLL 11 EXPERIMENT • Bandura did a series of experiments on observational learning known as Bobo Doll experiment. • The aim of the experiments was to understand the effect of observation and imitation on acquisition of social behaviour. • The experiment was done on 72 children who belonged to and aged group between 3 to 6 years. • The children where shown three kinds of modelled behaviour a. Aggressive model b. Non- aggressive model c. No model shown https://images.app.goo.gl/HN4pKgzXbEwQ881v6 www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT • Stage 1: Modelling 12 The children were taken individually into a room containing toys and were made to watch either aggressive male or female model or Non-aggressive male or female model or no model. • Stage 2: Aggression Arousal: All the children (including the control group) were subjected to 'mild aggression arousal.' Each child was (separately) taken to a room with relatively attractive toys. • Stage 3: Test for Delayed Imitation The child was in the room for 20 minutes, and their behavior was observed and rated though a one-way mirror. Other behaviors that didn’t imitate that of the model were also recorded e.g., punching the Bobo doll on the nose.The findings support Bandura's (1977) Social Learning Theory. That is, children learn social behavior such as aggression through the process of observation learning - through watching the behavior of another person. Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT 13 https://images.app.goo.gl/ZXwUkk1q2jxBaVRZ9 www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SELF EFFICACY 14 • It refers to an individual belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviour necessary to produce specific performance attainment. • It reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one’s own motivation, behaviour and social environment. • According to Bandura, there are 4 sources of self efficacy beliefs: 1. Performance accomplishment: based on past accomplishments 2. Vicarious experiences: based on performance of others. 3. Social Persuasion: use of self instructions. 4. Physiological and emotional states https://images.app.goo.gl/1wqWykKC9ZpQhyba9 www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

RECIPROCAL 15 DETERMINISM • It states that a person’s behaviour both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. • This law highlights the interaction between variables which are behaviour, person and environment. https://images.app.goo.gl/71u3DKCa6yuwBD4r8 www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CONCLUSION 16 • It cannot adequately account for how we develop a whole range of behavior including thoughts and feelings. We have a lot of cognitive control over our behavior and just because we have had experiences of violence does not mean we have to reproduce such behavior. • It is limiting to describe behavior solely in terms of either nature or nurture and attempts to do this underestimate the complexity of human behavior. • Social learning theory is not a full explanation for all behavior. This is particularly the case when there is no apparent role model in the person’s life to imitate for a given behavior. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 17 1. Social learning theory relates to learning by: a. Association b. Positive Reinforcement c. Modeling Others d. Punishment 2. How many processes are involved in Social Learning Theory? a. Two b. Four c. Three d. Six Answers: 1. c. 2.b. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 18 3. Which of the following is not a source of self efficacy belief? a. Behaviour b. Vicarious experiences c. Accomplishments d. social persuasions 4. Imitating behaviors displayed by characters in books, plays, movies, or television is which type of modeling? a. Direct modelling b. Synthesis modelling c. Symbolic modelling d. Answers: 3.a. 4.c. Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 19 1. Highlight the experiment given by Albert Bandura and its significance in Psychology. 2. Write a detailed overview of contribution of Bandura 3. Critically evaluate social learning theory given by Bandura. www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 20 • Retrieved from: https://www.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.html • Hergenhahn, B.R. & Oslon, M.H.(2001). An Introduction to theories of Learning 6th Edition. New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. •Fiest , J. and Fiest, G.J. (2013) . Theories of personality, 8th edition. New York : McGraw- Hill www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

21 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-11(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL