MAp 602 9-10-11

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

M.A.(Psy) 2EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY All right are reserved with CU-IDOL EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP 602 Semester: First SLM Unit : 9-11 E-Lesson: 5 www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: Learning Theory describes how students absorb, process, and retains knowledge \\ Explain the Instrumental Conditioning. during learning. Discuss about Hull Discrimination learning is defined in psychology as the ability to respond Discuss about discrimination learning and related differently to different stimuli. Aspect Discuss about hermann ebbinghaus Verbal learning is the process of acquiring, retaining and recalling of verbal materials in living organisms,. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP(M60A2P 602) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Types of Learning EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > Principles of Learning > Factors Affecting Learning > Phenomena of Discrimination Learning > Applications of Discrimination Learning > Hermann Ebbinghaus > Nature of Verbal Learning www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF LEARNING 5 Learning is of various types which are explained as under: 1. Motor learning: The day to day activities of an individual refer to motor activities. In order to maintain regular life each and every individual learns all these activities which include walking, running, skating, driving, climbing, etc. 2. Verbal learning: It refers to the language we speak and communicate. It also includes the various communication devices which we use on a day to day basis. 3. Concept learning: It is the form of learning which requires higher order mental processes like thinking, reasoning, intelligence etc. 4. Discrimination learning: Discrimination refers to learning to differentiate between stimuli and showing a proper and correct response to these stimuli. 5. Learning of principles: Individuals learn certain principles, rules and laws related to science, mathematics, grammar, etc www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PRINCIPLES OF LEARNING 6 Principles of Learning are as follows: (i) Learning is active: Active learning goes beyond providing opportunities for hands-on, experiential learning. (ii) Learning is holistic: Learning is discipline-based but interconnectedness of knowledge is promoted. (iii) Learning requires met cognition: All learners are capable of being proactive, self-reflecting and self-regulating. (iv) Learning is social: Learning is influenced by social interactions, interpersonal relations and communication with others. (v) Learning is contextual: Learning is facilitated by conducive environmental factors. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FACTORS AFFECTING LEARNING 7 Learning is completely based upon certain important factors that help in deciding what changes will be caused by this experience 1. Motivation: The encouragement, the support one gets to complete a task, to achieve a goal is known as motivation or encouragement. 2. Practice: There is very good saying that “Practice makes us perfect”. 3. Environment: Each and every individual learns from his surroundings and learn from the people around him. 4. Mental group: It describes our thinking by the group of people we chose to be with. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PHENOMENA OF DISCRIMINATION 8 LEARNING • Discrimination learning can be used as a part of training for more difficult tasks, including the judgement bias tasks and Iowa gambling task described earlier in the chapter. •It can, however, also be used as a task in and of itself, to determine the ability of animals to discriminate between two stimuli and the capacity of animals to learn and perform tasks based on discrimination in different modalities. •Learning discriminative image representations from data have evolved as a promising research area. A powerful image representation captures the prior distributions of data by learning the image features. •These features are usually hierarchical in nature (low and high level features) and hence the image representations learn to define the more abstract concepts in terms of the less abstract ones. A good learned representation should be simple (usually linearly dependent), sparse, and possess spatial and temporal coherence. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PHENOMENA OF DISCRIMINATION 9 LEARNING Image representations extracted from CNNs, trained on large data sets such as Image Net and fine-tuned on domain specific data sets, have shown state-of-the-art performance in numerous image classification problems. These learned features can be used as universal image representations and have produced outstanding performances in computer vision tasks, e.g., image classification, object detection, fine grained recognition, attribute detection, and instance retrieval. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

APPLICATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION 10 LEARNING a) Discrimination learning is used almost every subfield of psychology as it is a basic form of learning that is at the core of human intelligence b) It was a classic topic in the psychology of learning from the 1920s to the 1970s, and was particularly investigated within: c) Comparative psychology, where a key issue was whether continuous or discontinuous learning processes were concerned in the acquisition of discriminations d) The experimental analysis of behaviour, where a key issue was whether discriminations could be trained without the necessity for the subject to make errors www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

APPLICATIONS OF DISCRIMINATION 11 LEARNING e) Developmental psychology, where a key issue was the changes that occur in the process of discrimination as a function of age f) Cross-cultural psychology, where a key issue was the role that the cultural appropriateness of the stimuli to be discriminated played in the rate of acquisition of effective discrimination g) Mathematical psychology, where attempts were made to formalize the distinctions being drawn in other branches of psychology. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS 12 Early life •Ebbinghaus was born in Barmen, in the Rhine Province of the Kingdom of Prussia, as the son of a wealthy merchant, Carl Ebbinghaus. Little is known about his infancy except that he was brought up in the Lutheran faith and was a pupil at the town Gymnasium. •At the age of 17 (1867), he began attending the University of Bonn, where he had planned to study history and philology. • After acquiring his PhD, Ebbinghaus moved around England and France, tutoring students to support himself. • In England, he may have taught in two small schools in the south of the country (Gorfein, 1885). • In London, in a used bookstore, he came across Gustav Fechner's book Elemente der Psychophysik (Elements of Psychophysics), which spurred him to conduct his famous memory experiments https://images.app.goo.gl/YupX2Ki7SATsStog9 www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HERMANN EBBINGHAUS 13 Research on memory: Ebbinghaus was determined to show that higher mental processes could actually be studied using experimentation, which was in opposition to the popularly held thought of the time. To control for most potentially confounding variables, Limitations to memory research There are several limitations to his work on memory. The most important one was that Ebbinghaus was the only subject in his study. This limited the study's generalizability to the population. Contributions to memory In 1885, he published his groundbreaking Über das Gedächtnis (\"On Memory\", later translated to English as Memory. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

NATURE OF VERBAL LEARNING 14 Right from the birth, the child acquires skill. His bodily organs learn to handle the things. He moves his legs and begins to crawl. In source of time, he learns other motor, skills, like walking, speaking, drawing, writing, reading, playing music, cycling and swimming etc. Indian psychologists have given explanation of perceptual learning its types and processes. They define con ceptual learning as sense object contact. Pure sensation is indeterminate perception, and is the first stage in perceptual learning. The second step is determinate perception, where in the object is revealed as endowed with its attributes and characteristics. This is the particular percept but when the a child sees number of cows, with some common characteristics, he locates certain general qualities in all the cows, and on the basis of these he forms a conception of ‘cow’. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS 15  Concept of Learning - Learning can be defined as a process that brings together cognitive, emotional and environmental.  Motor learning - The day to day activities of an individual refer to motor activities.  Verbal learning - It refers to the language we speak and communicate  Discrimination Learning - Discrimination learning is defined in psychology as the ability to respond differently to different stimuli.  Phenomena of Discrimination Learning - Discrimination learning can be used as a part of training for more difficult tasks, including the judgement  Concept of Verbal Learning - Verbal learning was first studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who used lists of nonsense syllables to test recall.  Hermann Ebbinghaus - Hermann Ebbinghaus (January 24, 1850 – February 26, 1909) was a German psychologist www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEARNING ACTIVITY 16 1. You are required to prepare a live report on significance of learning. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. You are required to identify the Phenomena of Discrimination Learning and the impacts. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. You are required to prepare a report on “nature of Verbal Learning”. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. You are suggested to identify Determinants of Verbal Learning. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 17  Learning Theory describes how students absorb, process, and retains knowledge during learning. Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained. Behaviourists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and advocate a system of rewards and targets in education.  Discrimination learning can be studied in both humans and animals. Animals can use discrimination learning help them survive, be trained for assisting humans in tasks, and much more. A dog might be trained to use discrimination learning to detect differences in complex odour compounds so that they are able to sniff out different drugs to assist police. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 18  Verbal learning is the process of acquiring, retaining and recalling of verbal material. At its most elementary level, it can be defined as a process of building associations between a stimulus and a response, with both of them being verbal.  Verbal learning is the process of actively memorizing new material using mental pictures, associations, and other activities. Verbal learning was first studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who used lists of nonsense syllables to test recall. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 19 1. Explain the term Learning in the view of behaviourist. (For more information see SLM) Ans: Behaviorists look at learning as an aspect of conditioning and advocate a system of rewards and targets in education. 2. What can be studied in human and animals? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Discrimination learning can be studied in both humans and animals 3. Write the process of verbal learning. (For more information see SLM) Ans: Verbal learning is the process of acquiring, retaining and recalling of verbal material. 4. Who studied verbal learning first? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Verbal learning was first studied by Hermann Ebbinghaus, who used lists of nonsense syllables to test recall. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1 Which of the following is the type of Learning? 20 (a) Motor learning (b) Verbal learning (c) Discrimination learning (d) All the above 2. Which of the following is frequently used in discrimination learning in various species? (a) Visual discrimination (b) Discrimination learning (c) Perception (d) Presentation 3. Which of the following is the process of acquiring, retaining and recalling of verbal material? (a) Verbal learning (b) Digital Learning (c) Computer Learning (d) All the above Answers: 1.(d) 2.(a) 3.(a) www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 21 “References of this unit have been given at the end of the book”. 1. Fraisse, P, Piaget, J, & Reuchlin, M. (1963). Experimental psychology: its scope and method. 2. Goldstein, B.E. (2002). Sensation and Perception. USA: Wadsworth. 3. . Kling, J.W. & Riggs, L.A. (1984). Woodworth and Schlosberg Experimental Psychology. New Delhi: Khosla Publishing House. www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

22 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-9-11 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL