E-LESSON-5 , 6

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

BSc. TTM 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL Introduction to Tourism Industry Course Code: BTT 101 Semester: First SLM Units : 5&6 E-LESSON : 3 www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101)

Typology of Tourists 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Students will be able In this unit we are going to learn about S.C. To study about Plogs Typology of tourists Plogs Typology Of Tourists To study about the history of tourism through Age Under this you will learn and understand To understand about Silk Route About the history of Tourism through Ages To understand about Grand Tour www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) Under this unit you will learn about Silk Route and Grand Tour INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > S.C. Plogs Typology of Tourists > History of Tourism > Silk Route > Grand Tour www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

S.C.PLOGS MODEL –INTRODUCTION 5 One of the best-known models in the travel and tourism field is one proposed by Stanley Plog. According to Plog, destinations rise and fall in popularity because they appeal to specific types of tourists over time, and follow a relatively predictable pattern of growth and decline in popularity. Plog delineated these types of tourists according to personality-based, psychographic traits along a continuum in a bell-shaped, normally distributed curve. The tourist typology proposed in the model describes the destination characteristics and activities that are preferred by tourists while on vacation. Thus, Plog’s model has been used as a reference for planning and designing tourism infrastructure and marketing projects. In addition, researchers have examined the model’s ability to predict what kinds of destinations people choose. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

ORIGIN OF THE MODEL 6 Plog’s model was published in 1974 as an article titled, “Why Destination Areas Rise and Falling Popularity,” in the Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly. The journal article was a version of a 1972 conference presentation at the Southern California Chapter of the Travel Research Association (now the Travel and Tourism Research Association). However, the core concepts in the model originated in 1967 as part of a consulting project assigned to Plog’s market- research company, Behavior Science Corporations (also known as BASICO) www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PLOGS MODEL 7 • Plog classifies tourists into three categories as described below − • Allocentric (The Wanderers) − A tourist who seeks new experiences and adventure in a wide range of activities. • This person is outgoing and self-confident in behavior. An allocentric person prefers to fly and to explore new and unusual areas before others do so. • Allocentrics enjoy meeting people from foreign or different cultures. They prefer good hotels and food, but not necessarily modern or chain-type hotels. • For a tour package, an allocentric would like to have the basics such as transportation and hotels, but not be committed to a structured itinerary. • They would rather have the freedom to explore an area, make their own arrangements and choose a variety of activities and tourist attractions. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PLOGS MODEL • Psychocentric (The Repeater) − 8 • A tourist falling in this category is usually non- adventuresome. • They prefer to return to familiar travel destinations where they can relax and know what types of food and activity to expect. • Such tourists prefer to drive to destinations, stay in typical accommodations, and eat at family-type restaurants. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PLOGS MODEL 9 • Midcentric (Combination) − • This category of tourists covers the ones who swing between the two types –Allocentric and Psychocentric . www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORY OF TOURISM THROUGH AGES 10 EARLY TRAVEL: 1. Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or to escape danger. 2.Travel was also undertaken for trade. 3.Growth of cities along fertile river banks like Nile etc. encouraged water travel. 4.Ancient empires like the Romans helped shape modern travel 5. As seasons changed and animals migrated, people traveled to survive. 6.These early travelers moved on foot, they were limited to quite small geographical areas. 7. In this time, travel may remained a localized experience, but people by nature are interested. 8.Travelers climbing a mountain and crossing rivers to satisfy their own sense of adventure and curiosity as they sought a glimpse of the unknown 9. Phoenicians, Olmecs, early Chinese traveled for trade and military control 10 As civilizations became established and spread geographically, travel become necessity. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THE EMPIRE ERA 11 The Egyptians The Persians 1.At its peak the travel for business and pleasure 1.They started travel initially for military use. flourished. 2. Later facilities earlier used for military were 2. Travel to outlining cities was necessary. transformed to facilitate travel. 3. Various amenities were offered to travelers. 3. Roads were built, markers were 4. They travelled for pleasure and festivals were established to indicate distances. held every year. 4. Safety of travelers was given importance. 5. People used to travel to attend these festivals. 5. Modes of transport like wagons, donkeys/mules were introduced www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Greeks 12 1.Greeks were the first, who shaped the modern day travel. 2.Pleasure travel was popular. 3.Travel was advanced by two developments: Currency exchange: Greek cities accepted foreign currency, making it easier for travelers. Communication: The Greek empire covered the entire 4.Mediterrenian thus the language was widely understood. They provided all the amenities required. The Romans 1.The prosperity of the roman empire was reflected in the development of travel. 2.The Romans included a large group of middle class who had money and time to travel. 3.They built excellent roads, transportation and communication systems. 4.They built rest houses. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Middle Ages and The Renaissance Era 13 1.The duration time for The Middle Ages (5th to 14th centuries) and the Renaissance Era(14th to 16th centuries) 2. Travel almost disappeared during the Middle Ages where travel became dangerous and sporadic. 3. The feudal system that eventually replaced Roman rule resulted in many different autonomous domains. 4.This breakdown in a previously organized and controlled society resulted in the fragmentation of transportation systems, currencies and languages making travel a difficult and sometimes dangerous experience. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Middle Ages and The Renaissance Era 14 • The travel situation during the Middle Ages: Transportation and safety declined • Less acceptance of currencies and less knowledge of common languages • Some travel by crusaders to Holy Land • Marco Polo’s historic travels in the late 13th century www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Middle Ages and The Renaissance Era 15 1.The rebirth in travel emerged slowly during the Renaissance Era (14th – 16th centuries) 2.The Merchants began to venture farther from their villages as the church and the kings and queen brought larger geographical areas under their control. 3.Trade routes slowly began to reopen as commercial activities grew and the merchants ventured into new territories 4. Increased interest in travel for commerce and pleasure www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

GRAND TOUR 16 www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785 A.D.) 17 a. Trend of luxurious travel started by wealthy English b. Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout Europe c. Goal was to experience the “civilized world” and study the arts and sciences d. These travels often lasted for several years e. Growth in travel for business reasons www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

How the Grand Tour Began 18 • Idea of Grand Tour began in the mid 17th century • Initially was mobile finishing school in art and manners • Popularized by travel writers such as John Evelyn and Richard Lassels (Voyage of Italy) www.cuidol.in The Voyage of Italy All right are reserved with CU-IDOL by Richard Lassels (Left) Portrait of John Evelyn (Right) Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101)

Significance of The Grand Tour 19 • First form and development of the travel industry • Many wealthy young men from England studied abroad for educational purposes. .• Influence of ideas and concepts of the Classic shaped new culture and architecture in Britain www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Mapping the Grand Tour 20 The Italian Peninsula was the primary destination for the Grand Tourist. Some of the most visited cities are Venice, Naples and Rome. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Three Views of the Grand Tour 21 • View 1: Parent’s fear of abandoning own religion and culture. • View 2: Young man’s excitement and fascination about the tour. • View 3: Guidebook for those undertaking the tour. Link: http://wwnorton.com/college/english/nael/18century/topic_4/tour.htm Guidebook showing the dialogues of English, French, Italian, German, Spanish and Flemish conversations with a landlord at Italy (left). www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Fall of the Grand Tour 22 The French Revolution in 1789 marked the end of the Grand Tour for in the early nineteenth century, railroads totally changed the face of tourism and travel across the continent. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Mobility Era 23 1. In 1841, Thomas Cook organized the first tour for a group of 570 to attend a temperance rally in Leicester, England. 2.The trip was complete with a picnic lunch and brass band 3.The immediate success of the first venture and the demand for more assistance in making travel arrangements led Cook into the full-time business provided travel services. 4. Paid vacations introduced in the early 1900’s made leisure travel possible for working and middle classes 5. Millions of people were introduced to international travel during World War II 6. Postwar prosperity made mass ownerships of automobiles possible 7. Advent of jet travel shortened travel time 8.Time, money, safety and interest in travel led to unparalleled growth of tourism 9. Development of mass tourism Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

24 www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

25 www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Leisure Travel 26 Leisure travel was associated with the Industrial Revolution in the United Kingdom – the first European country to promote leisure time to the increasing industrial population. Initially, this applied to the owners of the machinery of production, the economic oligarchy, the factory owners and the traders. These comprised the new middle class. Cox & Kings was the first official travel company to be formed in 1758 The British origin of this new industry is reflected in many place names. In Nice, France, one of the first and best-established holiday resorts on the French Riviera, the long esplanade along the seafront is known to this day as the Promenade des Anglais. In many other historic resorts in continental Europe, old, well-established palace hotels have names like the Hotel Bristol, the Hotel Carlton or the Hotel Majestic – reflecting the dominance of English customers. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SILK ROUTE 27 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL • The Silk Road (from German: Seidenstrabe) or Silk Route is a modern term referring to a historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and (East Africa. Extending 4,000 miles (6,500 km) www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101)

28 The Silk Road was a network of trade routes connecting China and the Far East with the Middle East and Europe. Established when the Han Dynasty in China officially opened trade with the West in 130 B.C., the Silk Road routes remained in use until 1453 A.D., when the Ottoman Empire boycotted trade with China and closed them. Although it’s been nearly 600 years since the Silk Road has been used for international trade, the routes had a lasting impact on commerce, culture and history that resonates even today. Silk Road History The east-west trade routes between Greece and China began to open during the first and second centuries B.C. The Roman Empire and the Kushan Empire (which ruled territory in what is now northern India) also benefitted from the commerce created by the route along the Silk Road. Interestingly, the ancient Greek word for China is “Seres,” which literally means “the land of silk.” However, despite this obvious link to the name, the term “Silk Road” wasn’t coined until 1877, when German geographer and historian Ferdinand von Richthofen first used it to describe the trade routes. Historians now prefer the term “Silk Routes,” which more accurately reflects the fact that there was more than one thoroughfare. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

• Silk Road to China 29 • Routes extended from the Greco-Roman metropolis of Antioch across the Syrian Desert via Palmyra to Ctesiphon (the Parthian capital) and Seleucia on the Tigris River, a Mesopotamian city in modern-day Iraq. • From Seleucia, routes passed eastward over the Zagros Mountains to the cities of Ecbatana (Iran) and Merv (Turkmenistan), from which additional routes traversed to modern-day Afghanistan and eastward into Mongolia and China. • Silk Road Economic Belt • Trade along the so-called Silk Road economic belt included fruits and vegetables, livestock, grain, leather and hides, tools, religious objects, artwork, precious stones and metals and—perhaps more importantly—language, culture, religious beliefs, philosophy and science. • Commodities such as paper and gunpowder, both invented by the Chinese during the Han Dynasty, had obvious and lasting impacts on culture and history in the West. They were also among the most-traded items between the East and West. • Paper was invented in China during the 3rd century B.C., and its use spread via the Silk Road, arriving first in Samarkand in around 700 A.D., before moving to Europe through the then-Islamic ports of Sicily and Spain. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1)According to S.C Plog Allocentric are also called as 30 A) Wanderers C) Explorers B) Drifters D)Repeaters 2) S.C Plogs Model was published in C) 1972 A) 1973 D) 1976 B) 1974 3) The Empire Era started with the travel of A) Greeks C) Romans B) Egyptians D) Persians 4 1.The duration time for The Middle Ages C) 6th to 15 th Centaury A) 5th to 14 th Century D) 6th to 14 th Centuary B) 5th to 13 th Centuary Answers: 1.(a) , 2.(c) , 3. (b) , 4. (a) Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

SUMMARY  One of the best-known models in the travel and tourism field is one proposed by Stanley Plog 31  Plog has categorized the tourist into –Allocentric ,Psychocentric and Mid Centric .  The history of travel started from the Empire Era ,The Middle Ages , Renaissance ,The Grand Tour ,The mobility Era , The Leisure Travel ,The mass Travel  The Grand Tour was started in the mid of 17th Centuary and it was trend started by wealthy English men  The Silk Rote was historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North Asia www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 32 Q1. Describe S.C.PLOGS Classification of Tourists . Ans: S.c Plogs Classification is as follows 1) Allocentric 2 ) Psychocentric 3) Mid Centric For further details Refer to the SLM. Q2. What is the History of Travel through Ages ? Ans: The History of travel through ages focusses on various stages like the Empire Era ,The Middle Ages , Renaissance ,The Grand Tour ,The mobility Era , The Leisure Travel ,The mass Travel For further details Refer to the SLM. Q3. What is Silk Route ? Ans: Historical network of interlinking trade routes across the Afro-Eurasian landmass that connected East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North Asia For further details Refer to the SLM. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 33  Negi, Jagmohan.(1990).Tourism and Travel Concepts and Principles. Kolkata: Gitanjali Publishing House  Bhatia, A.K.(1991).International Tourism.Ludhiana, Punjab: Kalyani Publications.Seth, P.N.(1999).Successful Tourism Management (Vol 1 &2).New Delhi:Sterling Publishers.  Mill and Morrison.(2011).Tourism System. USA: Prentice Hall Publication.  Kamra, K.K. and M.Chand.(2006) Basics of Tourism: Theory operation and practice. New Delhi:Kanishka Publication. www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

34 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-5 & 6 (BTT 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL