MAp 601 8

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2 M.A.(Psy) SYSTEM AND THEORY Course Code: MAP601 Semester: First E-Lesson: 7 SLM Unit: 8 https://images.app.goo.gl/YSL3acgti2rtPY6y5 www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SYSTEM AND THEORY 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION To enable students to gather a creative and in In this unit we shall be able to depth understanding of psychology as a science. understand the humanistic and existential school of thought To understand the role and importance of various school of psychology. We shall be able to understand Maslow's and Carl Rogers theory of To familiarize students with recent development humanistic school of thought. in the fields in the field of Psychology. We shall be able to understand Rollo Students will acquire and demonstrate Unit-8(MAPP 601) Mays theory of existential school of knowledge of information pertaining to thought. personality and individual differences. INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING . www.cuidol.in

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE > MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY THEORY > CARL ROGER’SCLIENT CENTERED THEORY > INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY OF ROLLO MAY www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HUMANISTIC PERSPECTIVE 5  Humanistic psychology attempts to help individual people achieve their full potential. It maintains that people are fundamentally good. Humanistic psychology is historically significant for its focus on good qualities and flourishing people. THE BASIC TENETS OF HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY • Little of value can be learned about humans by studying nonhuman animals. • Subjective reality is the primary guide for human behavior. • Studying individuals is more informative than studying what groups of individuals have in common. • A major effort should be made to discover those things that expand and enrich human experience. • Research should seek information that will help solve human problems. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

INTRODUCTION OF MASLOW 6  Abraham Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. Maslow served as the head of the psychology department at Brandeis from 1951 to 1969.  The idea of self actualization originated when he met Kurt Goldstein .This marked the beginning of his movement humanistic psychology He spend his final years in semi-retirement in https://images.app.goo.gl/Z1dpn9gSNNy9mAEv8 California, until, on June 8 1970, he died of a heart attack after years of ill health. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601)

NEED HEIRARCHY THEORY 7  Maslow‘s theory of motivation which comprises of 5 tier needs in a form of hierarchical distribution.  This 5 stage needs is divided into 2 parts: • First, being deficiency needs, also known as D- needs which includes first four needs which are further divided into two parts basic and psychological. • The topmost need is called as growth needs or B- needs (being need) and is also called as self fulfillment need.  Jonah Complex: Humans often fear success as much as they do failure and this fear, like the fear of self-knowledge, militates against self-actualization. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) https://images.app.goo.gl/izeBhBT19zshRr1L7 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

NEED HEIRARCHY THEORY 8  Physiological needs: At the bottom of the pyramid the https://images.app.goo.gl/dfDJ81NEbLJvgcoe8 physiological needs like appetite, thirst and so on. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  Safety needs: It is seen both in kids and adults. Mostly includes protection elements like security, order, law etc.  Love and Belongingness: it signifies that our behaviour is motivated by interpersonal relationships. It basically includes affection and love from family, friends, romantic relationships and work groups.  Esteem Needs: According to him, it is of two kinds: (i) Esteem for oneself (dignity, achievement, mastery, independence) (ii) The desire for reputation or respect from others (e.g., status, prestige).  Self- Actualization: It refer to the realization of a person's potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601)

CHARACTERISTICS OF 9 SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON Following are the characteristics of self actualized person: • They perceive reality accurately and fully. • They demonstrate a great acceptance of themselves and of others. • They exhibit spontaneity and naturalness. • They have a need for privacy. • They tend to be independent of their environment and culture. • They demonstrate a continuous freshness of appreciation. • They tend to have periodic mystic or peak experiences. • They are concerned with all humans instead of with only their friends, relatives, and acquaintances. • They tend to have only a few friends. • They have a strong ethical sense but do not necessarily accept conventional ethics. • They have a well-developed but not hostile sense of humor. • They are creative. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CRITICISM 10 1. Researchers have proved that needs does not exist in a form of hierarchy rather they are linear in nature and are interrelated 2. Self actualization can be strived for even without being satisfied with lower order needs because for some individuals self esteem is more important than physiological needs. 3. There is lack of cause and effect between needs and behavior. 4. Sometimes people are unaware of their needs as they inherit the psychological characteristic 5. Some people say that hierarchy of need simply does not exist. At all levels needs are present at given time. An individual motivated by self actualisation needs cannot afford to forget his food. But this criticism is solved by Maslow by saying that needs are interdependent and overlapping. 6. Some concepts like self actualization lacks on operationalization because its difficult to measure it. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CARL ROGERS 11  Carl Rogers was born on January 8, 1902 in suburb of Oak Park, Illinois right outside of Chicago.  During his teenage years his family moved to a farm in Illinois. There he became interested in study of agriculture and religion.  After his marriage to his girlfriend he developed interest in psychology.  He went to Rochester , Ohio State University of Chicago and Western Behavioral Sciences Institute in California.  In the university of Chicago he began working on his new approach to counseling called the client centered therapy. https://images.app.goo.gl/rUASU2mPGn1qMUGf6 www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HUMANISITIC THEORY OF 12 CARL ROGERS He based his theory on self concept. This self concept comprises of 3 components:  Self Worth or Self Esteem: It comprises of feelings and beliefs which are developed in early childhood with the interaction with parents and siblings. It includes what we think of ourselves.  Self Image: It includes how we see ourselves. It makes us behave and react as it influences our perception towards others.  Ideal Self: This includes the person we want to become. It is dynamic in nature and consists of our aspirations and needs. https://images.app.goo.gl/QSHm2erh6wKkGrM56 www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HUMANISITIC THEORY OF 13 CARL ROGERS  He viewed personality structure in terms of self concept: Self concept refers to self description of an individual. • It can be positive as well as negative. • Positive: One tends to feel and act optimistically and constructively • Negative: One tends to act negatively and destructively.  He also defined two kinds of selves: Ideal self and Real Self. • Ideal self is based on our desires and hopes. It is how we see ourselves. • Real Self is based on actual experiences of how we really are. https://images.app.goo.gl/reENn6pKqLwJqayQ7 www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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HUMANISITIC THEORY OF 16 CARL ROGERS • Rogers agreed that we all have a tendency to https://images.app.goo.gl/bGU5yiBnGp6qD5dS8 grow, become healthy and move towards self- actualisation. He called it as organismic valuing process. The three conditions that facilitate that growth are: • Unconditional Positive regard : Accepting and acknowledging other persons feeling without even passing judgments and honoring not devouring. It is accepting others completely for whatever they are. • Conditional positive regard: A situation in which acceptance and love received from significant others is based on one’s behaviour. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HUMANISITIC THEORY OF 17 CARL ROGERS CHARACTERISTICS OF FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON 1. They are open to experience. 2. They are characterized by existential living. 3. They trust their organisms. 4. They are creative. 5. They live richer lives than do other people. 6. They are honest and open. 7. They are indifferent to material comforts and rewards. 8. They are caring persons 9. They have a deep distrust of cognitively based science and a technology that uses that science to exploit and harm nature and people. 10. They have a trust in their own experience and a profound distrust of all external authority. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CRITICISM 18 • It generates limited research beyond psychotherapy and classroom learning. • Rogers was one of only a few theorists who spelled out his theory in an if-then framework, and such a paradigm lends itself to either confirmation or disconfirmation. • Researchers have highlighted that Rogers theory was too optimistic. • Few novel researches have pointed out that his theory promotes self love or narcissism. • His theory does not focuses on the evil aspect of humans and view evil as a social phenomenon not as an individual trait. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ROLLO MAY 19 • Rollo May was born April 21, 1909, in Ada, Ohio. • After graduation, he went to Greece, where he showed English at Anatolia College for three years. • During this period, he additionally invested energy as a vagrant craftsman and even concentrated quickly with Alfred Adler. • When he came back to the US, he entered Union Theological Seminary and became companions with one of his instructors, Paul Tillich, the existentialist scholar, who might profoundly affect his thinking. May got his BD in 1938. https://images.app.goo.gl/CVYT2x2DUgWC4Aar7 www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BASIC CONCEPTS BY ROLLO MAY 20 MODE OF EXISTENCE: • UNWELT: It is the objective aspect of environment both internal as well as external. It includes what physical and biological sciences study. • MITWELT: It includes our interpersonal and social relationships. • EIGENWELT: It is self awareness about the objective world surrounding us. POWERLESSNESS: • Rollo points it as our central problem and says that our pervasive conviction that we cannot do anything effective due to cultural, social and economic problems. This feeling is compounded by anxiety and makes us lose our traditional values. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BASIC CONCEPTS BY ROLLO MAY 21 Anxiety • He said that anxiety is dizziness of freedom and threat to some value which the individual holds essential for its existence. • He viewed anxiety as essential for ones growth and it contributes to becoming human. It helps humans to live a dignified life. • He claimed that human beings displaces their anxiety in form of fear which help them to discover incentives in order to either avoid the feared object or find the methods to get rid of that feared object. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BASIC CONCEPTS BY ROLLO MAY 22 DAIMON The composition of specific motives are called diamons. It includes lower as well as higher order needs. Types of Daimons: • Eros: It includes love and need to become one. It is a need which makes one less prideful and it is a good thing till the time it does not becomes our obsession. • Will: It is ones ability to organize oneself to achieve ones goals. It includes ones ability to make wishes come true.  3 PERSONALITY TYPES: Neo puritan: It is all will and no love Infantile: All wishes but no will. Creative: It strikes the balance between the two types . www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: 23 May has suggested 4 stages of developing self consciousness: • Innocence: It is neither good nor bad https://images.app.goo.gl/ydgJa7GHJdqo4qEM9 • Rebellion: It demands freedom but without responsibility • Ordinary Consciousness: Learned responsibility and seek refuge in conformity and cultural values. • Creative Consciousness: It is the authentic adult who accept destiny and face anxiety with courage. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 24 • Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory by Abraham Maslow, which puts forward that people are motivated by five basic categories of needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self- actualization. • According to Maslow, the needs need not to be satisfied 100% in order to move above the pyramid, an optimal amount of satisfaction is sufficient to move to the next need. • Carl Rogers was an influential humanistic psychologist who developed a personality theory that emphasized the importance of the self-actualizing tendency in shaping human personalities. • According to Roger, for a healthy personality there needs to be congruence between ideal and real self. • Rollo May was an influential American psychologist who helped establish a new branch of psychology called existential psychology. Existentialism focuses on man's search for meaning and purpose in life. May came to existentialism through personal hardship. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 25 1.According to Maslow, some needs grow stronger when unsatisfied. Maslow called these: A) being needs. B)deficiency needs. C)growth needs. D)primary needs. 2. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, if a person’s esteem needs have been satisfied, then it is safe to assume that all of the following needs have also been satisfied EXCEPT: A)Belonging. B)Knowing C)Psychological. D)Safety 3.One major assumption of Carl Roger's Theory is A)Concept of fully functioning individual B)Concept of advancement C)Concept of responsibility D) Concept of achievement Answers: 1.B) 2.B) 3.C) www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 26 4.Rollo May focused on normal and __________ anxiety. A) Abnormal B)Psycholtic C) Neurotic D) All of the above 5. Which of the following means, we evaluate all our life experience to check how they serve actualization tendency. a) Real self C) Congurence b) Self regard d) Organismic valuing process Answers: 4.C) 5.D) www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 27 • Highlight the significance of Maslow's Theory of motivation in reference to growth and deficit needs. • Critically analyze client centred theory of Rogers. • Elaborate the theory of Rollo May in terms of existential perspective. www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 28 • Feist, J. & Feist, G. J. (2008). Theories of Personality, 7th edition. McGraw hill. • Hergenhahn, B.R. (2009). An Introduction to the History of Psychology, 6th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. • Retrieved from https://cnx.org/contents/UQr0_DQ3@1/Viktor-Frankl-Rollo-May-and- Existential-Psychology www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

29 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-8(MAP 601) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL