PPT (Punjabi Literature II)-2

1 IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (MBA605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

15 B.A. gzikph ;kfjs (Punjabi Literature) ^ II e'o; e'v : BAQ156 ;w?;No : d{ik ;t?^f;~yD ;w~roh fJekJh : b'eXkok dh G{fwek ;zgkH vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok ns/ vkH ;[oihs f;zx fJekJh : II www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

T[d/P (Objectives) G{fwek (Introduction) 16 • ftfdnkoEhnK B{z b'eXkok d/ ;zebg pko/ • ‘b'eXkokL gfoGkPk s/ bZSD* fBpzX vkH G[fgzdo f;XKse ikDekoh gqdkB eoBk. f;zx yfjok dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye • ftfdnkoEhnK ftu nkgDh b'eXkokJh ;wZroh B/ b'eXkok, Ppd dh tos'A^ftjko, gfoGkPk, bZSDK ns/ ftP/PsktK B{z o{gwkB ehsk j?. fJ; ns/ fJ; dh wjssk gqsh ikro[esk g?dk eoBk. fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'eXkok d/ 9 bZSDKL • ftfdnkoEhnK B{z nkgD/ b'eXkokJh fto;/ pko/ wB';fEsh, gozgok, gqphBsk, gqfsGk, gqtkBrh, gqpzXesk, g{oBsk ns/ gfotosB B{z pVh ;kdrh ikD{ eotk e/ fJ; B{z ;zGkbD bJh gq/fos eoBk. s/ ;wMD:'r Ppdktbh ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Pkfwb ehs/ ikD tkb/ gqeoD 17 1H b'eXkok L gfoGkPk s/ bZSD (vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok) 2H gzikp dk fgzv L w'VQh rZvD s'A w[oZp/pzdh sZe (pbftzdo ro/tkb) 3H rokw fdT[s/ (;H;H tDikok p/dh) 4H gzikph b'eK dhnK oj[^ohsK, ftPtk; ns/ Gow (vkH eoBihs f;zx) 5H shnK (frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx) 6H b'e ;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk (vkH ;[oihs f;zx) 7H b'e^rhs dk iBw (d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh) 8H b'e^ejkDhnK dh \\kBk^pd'Ph (vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A) 9H p[ZMD tkbhnK pksK (;[yd/t wkdg[oh) 10H b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek; (vkH Bkjo f;zx) 11H gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK (vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph) 12H gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK (vkH joihs e\"o) 13H gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD (vkH r[ow[y f;zx) 14H b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG (vkH r[owhs f;zx) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

1H b'eXkok L gfoGkPk s/ b~SD 18 (vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok) • b'eXkok Ppd dh tos'A s/ Folklore Ppd dk noEL gzikph Ppd ‘b'eXkok* nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd ‘Folklore’ d/ ;wkB noEK ftu tofsnk iKdk j?. fJ; dh tos'A ;G s'A gfjbK 1846 ftu ftbhnw i/H E'w; BK d/ fJe nzro/I ftdtkB B/ ehsh. T[; B/ fJ; Ppd fPPNkuko o;wK, ohsK, tfjwK^GowK, tkoK ns/ w[jktfonK d/ ;zdoG ftu tofsnk ;h. • b'eXkok d/ gqw[~y b~SDL fe;/ th iB^;w{j dh b'eXkok T[; d/ ftP/P ftnes o{gK s'A gfjukDh iKdh j?. fJj ftP/P o{g$gqw[Zy bZSD jBL wB;' fEsh, gqzgok, gqphBsk, gqfsGk, gqtkBrh, gqpzXesk, gqgZesk, g{oBsk s/ gfotosB. ftPk^t;s{ fJe BIoL fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'eXkok Ppd dh tos'A^ftjko gfoGkPk bZSDK ns/ ftP/PsktK B{z o{gwkB ehsk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'eXkok d/ 9 bZSDKL wB';fEsh, gqphBsk, gqfsGk, gqtkBrh, gqpzXeko, gqgZesk, g{oBsk ns/ gfotosB B{z pVh ;kdrh s/ ;wMD:'r Ppdktbh ftu fpnkB ehsk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk fe;/ th b'e ;w{j dh b'eXkok d/ ;[Gkn, pDso ns/ nzdo{Bh i[rs B{z do;k e/ T[; d/ ftP/P ftnes o{gK Gkt bZSDK B{z o{gwkB eoBk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

2H gzikp dk fgzv L w'VQh r~vD s'A w[o~p/pzdh s~e 19 (pbftzdo ro/tkb) • ‘gzikp dk fgzvL w'VQh rZvD s'A w[oZp/pzdh sZe* fBpzX pbftzdo ro/tkb dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ gzikp d/ g[oksB fgzvK d/ t;D, pDso t;/ b'eK dh ihtB ;fEsh, nkofEe s\"o *s/ fJe d{i/ *s/ fBoGo j'D ns/ g/Av{ ;fGnkuko pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh fdZsh j?. fBpzX d/ gqw[Zy ftP/ jBL gzikp d/ fgzvK dh ;EkgBk, S'NhnK^S'NhnK fonk;sK d/ o{g ftu fgzv dh wjssk, fgzvK dh ftT[Aspzdh dk feZsktko s/ ;fGnkukoe fusoD, w'Vh rZvD dh o;w, fgzv d/ fdb N'G/ ;zpzXh, fgzv ftu y{j dk ;EkB dk fusoD, fgzv dh nzdobh ftT[Aspzdh, febQk^B[wk fgzvK pko/ ikDekoh, nkIkdh s'A wro'A t;/ fgzvK dh pDso pko/ fIeo. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

20 gzikp d/ fgzvK dh ;EkgBk$t~;D pko/ ftuko L gzikp d/ fgzvK dh ftT[Aspzdh pDso ns/ ;fGnkukoe ;fEsh gzikp dh G{r'fbe ;fEsh Bkb i[Vh j'Jh j?. gzikp dh Ioy/I Xosh T[FZs/ npkdh dk t;Dk, tXDk s/ ;zxDh j[zdh ikDk, nfijk toskok j? fijVk ;dhnK s'A gkDhnK d/ ezY/ T[FZs/ tkgo fojk j?. fgzvK dh frDsh tXdh t;'A ekoB s/ ‘GkJhJ/ tzv* j' e/ fJe s'A d' fgzvK ftu ftef;s j[zdh ojh j?. gzikp ftu tX/o/ wkIo/, y[od, ebK iK T[FZu/^Bht/A fgzv nfij/ jh tosko/ dk Bshik jB. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

21 w'Vh r~vD dh o;w pko/ ikDekoh L w'Vh rZvD (tkV rZvD) dh o;w gzikp ftu BtK fgzv t;kT[D t/b/ ehsh iKdh ;h. fJj tkV rZvD bZfrnK fJ; rZb B{z fXnkB ftu oZfynk iKdk j? fe po;ks d/ fdBK ftu fejV/ y/sK ftu'A gkDh tr s[o/rk s/ fejV/^fejV/ fgzv v[ZpD dk gfjbK \\sok pD/rk. dfonktK d/ YkfjnK ftu t;/ fgzvK ftu xo pDkT[D bJh dZG ns/ ;oeV/ dh tos'A j[zdh ;h s/ w'VQh, izrbh ikBtoK s'A oZfynk bJh UN j[zdh ;h. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

22 nIkdh s'A wro'A t;/ fgzvK dh pDso pko/ fIeo L nIkdh d/ ;w/A 1947 gzikp d/ fgzvK dh pDso fJe' fijh ojh j?. nIkdh s'A wro'A Bt/A gqpzX ns/ nIkdh dh bVkJh d/ i'P B/ gzikph pzd/ dh ihtB gqsh gj[zu B{z p[oh soQK gqGkfts ehsk. gkfe;skB d/ pko d/ fJbke/ ftu'A T[iV e/ nkJ/ b'eK B/ gzikp d/ fgzvK d/ \\ke/ ftu ek|h gfotosB fbnKdk j?. BthA EK nk e/ nkgDh j'Ad s/ gSkD pDkT[D bJh T[BQK B/ y/shpkVh d/ feZs/ B{z nkgDk gqw[Zy jfEnko pDkfJnk. f;ZN/ ti'A gzikp d/ y/sh noEuko/ ftu w[ekpb/ dh GktBk s/ tgkoe ;{M gqt/P eo rJh. 1950 s/ 60 ftueko j'Jh gzikp dh w[oZp/pzdh s/ jo/ fJBebkp B/ g/Av{ ftT[Aspzdh B{z pj[s gqGkfts ehsk. y/shpkVh dk wPhBheoB j'fJnk. iZNK B/ nkgDk t;/pk y[ZbQ/ tksktoD ftu ehsk. fgzv gfjbK dotkfIU s/ fco fcoBhUA th pkjo fBeb nkfJnk. fgzv dh g[oksB pDso, ftT[Aspzdh s/ w[oZp/pzdh B{z tZvh ;ZN tZih. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

3H rokw fdT[s/ 23 (;H;H tDikok p/dh) fBpzX dk ;ko s/ ftPk^g~y L ‘rokw fdT[s/* fBpzX ;H;H tDikok p/dh dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ gzikp d/ fgzvK ftu fwbd/ s/ g{i/ iKd/ fdT[fsnK pko/ ikDekoh B{z nkgDk ftPk pDkfJnk j?. fJBQK ebfgs fdT[fsnK d/ fgzvK d/ b'eK B/ nfXeko ;hws ehs/ jB, fiBQK d/ nXko *s/ fJBQK d/ BktK B{z f;ofink j?. b/ye B/ G{whJ/ y/V/, y/sogkb ns/ ;hwk fdT[sk nkfd B{z rokw fdT[s/ do;k e/ fJBQK dh ;EkgBk, ftXh g{ik dhnK ftXhnK, fJBQK dhnK PeshnK ns/ fJBQK ;zpzXh fwbd/ b'e^ftPtk;K pko/ ikDekoh ;KMh ehsh j?. jo fgzv ftu fJBQK fdT[fsnK dh g{ik ;EkBe ozrD tkbh s/ tZyosk Gog{o j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

4H gzikph b'eK dhnK oj[^ohsK, ftPtk; ns/ Gow 24 (vkH eoBihs f;zx) ;zy/g ;ko s/ ftPk^g~yL fJe BIo L fJj fBpzX gqf;ZX ftdtkB vkH eoBihs f;zx dk ofunk j'fJnk j?. fBpzXeko B/ fJ; fBpzX ftu gzikph ;fGnkuko ftu fwbdhnK fGzB^fGzB o;wK^ohsK pko/ ikDekoh d/D s'A fJbktk ftPtk;K ns/ tfjwK^GowK d/ T[giD ns/ fJBQK dh wjssk ;zpzXh nkgD/ ftukoK B{z ftP/ d/ o{g ftu fbnk j?. fJ; fBpzX d/ nkozG ftu fBpzXeko B/ oj[^ohsK Ppd dk noE eofdnK dZf;nk j? fe fe;/ P[ZG ;w/A fJe o;wh ftXh Bkb ehsk nwb ekoi j[zdk j?. ohsK ;Ekfgs iK gqzgokrs B/wK T[FZs/ nXkfos fJe ftP/P gqeko dk b'e^fttjko jh j[zdk j?. ohsK ;wkfie ns/ Xkofwe s\"o *s/ wjZstg{oD j[zdhnK jB. wB[Zy dk ;kok ihtB Gkt iBw s'A b? e/ w\"s sZe oj[^ohsK Bkb i[fVnk j'fJnk j?. e[M wjZstg{oB ohsK jB fit/A iBw ;z;eko Bkb ;zpzfXs ohsK, ftnkj Bkb ;zpzfXs ohsK ns/ w\"s ;z;eko Bkb ;zpzfXs ohsK. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

5H shnK 25 (frnkBh r[ofd~s f;zx) fBpzX dk ;ko ns/ ftPk^g~yL fJe BIo L ‘shnK* fBpzX frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx d[nkok fbfynk j'fJnk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk w[Zy ftPk gzikp ftu wBkfJnk ikD tkbk ‘shnK dk fsT[jko* j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu shnK dk fsT[jko wBkT[D dk ;wK, shnK bZrD dh irQk ns/ fJ; fsT[jko d/ ;w/A tho dk G?D B{z ;j[o/ xo b?D ikDk, G?D tZb'A tho dh T[vhe eoBk, T[; d/ nkT[D dh \\[Ph ns/ T[; dk tho Bkb fgnko ns/ Bkb jh fJ; w\"e/ T[FZs/ g/fenK iK ;j[fonK tb'A G/i/ iKd/ ;zXko/ dh o;w dk toDB ehsk frnk j?. fJj fsT[jko pj[s jh \\[Ph ns/ X{w^Xkw Bkb wBkfJnk iKdk j?. fJ; fsT[jko B{z shi iK ;kftnK Gkt jfonkbh dk fsT[jko th fejk iKdk j?. fJj fsTj[ ko ;ktD wjhB/ dh shi s'A P[o{ j[zdk j? ns/ 15 fdB se wBkfJnk iKdk j?. whAj g?D ekoB jo gk;/ jfonkbh jz[dh j?. fJ; ekoB fJ; B{z ;kftnK dk fsT[jko th fejk iKdk j?. fJ; fsT[jko ;w/A Bt^ftnkjhnK e[VhnK B{z ;j[fonK s'A g/e/ b? e/ nkT[D dk fotkI pVk g[okDk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

6H b'e ;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk 26 (vkH ;[oihs f;zx) ‘b'e ;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk* gzikph b'eXkokJh nzPK Bkb Gog{o fBpzX j?. fJ; dk ouBjkok vkH ;[oihs f;zx j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk b'e^;kfjs ns/ tfPPN^;kfjs ftub/ nzso B{z do;kT[AfdnK b'e^;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk ;zpzXh p'fXe ftuko eoBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'e^;kfjs B{z gfoGkfPs eofdnK fJ; d/ tfPPN^;kfjs Bkb'A T[God/ tyo/ftnK B{z th T[ikro ehsk j?. b'e^;kfjs B{z gfoGkfPs eod/ ;w/A nkfynk iKdk j? fe fJj tfPPN ;kfjs tKr fe;/ ftnesh ftP/P dh ouBk Bk j' e/ ftP/P ;fGnkukoe ;w{j dh f;oiDk j[zdk j? i' fJ; B{z b'e^wkB; dhnK fposhnK ftu'A T[;ohnK b'e^o{VQhnK nB[;ko f;oidk ns/ b'e^gqtkBrh fdzdk j'fJnk w\"fye ;zuko dh gqfefonk okjhA ghVQh^do^ghVQh nrKj s'odk ofjzdk j?. fJ; d/ T[bN tfPPN ;kfjs fe;/ ftnesh ftP/P dh ouBk j[zdk j? ns/ fJ; dk e'Jh Bk e'Jh gqwkfDe gkm th jz[dk j?, gozs{ b'e^;kfjs w\"fye o{g ftu jz[dk j? ns/ fJ; dk e'Jh gqwkfDe gkm BjhA jz[dk. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

7H b'e^rhs dk iBw 27 (d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh) fBpzX ftu w[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘b'e^rhs dk iBw* fBpzX dk ouBjkok d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh j?. fJ; fBpzX dk ftPk b'e^rhsK dh gzikph wB d/ GktK Bkb ;KM do;k e/ fJBQK dh T[sgZsh g[okD/ ;w/A ftu j'D B{z f;ZX eoB Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. fBpzXeko B/ b'e^rhsK d/ iBw B{z wkBth wB d/ p[fBnkdh GktK s/ ;wkfie ihtB Bkb i'VfdnK wB[Zyh ;fGnsk d/ iBw Bkb jh j'fJnk do;kfJnk j?. fBpzXeko dZ;dk j? fe fgSb/ uko jIko tfoQnK s'A g[okD/ Pfjo o'gV fty/ fJe EK dh \\[dkJh s'A fJj rZb f;ZX j' u[Zeh j? fe gzikp ftu nkohnk b'eK d/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK fJZE/ jVZgk ns/ w'fjzi'dV' (f;zX xkNh dh ;fGnsk) fijh ;fGnsk w\"i{d ;h. fJ; s'A gzikp dh ;fGnsk d/ pj[^fuo g[oksB j'D dh ;{uBk fwbdh j?. nkohnk d/ nkT[D s'A gfjbK gzikp ftu fJZE'A dh ;G s'A tZvh s/ fgnkoh |;b eDe j't/rh, feT[Afe gzikph b'e^rhsK ftu ‘eDe* Ppd pj[bsk ftu tofsnk fwbdk j?. fit/A “pZbhJ/ eDe dhJ/ s?B{z ykDr/ B;hpK tkb/@. b'e^rhsK ftu ihtB dk ;Zu fpnkB ehsk j[zdk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

8H b'e^ejkDhnK dh \\kBk^pd'Ph 28 (vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIoL ‘b'e^ejkDhnK dh ykBk^pd'Ph* fBpzX vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A dh gqf;ZX ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ fijV/ gqw[Zy ftukoK$ftfPnK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh j?, T[BQK ftu'A gqw[Zy j?— b'e^ejkDhnK dh T[FZsgsh ns/ T[BQK dh ykBk^pd'Ph pko/ f;XKse ikDekoh d/Dk. fJ; fBpzX dk r{VQk nfXn?B eoB T[gozs fdqPNhr'uo j[zdk j? fe fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'e^ejkDhnK d/ T[sgzB j'D, ;o{g, fJBQK dhnK fe;wK fJBQK d/ fJe EK s'A d{ih EK gj[zuD s/ T[E'A dhnK G{r'fbe ns/ ;wki^;fGnkukoe ;fEshnK nB[;ko T[BQK d/ o{gKsfos j'D d/ ekoBK pko/ th dZf;nk j?. gzikph dk ‘b'e^ejkDh* Ppd nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd ‘c'eN/b* dk gzikph gqkfJtkuh j?. gzikph ftu gozgok s'A jh b'e^ejkDh pko/, pks, eEk, tkosk, ;kek nkfd BK gquZfbs oj/ jB. g[okD/ ;w/A ftu b'e ejkDh bJh ‘pks* gd tX/o/ tofsnk iKdk ;h. fJ;/ o[uh nXhB jh pksK B{z n;hA b'e^ejkDh efjDk P[o{ eo fdZsk. b/ye B/ b'e^ejkDhnK dh ykBk^pd'Ph ;zpzXh do;kfJnk j? fe b'e ejkDh fJe ghVQh s'A d{ih ghVQh sZe jh BjhA, ;r'A fJe GkPk s'A d{ih GkPk s/ fJe ;fGnkuko s'A d{i/ ;fGnkuko sZe dk ;|o s?n eodh j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

9H p[~MD tkbhnK pksK 29 (;[yd/t wkdg[oh) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘p[ZMD tkbhnK pksK* b'eXkokJh fBpzX dk b/ye ;[yd/t wkdg[oh j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk p[MkosK d/ gzikph b'e^ihtB Bkb ;zpzXK, fJBQK dh T[sgZsh s/ ftek;, ftPt Go ftu fJBQK d/ gqubB, fJBQK dh g[oksB gozgok ns/ fJBQK ftu doi ;fGnkukoe sZsK pko/ ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. b/ye B/ fJ; ftP/ B{z fGzB^fGzB gqeko dhnK p[MkosK dhnK T[dkjoDK d/ e/ ;[bMkT[D dk :sB ehsk j?. p[MkosK B{z p[ZMD tkbhnK pksK th fejk iKdk j?. fJj nkfd^ekb s'A jh b'e^ihtB dk nfBZyVtK nzr ojhnK jB. fJj wB[Zy d/ w[ZYb/ wB'oziB dk ;kXB jh BjhA ojhnK, ;r'A T[; d/ t;s{ frnkB B{z gquzv eoB dk bJh nkgDk gq[wZy ;EkB oZyd/ jB, T;[ soQK p[MkosK th b'e^p[ZXh dk uwseko fdykT[D bJh ftP/P ;EkB oydhnK jB. p[MkosK dh T[sgZsh ns/ ftek; gozgok wB[Zy fizB/ jh g[okD/ jB. p[MkosK dk fJfsjk; wB[Zyh fJfsjk; fizBk jh g[okDk j?. p[MkosK gkT[D ns/ p[ZMD dh gozgok pj[s g[okDh j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

10H b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek; 30 (vkH Bkjo f;zx) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek;* fBpzX vkH Bkjo f;zx dh gqf;XZ f;oiDk j?. T[j b'eXkok d/ gqp[ZX ftdtkB jB, fiBQK B/ b'eXkokJh ;wZroh B{z ;zrqfjs ns/ ;zgkfds eoB s'A fJbktk gzikph b'eXkok dh nzsohth i[rs gSkDB ns/ ;fGnkuko^Pk;so T[;koB dh fdPk ftu nfjw :r' dkB gkfJnk j?. T[BQK d/ fJ; fBpzX dk ftPk b'e^BkuK dh T[sgZsh, fBek; s/ ftek; pko/ y'i Gog{o s/ p\"fXe ikDekoh d/Dk j?. b/ye nB[;ko wkBt^Pk;sohnK ns/ be' Xkok ftfrnkBhnK B/ :[Zr^u/sBk d/ nkXko *s/ wB[Zyh ;wkiK d/ fszB nfjw fJfsjk;e gVkn wzB/ jB— (T) :kd{ fuzsB *s/ nXkfos :[Zr (n) Xow fuzsB *s/ nXkfos Xow :[rZ (J) ftfrnkB fuzsB *s/ nXkfos ftfrnkB dk :[Zr. wB[Zyh ;wkiK B/ fijVh ;G s'A gfjbh :r[ ^u/sBk B{z f;ofink T[j ikd{^fuzsB ;h. fJ; u/sBk d/ nzsors ftuod/ ephbk ;zrmBK dhnK gok^;ohoe PeshnK Bkb ;zpzfXs ekorI[ koh B{z :kd{ Xkok nXhB wzfBnk iKdk j?, fiBQK dk fJe nzr ikd{ ebk j? fi; B{z nkfdw ebk th nky fdZsk iKdk j?. fiT[A^fiT[A wB[Zyh ;w{jK d/ epkfJbh ;zrmB ikd{ fuzsB dh EK Xow^fuzsB B{z nkXko pDkT[Ad/ iKd/ jB, fsT[A^fsT[A ikd{ Xkok dh EK b'eXkok b?Adh iKdh j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

11H gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK 31 (vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘gzikp dhnK b'e ebktK* fBpzX vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk gzikp dhnK gqw[Zy b'e^ebktK pko/ f;XKse ikDekoh d/D s'A fJbktk c[Zbekoh dhnK gqw[Zy fe;wK pk}, u'g s/ ;[po, fsb^gZsok, Bhbe, x[zrN pk} ns/ Swk; d/ pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh d/Dk j?. fJ; s'A fJbktk b/ye B/ p[Dsh ns/ y[DB ebk pko/ th ;gZPNsk Gog{o ikDekoh ;KMh ehsh j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b'e^ebk pko/ do;kJh ikDekoh ftu'A fJj gZy th TG[ o e/ ;kjwD/ nkT[Adk j? fe gzikp dh b'e^ebk gzikph iB^ihtB B{z jh g/P eodh ojh j?. gzikph b'e^ihtB ftu g?dk j'D tkbh b'e^ebk dk y/so n;hws j?. fJ; ftu fwNZ h, bZeVh ns/ Xks s'A pDhnK w{oshnK s'A b? e/ ek}I dhnK GzphohnK s/ ozr^fpozr/ ek}Ih c[ZbK sZe nB/eK ebk^tzBrhnK Pkfwb ojhnK jB. vkH joihs f;zx frbZ B/ gzikph ihtB nzdobhnK b'e^ebktK B{z j/m fby/ torK ftu tzfvnk j?L (T) y[DB ebk (n) fyv\"D/ (J) fJwkos;kih (;) ezX^fusZ o (j) p[Dsh (e) eYkJh (y) pk} c[bekohnK (r) dohnK nkfd. fJBQK b'e^ebktK s'A fJbktk ;'B/ d/ rfjD/, Xks iK bZeVh, fwZNh ns/ uwV/ dk ezw th b'e^eEk d/ nzsors nkT[Adk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

12H gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK 32 (vkH joihs e\"o) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK* fBpzX vkH joihs e\"o dh f;oiDk j?. fJ; feos ftu b/fyek B/ wkBth ihtB ftu y/vK dh wjssk B{z fpnkBfdnK gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK dhnK ftP/PsktK, bZSDK, fJBQK d/ T[d/PK ns/ gzikp ftu y/vhnK iKdhnK fGzB^fGzB b'e^y/vK, pKdo feZbk, ykB x'Vh, oZp dh y[Zsh, YZe[bh, Ekb, gzx{Vk ns/ oki/ dh pZeoh nkfd d/ ;o{g pko/ f;XKse ikDekoh ;KMh ehsh j?. wB[Zy nzdo y/vD dh o[uh ;[Gkfte j? i' pugB s'A p[Ykg/ sZe fBozso pDh ofjzdh j?. y/vK dh wB[Zy dh ;w[Zuh fIzdrh ftu ftP/P nfjwhns j?. pugB dhnK y/vK dk ekoi pj[^gZyh j'D ekoB fJj j'o th tX/o/ wjZstg{oD j[zdhnK jB. y/vK pZfunK d/ wB'oziB dk ;kXB jB. fi; wkj\"b ftu puZ k ofjzdk j?, T[;/ nB;[ ko T[j y/vK dh f;oiDk eodk j?. y/vK dh f;oiDk, fB:wK nXhB y/vD d/ Yzr, nkozG s'A jh pZu/ ftu ;fj:'r dh GktBk g?dk eod/ jB. ;wkfie edoK^ehwsK d/ dkfJfonK ftu ofjD d/ ;ze/s fdzd/ j'J/ nu/s gZXo *s/ jh T[; B{z nkT[D tkbh fIzdrh B{z sohe/ Bkb r[ikoB dk tb th f;ykT[Ad/ jB. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

13H gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD 33 (vkH r[ow[~y f;zx) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘gzikph b'e wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD* fBpzX vkH r[ow[Zy f;zx dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk w[Zy ftPk gzikph rhsK d/ f|bwKeD dk gzikph b'e^wB *s/ gJ/ d[o^gqGktK B{z do;kT[Dk j?. ni'ek :[Zr whvhJ/ dk :[Zr j?. whvhnk iBsk dh ;'u B{z pdbD ftu nfjw G{fwek fBGkT[Adk j?. fJj ;'u ;wki dh p/jsoh bJh j' ;edh j? ns/ ;wki B{z d{fPs eoB eoB tkbh th j' ;edh j?, gozs{ toswkB ;w/A ftu whvhJ/ dk T[d/P tgko eoBk s/ w[Bk|k ewkT[Dk j?. fJe b'e^wB dhnK fJZSktK, ohMK d/ nB[;ko fdqP f;oi e/ T[; d/ X[o nzdo sZe nkgDk g{ok epIk ;Ekfgs eodk j?. fJ; s'A fpBK b'e nkgDh j'Ad nX{oh ;wMd/ jB. whvhnk b'e^wB B{z T[; dh j'Ad ;zpzXh fBod/P fdzdk j? s/ T[; d/ ufoZso B{z T[;kodk j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

14H b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG 34 (vkH r[owhs f;zx) fBpzX ftu nkJ/ gqw[~y ftukoL fJe BIo L ‘b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG* fBpzX vkH r[owhs f;zx ofus j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ ni'e/ seBheh s/ T[d:'fre :[Zr ftu gfotofss j' ojh ihtB^iKu s/ ;fGnkukoe edoK^ehwsK d/ ;zdoG ftu gozgokrs b'eXkokJh o{gK d/ \\sw j'D s/ eJhnK d/ gfotofss o{gK ftu ekfJw ofjD ;zpzXh wjZstg{oD ikDekoh B{z ftP/ d/ o{g ftu S'fjnk frnk j?. b/ye B/ nkgD/ ftP/ dh ;kofEesk bJh pj[s ;kohnK T[dkjoDK B{z Bw{fBnK d/ o{g ftu tofsnk j?. b/ye nB[;ko fgSb/ eJh ;kbK s'A fJj gqPB nB/eK ftdtkBK tb'A T[mkfJnk ik fojk j? fe nZi id'A seBheh s/ T[d:'fre :[Zr ftu ihtB^iKu ;fGnkuko edoK^ehwsK spdhb j' ojhnK jB ns/ nB/eK b'eXkokJh o{g \\sw j' oj/ jB sK eh b'eXkok nkgDh j'Ad ekfJw oZy ;e/rh. fBpzXeko nB[;ko fJj efjDk ;jh BjhA j?. b'eXkok d/ gzqgokrs o{g nZi th nkgDh j'Ad ekfJw oZy oj/ jB, Gkt/A T[BQK o{gK ftu e[M spdhbh nkJh j?. www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

pj[^ftebgh gqPB$t;s{fBPm gqPB 35 1H ;G s'A gfjbK c'eb'o (Folklore) Ppd dh tos'A fe; ftdtkB B/ ehsh ;h< (T) vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd (n) ftbhnw i/H E'w; (J) n?;H e/H u?Noih (;) tDikok p/dh 2H ftbhnw i/H E'w; B/ fejV/ ;zB ftu gfjbh tko ‘Folklore’ Ppd dh tos'A ehsh ;h< (T) 1864 (n) 1846 (J) 1684 (;) 1486 3H c'eb'o ;[;kfJNh dk rmB ed'A ns/ feZE/ ehsk frnk< (T) 1888, nwohek (n) 1884, fJzrb?Av (J) 1890, nk;No/bhnk (;) 1984, fJzvhnk 4H gzikph ftu ‘Folklore’ Ppd bJh gzikph gfonkfJ ‘b'e:kB* gd fe; B/ gquZfbs ehsk< (T) tDikok p/dh (n) G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok (J) vkH eoB?b f;zx fEzd (;) n?;H e/ u?Noih 5H gzikp dk fgzvL w'VQh rZvD s'A w[oZp/pzdh sZe* fBpzX dk b/ye j?< (T) e[bftzdo ro/tkb (n) oftzdo ro/tkb (J) pbftzdo ro/tkb (;) i;ftzdo ro/tkb www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

6H gzikp ftu pj[s/ wkio/, y[od ebK T[FZu/ iK Bht/A fgzv fe; tosko/ ekoB j'Ad ftu nkJ/ jB< 36 (T) gkDhnK dh tzv ekoB (n) GkJhJ/ tzv ekoB (J) ;ojZdh ;{pk j'D ekoB (;) S'NhnK^S'NhnK fonk;sK ftu tzvD ekoB 7H gzikp d/ fgzvK ftu ‘okik* s/ ‘who* feBQK B{z fejk iKdk ;h< (T) pkdPkj s/ tIho B{z (n) BkJh s/ wok;h B{z (J) ebK ns/ y[od B{z (;) N'G/ ns/ y{j B{z 8H Gkosh gqzgok ftu ‘fgzv* fe; B{ fejk iKdk j?< (T) t;'A d/ ;EkB B{z (n) nkN/ d/ g/V/ B{z (J) ;oho (fi;w) B{z (;) S'N/ Bro B{z 9H ‘gzikp dk fgzvL w'VQh rZvD s'a w[oZp/pzdh sZe* fBpzX dk b/ye j?. (T) e[bftzdo ro/tkb (n) oftzdo ro/tkb (J) pbftzdo ro/tkb (;) i;ftzdo ro/tkb 10H rokw fdT[fsnK dk ;EkB nytkT[Adk j?< (T) d/t rqfj (n) d/j[ok (J) d/j[o (;) d/j www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

11H oj[^ohsK dk e'Prs noE j?L 37 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL (T) nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd Rites dk gfonkfJtkuh noE (n) nb\"fee irs ftu gqt/P eoB bJh g[b dk ezw eoB tkbhnK o;wK (J) iBw ;zpzXh ehs/ iKd/ ;z;ekors ftjko (;) Xkofwe fe;/ P[~G ;w/A fJe o;wh ekoi ftXh iK nwb 12H shnK fBpzX dk ou/sk j?L (T) vkH tDikok p/dh (n) frnkBh r[ofd~s f;zx (J) vkH G[fgzdo f;zx (;) vkH Bkjo f;zx 13H ‘b'e^;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk* fBpzX dk ou/sk j?L (T) vkH eoBihs f;zx (n) vkH ;[oihs f;zx (J) vkH joihs f;zx (;) eowihs f;zx 14H ‘b'erhs dk iBw* fBpzX dk b/ye j?. (T) pbftzdo ro/tkb (n) d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh (J) oftzdo ;fsnkoEh (;) vkH Bkjo f;zx 15H ‘b'e ejkDhnK dh ykBkpd'Ph* dk ou/sk j?L (T) vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok (n) vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A (J) vkH ;[oihs f;zx (;) vkH eoBihs f;zx www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605)

16H ‘p[ZMD tkbhnK pksK* fBpzX dk ou/sk j?L 38 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL (T) pbftzdo ro/tkb (n) ;[yd/t wkdg[oh (J) vkH ;[oihs f;zx (;) vkH tDikok p/dh 17H ‘b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek;* fBpzX dk ou/sk j?L (T) vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok (n) vkH Bkjo f;zx (J) vkH Bkjo f;zx (;) vkH tDikok p/dh 18H ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK* fBpzX dk eosk j?L (T) vkH ;[oihs f;zx (n) vkH eoBihs f;zx (J) vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph (;) vkH Bkjo f;zx 19H ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK* dk eosk j?L (T) vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph (n) vkH joihs e\"o (J) vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A (;) vkH Bkjo f;zx 20H ‘gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD* fBpzX dk ou/sk j?L (T) vkH r[ow[~y f;zx (n) vkH Bkjo f;zx (J) vkH ;[oihs f;zx (;) vkH eoBihs f;zx www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605)

ne;o g[~S/ ikD tkb/ gqPB 39 1H b'eXkok dh gfoGkPk B{z ;gPN eod/ j'J/, fJ;d/ b~SDK pko/ ikDekoh fdU. T[ZsoL iK 2H T[ZsoL vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok B/ nkgD/ fBpzX ‘b'eXkok dh gfoGkPk s/ b~SD* ftu i' ftuko doi ehs/ jB, T[BQK pko/ ;zy/g uouk eo'. ‘b'eXkokL gfoGkPk s/ bZSD* fBpzX vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu by/ e B/ b'eXkok Ppd dh tos'A^ftjko gfoGkPk, bZSDK ns/ ftP/PsktK B{z o{gwkB ehsk j?. gzikph Ppd ‘b'eXkok* nzro/Ih GkPk d/ Ppd ‘Folklore’ d/ ;wkB noEK ftu tofsnk iKdk j?. fJ; dh ;G s'A gfjbK tos'A 1846 ftu ftbhnw i/H E'w; BK d/ fJe nzro/I ftdtkB B/ ehsh ;h. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) pbftzdo ro/tkb ofus fBpzX ‘gzikp dk fgzvL w'Vh r~vD s'A w[o~p/pzdh s~e* dk ;ko fby'. iK ‘gzikp dk fgzv w'VQh r~vD s'A w[o~p/pzdh s~e* fBpzX ftu fijV/ ftuko g/P ehs/ rJ/ jB, T[BQK dk ftPk^g~y fpnkB'. ‘gzikp dk fgzvL w'VQh rZvD s'A w[oZp/pzdh sZe* fBpzX pbftzdo ro/tkb dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ gzikp d/ g[oksB fgzvK d/ tZ;D, pDso, tZ;/ b'eK dh ihtB ;fEsh, nkofEe s\"o *s/ fJe d{i/ *s/ fBoGo j'D ns/ g/Av{ ;fGnkuko pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh fdZsh j?. fJj' ikDekoh jh fJ; fBpzX d/ gqw[Zy ftfPnK pko/ ikDekoh fdzdh j?. (ft;Eko bJh SLM Unit – II t/y' ih.) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

3H ;H;H tDikok p/dh ofus fBpzX ‘rokw fdT[s/* dk ftPk^t;s{ fpnkB eo'. 40 T[ZsoL ‘rokw fdT[s/* fBpzX ;H;H tDikok p/dh dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ gzikp d/ fgzvK ftu fwbd/ s/ g{i/ iKd/ fdT[fsnK pko/ ikDekoh B{z nkgDk ftPk pDkfJnk j?. fJBQK ebfgs fdT[fsnK d/ fgzvK d/ b'eK B/ nfXeko ;hws ehs/ 4H jB, fiBQK d/ nXko *s/ fJBQK d/ BktK B{z f;ofink j?. b/ye B/ G{whJ/, y/V/, y/sogkb ns/ ;hwk fdT[sk nkfd B{z rokw T[ZsoL fdT[s/ do;k e/ fJBQK dh ;EkgBk ftXh, g{ik dhnK ftXhnK, fJBQK dhnK PeshnK ns/ fJBQK ;zpzXh fwbd/ b'e^ftPtk;K pko/ ikDekoh ;KMh ehsh j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II dk gqPB) ‘gzikph b'eK dhnK oj[^ohsK, ftPtk;K ns/ Gow* fBpzX dk ftPk^g~y fpnkB'. fJj fBpzX gqf;ZX ftdtkB vkH eoBihs f;zx dk ofunk j'fJnk j?. fBpzXeko B/ fJ; fBpzX ftu gzikph ;fGnkuko ftu fwbdhnK fGzB^fGzB o;wK, ohsK pko/ ikDekoh d/D s'A fJbktk ftPtk;K ns/ tfjwK^GowK d/ Tg[ iD s/ fJBQK dh wjssk ;zpXz h nkgD/ ftukoK ns/ tfjwK^GowK d/ T[giD B{z ftP/ d/ o{g ftu fbnk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit-II dk gqPB) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

5H shnK d/ fsT[jko w\"e/ G?DK nkgD/ GoktK dh fe; gqeko T[vhe eodhnK jB. b'e^rhsK dhnK T[dkjoDK d/ e/ ;g~PN eo'. 41 T[ZsoL ‘shnK* fBpzX frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx d[nkok fbfynk j'fJnk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk w[Zy ftPk gzikp ftu wBkfJnk ikD tkbk ‘shnK dk fsT[jko* j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu shnK dk fsT[jko wBkT[D dk ;wK, shnK bZrD dh irQk ns/ fJ; fsT[jko d/ ;w/A tho dk G?D B{z ;j[o/ 6H xo b?D ikDk, G?D tZb'A tho dh T[vhe eoB Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit – II dk gqPB) T[ZsoL vkH ;[oihs f;zx ofus fBpzX ‘b'e ;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk* dk ftPk^t;s{ T[bhe'. ‘b'e ;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk* gzikph b'eXkokJh nzPK Bkb Gog{o fBpzX j?. fJ; dk ouBjkok vkH ;[oihs f;zx j?. fJ; 7H fBpzXeko dk w[Zy ftPk b'e^;kfjs ns/ tfPPN ;kfjs ftub/ nzso B{z do;kT[AfdnK b'e^;kfjs dh f;oiD gqfefonk ;zpzXh p\"fXe ftuko eoBk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) T[ZsoL dftzdo ;fsnkoEh ofus fBpzX ‘b'e^rhs dk iBw* dk ;ko ;zy/g PpdK ftu fpnkB eo'. iK ‘b'e rhs dk iBw* fBpzX dk ftPk^t;s{ fpnkB eo'. ‘b'e^rhs dk iBw* fBpzX dk ouBjkok d/ftzdo ;fsnkoEh j?. fJ; fBpzX dk ftPk b'e^rhsK dh gzikph wB d/ GktK Bkb ;KM do;k e/ fJBQK dh T[sgZsh g[okD/ ;w/A ftu j'D B{z f;ZX eoB Bkb ;zpzfXs j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

8H b'e^ejkDhnK dh ykBk^pd'Ph T[Zs/ B'N fby'. 42 T[ZsoL iK 9H ‘b'e ejkDhnK dh ykBk pd'Ph* fBpzX dk ftPk^g~y ;gPN eo'. T[ZsoL ‘b'e^ejkDhnK dh ykBkpd'Ph* fBpzX vkH i'frzdo f;zx e?o'A dh gqf;ZX ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ fijV/ gqw[Zy ftP/$ftukoK pko/ ikDekoh fdZsh j? T[BAQK ftu'A gqw[Zy jB— b'e^ejkDhnK dh T[sgZsh ns/ T[BQK dh ykBk^pd'Ph pko/ ikDekoh d/Dk. fJ; fBpzX dk r{VQk nfXn?B eoB T[gozs fdqPNhr'uo j[zdk j? fe fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ b'e^ejkDhnK T[sgzB j'D, ;o{g, fJBQK dhnK fe;wK, fJBQK d/ fJe EK s'A d{ih EK gj[zuD pko/ dZf;nk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) ‘p[MD tkbhnK pksK* fBpzX dk ;zy/g ;ko T[bhe'. iK ;[yd/t wkdg[oh ofus fBpzX ‘p[~MD tkbhnK pksK* dk ftPk^t;s{ ;gPN eo'. ‘p[ZMD tkbhnK pksK* b'eXkokJh fBpzX dk b/ye ;[yd/t wkdg[oh j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk p[MkosK d/ gzikph b'e^ihtB Bkb ;zpzXK, fJBQK dh T[sgZsh s/ ftek;, ftPt Go ftu fJBQK d/ gqubD, fJBQK dh g[oksB gqzgok ns/ fJBQK ftu doi ;fGnkukoe sZsK pko/ ikD{ eotkT[Dk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

10H vkH Bkjo f;zx ofus fBpzX ‘b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek;* fBpzX dk ;ko T[bhe'. 43 T[ZsoL iK 11H T[ZsoL ‘b'e^BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek;* fBpzX dk ftPk^t;s{ ;g~PN eo'. ‘b'e BkuK dk iBw s/ ftek;* fBpzX vkH Bkjo f;zx dh gqf;ZX f;oiDk j?. T[j b'eXkok d/ gqp[ZX ftdtkB jB fiBQK B/ b'eXkokJh ;wZroh B{z ;zrqfjs ns/ ;zgkfds eoB s'A fJbktk gzikph b'eXkok dh nzsohth i[rs gSkDB ns/ ;fGnkuko^Pk;so T[;koB dh fdPk ftu nfjw :'rdkB gkfJnk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit – II dk gqPB) vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph ofus fBpzX ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK* dk ;ko ;zy/g PpdK ftu T[uko'. iK ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK* fBpzX dk ftPk^t;s{ fpnkB eo'. ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^ebktK* fBpzX vkH ihs f;zx i'Ph dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk gqw[Zy ftPk gzikp dhnK gqw[Zy b'e^ebktK pko/ f;XKse ikDekoh d/D s'A fJbktk c[bekoh dhnK w[Zy fe;wK pk}, u'g s/ ;[po, fsb^gZsok, Bhbe, x[zrN pk} ns/ Swk; pko/ Gog{o ikDekoh d/Dk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II dk gqPB) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

12H vkH joihs e\"o ofus fBpzX ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK* dk ;ko fby'. 44 T[ZsoL iK 13H ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK* dk ftPk^g~y fpnkB'. T[ZsoL ‘gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK* fBpzX vkH joihs e\"o dh f;oiDk j?. fJ; feos ftu b/fyek B/ wkBth ihtB ftu y/vK dh wjssk B{z fpnkBfdnK gzikp dhnK b'e^y/vK dhnK ftP/PsktK, bZSDK, fJBQK d/ T[d/PK ns/ gzikp ftu y/vhnK iKdhnK fGzB^fGzB b'e^y/vK fit/A pKdo feZbk, ykB x'Vh, oZp dh y[Zsh, Ekb, gzx{Vk ns/ oki/ dh pZeoh pko/ f;XKse ikDekoh fdZsh j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II) ‘gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD* fBpzX dk ;ko fby'. iK vkH r[ow[~y ;zx ofus fBpzX ‘gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD* fBpzX dk ftPk^t;s{ fpnkB eo'. ‘gzikph b'e^wB ns/ rhsK dk f|bwKeD* fBpzX vkH r[owZ[y f;zx dh ouBk j?. fJ; fBpzX dk w[Zy ftPk gzikph rhsK d/ f|bwKeD dk gzikph b'e^wB *s/ gJ/ d[ogqGktK B{z do;kT[Dk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit – II dk gqPB) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

14H vkH r[owhs f;zx ofus fBpzX ‘b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG* fBpzX ftu gq;s[s j'J/ ftukoK B{z ;ko o{g ftu fby'. 45 iK ‘b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG* fBpzX dk ftPk^t;s{ ;gPN eo'. T[ZsoL ‘b'eXkokL toswkB ;zdoG* fBpzX vkH r[owhs f;zx ofus j?. fJ; fBpzX ftu b/ye B/ ni'e/ seBheh s/ T[d:'fre :[Zr ftu gfotofss j' ojh ihtB^iKu s/ ;fGnkukoe edoK^ehwsK d/ ;zdoG ftu gozgokrs b'e^XkokJh o{gK d/ \\sw j'D s/ eJhnK d/ gfotofss o{gK ftu ekfJw ofjD ;zpzXh wjZstg{oB ikDekoh B{z ftP/ d/ o{g ftu S'fjnk j?. (ft;Eko bJh d/y' SLM Unit - II dk gqPB) www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

;zdoG rqzE ;{uh 46 • vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok ns/ vkH ;[oihs f;zx (;zgkde), b'eXkok dh G{fwek, gpbhe/PB fpT{o', gzikph :{Bhtof;Nh, gfNnkbk, 2016H • vkH G[fgzdo f;zx yfjok (;zgkde), b'eXkok L GkPk s/ ;fGnkuko, g?g;{ p[Ze fvZg{, gfNnkbk, 2004H • ihs f;zx i'Ph (;zgkde), b'eXkok s/ b'e Pk;so, o{jh gqekPB, nzfwqs;o, 1997H • vkH eoBihs f;zx (;zgkde), b'ewB L u/sB^ntu/sBk, wBgqhs gqekPB, fdZbh, 2001H • vkH Bkjo f;zx, b'e^ekft dh f;oiB gqfefonk, b'erhs gqekPB, uzvhrVQ, 2006H • frnkBh r[ofdZs f;zx, w/ok fgzv, ;kfjs gqekPB, uzvhrVQ. • ;'fjzdo f;zx tDikok p/dh, gzikp dh b'eXkok, B?PBb p[Ze NoZ;N fJzvhnk, fdZbh. • Web Sources: • wikipedia www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

64 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-B1 A(MQB1A56605) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL