MA- English -MAE 615- Autobiography Second draft-converted

In 1742, Rousseau entered an article rivalry supported by the Academie de Dijon. The inquiry posed to whether the improvement of expressions of the human experience and sciences positively affected ethics. Rousseau addressed that expressions of the human experience and sciences had adulterated human profound quality since they were not human requirements, but rather were fairly the consequence of pride and vanity. Rousseau won the opposition, and his article, \"Talk on the Arts and Sciences,\" earned him critical regard and acclaim. In 1754, Rousseau got back to Geneva and changed over from Catholicism to Calvinism. In 1755, he completed his subsequent significant work, Discourse on the Origin and Basis of Inequality among Men. Despite the fact that Rousseau's subsequent talk didn't win a prize, it facilitated the thoughts introduced in the first by assaulting private property and different indecencies of present-day culture. In 1762, Rousseau distributed two significant works, The Social Contract and Emile, or On Education. The two books were restricted in France and Switzerland since they censured religion. Thus, Rousseau needed to escape capture and went to Moriers, Switzerland, where he got the security of Fredrick the Great of Prussia. While he was there, he composed The Constitutional Project for Corsica, which was never carried out in light of the fact that France attacked and added the island in 1769. Rousseau kept on composition until his passing, despite the fact that he confronted consistent analysis and scold. In 1772, he was approached to make proposals for another constitution for Poland. He composed Considerations on the Government of Poland, which was his last major political work. On July 2, 1778, Rousseau kicked the bucket of a drain while going for a stroll on a home near Paris. Rousseau was first covered on the Ile des Peupliers. In 1794, his remaining parts were moved to the Pantheon in Paris, home to a significant number of France's most prominent learned people, and were put opposite his scholarly adversary, Voltaire. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the extraordinary eighteenth-century rationalist, was distracted for the duration of his existence with his own temperamental personality, with his picture, with his inward truth and with his consistently extending feeling of separation from others and from society as a rule. However, this distraction got obsessional during the most recent twenty years of his life. In 1766, frequented by a developing feeling of segregation and abuse, remaining at Wootton Hall in Staffordshire, he started the genuine synthesis of his Confessions. The twelve considerable books required four years to finish. At that point in 1772, actually experiencing an intense feeling of detachment, not to say an intermittent overpowering distrustfulness, Rousseau started his next self-portraying work, Rousseau, Judge of Jean-Jacques: Dialogs. No sooner was this febrile work of apologia completed in 1776 than Rousseau initiated composing a third self-portraying work, The Reveries of a Solitary Walker. He kept on dealing with this, reproducing his recollections, following his unconstrained conditions of cognizance, and shielding his previous existence, until his demise in 1778. 51 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The sheer heft of Rousseau's intelligent personal composing is overwhelming, while the idea of the material, in its knowledge and its visual deficiency, in its self-depiction and its self- selling out, in its ethical fortitude and its swaggering vanity, is however unprecedented as it very well might be disorientating. However, notwithstanding this – undoubtedly, maybe, as a result of it – Rousseau can be named, unambiguously, the principal critical thinker of profound individual collection of memoirs, and one of its most noteworthy, if generally inconsistent, experts. Rousseau ached to get himself, to describe himself, to examine how he had become what his identity was. He needed, particularly, to find his basic nature as it was before it had been diverted and undermined by the inflexible pressing factors of outsider and estranging human advancement. Various years before the oppression set in and distrustfulness obfuscated his vision, Rousseau's philosophical reasoning had effectively grown drastically towards the requirement for self-examination and self-perception. Undoubtedly, the most suggestive and unique pieces of Rousseau's self-portraying test come from this inward source, not from the oppression and the suspicion – which would in general create just protective justification and tedious grandiloquence, the anticipated self-arguing of the misconstrued criminal. To get a handle on the beginning of profound life account with Rousseau, we have first to comprehend his thought of reasoning as a demonstration of self-acknowledgment and self- elaboration. His first Discourse, Discourse sur les sciences et les expressions, which won the prize from the Academy of Dijon on ninth July 1750, had been a plan of bits of knowledge felt during a life-changing encounter making a course for Vincennes in October of the earlier year, much the same as that of Paul headed straight toward Damascus. Here is Rousseau's declaration in the Confessions: \"One day I took the Mercure de France and, while perusing, as I strolled, I happened upon the subject proposed by the Academy of Dijon as a prize article for the next year: Has the advancement of human expressions and sciences offered more to the debasement or purging of ethics? From the second I read these words, I viewed a different universe and turned into another man… on my landing in Vincennes I was in a condition of fomentation verging on franticness.\" This is a run of the mill Rousseauian reaction. Hence Rousseau's way of thinking doesn't rise up out of the coherent interfacing of undeniable suggestions, as pushed by Descartes. Maybe, it emerges as abrupt brightening, as a type of daze, as a types of internal belonging. The force of the emotions as opposed to the clearness of mathematical suggestions decides the philosophical expression. \"To no end,\" fought Rousseau, \"do you contend this point with me; I feel it, and it is this inclination which addresses me more persuasively than the explanation which debates it.\" In brief, I feel along these lines I am. 52 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In the Reveries, Rousseau certainly differentiated his objective for theory with that of other Enlightenment savants: \"I have met numerous men who were more educated in their philosophizing, however their way of thinking stayed, in a manner of speaking, outside to them. Needing to know more than others, they contemplated the activities of the universe, as they may have concentrated some machine they had run over, out of sheer interest. They examined human instinct, to talk proficiently about it, not to know themselves.\" Despite what might be expected, for Rousseau the scholar is the man looking for the idea of his reality: theory abstracts and externalizes just to advance a further escalation of reflection. Such an origination of reasoning – connecting back to the Stoics, yet drastically unique in accentuation and maxim – is profoundly personal, and over the most recent twenty years of his life Rousseau turned out to be increasingly more dedicated to the new dialect it required. As the idea of the errand became clearer to Rousseau, so his commitment to 'direct' personal work – the persistent exploratory composition of oneself – expanded, until, under the tension of both genuine and envisioned mistreatment, it turned into the major bringing together scholarly and philosophical quest for the most recent twenty years of his life. During 1757-1758 Rousseau composed his Lettres Morales for Marie d'Houdetot. In these letters he asks a withdrawal from shallow externalities and the progressive circumscription of the self-inside common cut-off points. In a way suggestive of Descartes' Discourse on Method, however with an extraordinarily unique result, Rousseau presently looks for the enlightenment of his reality, through the reformist organizing out of every single outer pressing factor: \"Allow us to start, in a word, by assembling ourselves all together that, as we look to know ourselves, all that comprises us may introduce itself to us simultaneously. Concerning me, I believe that the person who knows best of what the human self-comprises is the closest to astuteness; and that similarly as the main framework of a drawing is comprised of the lines which complete it, man's first thought is to isolate himself from all that isn't himself.\" Rousseau works to match in comprehension with a self which he visualizes as given yet not effectively available due to the pressing factors applied by constant admonishments and requests. The recuperation of self includes, in this way, the evacuation of prevailing burdens, which by their inclination create false self-attestation in any case, rather, a serious and on edge love propre [self-regard]. Against love propre, Rousseau puts the idea of love de soi [true love of self-]. The previous is as relative and distorting as the last is total and satisfying. In the Lettres, Morales, the logician of self-portrayal is starting to verbalize the extreme idea of a characteristic presence and the techniques through which it very well may be accomplished. In a similar soul Rousseau asserted somewhere else, \"Whoever dares to show up consistently what he is will sometime become what he should be.\" The presumption, by and 53 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

by, is that oneself is organically given, present with its idle nature, and that the errand of the individual is to make that nature real. The transaction of the two polar ideas, love de soi and love propre, illuminates all regarding Rousseau's self-portraying composing. One rather theoretical method of depicting Rousseau's whole personal undertaking would be that it looks to show how unique love de soi is gobbled up by love propre, and how the errand of the estranged individual is then to discover methods of rediscovering the lost joys of a genuine romance of themselves. This undertaking is a mental epic where the focal errand is a re-visitation of nature – to a condition of instinctual, automatic, self-supporting prosperity. The misfortune on account of Rousseau was that the re-visitation of regular confidence included the deficiency of all his different connections. In his last work, the Reveries, the individual and society turned out to be at long last and unalterably unfastened. A significant move in the progressive move from philosophical talk to profound life account is set apart by Rousseau's four letters to Malesherbes, all formed in January 1762. In the Confessions Rousseau alludes to these letters as: \"four progressive letters in which, while clarifying the genuine thought processes of my conduct, I gave a reliable depiction of my preferences, tendencies and character, and all that occurred in my heart.\" These letters portend the principle topical components of the Confessions. In them Rousseau battles to portray straightforwardly his demeanor, his unmistakable highlights and characteristics. \"I will,\" he states, \"portray myself without misrepresentation and unobtrusiveness. I will show myself to you, for example, I consider myself to be, for example, I am.\" In these letters one would already be able to identify a worry with valid and bogus pictures of his reality and the craving to introduce the common man controlled by the amiable force of love de soi. Here is, likewise, the pivotal origination of the possibility of an ordered causal examination of the moulding of his disposition – to give, as Rousseau says, \"through realities a sort of authentic record\" which will make his character \"possible.\" In these letters to Malesherbes he commends his states of mind when he is separated from everyone else, his own dream: \"In any case, what did I appreciate when I was separated from everyone else? Myself, the entire universe, all that is, everything that could possibly be, the whole excellence of the universe of sense, the entire conceivable substance of the scholarly world: I assembled around me all that could compliment my heart; my cravings were the proportion of my delights. No! Never have the best voluptuaries known such joys, and I have acquired multiple times more pleasure from my figments than they have from real factors.\" Such experience, frequently a sort of retained pre-reasonable floating converging with the most rudimentary sensations, turned out to be progressively valued by Rousseau, and structures a fundamental piece of all the late self-portraying work. 54 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

At about similar time as the structure of the letters to Malesherbes, and further vouching for his arising self-portraying distraction, Rousseau composed various short parts (38 altogether), which he entitled My Portrait. Here Rousseau's cases include: \"I have thought about another kind of administration to deliver to man: this is to offer them the steadfast picture of one among them with the goal for them to figure out how to know themselves.\" \"I'm an eyewitness, not a moralist. I'm the botanist who portrays the plant. It is for the specialist to set up how best to utilize it.\" \"I see that individuals who live most personally with me don't have any acquaintance with me and they quality the majority of my activities, regardless of whether in fortunate or unfortunate issue, to totally different intentions than those which have delivered them.\" My Portrait gives an assortment of motivations to composing personal history. Rousseau needs to be perceived for the individual he feels himself to be. He needs to advance self-information – for himself as well as for other people. Working like a botanist, he needs to be the target onlooker of his character – spectator not appointed authority. He needs to make another classification – to handle what, in his view, nobody had dared to do previously: to offer the full disclosure of oneself, to unveil all, to cover nothing, for the acknowledgment of our full mankind. In 1761, Rey, his Dutch distributer, composed a letter to Rousseau proposing he may compose 'a journal' to be appended to an impending release of his compositions. In the result, the idea of diary was to go rapidly to admission, and the thought of admission was to finish in close to home collection of memoirs: in the twelve monstrous volumes of the Confessions. Rousseau broadcasted the challenging inventiveness of his undertaking in a sketch initially proposed to shape the launch of the Confessions (however thusly disposed of): to portray all features of his character; to look at his conduct, the ignoble and the unimportant, as much as the honourable and the great; and to outline a hidden example in that conduct by following his grown-up miens back to their sources in early authoritative experience. These are simply the finishes Rousseau intentionally set, and he introduced this work as an uncommon enquiry, requiring another printed language. \"For what I need to say it is important to design a language as unique as my task. For what tone, what style to take, to deal with this huge mayhem of suppositions so assorted, so conflicting, regularly so disgusting and at times so wonderful, by which I am ceaselessly upset? What details, what torments will it not be essential for me to uncover? In what revolting subtleties, profane, immature, and frequently ludicrous, must I not enter to follow the string of my mysterious miens to show how every impression which has made a blemish on my spirit entered there interestingly?\". 55 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

However, incidentally, exactly the same sketch proceeds onward to bring out and apply a customary worldview. Rousseau uncovers that his artistic creation has a social source, and that this source was the holy observance of admission – a ceremony of which, as a transitory believer to Catholicism, he had direct insight. \"I will satisfy thoroughly my title and never the most unfortunate cloister adherent will cause a more thorough assessment of soul than I to plan for myself. Never will she uncover all the more carefully to her questioner every one of the deepest openings of her spirit than I will show to people in general: It just matters that you start to peruse me at my promise, for you won't go far without seeing that I wish to expect to remember… I am expressing here things about myself which are detestable and of which I have a ghastliness of wishing to pardon myself, yet additionally it is the most mystery history of my spirit. These are my Confessions in the full feeling of that word. It is only that the standing which will follow the work will appease the transgressions which the longing to save my previous standing had made me submit. I sit tight for public conversation, for the seriousness of decisions articulated on high, and I submit myself to them… \" (My italics.). One can see without a moment's delay how both the unequivocal and unsaid shows of admission are in full activity. There is the assumption that the individual admitting will talk reality; there is the assumption, moreover, that he will talk from the heart; that he will portray his human sins just as the pardonable; that he will acknowledge the judgment presented upon him; and that he will look for reparation. Simultaneously there is a profoundly huge common move. Rousseau is tending to his evil activities neither to his inquisitor, as St. Theresa or Margery Kemp did, nor, similar to Augustine, straightforwardly to God, however to people in general. His peruser turns into his personal crowd, and the peruser is given the cumbersome duty of giving occasion to feel qualms about judgment the miscreant. The peruser takes on the cleric's weight. To be sure, the peruser is asked by its creator to take on various semi-strict capacities. Frequently he is tended to as target judge; yet he is additionally welcomed to be a thoughtful associate, noticing observer, and on occasion everything except a private companion and sweetheart. The different jobs that Augustine provided for God are in Rousseau profoundly moved to the peruser. The exchange is human not heavenly, relational as opposed to sacrosanct. Rousseau aches to be completely perceived, not by God, but rather by the general public of his perusers, regularly his future perusers: \"since my name is bound to live, it is occupant upon me to try to give over with it the recognition of the awful man who bore it, for example, he truly was, not, for example, his vile adversaries relentlessly try to address him.\" That the Confessions is to a limited extent a mainstream change of the holy observance is additionally affirmed by Rousseau's impulse to peruse it to little gatherings of individuals in Paris in 1770 and 1771. One gathering was suspected to have endured seventeen hours. Seventeen hours of self- portraying perusing – definitely the longest at any point recorded! 56 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

In the primary volume of the Confessions, the significant sins admitted with trouble and pain are, in sequential request, the sexual delight got from Mademoiselle Lambercier's smacking, the burglary of a strip and his allegation that Marion had taken it, and the uncaring surrender of his voyaging friend, Le Maitre, when he endures an epileptic fit. In the subsequent volume, the significant sin which needles Rousseau's soul is the deserting of his kids to the Foundling Hospital, against the desires of their mom. The admission of one offense makes it all the simpler to relate another, and along these lines, by degrees, Rousseau paints the dull and unreasonable side of his character. Subsequent to admitting the masochistic sexual delight he got from his youth beating, he guarantees: \"I have taken the first and most troublesome advance in obscurity and grimy maze of my admissions… Henceforth I am secure with myself; in the wake of having dared to say so a lot, I can recoil from nothing.\" Thus, more than any essayist before him, Rousseau portrayed his shortcomings, his failings, his flaws, his sketchy and unreasonable proclivities. He educated his perusers regarding his neurotic timidity, of his propensity for jerking off, his incidental episodes of compulsion to steal, his visits to whores, his demonstration of self-openness, his unpredictable prostate issues, his exhibitionism, and his masochistic streaks. What is unmistakable in this self-exposure is simply the creator's longing to address steadfastly and to do as such in the language of brain research instead of the language of Christian devotion. To comprehend the establishments of his character, Rousseau looks to early developmental experience, to a mind- boggling complementary play between common driving forces and the moulding climate. In the first opening representation for the Confessions the spearheading mental direction is clear: \"To know a character well it is important to recognize what has been set up commonly, to perceive how he has framed himself, what events have created him, what arrangement of mystery warm gestures has delivered him in this manner and how he has changed himself to deliver on events the most opposing and most unforeseen outcomes. That which is seen is minimal piece of that which is. It is the obvious impact of which the inner reason is covered up and frequently extremely muddled.\" (My italics.) So, this is admission not just coordinated straightforwardly, to other people, it is additionally mental. Rousseau is endeavouring 45to comprehend the powers which shape human personality, and the powers are not, at this point otherworldly however social. Moreover, they are found not right now but rather in past experience: \"I have vowed to depict myself as I am; and to know me in my riper years, it is important to have known me well in my childhood.\" The investigation must be top to bottom and review. Nobody before Rousseau had taken personal youth encounters and depicted with accuracy and objectivity their distant and lasting outcomes on the existence of the torment, separated grown- up. In Rousseau there exists the simple strategies for therapy, just as an immediate, unashamed acknowledgment of kid sexuality. Here parting from an earlier time, particularly from the prevailing harsh tenet of Original Sin, he expects Freud by over a century. In mankind's boring 57 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

tale of self-figuration and self-portrayal, Rousseau's advocating of the fundamental integrity of youth addresses a quantum jump of the principal request. Rousseau's unique examination talks expressively for itself. At eight years old he is rebuffed by Mademoiselle Lambercier for some minor offense. From the start he is undermined and afterward at long last beaten. \"For quite a while she was content with dangers, and this danger of discipline that was very new to me showed up entirely horrendous; yet, after it had been completed, I discovered the truth less awful than the assumption; and what was even more unusual, this reprimand made me even more dedicated to her who had caused it. It required all the strength of this dedication and all my characteristic submission to hold myself back from accomplishing something which would have deservedly brought upon me a reiteration of it; for I had found in the torment, even in the shame, a combination of sexiness which had left me less apprehensive than envious of encountering it again from a similar hand. Almost certainly some intelligent sexual impulse was blended with this inclination, for a similar rebuke perpetrated by her sibling would not have appeared to me at all charming.\" (My italics) Rousseau at that point depicts the ensuing permanent impacts of this experience. In this nearly trifling occasion, he sees that a significant inclination has been set up for the remainder of his life. \"Who might accept that this puerile discipline, caused upon me when just eight years of age by a young lady of thirty, discarded my preferences, my cravings, my interests and myself for the rest of my life, and that in a way precisely in opposition to that which ought to have been the characteristic outcome? At the point when my emotions were once aggravated, my cravings so roamed that, restricted to what I had effectively felt, they didn't inconvenience themselves to search for whatever else. Disregarding my hot blood, which has been aroused with erotic nature nearly from my introduction to the world, I kept myself liberated from each spoil until the age when the coldest and most lazy dispositions start to create. In tortures for quite a while, without knowing why, I ate up with consuming looks every one of the lovely ladies I met; my creative mind continuously reviewed them to me, just to utilize them in my style, and to make of them so numerous Mlles Lambercier.\" These intense and nitty gritty depictions of youth which structure the locus classicus of self- portrayal and self-comprehension, are contemplative and mental. Given Rousseau's reason that our individual characters are to a great extent moulded by early encounters, the specialty of the autobiographer isn't to analyse intentions and look for absolution, as in the confession booth, to such an extent as to depict the impacts of explicit, unexpected conditions on great common motivations. Thusly, whenever he has dared to confront the disengagements of his experience, the individual attempts to comprehend the example which achieved them. 58 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The significance of this extreme move in translation can't be over-assessed in the tale of reflexive hesitance. To rehash one of Rousseau's #1 pictures, the autobiographer was currently to turn into a sort of botanist who analyses his own conduct and endeavours to depict and characterize it, keeping down judgment. Here Rousseau's work strikingly prefigures the hazardous and troublesome self-insightful excursions that were to follow. It denotes the emotional birth of profound individual personal history and the mental examination of human experience. About the Text: In 1712, Jean-Jacques is brought into the world to his folks in Geneva. He has a difficult time of it growing up, having lost his mother and father to labour and jail, individually. Rousseau experiences childhood in his Uncle Bernard's charge. Albeit willing to be the kid's watchman and liking the friendship for his child - Bernard Jr., - Uncle Bernard is reluctant to make a special effort to accommodate his nephew. In this way, Rousseau winds up looking for an apprenticeship as a youngster to become familiar with an exchange and to acquire some food and a spot to rest. He's all alone. As Rousseau works for his lord etcher, he rapidly gets disappointed about the business. He doesn't have the tolerance or enthusiasm to turn into an etcher, so he gets loosen going. Luckily for Rousseau, his companion Pontverre has his back and sets him up with an affluent more established blue-blood named Mme de Warens. She succumbs to Rousseau and plays with him relentlessly. She offers him an allowance and living plans with her on the off chance that he'll just give her what she needs. Rousseau, notwithstanding, isn't persuaded that he should depend on such an agreement to help himself. He flees to Turin where he pulls a trick on the nearby Catholic people group there. Albeit not Catholic, he permits the local area pioneers to lead him through a mind boggling \"transformation\" measure to be acknowledged by them all. They deal with him like one of their own, taking care of him so he can subtly relax and party individually. Rousseau doesn't really change over to Catholicism, simply imagines that he has. In Turin, Rousseau is extended to an employment opportunity by the Countess de Vercellis. He translates letter into French for her. They have a real plan; however, it doesn't keep going for the old lady before long bites the dust. Frantic again, Rousseau gets back to Mme de Warens, having rethought her offer. The two strike up a warm relationship with each other. After a short time, Rousseau discovers that Mme de Warens as of now has another friend with benefits named Claude Anet. Anxious to keep his sweet associations, Rousseau consents to engage in sexual relations with Mme de Warens to prevail upon her kindness Anet. Anet was a benevolent person, in any case, who passes on unfortunately not long thereafter. Mme de Warens places Rousseau responsible for her funds, a task which requires a lot of consideration and travel. In the wake of getting back from an especially protracted visit, Rousseau finds that 59 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Mademoiselle has supplanted him with a more youthful man. This is the flighty idea of utilizing sentiment for monetary increase. By this point Rousseau has built up certain abilities and made an unobtrusive name for him, so he handles a task working for an include in Venice. He before long discovers that this man is insecure. The tally blames him for a wide range of things, even robbery. Disappointed, Rousseau moves to France. Almost right away he weds a lovely young lady named Therese. He's madly pulled into her, however it's an impulse. Subsequent to wedding her, he rolls out no improvement to his own propensities and keeps on having different illicit relationships. Close to this time he guides his focus toward human expressions. He composes a drama named \"The Village Soothsayer\" which is so generally welcomed that the King of France himself wants to meet the writer. Reluctant to include himself again with ruined blue-bloods, Rousseau decreases the solicitation and removes an incautious excursion from country. Back in France, Rousseau begins living with a rich old woman named Mme d'Epinay. His marriage has everything except been broken up by this point, however he should keep up his standing by seeming to maintain his conjugal promises. At the point when he begins making advances to Mme d'Houdetot, Rousseau is openly called out by his advocate, d'Epinay. She learns of the issue and is insulted in light of the fact that the two players are as of now wedded. After learning the reality of Rousseau's thoughtless activities, essentially the entirety of his companions leave. He is compelled to move out of Mme d'Epinay's home and advance all alone once more. Still anxious to proceed as a craftsman, Rousseau is recruited by new benefactors, the Luxembourgs. He hasn't figured out how to control his motivations yet, so he ends up in a difficult situation by and by. The Luxembourgs are not individuals with whom one should toy, and Rousseau rapidly learns this. He two or three books which slander them. Emilie is the second book which gets far more noteworthy consideration than the first. Rousseau gets a court summons for a disrespect case; however, he flees to his country, Switzerland. At this point he has gotten such a lot of press inclusion that even in Switzerland individuals perceive and disdain him. Furious residents assault him at his home. Rousseau attempts to disappear to an island in the north, yet the lead representative himself educates Rousseau that he is being ousted from Switzerland. Escaping to England, Rousseau at last decides to make his perpetual home there. He makes a couple of companions to whom he peruses his Confession - this book - to which he is welcomed with gentle entertainment. No one accepts his wild endeavours. 3.3 ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT The collection of memoirs The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, self-named Confessions, was distributed four years after his passing. The authenticity of the data contained in the book is mysterious albeit generally acknowledged to be valid. Growing up without guardians, Rousseau figures out how to be ingenious. He moves toward life unpredictably. 60 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

After an apprenticeship fizzles, he is taken in by this well-off old woman to be his Don Juan, a plan to which he returns on various occasions. He moves around constantly, getting away from his issues. In France he distributes a drama which turns out to be fruitful to such an extent that the lord himself requests to meet him, however Rousseau flees once more. He would not like to be the focal point of consideration, realizing the number of skeletons he's covering up in his wardrobe. After an outrageously fruitless and hasty union with a Frenchwoman named Therese, Rousseau proceeds with his craft. He works for supporters for the most part, until they all become angry with his provocative nature. The last benefactors he has, a couple, Rousseau composes two books in which he completely humiliates them. Getting away from a preliminary, he heads to his old neighbourhood in Switzerland, however this time he can't run from his issues since his standing goes before him. Rousseau winds up looking for shelter in England, where he wraps up composing this composition. Albeit never distributed during his lifetime, Rousseau's Confessions was critical to him during his lifetime. He is known to have performed areas of the record at public occasions. He appears to have been continually engrossed by notoriety, craving to be regarded for what his identity is. Shockingly for Rousseau, his life decisions simply weren't socially adequate during the time. Maybe than desert all expectation of achievement, Rousseau decides to keep on advancing himself through his specialty. Since his drama is so generally got, he feels urged to make seriously challenging workmanship, however he before long discovers that individuals regard a craftsman more for the craftsman's story than for their work. By and by Rousseau can't escape from the missteps of his past. He does, be that as it may, compose this intriguing collection of memoirs. At long last, he can offer voice to precisely the thing he's been doing and why. He's attempting to vindicate himself socially by distributing an ideal record, wanting to turn into a sensation. Obviously, his different undertakings are engaging, regardless of whether Rousseau's character demonstrates disappointing. Among the prominent books of later occasions, we may say, without misrepresentation, ever— should be figured The Confessions of Jean Jacques Rousseau. It manages driving personages and exchanges of a ground-breaking age, when absolutism and feudalism were revitalizing for their last battle against the cutting-edge soul, mostly addressed by Voltaire, the Encyclopaedists, and Rousseau himself—a battle to which, after numerous furious digestive tract fights and ferocious conflicts all through Europe and America, has succeeded the pervasiveness of those more lenient and judicious standards by which the legislators of our own day are impelled. On these issue, notwithstanding, it isn't our area to grow; nor is it important to outfit any nitty gritty record of our creator's political, strict, and scholarly adages and frameworks, his conundrums and his blunders in rationale: these have been for such a long time thus thoroughly questioned over by fighting groups that little is left for even the most persevering gleaner in the field. The inquirer will discover, in Mr. John Money's fantastic work, the assessments of 61 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rousseau evaluated briefly and fair-mindedly. The 'Contrat Social', the 'Lattres Ecrites de la Montagne', and different compositions that once stimulated savage contention, may in this way be left in the rest to which they have for quite some time been relegated, most definitely, however they should consistently shape part of the library of the lawmaker and the history specialist. One likes to go to the man Rousseau as he paints himself in the surprising work before us. That the undertaking which he attempted in offering to show himself—as Persius puts it— 'Intus et in charming', to any kind of future family, surpassed his forces, is a prosaic analysis; like every human endeavour, his motivation was just defectively satisfied; yet the present condition not the slightest bit decreases the appealing characteristics of his book, not just for the understudy of history or brain science, yet for the wise man of the world. Its surprising honesty gives it an impossible to miss interest needing in most different self-portrayals. Numerous edits have chosen to sit in judgment on the failings of this peculiarly comprised being, and some have articulated upon him serious sentences. Leave it alone said once for all that his flaws and mix-ups were by and large because of causes over which he had however little control, like an imperfect instruction, a too intense affectability, which incited doubt of his colleagues, irresolution, an overstrained feeling of honour and freedom, and a resolved refusal to take guidance from the individuals who truly wished to get to know him; nor should it be failed to remember that he was tormented during most of his existence with a serious infection. Master Byron had a spirit close to much the same as Rousseau's, whose works normally established a profound connection with the writer's psyche, and presumably impacted his direct and methods of thought: In certain verses of 'Childe Harold' this compassion is communicated with truth and force; particularly is the shortcoming of the Swiss savant's character summarized in the accompanying splendid lines. \"Here oneself tormenting critic, wild Rousseau, The messenger of hardship, he who tossed Enchantment over enthusiasm, and from misfortune Wrung overpowering expert articulation, first drew The breath which made him vomited; yet he realized How to make frenzy lovely and cast O'er blundering deeds and considerations a radiant tone Of words, similar to sunbeams, stunning as they passed The eyes, which o'er them shed tears feelingly and quick. \"His life was one long conflict with self-looked for adversaries, Or companions by him self-expelled; for his psyche Had developed Suspicion's asylum, and picked, For its own pitiless penance, the sort, 'Against whom he seethed with rage peculiar and daze. Yet, he was furious,- wherefore, who may know? Since cause may be which expertise would never discover; But he was excited by sickness or hardship To that most exceedingly terrible pitch of all, which wears a thinking show.\" One would prefer, be that as it may, harp on the more splendid tints of the image than on its shadows and imperfections; let us not, at that point, look to \"draw his frailties from their fear 62 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

dwelling place.\" His most noteworthy shortcoming was his renunciation of a dad's obligation to his posterity; however, this wrongdoing he appeased by a long and unpleasant apology. We can't, maybe, promptly pardon the manner by which he has periodically treated the memory of his fancy woman and benefactress. That he adored Madame de Warens—his 'Mamma'— profoundly and truly is irrefutable, despite which he sometimes harps on her improvidence and her ladylike careless activities with a pointless and indecent for absence of delicacy that unpleasantly affects the peruser, nearly appearing to legitimize the comment of one of his most tolerant pundits—that, all things considered, Rousseau had the spirit of a flunky. He had, be that as it may, numerous agreeable and beguiling characteristics, both as a man and an author, which were clear to those in the midst of whom he lived and will be similarly so to the impartial peruser of the Confessions. He had a significant feeling of equity and a genuine craving for the improvement and headway of the race. Inferable from these strengths he was darling to the last even by people whom he attempted to repulse, viewing them as individuals from a band of backstabbers, bowed after obliterating his homegrown harmony and denying him of the methods for means. Those of his works that are most almost unified in tone and soul to the 'Admissions' are the 'Dreams d'un Promeneur Solitaire' and 'La Nouvelle Heloise'. His correspondence illuminates his life and character, as do likewise parts of 'Emile'. It is difficult in our day to understand the impact fashioned upon the public brain by the approach of 'La Nouvelle Heloise'. Julie and Saint-Preux became names to invoke with; their ill-starred loves were wherever moaned and sobbed over by the compassionate reasonable; in fact, in making this work, Rousseau might be said to have accomplished for Switzerland what the creator of the Waverly Novels accomplished for Scotland, turning its mountains, lakes and islands, once respected with abhorrence, into a fairyland inhabited with animals whose delights and distresses offered powerfully to each bosom. Not long after its distribution started to stream that surge of vacationers and voyagers which will in general make Switzerland more celebrated as well as richer consistently. It is one of only a handful few sentiments written in the epistolary structure that don't mistreat the peruser with a feeling of laziness and illusion; for its maker immersed its pages a tide of enthusiasm obscure to his cold and unnatural archetypes and set out to portray Nature as she truly is, not as she was distorted by the trendy writers and specialists of the age. A few people appear to be short of possessing an associate with this work; surely, it has been made the butt of criticism by the supporters of a debauched school. Its issues and its marvels are on a superficial level; Rousseau's own gauge is uninhibitedly communicated toward the start of the 11th book of the Confessions and somewhere else. It very well may be wanted that the introduction had been distinctively imagined and phrased; for the affirmation made in that that the book may demonstrate risky has made it be recorded on such an Index, and great people who never read a line of it become flushed at its name. Its \"reasonableness,\" as well, is somewhat exaggerated, and has provided the brains with promising circumstances for parody; for instance, Canning, in his 'New Morality'. 63 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

\"Sweet Sensibility, who abides cherished In the fine folding of the inclination mind… . Sweet offspring of debilitated Fancy!- her of yesteryear From her adored France Rousseau to oust bore; And while 'middle lakes and mountains wild he ran, Full of himself, and disregarded the frequents of man, Taught her o'er each solitary vale and Alpine, steep To drawl the account of his wrongs and sob.\" As may be envisioned, Voltaire had slight compassion for our social reformer's ideas and methods of proclaiming them, and likewise took up his accustomed weapons—mockery and scorn—against helpless Jean-Jacques. The fights of these two incredible men can't be portrayed in this spot; yet they comprise a significant part in the scholarly and social history of the time. In the work with which we are promptly concerned, the creator appears to stay away from successive notice of Voltaire, even where we should most anticipate it. Notwithstanding, the condition of his brain when he wrote this record of his life ought to be constantly recalled according to this just as different events. Rousseau had proposed to bring his collection of memoirs down to a later date, however clear causes forestalled this: subsequently it is accepted that an outline of the central occasions that denoted his end years won't be strange here. On stopping the Ile de Saint-Pierre, he ventured out to Strasbourg, where he was heartily gotten, and thereupon to Paris, showing up in that city on December I6, 1765. The Prince de Conti furnished him with a housing in the Hotel Saint-Simon, inside the regions of the Temple—a position of asylum for those under the boycott of power. 'Each one was anxious to see the distinguished proscript, who griped of being made a day-by-day show, \"as Sancho Panza in his island of Barataria.\" During his short stay in the capital there was circled an amusing letter implying to come from the Great Frederick, however truly composed by Horace Walpole. This barbarous, ungainly, and poorly coordinated joke maddened Rousseau, who credited it to, Voltaire. A couple of sentences might be cited. \"My Dear Jean-Jacques,— You have revoked Geneva, your local spot. You have caused your ejection from Switzerland, a nation so praised in your works; France has given a warrant against you: so, do you come to me. My states offer you a tranquil retreat. I wish you well, and will treat you well, in the event that you will let me. However, in the event that you continue rejecting my assistance, don't figure upon my telling anyone that you did as such. On the off chance that you are keen on torturing your soul to discover new setbacks, pick whatever you like best. I'm a lord and can secure them for you at your pleasure; and what will unquestionably never happen to you in regard of your adversaries, I will stop to oppress you when you stop to invest heavily in being aggrieved. Your old buddy, \"FREDERICK.\" Right off the bat in 1766 David Hume convinced Rousseau to go with him to England, where the outcast could track down a safe sanctuary. In London, his appearance energized general consideration. Edmund Burke had a meeting with him and held that unnecessary vanity was the main attribute in his character. Mr. Davenport, to whom he was presented by Hume, liberally offered Rousseau a home at Wootton, in Staffordshire, close to the Peak Country; the 64 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

last mentioned, nonetheless, would just acknowledge the proposal on condition that he should pay a lease of L 30 every year. He was agreed a benefits of L 100 by George III., however declined to draw after the primary yearly instalment. The environment and view of Wootton being like those of his local country, he was from the outset charmed with his new homestead, where he lived with Therese, and dedicated his opportunity to herborising and inditing the initial six books of his Confessions. Before long, in any case, his old mental trips gained strength, and Rousseau persuaded himself that adversaries were twisted upon his catch, if not his demise. In June 1766, he composed a fierce letter to Hume, calling him \"one of the most exceedingly terrible of men.\" Literary Paris had joined with Hume and the English Government to encompass him—as he assumed—with watchmen and spies; he spun in his distraught soul every one of the reports and bits of hearsay he had heard for quite a long time; Walpole's fashioned letter bothered in his chest; and in the spring of 1767 he escaped; first to Spalding, in Lincolnshire, and in this way to Calais, where he arrived in May. On his appearance in France his fretful and meandering demeanor constrained him consistently to change his home and procured for him the title of \"Voyageur Perpetuel.\" While at Trye, in Gisors, in 1767—8, he composed the second piece of the Confessions. He had accepted the last name of Renou, and about this time he announced before two observers that Therese was his significant other—a procedure to which he appended the sacredness of marriage. In 1770 he took up his habitation in Paris, where he lived constantly for a very long time, in a road which currently bears his name, and acquired a living by duplicating music. Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, the creator of 'Paul and Virginia', who got familiar with him in 1772, has left some intriguing points of interest of Rousseau's everyday method of life at this period. Monsieur de Girardin having offered him a refuge at Ermemonville in the spring of 1778, he and Therese went yonder to live, yet for no prolonged stretch of time. On the 3d of July, around the same time, this bothered soul finally discovered rest, blasted by circulatory trouble. Gossip that he had ended it all was flowed, yet the proof of reliable observers, including a doctor, practically repudiates this allegation. His remaining parts, first entombed in the Ile des Peupliers, were, after the Revolution, taken out to the Pantheon. In later occasions the Government of Geneva made some compensation for their cruel treatment of a popular resident, and raised his sculpture, demonstrated by his comrade, Pradier, on an island in the Rhone. \"See countries, gradually shrewd and selfishly, To covered legitimacy raise the late bust.\" November 1896. S. W. ORSON. 3.3.1 CHARACTER ANALYSIS Jean-Jacques Rousseau The hero and storyteller, Rousseau is a creative, rash person. He's adult a vagrant, figuring out how to deal with himself since early on. As a grown-up, he gets himself continually in friendly difficulty for not having the option to control his sexual motivations. He makes courses of 65 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

action with a few well off old, refined women to be their Don Juan in return for arrangements. Each time he stumbles into difficulty, his answer is to flee. He's bad at tolerating duty or fixing his issues. Then again, he turns into an outstanding essayist and fruitful craftsman. His numerous experiences have made him a horribly intriguing individual and never short on companions. Uncle Bernard He raises Rousseau after the kid's father needs to seek total isolation from the law. Bernard doesn't burden himself to accommodate Rousseau, so he makes the child's life troublesome. He does, notwithstanding, permit his child, Bernard, to start up a significant relationship with his cousin. Pontverre While Rousseau is a student, he becomes companions with Pontverre. He's a blackguard who's planning something sinister. In spite of the fact that he attaches Rousseau with a new position, it's with a rich elderly person as his sugar momma. Mme de Warens She is a rich more seasoned blue-blood with an affection for more youthful men. Upon first gathering, she begins to look all starry eyed at Rousseau. She's a wild, dirty old woman who makes her expectations self-evident. She acknowledges him back after Rousseau's visit in Turin. By this point she's tracked down another Don Juan, yet she's simply utilizing him to make Rousseau desirous. When she gets what she needs from him, she compensates him with the situation as head over every last bit of her immense funds, an office which he performs obediently until he gets back from an outing one day to wind up supplanted by a significantly more youthful man. Claude Anet He's an enchanting, attractive youngster who becomes Mme de Warens' darling during Rousseau's first nonappearance. In spite of the fact that he hates his social position, Anet really focuses on Mademoiselle. He passes on lamentably without a moment to spare for Rousseau to re-charm himself with the old woman. The Count This man utilizes Rousseau in Venice to regulate his domain. Tragically he has a horrendous temper and doesn't care for Rousseau in any case, so he raises a wide range of ruckus for him. Ultimately, he blames Rousseau for taking from him and shows him out. 66 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Therese Rousseau falls head over heels in love for her upon first sight and weds her. Reluctant to completely submit, be that as it may, he keeps on having various illicit relationships all through their marriage. By year two, Therese lives alone in Rousseau's home, and he lives with his new advocate, Mme d'Epinay. Mme d'Epinay She claims a costly bequest called the Hermitage. Subsequent to seeing Rousseau's effective play, she welcomes him to live with her. Used to this sort of plan at this point, Rousseau acknowledges. She exploits his unpredictable mental state considering his faltering marriage. It is Mme d' Epinay who socially humiliates Rousseau by tattling about his undertaking with Mme d' Houdetot. Mme d'Houdetot Notwithstanding being locked into Saint Lambert, she begins an issue with Rousseau. She's dazzled by his enthusiastic words and the threat of the undertaking. The Luxembourgs Two or three recruits Rousseau to make craftsmanship for them. He never prefers them, in any case, and deceives of them with his books. After word spreads of the books' humiliating substance, the Luxembourgs blow their top and mastermind Rousseau to be pursued for lewdness. 3.3.2 THEMES The Confessions is personal assortment of work by Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Admissions is separated into two particular volumes, with each comprising of six books. Because of the length of the assortment of work, numerous subjects are investigated in the assortment. Truth and Interpretation The most repeating subject is the idea of truth. Since Confessions is self-portraying, it is normally composed from an abstract perspective, and accordingly \"truth\" depends on Rousseau's meaning of it. The other significant subject is the interaction of deciphering one's very own encounters, and afterward making an interpretation of those encounters into an individual way of thinking on life and his general surroundings. Admissions would then be able to be perused as a mental contextual analysis. Indeed, diary composing—a type of life account—is energized by proficient advisors when working with patients. This not just permits the patient to communicate their inward most feelings and thoughts, some of which could be 67 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

viewed as no-no in the open arena, however journals additionally offer the analyst a chance to examine the patient's contemplations. The Impact of Personal Choices Rousseau's Confessions is one of the principal self-portrayals that was not fundamentally worried about a record of strict experience. Accordingly, a significant topic of the book is its own legitimization: why the occasions of a person's life are significant. For Rousseau, the appropriate response has finished with his own craving for self-support; to utilize his experience as a method of understanding the decisions he made throughout everyday life, and defense to people in general for his way of thinking. Truth Another topic of the book is the possibility of truth. Rousseau is exceptionally open and explicit about his ethical weaknesses. Notwithstanding the celebrated scene when he was an offspring of outlining another worker for a wrongdoing he had perpetrated, Rousseau examines the numerous issues he had as a young fellow. His expectation is to show how his character was framed and the encounters that moulded his idea, not to give moral guidance or make allegations. In this sense, Rousseau's idea of \"truth\" has less to do with real... Impetuousness Regardless of whether due to his childhood or his absence of obligations, Rousseau ends up being a serious reckless person. He follows his every motivation, yet he's reluctant to acknowledge the outcomes of his activities. From the beginning of the book, perusers find out about Rousseau's whimsical nature when he stops his apprenticeship, a troublesome and to some degree illicit endeavour. He can't dominate the tolerance it would take for him to turn into an effective etcher, so Rousseau simply gets together and leaves. He's totally open to tolerating good cause from others, in any event, fooling them into offering it as he does with the Catholics in Turin. At the point when Rousseau's helpless motivation control gets him into a difficult situation, he only decides to flee. For instance, he has an unsanctioned romance with Mme d'Epinay while he and she are both hitched to others. In the wake of being freely disgraced for the undertaking, Rousseau gets together and moves to another nation, re-examines himself once more, trusting his standing has not gone before him. This appearing affront for causality drives him to consume a large portion of his colleagues and surprisingly whole nations where he's not, at this point welcome. Reputation Once more, Rousseau places extraordinary stock in standing. The social time to which he has a place is one of unmistakable and unforgiving social classes. Maybe in the wake of growing up a vagrant, Rousseau feels like he needs to substantiate himself to society. He doesn't really 68 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

accept that that he ought to be generalized with the likes of the lower class, however his consistent missteps make it hard for him to persuade anyone regarding this. He's given a great many chances to hold down a decent work and to procure himself some regard from his friends and seniors, yet he doesn't appear to be ready to fight the temptation to get into mischief. At last, Rousseau understands that he won't be fruitful on his momentum course. Reluctant to dominate his motivations, he chooses to substantiate himself in another way - through craftsmanship. He turns into an uncontrollably effective craftsman, anticipating that people should treat him diversely thus. He doesn't, in any case, treat his supporters and fans well, so they before long desert him individually. Frantic for fulfilment, Rousseau composes this book to demonstrate to his new friendly circle in England that he merits regard after a particularly significant, ingenious life. Lack of Maternal Influence Rousseau's mom bites the dust while bringing forth him. Growing up without a mother and with a missing dad figure, he comes up short on the female impact which he so urgently required as a kid. In adulthood this converts into unmistakable, consideration looking for sort of sexual indiscrimination. Rousseau participates in many issues with a wide range of ladies, however every time he is searching for some sort of approval. He needs these ladies to be his mom, to pay special mind to him and support him. At the point when they come up short, the ladies are thrown away and embarrassed by Rousseau. He's not a benevolent individual, once more presumably because of his absence of early maternal impact. This turns out to be horrendously evident when Rousseau fires taking up with more seasoned ladies. He has three separate issues with more established ladies who welcome him into their homes long haul. While these game plans are simple for all his, Rousseau clearly could do without them. He leaves at whatever point some other position appears to be really engaging or simpler. He was trusting these old women would deal with him like a child, however they needed sex and to be caused to feel youthful and alluring once more. Escapism Rousseau's absolute absence of moral obligation is almost upsetting in this content. Despite the fact that he composes the book himself, Rousseau doesn't by and large paint himself in an ideal light. He is by all accounts ignorant that his activities exhibit a sheer deniable of obligation regarding his disappointments. For a person like Rousseau who is on edge to encounter all that life can offer, he doesn't deal with the results of his activities nimbly. Each and every time he commits an error - like undermining his significant other, - he flees, moves to another city or even country. Maybe than put down roots and manage his issues, Rousseau drives a transient, brief way of life. He can't, be that as it may, get away from his issues until the end of time. When he gets back to his old neighbourhood in Switzerland, he is needed by the specialists and perceived as a cheat and a liar by the overall population. 69 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Prostitution Motif A typical abstract theme is available in Rousseau's memory of early adulthood. A lady not so exceptionally youthful as he defies him with a sexual offer; she can supply solidness and financial solace to him so he can proceed with his craft without the everyday limitations of bringing in cash, yet he should turn into her sexual partner. In a bizarre manner, this sexual science addresses something about Rousseau's character by and large, which is that his imaginative articulation of self has a relieving quality locally. Individuals need his trustworthiness, and they are set up to pay him for it. Is it accurate to say that he is a psychological/creative whore? That is a typical way to deal with workmanship hypothesis in writing, so it is uncanny to see this in his reality. 3.4 LITERARY ELEMENTS Symbols and Allegory The engraver's apprenticeship: Rousseau is a natural born artist. His craftsmanship has a mythic origin in his backstory because he begins his professional artistic career as an engraver's apprentice, except that the economic aspect of the engraver's business and focus made Rousseau disgusted. This is Rousseau's memory of discovering his own aversion to art for economic benefit. In his mind, there is simply no reason to do art other than from a mystical experience of oneself that demands expression. Joining the Catholic Church Rousseau is famously not deceived by the traditions of the Roman Catholic Church, and yet, either for his own religious awakening, to learn from the church in some other way besides religious devotion, or to participate in a cult-like tribal community, Rousseau decides to make every effort to be in community with his local church. One artistic response to this might be that perhaps Rousseau's call to art simultaneously felt to him as a call to prophetic ministry, which often brings dissonant people into religious communities, because art is often a religious endeavour. The Village Soothsayer Look at the shamanic role of the mystic character in Rousseau's first drama, an opera that was received with critical acclaim by the name of \"The Village Soothsayer,\" or in French, \"Le Devin Du Village.\" That character is involved with the symbolic union of the opposites. The shaman or \"diviner,\" or \"soothsayer\" helps reconcile a troubled romance among the village youth. His insight helps them to harmonize their seemingly incompatible natures. One could 70 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

easily write essays on the art theory of this opera; Rousseau might be describing his process of creation. Exile as a Symbol Rousseau's story has an allegorical narrative as Rousseau himself hints at by naming his opera after divination. He is archetypally a heretic and mystic because he joins the church, but they barely accept him, and only because he toys around with the language of his true beliefs to fool them into believing he is persuaded by their theology; he is absolutely not swayed by their opinions of Christ. In the end, his exile is a symbol for his true heroic nature. Because he is a true prophet of truth, communities turn him away. This motif dominates the Old Testament narratives of prophecy. Rousseau's Confession is basically that he is an artistic and philosophical prophet. To his credit, there are many who would read this and say, \"Well, duh, what else could one possibly call him?\" Imagery Imagery coined with Realism The imagery that defines this book most is the aesthetical quality of its realism. Jean-Jacques Rousseau is not creating the narrative that he is sharing; he is merely summoning it from his memory. The fact that the narrative has obvious features of narrative, like archetypal significance and surprisingly uncanny symbolism—that is the absurd nature of memoir, because Rousseau would not be writing about the narrative arc of his life unless he were convinced that within these real stories, there were some sort of artistic quality to his blooming consciousness. The reader starts this book with Rousseau in his youth, and by the end, he has evolved to his true artistic self, because of the seemingly random events of his life. The Warlock/shaman Imagery Rousseau is an extreme genius, such that his experience of self often verges on insanity. He is extremely insightful, and privately, he understands his mind is far above and beyond what other people experience. Rousseau is obviously religious, as we see from his conviction about going to church and experiencing the ultimate cult-religious experience of Catholicism. But he is not obedient to tradition. To borrow Jung and Campbell's language, he is experiencing not the priestly experience of religious obedience—he is experiencing the imagery of shamanism and witchcraft, which do indeed define the imagery of his stories. He is constantly up to some religious mysticism, and he is often cast out as a heretic. Art and Philosophy On could liken Rousseau to a Messiah figure in his art and philosophy. Although the imagery of art and philosophy clearly dominate his stories, the simultaneous description of those artworks and the stories of their creation help show the reader that Rousseau's art only comes 71 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

from one place. Through the imagery of his art theory and the imagery of his actual art and philosophy, together they show a narrative understanding of self that is supremely dignified. This imagery is what makes the book feel pretentious to people who are not sophisticated. The art theory is incredibly precise and rooted in Rousseau's feelings of divinity and importance. Exile and Rejection Rousseau's story is punctuated by this very important imagery. His sometimes-pretentious opinions are betrayed in the memoir by his constant participation in community. Look at his first opera—it is not the story of a Soothsayer out in the wilderness practicing witchcraft to unite themselves to the pantheistic gods of nature. It is a \"Village Soothsayer.\" That is to say, Rousseau is bringing the religious mysticism of nature and wilderness and introducing that truth to a community who does not have an appetite for that yet. His reward is that he gets kicked out of communities eventually. This imagery tests his belief in his own truth, because symbolically, the shame of exile is an ultimate test of one's philosophy. 3.5 CRITICAL REVIEWS At its generally essential, a collection of memoirs is the account of an individual's life, composed by that individual. It is in some cases said that Augustine concocted the advanced collection of memoirs. Augustine didn't just set up an example; he delivered a work whose impact was inescapable to such an extent that all later autobiographers were influenced by it, either emphatically or contrarily. (The most popular illustration of a response against Augustine's Confessions shows up in the Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the French Romantic author and rationalist.) However, Augustine's Confessions was unquestionably not the main work of collection of memoirs in Western writing. Various Classical creators had delivered accounts of their own lives, and Augustine likewise had explicitly Christian guides to draw on, for example, the enthusiasm stories of martyred holy people like Perpetua. Rousseau's personal history is interesting severally. The Confessions is definitely not a clear record of the occasions of Augustine's life. Indeed, Augustine often leaves out occasions that perusers may think about significant. The demise of his dad, for instance, is referenced uniquely in passing, and enormous segments of his life are basically overlooked. Then again, Augustine gives extraordinary accentuation to apparently little occasions, like the burglary of pears. In recounting the narrative of his life, Augustine chooses just those occasions that represent his profound turn of events; all the other things is driven away from plain sight. In zeroing in so firmly on his otherworldly life, Augustine likewise prepares his intense forces of perception on his own brain science. The seriously close to home nature of Augustine's self-representation is one of the perspectives that has made it so engaging throughout the long term. In the Confessions, Augustine is a completely adjusted individual: genuine, sour, energetic, aggressive, anxiously intelligent, committed to his companions, subject to blemishes of pride and overabundance. Augustine's voice is remarkably recognizable, and it gives perusers a 72 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

certifiable vibe for his character and character. Perusers see Augustine from an external perspective, however from within. By its tendency, collection of memoirs is an interesting sort. Since life account has a component of history, perusers anticipate some proportion of recorded exactness from the creator. But since collection of memoirs is additionally a type of writing, it shares a portion of the components of fiction: a story circular segment, explicit occasions that move the story, and subtleties of style and account that influence your understanding. Perusers, thusly, may think about the amount of a personal history is valid. This inquiry doesn't really suggest conscious duplicity with respect to the creator; human memory is normally particular, and your impression of your own life are moulded by your encounters. All through the Confessions, perusers are continually faced with two Augustine’s: the youthful Augustine battling along his profound way, and the more seasoned Augustine, the storyteller, who thinks back over this way and finds that it had a heading he couldn't perceive at that point. By being specific about the occasions he picks to represent his life, Augustine is giving a conscious shape to his account, a shape that the chaotic occasions of life by and large don't have. As a creator, he knows about the stunts that memory can play; he gives a lot of thoughtfulness regarding looking at how memory functions. Moreover, Augustine gives his story an unmistakable circular segment, as occasion expands upon occasion in Augustine's profound battle. Augustine additionally utilizes clear scholarly echoes to loan importance to his story. He more than once analyses himself to the Prodigal Son, the meandering delinquent getting back, and when he surrenders Monica at Carthage, his story matches that of another well-known drifter, Aeneas. The researcher Pierre Courcelle, analysing the Confessions, recognized scholarly equals for pretty much all aspects of Augustine's story. However, does that mean the story is anecdotal? In one sense, to find out if the Confessions is observationally evident is to pose some unacceptable inquiry. You have just the story as Augustine advises it, and eventually, you should pass judgment on it on its own benefits. The round of \"chase the creator\" can immediately turn into an activity in silliness. Researchers have invested extensive time and energy, for instance, discussing what precisely befell Augustine in his nursery at Milan: What could a kid from that time of history have said, over the span of a game or a discussion, that Augustine would have misheard or deciphered as \"Take and read\"? Such inquiries might be engaging, yet they don't reveal a lot of insight into the importance of the Confessions, either for Augustine as essayist or for his perusers. As Augustine's own understandings of Christian sacred writing illustrate, he was continually searching for the implications covered up under the outside of a book, and he accepted that even apparently basic writings could uphold various translations. For Augustine, chronicled truth and emblematic importance were not totally unrelated. In the event that you see the Confessions as both collection of memoirs and scholarly 73 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

fine art, you can open up your comprehension of it in manners that the actual Confessions welcomes. 3.6 SUMMARY • Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote the two volumes of his Confessions from 1765–1769. Rousseau’s liberal ideas were controversial to say the least, and his criticism of religion had drawn the wrath of the Church establishment in France and Switzerland. During the writing period, he moved frequently, living in various locations in Neuchâtel Principality, Switzerland (for a while on a tiny island), England, and France. Apparently unable to modulate his opinions, he incurred widespread enmity of religious and intellectual opponents, alienated his friends, and was even attacked on the street. These experiences in part fuelled his decision to write a memoir that would expose the persecution he was experiencing. Some episodes he presents may well be the exaggerated products of paranoia, for he wrote: “I am surrounded by spies….” • Rousseau intended to write an entirely true account. His efforts were unusual in their day, if not, as he claimed in the opening, entirely unique: • “I am commencing an undertaking, hitherto without precedent, and which will never find an imitator.” Certainly, the last part of the line was proved untrue, as memoir and autobiography have since become popular genres. • Rousseau presents his difficult, motherless childhood—as his mother died in childbirth—raised by an emotionally distant father. One positive kind of attention his father bestowed, however, was reading aloud with him, helping establish his lifelong love of books and tendency to find solace in them. Throughout, he mentions his submissive attitudes toward women. Summoning up remarkably vivid memories, he admits to misbehaving, such as stealing fruit, and includes the punishments justly meted out. As a teenager, leaving his apprenticeship with an engraver, he tells of becoming the lover of an older woman. With Madame de Warens’ assistance, he gained employment in high society in their rural city, which he later parlayed into employment first in Venice and then in Paris. • Rousseau’s involvement in a Parisian intellectual circle including Denis Diderot marked the turning point of his vocation, as he realized his place was among thinkers and writers. The Confessions includes his connections with other thinkers, as well as more amorous affairs. He developed his lifelong interest in the transformative power and severe limitations of science—the explorations of which would later prompt the accusations of heresy. Emile, who featured his reflections on the Church, including the questions raised by a country curate, was the work that prompted the condemnations and censure from which he was compelled to flee. The Confessions, although written several years later, take him through the publication of Emile and his departure from Bern. 74 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• The Confessions of J. J. Rousseau, commonly known as The Confessions, opens with a proclamation of originality: “I am commencing an undertaking, hitherto without precedent, and which will never find an imitator.” The reasons for the singularity of this undertaking are twofold. First, Rousseau claims to be absolutely honest, to hold back nothing of the “truth of nature.” Second, he feels he is different from all other people, and it is the value of this difference that he desires his reader to judge. • The Confessions were written between 1765 and 1769 in an effort to react to the persecutions that Rousseau suffered even at the hands of former friends. They are divided chronologically into two parts. The first, which follows the formative years of the philosopher, is the most accessible and most often studied. Although much of what he has to tell is embarrassing, Rousseau seems to delight in dwelling on the pleasure that he felt in being spanked by the Mlle Lambercier. 3.7 KEYWORDS • Accomplishment: Achievement, Attainment, Feat • Veracity: Truthfulness, Accuracy, Correctness • Superfluous: Surplus, Extra, Excess, Redundant • Despicable: Contemptible, Detestable, Abominable • Disposition: Temperament, Constitution, Characteristics 3.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Discuss quote by Jean-Jacques Rousseau “People who know little are usually great talkers, while men who know much say little.” _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Mme de Warens is an opportunistic woman who uses young tomboys for her sexual and economic gain. At first, Rousseau refuses her offer for sexual favours in exchange for luxuries. When Rousseau runs away to try life elsewhere, the situation becomes more arduous, and he decides to get back to Warens to accept her proposal. Warens takes him, and they develop and sexual relationship. Rousseau services Warens sexually when she demands it. Rousseau later learns that Warens is also having another tomboy called Anet. However, Warens prefers Rousseau more than Anet, and she puts him in charge of her finances. After achieving her financial target, Warens dump Rousseau and replaces him with another tomboy to satisfy her sexually. Hence, Warens uses her finances and wealth to use tomboys, and when she achieves her financial and sexual goals, she dumps them. Based on above samples, choose any three characters in Rousseau’s Confessions and describe their personality traits. 75 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Character Personality Traits / Nature 1] 2] 3] 3.9 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are some instances in Confessions where the narrator embodies the romantic persona? 2. Please explain the context of Rousseau's Confessions. 3. Where in the Rousseau's Confessions can you find excerpts that show that he was unique? 4. What is the central theme in the book ‘The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau? 5. How does the author illustrate the vacillating nature of exploiting amorousness for pecuniary advantage? Long Questions 1. Writes a brief note on Rousseau’s Confessions. 2. Write a note on Themes of Rousseau’s Confessions? 3. Explain Rousseau the writer of Philosophy or history in the light of his autobiography? 4. Elucidate confessions from your won point of view? 5. How would you rate this autobiography in present times? Justify. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Rousseau's famous line: 'Man was born free; and everywhere he is in chains' came from which of his works? a) The Discourse of the Arts and Sciences b) The Confessions c) The Social Contract d) Emile 2. Rousseau influenced which of the following people and/or movements: a) Immanuel Kant b) The leaders of the French Revolution c) Karl Marx d) All of these 3. How does Rousseau lie about his religion? a) He says he's Catholic. 76 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

b) He says he's Protestant. c) He says he goes to church. d) He says he's a priest. 4. Who thinks Rousseau is lying when he isn't? a) Mama b) The Count c) Therese d) Diderot 5. Why does Rousseau lie about the ribbon? a) He wants to cause trouble. b) He thinks it will look pretty in his hair. c) He doesn't want his guardians to think less of him. d) He needs the ribbon for a project. Answers: 1-(c), 2-(d), 3-(b), 4-(b), 5-(c) 3.10 REFERENCES Textbooks • Kelly, C. (2019). Rousseau's Exemplary life: The Confessions as Political Philosophy. Cornell University Press. • Rousseau, J. (1996). The Confessions. Wordsworth Editions. • Rousseau, J. (2000). Confessions. Oxford University Press, USA. • Dent, N. (2008). Rousseau. Routledge. • Murray, J. C. (1899). Rousseau: His Position in the History of Philosophy. Reference Books • Rousseau, J. (1764). A Treatise on the Social Compact: Or The Principles of Politic Law. • Rousseau, J. (2014). The Confessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Courier Corporation. • Scott, J. T. (2020). Rousseau's Reader: Strategies of Persuasion and Education. • Outram, D. (2005). The enlightenment (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press • Compayré, G. (1907). Jean Jacques Rousseau and education from nature. New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell. Websites 77 • www.greatthinkers.org • www.philosophynow.org • www.litcharts.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

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UNIT 4: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN STRUCTURE 4.0 Learning Objectives 4.1 Introduction 4.2 About the Author 4.3 Analysis of the Text 4.3.1 Character Analysis 4.3.2 Plot 4.4 Literary Elements 4.5 Critical Reviews 4.6 Summary 4.7 Keywords 4.8 Learning Activity 4.9 Unit End Questions 4.10 References 4.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, students will be able to: • Differentiate autobiographical writing with biographical writing. • Identify the literary elements related to biographical writing. • Elaborate and analyse a biography. • Identify autobiography as a literary genre. • Explain a reader response to the text. 79 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.1 INTRODUCTION The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is told in the first person by Benjamin Franklin. As such, the events he relates are subject to Franklin's point of view and editorial choices. It is written in the past tense. The use of the word ‘the’ at the beginning of the title implies that this is the one commanding account of Franklin's life as the subject is also the author. In the beginning, Franklin referred to the text as Memoirs because the term autobiography was not yet in use. The first part of the text, originally published in French, was titled The Private Life of the Late Benjamin Franklin, suggesting a posthumous intimacy with the subject. • Key Facts about the Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin Full Title: The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin When Written: The Autobiography was penned in four sections at four separate times: Part One, 1771; Part Two, 1784; Part Three, 1788; Part Four 1789 or 90 Where Written: Part One – Twyford, England; Part Two – Passy, France; Parts Three and Four – Philadelphia, PA When Published: 1791 in French, 1793 in English for Part One with some of Part Two Literary Period: 18th Century Memoir Genre: History; Autobiography Setting: Boston, MA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; London, England Climax: Benjamin Franklin’s scheme for unifying the colonies in situation of a requirement for security is denied by the colonial assemblies. Antagonist: None, however Franklin has numerous opponents in politics and business, involving Andrew Bradford and Mr. Keimer. Point of View: First person. 80 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.2 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Benjamin Franklin (January 17, 1706 [O.S. January 6, 1705][Note 1] – April 17, 1790) was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. A renaissance man, he was a leading writer, printer, political philosopher, politician, Freemason, postmaster, scientist, inventor, humourist, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a main character in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries and theories regarding electricity. As a discoverer, he is recognized for the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove, along with other innovations. He established various civic associations, as well as the Library Company, Philadelphia's first fire division, and the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin received the title of \"The First American\" for his initial and unrelenting campaigning for colonial harmony, primarily as a writer and spokesperson in London for numerous colonies. As the first US ambassador to France, he epitomized the evolving American country. Franklin was foundational in describing the American philosophy as a marriage of the values of economy, hard work, education, community spirit, self-leading organizations, and opposition to autocracy both political and religious, with the scientific and liberal ideals of the knowledge. From the point of view of historian Henry Steele Commager, \"In a Franklin can be joined the merits of Puritanism without including its flaws, the radiance of the Illumination without its heat. To Walter Isaacson, this makes Franklin \"the highly capable American of his era and the extremely powerful in developing the kind of society United Nations would grow to be. Franklin turns out to be a popular newspaper editor and printer in Philadelphia, the prominent city in the colonies, printing the Pennsylvania Gazette at the age of 23. He got affluent publishing this and Poor Richard's Almanack, which he wrote under the pseudonym \"Richard Saunders”. After 1767, he was linked with the newspaper named Pennsylvania Chronicle, this paper was recognized for its progressive views and its condemnations of the rules of the British Government and the King. Benjamin Franklin founded and was the first president of Academy and College of Philadelphia which started in 1751 and shortly became the University of Pennsylvania. He formed the American Philosophical Society and was the first secretary of the same. He was chosen as a president in 1769. Franklin became a nationwide popular in America as a representative for numerous colonies when he led an attempt in London to have the Parliament of Great Britain abolish the disliked Stamp Act. A consummate ambassador, he was extensively respected among the French as American minister to Paris and was a huge figure in the advancement of optimistic Franco–American relations. His attempts were crucial for the American Revolution in obtaining shipments of essential weapons from France. Benjamin Franklin was promoted to deputy postmaster-general for the British colonies on August 10, 1753, having been Philadelphia postmaster for several years, and this allowed him to establish the initial national communications network. For the duration of the revolution, he became the first United States postmaster general. He was involved in public issues and colonial and country politics, also in national and international matters. From 1785 to 1788, he 81 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

worked as governor of Pennsylvania. He primarily held and traded in slaves although, in later 1750s, he started fighting against slavery, turn into an abolitionist, and supported education and the incorporation of blacks in American Civilization. His life and inheritance of technical and political accomplishment, and his position as one of America's most significant Founding Fathers, have gotten Franklin privileged more than two centuries after his demise on the fifty- cent piece, the $100 bill, warships, and the names of several towns, provinces, educational foundations, and companies, also several social references and with a picture in the White House. 4.3 ANALYSIS OF THE TEXT The Life Story of Benjamin Franklin opens with a reason, referred to Franklin’s son, William Franklin, regarding why Franklin has started to pen down his autobiography. He reveals it might be helpful to his future generations (offspring) but as well he expects to fulfil his own pride. He continues to illustrate few of his relationships, including his grandfather, Thomas Franklin Sr., and his father, Josiah Franklin. Then Franklin opens the story of his life, in what way he was born in Boston in 1706, was temporarily sent to grammar school around the age of eight, and ultimately was bound to his brother James Franklin as a printer. From his younger age, reading was crucial to Franklin as a way of self-enhancement. While working under his brother, he read regularly, embraced a vegan diet, and presented numerous unnamed pieces of writing to his brother’s newspaper, the New England Courant. His brother printed them, growing Franklin’s egotism, and, ultimately, giving him the audacity and self-esteem to break his conditions of employment and move away, initially to New York, then to Philadelphia. Franklin got job instantly in Philadelphia as a journeyman printer, in the beginning for the printer Andrew Bradford, then for the printer Mr. Keimer. His brother-in-law, Robert Holmes persuaded him to go back to Boston and request his father’s consent. He went there and got the approval then he came back to Philadelphia with his pal John Collins, a drunk who led Franklin into debt prior relocating to the West Indies. Governor Keith of Pennsylvania agreed to help establish Franklin up with a new printing house and sent him to England to purchase the items he wanted. He went, but Governor Keith declined to keep his word. Then Franklin laborer for printers in London to improve understand his business and secure sufficient money for journey back to US. About eighteen months later, an acquaintance Franklin made on the journey to England, Mr. Denham, proposed to take Franklin on as a clerk for his business. Franklin consented and relocated with Denham to Philadelphia, but Denham soon died. Then Franklin came back to work for Mr. Keimer after Denham’s demise, and, once he witnessed that Keimer plotted to rob his knowledge and terminate to employ him, he did an arrangement with one of Keimer’s other workers, Hugh Meredith, to go into business together. The two shortly started their own printing house and Franklin, then gradually buying Meredith’s share of his company, went on 82 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a journey to be an accomplished printer and public official, establishing various significant civic organizations, like the colonies’ first advancing library, the college that developed into the University of Pennsylvania, and the first occupational firemen. Down the path he explains missteps he did, which he says misprints and thinks he partly corrected later on by living rightfully. In Second Part of his book, Franklin mentions letters from his friends advise him to finish his memoir, then he introduces one of his crucial techniques for self-development, The Art of Virtue—a thirteen-week self-development cycle in which Franklin used thirteen qualities, centring on one per week. He also introduces his daily program. Part Three continues the narrative of Part One and comprises the accounts of Franklin’s armed facility through the French and Indian War also a short account of some of his scientific research and journals on electrical energy. He also uses third part to illustrate his public work, involving a description of how he got Philadelphia to surface and then illuminate its streets. There is little change between third and fourth parts. In Fourth Part, Franklin illustrates a political operation he embark on in London to fight from the side of the Pennsylvania Assembly opposed to the tax-free status of Pennsylvania’s patented councils. The operation was a half success, and the Autobiography sum it up, although it is incomplete. The Autobiography begins with a greeting to Franklin’s son, William Franklin at the time he was the Royal Governor of New Jersey. Franklin is writing in the summer of 1771 on holiday in a little town approximate 50 miles South of London. Franklin reveals that as his son might hope to understand his life, he is taking his one-week trip in the English country to record his earlier time. He mentions that he has relished his life and if got a chance he would love to do it all over again, even though he would prefer to fix few minor mistakes if the chance occurred. However, he could not repeat life, he could as an alternative recall it. He is grateful to God for giving him live a wonderful life. Franklin describes few of his family's heritage. He has been the youngest son of a youngest son for five age group, though Franklin does have two younger sisters. He speaks of his grandfather and uncles, and he comprises some poems from his well admired uncle Benjamin, the man after whom he was named. The Franklins have always been a passionate family; for example, they were engaged extremely early in the Reformation in Europe. Ben then talks about his parents. His father, Josiah Franklin, relocated from United Kingdom to United States in 1682 with his wife and three offspring. He had four additional children with that wife, and ten further children with Abiah, whom Josiah wed to after his first wife’s demise. Ben himself, the 15th of 17 children, was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. Nearly all of Benjamin's brothers became learners in numerous trades, as was the tradition in the 18th century. Ben, on the other hand, was placed into grammar school with the intention that he would later get into the church. He swiftly climbed to the top of his class, and after a short time he was transferred to a separate grammar school to enhance his writing and mathematics skills. Even Though he flopped at mathematics, he was extremely fluent at writing. Though, at age ten he was removed from school and asked to work with his father, as 83 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a candle and soap producer. Over this period, Ben, being fascinated by the sea although banned from becoming a seaman by his parents, once persuaded his young friends to develop a pier from a few embezzled rocks from a mine. He was captured and penalized to be educated that cheating is not at all helpful. Ben writes that he admired his father, who he considers \"sensible and solid wisdom\" and usually admired in civic. Josiah trained Ben the vital talent of discussion, which would always be useful. As a mark of respect to his parents, Ben got them entombed in a renowned Boston cemetery near Boston Common (Paul Revere, John Hancock and Sam Adams are some of the others buried there), and he constructed a memorial to them which stand as the main highlight in the graveyard at present. Though, Ben did not like his father's trade creating candles, so Josiah set off to discover him a different field of work. After passing on up cutlery, Josiah spotted that Ben was mostly scholarly, and hence he set Ben to employ for his brother James a printer. Ben, at the age of 12, sign up an agreement to work for James for the subsequent eight years. This field of work gave opportunity to Ben to read more. He mentions that he liked especially Bunyan, Mather and Daniel Defoe. He loaned out various books from a regional bookseller and created his own writing abilities by emulating the style applied by the certified authors. Just About the same time, he observes that he make friends with a \"bookish lad\" named John Collins, with whom he sharpened his discussion skills with the help of letters. Josiah, in the meantime, helped inform Ben in his writing form. He obtained a copy of the British newspaper The Spectator and emulated its style, soon leaning \"method in the arrangement of thoughts.\" 4.3.1 CHARACTER ANALYSIS • Benjamin Franklin The writer and central character of the Autobiography; he wrote the work supposedly to inform his son about his life and to give a version of self-advancement for someone concerned. Born into a humble Boston clan, Franklin went to Philadelphia in his late youth and ultimately started his own paper, The Pennsylvania Gazette. The Autobiography tells of the key experiences of his life and several of his critical scientific and diplomatic opinions, although the work does not examine the American Revolution, in which Franklin was a key member. • William Franklin Benjamin's son and Royal Governor of New Jersey in 1771 when Ben begins the writing, he started the Autobiography as a letter to William with the purpose of informing him regarding his life. • Parents Ben's parents name was Josiah and Abiah. Abiah is discussed very less. Josiah's second wife, she nurtured ten children with him. Ben was the eighth of these children. Josiah put a lot of attention in Benjamin, teaching him the skill of discussion and writing efficiently. 84 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Ben admired him immensely. After both parents demise, Ben got them entombed and built a monument for them in a renowned Boston graveyard. • James Franklin Franklin older brother who had his own printing house in Boston. Ben was bound to James when Ben was 12, and as they did not usually very close, Ben learned a lot from James and turn out to be very useful. When James was arrested for carrying revolutionary political opinions, Ben took over the printing house until James' got release. When Ben broke his bond and left for Philadelphia, James was furious and vindictive. • John Collins A \"bookish lad\" whom Ben became friends in Boston. They two used to put into practice their discussion skills in Boston. John decides to move to Philadelphia with Ben numerous years after, although his plans disappeared when he became an alcoholic and at the end moved to the Caribbean. Ben gave him a huge sum of money which Collins never paid back. • Andrew Bradford A printer in Philadelphia, he was not able to employ Franklin, but he did permit Franklin to live in his house. Later, when Franklin started his own paper, the two became rivals up until Bradford abandons the publishing business. • Samuel Keimer The printer in Philadelphia, for whom Franklin worked. Their connection weakens over time, and finally they had a falling out. Keimer, though, tried to be friend with him once he understood that Ben be able to provide him with vital printing tools. • John Read A resident of Philadelphia, he gave residence to Franklin later after Franklin reaches to Philadelphia. • Deborah Read The daughter of John Read, she ultimately wedded Franklin although their engagement was disrupted by his 18-month visit to United Kingdom, for the duration of which she wedded another man who vanished--hence letting her wedding to Franklin. • Gov. William Keith The Royal Governor of Pennsylvania when Franklin visited to Philadelphia. Keith was astounded by Franklin and decides to support him, although he did very little. He was a man who does not usually pursue on what he says he would do. • James Ralph A regional Philadelphia poet: whom Franklin became friends with and with whom Franklin journeyed to England. Franklin describes a story of a period when Ralph, who was usually unpopular and thus too condemned by his acquaintances in the field of poetry, asked Franklin to recite one of Ralph's poems as Franklin's own, which Franklin did to very high admiration. Ralph moved with Franklin to England, where he used Franklin most of the 85 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

time and took huge amount of money that he never paid. Franklin and Ralph went to separate ways when Franklin hits on Ralph's girlfriend and was denied. • Mr. Denham A friendly Quaker, Franklin met on his visit to United Kingdom. They stood acquaintances while in UK, and it is Denham who ultimately persuaded Franklin to come back to United States of America after an 18-month visit. Franklin worked for Denham for a brief time in a goods supply store upon his return. • Meredith The man with whom Franklin started a new publishing house after parting ways with Keimer. Meredith, though, did not work very hard, and ultimately left. 4.3.2 PLOT The Life Story of Benjamin Franklin opens with a reason, referred to Franklin’s son, William Franklin, regarding why Franklin has started to pen down his autobiography. He reveals it might be helpful to his future generations (offspring) but as well he expects to fulfil his own pride. He continues to illustrate few of his relationships, including his grandfather, Thomas Franklin Sr., and his father, Josiah Franklin. Then Franklin opens the story of his life, in what way he was born in Boston in 1706, was temporarily sent to grammar school around the age of eight, and ultimately was bound to his brother James Franklin as a printer. From his younger age, reading was crucial to Franklin as a way of self-enhancement. While working under his brother, he read regularly, embraced a vegan diet, and presented numerous unnamed pieces of writing to his brother’s newspaper, the New England Courant. His brother printed them, growing Franklin’s egotism, and, ultimately, giving him the audacity and self- esteem to break his conditions of employment and move away, initially to New York, then to Philadelphia. Franklin got job instantly in Philadelphia as a journeyman printer, in the beginning for the printer Andrew Bradford, then for the printer Mr. Keimer. His brother-in-law, Robert Holmes persuaded him to go back to Boston and request his father’s consent. He went there and got the approval then he came back to Philadelphia with his pal John Collins, a drunk who led Franklin into debt prior relocating to the West Indies. Governor Keith of Pennsylvania agreed to help establish Franklin up with a new printing house and sent him to England to purchase the items he wanted. He went, but Governor Keith declined to keep his word. Then Franklin laboured for printers in London to improve understand his business and secure sufficient money for journey back to US. About eighteen months later, an acquaintance Franklin made on the journey to England, Mr. Denham, proposed to take Franklin on as a clerk for his business. Franklin consented and relocated with Denham to Philadelphia, but Denham soon died. Then Franklin came back to work for Mr. Keimer after Denham’s demise, and, once he witnessed that Keimer plotted to rob his knowledge and terminate to employ him, he did an arrangement with one of Keimer’s other workers, Hugh Meredith, to go into business together. The two shortly started their own 86 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

printing house and Franklin, then gradually buying Meredith’s share of his company, went on a journey to be an accomplished printer and public official, establishing various significant civic organizations, like the colonies’ first advancing library, the college that developed into the University of Pennsylvania, and the first occupational firemen. Down the path he explains missteps he did, which he says misprints and thinks he partly corrected later on by living rightfully. In First Part, Franklin discusses about his purpose for writing; the Autobiography, saying that as you could not live your life over again, so the next best thing is to recollect it by penning it down. He explains his initial life in Boston, his passion for reading, and his work training. Franklin begins as a printer to his brother James, but he despises working for him, and goes away to Philadelphia at the age of sixteen. In Philadelphia, Franklin started working for a printer called Keimer. The governor, Sir William Keith, proposes to help Franklin to start his own printing and asks him to go England to gather materials for Printing. Once he reached England, although Franklin discovers that Keith's a hypocrite and a fraud – and he got stuck in London without capital or a way to return to America. Franklin worked relentlessly at Watts' printing shop, understands about his craft, and makes few crucial contacts. When he spared up sufficient money, he came back to America with his acquaintance Mr. Denham, who had proposed him a job. Franklin worked hard for Denham till his owner died, and then he had to return to Keimer. That didn’t last long, as Franklin resigned. He opted to set up his own business with another former Keimer employee, Hugh Meredith. Although there was a rivalry, they got a couple of fortunate breaks, for example printing the Pennsylvania Gazette. After Meredith left, Franklin got few deals to print paper money, and his competitor Keimer retired. As the business starts to flourish, Franklin wedded his old love Deborah Read. He also founded a gentleman's club known as the Junto, which is for discussing about philosophical and scientific opinions. One of their first biggest ventures was to develop a subscription library. Franklin stopped writing at this time due to the American Revolution. Second Part starts with Franklin writing from Passy, France, got letters from two of his friends, Abel James and Benjamin Vaughan. They mostly told Franklin that he is amazing, that his life memoir is remarkable, and he must keep writing it. Franklin's motivated. Let's accept it: we possibly would be too. He started again from where he left off in First Part, described us more about how the Junto formed the Library system, then regarding his personal work on accomplishing the qualities of humility and thrift. Franklin wrote list of qualities and operated on them every day. He mentioned he didn’t go to church, although prays by himself: he leaves religion out of his morality list and said he'll include it later in a book named “The Art of Virtue”, which he never wrote He ended the first part by saying pride is the most difficult feature to overcome, and he's still working on it. Third Part was picked up five years after, with Franklin in Philadelphia. He wrote Poor Richard's Almanac; it and his newspaper, the Pennsylvania Gazette, are profitable. His venture persists to grow. Franklin builds his opinions about religion in two meetings with pastors, both 87 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of whom he got fond of. The first, Samuel Hemphill, promotes morality, yet he was tossed off by the public as he copied other persons’ speeches. The second, George Whitefield, was a wonderful wandering pastor who, Franklin says, had incredible oratory. Franklin's club, the Junto, got expanded and established the first American fire division. On a private level, Franklin resolved issues with his brother James, who was dying, and explained about his own son’s demise from smallpox. Professionally, Franklin became General Assembly Clerk and Postmaster. He thought Pennsylvania needed two things: an improved army and a superior establishment for higher learning. Franklin wrote Pure Reality, which appealed for an effective armed force, yet turned down a position as colonel; though, he still had a lot of authority over Pennsylvania's army. He too talked about the challenges Quakers encountered as peacemakers attempting to provide to a system of security. With the Junto, he established the University of Pennsylvania. Franklin too worked on establishing the first American civic hospital, improved roads for Philadelphia's streets, and an efficient system for cleaning London's roads. The French and Indian War came. Franklin prepared a strategy for joining all the American colonies, but it didn’t go as planned. They remain united by single colony. He facilitated General Edward Braddock obtain army resources on credit from Pennsylvania citizens; because they were not familiar with Braddock, Franklin had to give deposit. That would cost him, although. In between of performing crucial military stuff – planning for a fight at Monongahela to take away Fort Duquesne – Braddock didn’t approve of Franklin's advice. Hence, they lost the battle and Braddock was martyred. Fortunately, he gave Franklin a sizable amount of money before that occurred. Another General, Shirley, came over for Franklin with additional money. (Franklin never got the rest.) In The Meantime, Franklin helped construct castles in Pennsylvania for protection in opposition to the Native Americans and discovered about the Moravian religion. He was temporarily designated as a Colonel, but he turned down a rank as General. Franklin also had scientific achievement: he worked on research in electrical energy with his acquaintances Peter Collinson and Ebenezer Kinnersley. Collinson informs the Royal Society about Franklin's visions, and his work was printed. He got into an academic fight with Abbé Nollet, who had rival concepts, although the scientific community endorses Franklin's as the finest. He became a member of the Royal Society. The new governor, Denny, had issues with the Pennsylvania Assembly. The Assembly wanted to pass a law that put taxes on colonists and Owners more reasonably to collect capital for protecting the colonies, portion of which would be under the command of General Loudon, although Denny didn’t sign it. Even Though being postponed by Loudon, Franklin ultimately got to visit London on behalf of the Assembly to work on negotiation. (He never received the remainder money he protected for Braddock.) In Fourth Part, Franklin discussed with his acquaintance Dr. Fothergill about the difficulty the Assembly's getting and met Lord Granville, chief of the King's privy council, about it. Lord Granville said that the King made laws just by discussing, although Franklin claimed that he 88 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

could only accept/reject the colonists' laws once – he shouldn't be able to go back on his word. Lord Granville differs. Franklin and the Owners had a meeting at Thomas Penn's house to discuss regarding the argument, and Franklin had to argue with the opposite side's counsel, Ferdinand Paris. He and the colonists devoted one year waiting for the ruling. In the Meantime, the Assembly and Governor Denny ultimately approved the bill. The Owners appeal to prevent the bill from executing, as they didn’t want to be taxed, and everybody went to court. There, Lord Mansfield reconciles the case, and everyone arrives to an arrangement. The autobiography concludes with the Assembly honouring Franklin and dismissing Governor Denny. The colonists seek to charge him but didn’t win – he had also influential contacts. • Industriousness Industry, for Benjamin Franklin, is the thoughtful use of one’s extensive psychological and physical resources to any constructive effort. It is, as he characterizes it, “a way of acquiring Wealth and Distinction” also a means to satisfy one’s ego. Franklin’s business is apparent in his everyday agenda, which involves getting up at 5:00 A.M., working eight hours daily, and giving spare time to company (settling accounts), reading, and household work. Franklin asserts that his sincerity was a way of differentiating himself from his fellow citizens, firstly as a printer, then as a statesman. Across his business, he says, he began as an unspecified printing trainee and happened to meet six different kings. Franklin applies his industry not just to individual endeavours like founding his printing house, although to public matters also, for example, creation of Philadelphia’s first lending library, also army matters (wartime efforts), like recruitment the service of Pennsylvanian’s carriages through the French and Indian war. Diligence, Franklin considers, is the way by which one could attain self-enhancement. • Vanity and Humility In his Autobiography, Franklin questions the conventional notion that egotism is a sin. As he speaks, “Maximum Individuals hate Pride in others whatsoever Part they have of it themselves, yet I give it reasonable Quarter anywhere I encounter by it…” Pride is somewhat “creation of Good to the Owner and to others that are in his range of Act” for Franklin, thus, therefore, he inclines it as something he faiths to satisfy by writing his Autobiography. Certainly, with his numerous individuals, public, and scientific attainments, Benjamin Franklin might have more than the average person to be proud about, hence it is crucial for his project of self-enhancement that he satisfy his egotism without appearing futile. Hence, when he lists Humbleness as one of the thirteen qualities, he seeks to get to excellence in himself, his instructions are to “be like Jesus and Socrates”—two historical figures who, while keeping an air of modesty, attained extraordinary prominence. Franklin believes Arrogance and Pride to be the innate emotions extremely challenging for a man or woman to overcome. Hence, he recommends his reader, there would be fairly a 89 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

little of both in what he calls his “History.” “For,” he says, “even if I can comprehend that I had totally defeated [vanity], I Should perhaps be gratified of my Modesty.” • Error and Correction In his efforts to achieve ethical and individual excellence, Benjamin Franklin makes several mistakes. Franklin chooses to utilize the printer’s term for errors in his proofs (Errata or an Erratum) for some of the key errors he believes himself to have gotten in his life. One of the reasons for this preference in terms might be that, like printing evidence, he witnessed the key missteps of his life as actions that could, through proper upcoming conduct and act, be rectified. His first big typo, he says, was giving his internship to his brother, James Franklin, to start a fresh life for himself as a man in Philadelphia. This mistake is one he considers himself to have rectified several years after when his brother died an untimely death and he adopted and educated his ten-year-old son. Error and correction also have strong ties within the Autobiography to the theme of Civic Duty. Franklin is continually on the watch for methods to enhance upon civic strategy and training, and various of his inventions and procedures occur as improvements to earlier social mistakes. One great irreparable mistake Franklin notes is lacking to protect (get vaccines for) one of his young sons who died of the smallpox. He explains the story in the Autobiography in the hopes that others will learn from his bad example and so may correct the error by having their own children vaccinated. • Self-Improvement and Self-Education One of the key resolutions Benjamin proposes for the writing of his Autobiography is to establish the system and a way by which he raised himself from his “humble station” as the youngest son in a family of seventeen and a printer’s trainee to his last position as one of the chief founding fathers of a country. First, he wants to describe the story of his life as a result that others could learn by instance. Later, by divulging few of his techniques and behaviours, he plans to offer his readers the opportunity to imitate him in mindset and method if not in life history. Several of Franklin’s public duties, involving establishing Philadelphia’s first lending library and the University of Pennsylvania, were methods of creating others (and himself) prospects for self-enhancement and teaching. Franklin built his famous table of 13 virtues to describe that one can virtually address and develop his moral and total value as an individual through the application of industry. In this graphic and during his biography we see the foundations of the dream of self-enhancement, economic success, and personal satisfaction that, in future centuries, will happen to be known as the American Dream. • Public Projects, Communality, and Civic Duty Benjamin Franklin is recalled in America as one the nation's creation forefathers for good reason. Among his various public accomplishments explained in the Autobiography are the establishment of Philadelphia's (and the nation’s) primary public lending library, the primary company of firemen, a progressive property tax, Philadelphia’s first cemented 90 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

roads, the University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania’s first public hospital, public lighting, and one of the first plans for a union of the 13 gatherings in case of a need for protection. Franklin is worried, even in spiritual issues, that his actions and the public events supported by government produce good citizens—citizens competent of enhancing themselves and the lives of others throughout their industry. After all, what good is self-enhancement or personal arrogance if their rewards are not after utilized to support others? Franklin illustrates how he undertook this support through public service as a statesman, army leader, and researcher in what he likes to call “the Age of Experiments.” • Arguing and Conversation as Motif Strung all over the text are numerous instances of Franklin speaking about how to communicate, debate, and pay attention to other people. He adores the Socratic technique and learning methods to debate. He describes how over time he discovers the finest approach to speak to people to get decent outcomes and sustain sociability and compares his techniques with those of people like Governor Denny. 4.4 LITERARY ELEMENTS • Symbols Errata is the word Franklin uses in Part One to explain a few of the main errors he made early on in life. It is a term stemmed from the printing business. Errata are errors in an evidence or edition that a printer or editor could fix in a second evidence or edition of a piece of writing. Franklin realizes his key lapses—abandoning his brother, James Franklin’s, assistance before his internship was over; shattering his first commitment to his future wife, Ms. Read—as amendable. He moves on to explain how he made up for and tried to fix these early mistakes. Errata are thus a symbol not just of our frailty although of what Franklin observes as our instinctive ability to enhance as people ethically, efficiently, and artistically. They symbolize both an ambition for and the impracticality of human excellence. Errata Quotes in The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin-The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin quotations beneath all belong to the symbol of Errata. For every quotation, you could also witness the other personalities and ideas linked to it (every topic is suggested by its own dot and icon, like this one: Industriousness Theme Icon). Note: all page numbers and citation information for the quotes beneath belong to the Random House edition of The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin printed in 1950. • Vernon’s Money After a coming back to Boston to request his father’s approval to set up as a journeyman printer in Philadelphia, Franklin travelled to look at his brother John Franklin in Rhode Island. While he was there, his brother’s friend, Vernon, wrote Franklin a money order for the 35 pounds he (Vernon) had waiting for him in Philadelphia. Franklin gathered and then used Vernon’s money. He always felt anxious for year every time he thought of what he 91 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

would do if Vernon asked for it. Vernon’s money consequently signifies a spookier side of the consumerist system for which Franklin’s book and his version for self-enhancement— particularly once it is biased into the cliché of the “American Dream”—are mostly an unthinking approval`. Vernon’s money offers the reader and chance to signify what may have occurred had one fewer of Franklin’s errata been rectified. • The China Bowl The china bowl that Deborah Read-Franklin purchased for her spouse is the first item of luxury the family owns. It symbolizes Franklin's rising mobility, the change to the upper middle class and community status. • Lamps (Symbol) Franklin's strategy to perfect the city lamps of Philadelphia is not only a literal lightening of the city although also part of his strategy to bring light of all kinds to the inhabitants–to free their minds, to complete their personalities, and to incite them to community accountability. i. Imagery ii. Franklin's arrival in Philadelphia It is an iconic image: the young Franklin, coming in a lively and new city with nothing but the clothes on his back, eager to rule the world. He is new-faced and bold, admiring at everything around him as he strolls through the streets that he would soon come to take over with his status. • Whitefield Whitefield creates a powerful picture talking on the podium as a tenacious Franklin sits in the audience, pledging not to contribute money but nevertheless getting moved up in the man's words and putting money into the dish. • Streets Franklin devotes a terrific time creating an illustration of the dirty, congested streets and how the rain transforms the dust to mud. The inconveniences of this state of matters need one of his most crucial public upgrades: the roads. Readers really look at the value of Franklin's plan after he devotes time debating how horrible things were in advance. • Franklin's disguising expression Franklin rises into Lord Granville's carriage and pay attention to the aristocrat disagree on how mistaken and foolish the colonists are to believe they have any judicial power. One could think of Franklin's courteous, thoughtful expression, seeing all the while that there should be less respectful opinions in his head. 4.5 CRITICAL REVIEWS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHY • No man has put such huge influence on America; none other so much new honesty to the common experience; none has so skilfully organized its ideas into institutions; none has so eloquently and prudently produced the people's conduct and improved its welfare in various 92 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

respects. No man now has so solid a hold on the behaviours and behaviours of the people. Franklin comes home to the specific business of practical men in their daily life. -- Theodore Parker, Historic Americans, (Boston: H. B. Fuller, 1870). • (The Autobiography] is letters in business garb . . . addressing itself to the assignment, which in this nation is each man's, of putting open the procedures of development, providing them service and swiftness and effectiveness. - Woodrow Wilson, Introduction to the Autobiography (New York: Century, 1901) • And now I . . . understand why I can't put up with Benjamin. He seeks to take away my fullness and my dark forest, my liberty. . . . And why, oh why would the snuff-colored little trick have meant to take us all in? Why did he do it? Out of pure human stubbornness; in the first place. We do all prefer to get matters within a barbed-wire corral. Particularly, our comrade. We love to ring them up within the barbed-wire enclosure of FREEDOM and make 'em work. Benjamin, I will not work. I do not wish to be a free republican. I am certainly a servant of my own Holy Ghost.-- D. H. Lawrence, Studies in Classic American Literature (New York: Seltzer, 1923). • In fact, the summum bonus of [Franklin's] ethic, the making of more and more money. . . . is thought of so exclusively as an end, that from the viewpoint of the contentment of, or service to, the single individual, it seems completely transcendent and totally illogical. Man is influenced by the amount of wealth, by acquiring as the biggest aim of his life. Economic purchase is no longer subordinated to man as the way for the fulfilment of his material requirements. . . . It conveys a kind of sense which is carefully linked with some spiritual concepts. If we consequently question, why . . Benjamin Franklin himself responds in his Autobiography with a quotation from the Bible, which his Calvinistic father tapped into him . . . in his youth: 'Sees thou a man diligent in his business? He shall stand before kings\" (Prov. xxii. 29). The making of money within the contemporary financial order is . . . the consequence and the manifestation of honesty and competence in a calling; and this honesty and competence are . . . the real Alpha and Omega of Franklin's ethic. -- Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic, and the Spirit of Capitalism, (New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1930). • Every kind of natural trend enlisted [Franklin's] interest and described forth a few inventive idea. It has been mentioned that Franklin was not trusted with the task of writing the Statement of Independence for fear he may hide a joke in the centre of it. The illusion holds a great figurative truth. In all of Franklin's transactions with men and affairs, legitimate, honest, trustworthy as he certainly was, one believes that he is nonetheless not entirely dedicated; a few believed continues uncommunicated; a few insightful examination is conducted in reserve. -- Carl L. Becker, \"Benjamin Franklin,\" Dictionary of American Biography (New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons, 1931). • What has baffled men most regarding Franklin is that he went so frequently and so effortlessly from one profession to another, apparently from no internal desire; and that he declined to be totally severe, yet regarding the gravest of human worries. Therefore, the notion that just when he faced life as a scientist was, he totally dedicated. . . . In politics . . 93 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

. he went on not a system but the practical approach which American leaders have usually accepted- Verner W. Crane, \"Benjamin Franklin and a Rising People,\" The Library of American Biography (Boston: Little, Brown, 1954). • The Autobiography is also a distinctively American book. After a life like Franklin's had come to be feasible and can be called matter-of-factly, the Declaration of Independence appears reasonable and much less radical. . . . There was in US a culture which respected the things Franklin can do well: work relentlessly, write efficiently, strategy enhancements, reconcile disagreements, and organize public matters with widespread demands and concerns in view. His Autobiography documents these accomplishments and ideals and behaviours which made them feasible and informs how an extraordinary human being utilized his legacy and built a life on a new, progressive model--- Leonard W. Labaree, Ralph L. Ketcham, Helen C. Boatfield, and Helene H. Fineman, Introduction to the Autobiography (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1964). 4.6 SUMMARY • Franklin starts writing his autobiography in 1771, referring it to his “Dear Son” and starting with his family’s past. • He finds it back three hundred years to Ecton in Northamptonshire, England, and then gets back to his father Josiah’s arrival in New England to avoid religious oppression. Josiah and his second wife, Abiah, stayed in Boston with Franklin and his siblings. • Franklin is swiftly recognized as smart although he does not do good in school: he was told he should take up a trade. He firmly disapproves his father’s trade, tallow chandlery and soap boiling, and tries out an only some others before being bound to his brother James, a printer. He relishes this trade and uses his spare time honing his own writing. • James and Franklin do not get along; so, Franklin and his acquaintance John Collins eloped to Philadelphia. There Franklin finds work with a printer named Keimer, with whom he has a nice connection. • The Governor of the region, Sir William Keith, is astounded by Franklin and proposes to assist persuade Franklin’s father that he should get his own shop. • Franklin fears about giving back the wealth of his father’s friend Vernon, who had given it to Franklin for protection: undiscovered to Vernon, Franklin had lent to Collins. • Franklin courts a young woman named Miss Read and loves discussing about poetry and philosophy with other young men in the town. • One man, James Ralph, chooses to escort Franklin to London, where Franklin will remain to study the printing trade and meet influential men to whom Keith had vowed to present him through letters. • Franklin works relentlessly and appreciates the pleasures of the town, though he and Ralph also dissipate their friendship. He chooses to go back to Philadelphia to be a clerk 94 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

at his friend Denham’s store. This collaboration is beneficial but short-lived: Denham dies of sickness and Franklin has to go back to Keimer’s shop. • Franklin finds that Keimer only needs him back to prepare the other young men working there, which Franklin was okay with for a while. He helps the others and shines at the business, becoming more competent than the other printers in town. • The business expands; Franklin and Meredith purchase a newspaper. Franklin ends the partnership with Meredith and acquires better investors. He begins a stationer’s shop, starts to pay off his debt, and weds Miss Read. He sees to his first civic venture, a subscription library. • Franklin accounts for the creation of the library and go back to how profitable his business was. In terms of leisure, he was moderate: he only read and spent no time in bars or gaming. • Franklin then illuminates the plan he devised for ethical excellence: a list of thirteen qualities he wants to learn. He intends to take a week for each; they involve restraint, quiet, harmony, resolution, prudence, business, honesty, fairness, moderation, cleanliness, tranquillity, chastity, and humility. The job is not easy, but he is satisfied with his attempts. • Some of Franklin's key does accomplish success throughout this time, like Poor Richard’s Almanack and his newspaper, both of which inspire their readers to practice industry, wisdom, and virtue. • He studies languages and puts formal sacred cults for Deism (even though he confesses to an appreciation of the rhetoric abilities of George Whitefield). • Franklin's civic personality also begins to expand, with his first civic stance being the Clerk of the General Assembly in Pennsylvania. He starts to get engaged with the activities of the city: restructuring the city watch; beginning a fire department, hospital, library, and Academy; washing and covering the roads; and obtaining the Quaker Assembly to create an armed force. • In 1754 the British go to battle versus France and the Indians, with the colonists be hesitantly supporting their British leaders. • Franklin suggests the Albany Plan, which supports inter-colonial unity, although the principles are too liberal for the majority. • He is involved in receiving resources for the army, he has a control on the border line, and he receives the admiration of the British people, although he has worries about the fighters’ and front-runners’ skills. • He operates with the Governor and is ultimately sent, along with his son, to London as a spokesperson of the Assembly. There he hears from Lord Granville scoffing words about the colonists’ absence of knowledge of who is genuinely in charge (the King) and discovers that the new governor, Capt. Denny, assisted to safeguard passage of a tax bill in the face of the Owners’ disapproval. 95 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• They turn him out of office even although a report shows there was not anything unfair or illegal about the compilation of the tax. This is where Franklin’s work closes; it is uncompleted. 4.7 KEYWORDS • Repast: meal • Fair Quarter: good deal • Apprehension: wariness towards something • Heartily: sincerely • Absurd: ridiculous • Sphere: domain • Possessor: owner • Vanity: shallowness • Mortify: cause someone to feel very embarrassed • Stifle: to suffocate or to suppress 4.8 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1] Read the autobiography and prepare a pyramid with the help of the following sample: Life and Works Main Events Characters Figure: 4.1: Learning Activity (Pyramid) ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2) Complete the Figure with imagery used in Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography. 96 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1. ___________________________ 2. _____________________________. 3. _____________________________. Figure 4.2 Imagery Used in Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography 97 4.9UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. List the major works of Benjamin Franklin. 2. List the major characters of the autobiography. 3. Explain in short, the character of Benjamin in the text. 4. What are the minor characters and their roles? 5. How would you explain the autobiography? Long Questions 1. Analyze the major characters with their roles in the text? 2. Write a note on the author’s life and works? 3. What literary elements are used? Explain their significance? 4. What is the motif of the text? Explain with example. 5. Summarize the autobiography in your own words. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Franklin's father was_____________. a. James b. Benjamin c. Josiah d. William 2. Part One of the Autobiography opens with a letter to_________. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. William Franklin, Benjamin's son b. John Franklin, Benjamin's father c. Max Josephson, Benjamin's childhood friend d. Dorothy James, Franklin's wife 3. In 1730, Franklin enters into a common-law marriage with____________. a. Sally Hemings b. Elizabeth Stoddard c. Susan Wright d. Deborah Read 4. Franklin spends much of his teenage years working for_________. a. James, his brother b. Abiah, his mother c. Benjamin, his uncle d. Gov. Burnet of New York 5. When Franklin leaves Boston, the first city he travels to is_____________. a. Philadelphia b. New York c. New Haven d. Trenton Answers: 1-c; 2-a; 3-d; 4-a; 5-c. 4.10 REFERENCES Textbooks • Franklin, B. (2008). Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: 1706-1757. Applewood Books. • Lemay, Leo, and P.M. Zall, eds. (1986) Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography. New York: W.W. Norton. • Masur, Louis, ed. (1993) The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Bedford Books. • Skousen, M., & Franklin, B. (2005). The Completed Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Regnery Publishing. • Lemay, J. A. & Zall, P. M. (1986). Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition: New York. Reference Books • Benjamin Franklin (1987). Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Library of America). • Pine, Frank Woodworth, ed. (1916). Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Illustrated by E. Boyd Smith. Henry Holt and Company via Gutenberg Press. 98 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

• Birch, Dinah, ed. (7th ed. 2009). The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 391. Oxford University Press. • Stuber, Henry. (May, June and July 1790). History of the Life and Character of Benjamin Franklin. Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine. 4, 268–72, 332–39, 4–9. • Carey, Mathew. (July, November 1790). Short Sketch of the Life of Dr. Franklin, American Museum, 12–20, 210–12. Websites • www.myartcilelibrary.com • https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/52309.The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Fr anklin • https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/franklinautobio/ 99 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT-5: M. K. GANDHI’S AUTOBIOGRAPHY OR THE STORY OF MY EXPERIMENTS WITH TRUTH, PART I CHAPTERS II TO IX STRUCTURE 5.0 Learning Objectives 5.1 Introduction 5.2 About M. K. Gandhi and His Life 5.3 Analysis of ‘The Story of My Experiments with Truth’ 5.4 Literary Elements In Story of ‘My Experiments with Truth’ 5.5 Critical Reviews of ‘Story of My Experiments with Truth’ 5.6 Summary 5.7 Keywords 5.8 Learning Activity 5.9 Unit End Questions 5.10 References 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, student will be able to: • Explain the work of Gandhi for our nation. • Analyse the settings of the story. • Comprehend the themes of the story. • Analyse the settings of the story. • Explore the art of literary writing. 100 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)