CU-SEM III-BA-ENGLISH LITERATURE-III

a. Pure vowel sound b. Pure consonant sound c. Vowel glides or mixed vowel sounds d. none of the above 7. What are these letters A/E/I/O/U in the English alphabet a. Clusters b. Consonants c. Vowels d. Words 8. what is the total number of monophthongs in the English language a. 8 b. 24 c. 12 d. 46 9. what is the total number of diphtongs in the English language a. 12 b. 8

c. 44 d. 20 10. What is the total number of sounds in the English language a. 12 b.8 c. 20 d. 44 Answers 1 – c; 2 – b; 3 – b; 4 – a; 5 – c; 6 – c; 7 – c; 8 –c; 9 – c; 10 – d 5.7 SUGGESTED READINGS Reference Books:  Aarts, Bas (2011). Oxford Modern English Grammar. Oxford University Press. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-19-953319-0.  Biber, Douglas; Johansson, Stig; Leech, Geoffrey; Conrad, Susan; Finegan, Edward (1999). Longman grammar of spoken and written English. Pearson Education Limited. p. 1203. ISBN 0-582-23725-4.  Carter, Ronald; McCarthy, Michael (2006), Cambridge Grammar of English: A Comprehensive Guide, Cambridge University Press, p. 984, ISBN 0-521-67439-5 A CD-Rom version is included.  Celce-Murcia, Marianne; Larsen-Freeman, Diane (1999). The Grammar Book: An ESL/EFL teacher's course, 2nd ed. Heinle & Heinle. p. 854. ISBN 0-8384-4725-2.

 Greenbaum, Sidney (1990). A Student's Grammar of the English Language. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. p. 496. ISBN 0-582-05971-2.  Kolln, Martha J.; Funk, Robert W. (2008). Understanding English Grammar (8th ed.). Longman. p. 453. ISBN 978-0-205-62690-8.  Strang, Barbara M. H. (1968) Modern English structure (2nd ed.) London: Arnold.  Whitney, William Dwight, (1877) Essentials of English Grammar, Boston: Ginn & Heath.

UNIT - 6: VOICE, SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES. Structure 6.0 Learning Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Voice 6.2.1 Active Voice 6.2.2 Passive Voice 6.2.3 Change of Voice 6.3 Sentences 6.3.1 Simple Sentences 6.3.2 Compound Sentences 6.3.3 Complex Sentences 6.4 Summary 6.5 Keywords 6.6 Learning Activity 6.7 Unit End Questions 6.8 Suggested Readings 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After completion of this unit, the student will be able to:  Apprehend the meaning of verb and its properties  Explain the basics of Voice  Learn the conversion of active voice into passive voice and vice versa  Apprehend the basics of Sentences  Learn the difference between types of sentences 6.1 INTRODUCTION A verb is an action or doing word which expresses what is the action, an occurrence or the state of existence. It must be kept in mind that no sentence can ever be complete without the usage of a verb. It is the verb which has a pivotal role in sentence formation. A verb can take varied forms from being the focal part of sentence to being a facilitator in a sentence. The word “verb” is derived from the Latin language word – ‘verbum’, which literally means ‘word’. It is a part of speech – the most essential one.

To understand the usage of verbs, let us read a few examples:  When the verb expresses an action: Mitansh is training in a Cricket Academy.  When the verb expresses an occurrence: Mitansh has become a professional cricketer.  When the verb expresses the state of existence: Mitansh’s Cricket Academy has existed at the same location since last 50 years. In all these examples, we understand that it is the verb, which binds subject and predicate of respective sentence together. Therefore, verb can take the form of action verb, linking verb or helping (also, known as auxiliary) verb. Thus, verbs can be divided into three key categories: i) Action verbs, which express an action, in either physical or mental form.  Meera cooked dinner. Here, the verb ‘cook’ depicts a physical action.  Meera imagines that she is baking pizza for dinner. Here, the verb ‘imagine’ depicts a mental action.  Manish is wearing new shirt. Here, the verb ‘wear’ depicts a physical action.  Manish wishes to buy a new shirt. Here, the verb ‘wish’ depicts a mental action.

Further, it must be noted that action verbs can be either transitive or intransitive. a. A transitive verb is the verb which is followed by a direct object. It is the verb where something or someone is acted upon to complete the sentence.  Rahul painted a new canvas. Here, the verb ‘paint’ is followed by an object.  Sarika is baking a cake. Here, the verb ‘bake’ requires an object to complete the sentence. b. An intransitive verb is the verb which is NOT followed by a direct object. It is the verb which does not have an object, but may be followed by another part of speech, like an adjective, adverb, preposition, etc.  Rahul slept early. Here, the verb ‘sleep’ is followed by an adverb.  Sarika smiled. Here, the verb ‘smile’ does not require an object. ii) Verbs of being, which express the state of existence. The forms of verb ‘to be’ are used, namely, is, are, was, were, has, have, had been, will be, etc.  Tanu is happy. Here, ‘is’ depicts the state of existence.  Tanu will always be my best buddy. Here, ‘will’ depicts the state of existence.  Tanu has been training for a week now. Here, ‘has been’ depicts the state of existence.

 We will be away for a week. Here, ‘will be’ depicts the state of existence. iii) Linking verbs, which express an occurrence and links a subject and object. Few examples of such verbs are: appear, taste, look, feel, look, smell, grow and remain.  Pizza tastes delicious. Here, ‘taste’ is the linking verb.  Dress looked beautiful. Here, ‘look’ is the linking verb. These linking words can also be changed into action verbs.  Rahul tasted the pizza.  Tanu wore the beautiful dress. In both these sentences, the usage of verb has shifted from being a link to depicting an action. Can a word be a ‘verb’ even if it is not an action word? There can be non-actionable verbs as well, which are used for figurative sense. E.g.  The actor broke with tradition by not dancing in any movie till date. Here, the word – broke is being used in a figurative sense. It is not used to express any action, but it still is a verb. Further, the verbs are classified into finite and infinite verbs: i) Finite Verbs: These are the actual verbs which form the root of a sentence. It is the form of a verb, which is performed by or is linked to the subject. It changes its form according to tense and the subject (number or person).  Mitansh went to school.

Here, the subject is Mitansh, who performed the action in the past, which is depicted by the verb ‘went’.  Mitansh plays cricket daily. Here, the verb ‘play’ depicts the action performed on a regular basis.  Mitansh is practicing for an upcoming tournament. Here, the word ‘practice’ depicts continuous action of the subject.  Mitansh is one of the best players of his school cricket team. Here, the verb ‘is’ expresses the subject. ii) Non-finite Verbs: These verbs are not used as verbs in the real sense. They do not act as verbs in the sentence, but as nouns, adjectives, adverbs, etc. They neither change according to the subject nor have any direct relation with the subject. These are also termed as ‘verbals’. The different forms of non-finite verbs are, namely, infinitive, gerund and participle.  Mitansh went abroad to study. Here, the verb is infinitive.  Playing cricket is his only job. Here, the verb is present participle.  Mitansh has a broken bat. Here, the verb is past participle.  Walking is a good habit. Here, the verb is gerund. Let us see if a sentence can comprise of a verb alone.  Run!

 Sit!  Stand! Thus, a verb alone is enough to convey the message and be understood as well. Further, it must be noted that the verb has five key properties, which are briefly explained as under:  VOICE o The voice is a property of verb which indicates the relation between the subject and object of the event. Depending on who is the active participant in that particular event, the voice is classified as the active voice and the passive voice. We will discuss the same in detail in this Unit.  MOOD o The mood (also, referred as the mode) is a property of verb which emphasises the emotion of a sentence. Depending on the manner that particular sentence is narrated, the mood can be classified as indicative mood (usually representing a statement of fact), imperative mood (reflected by bossy verbs or commands), or subjunctive mood (represented by a statement reflecting likelihood or probability). Examples of varied moods are as under: o Indicative Mood  The plane has landed on time.  Has the plane landed? o Imperative Mood  Close the door.  Let us start the lecture. o Subjunctive Mood  If he wins the next game, he will get gold medal.  The teacher advised everyone to study for the test.  TENSE

o Tense is a property of verb which indicates the time when the particular action referred in the sentence takes place or the particular state of being appears. The tense is considered relative to the current moment of time. Depending on the occurrence of any action as regards the present moment, tenses are mainly classified as present, past and future, which are further classified to simple past, simple present and simple future; past perfect, present perfect and future perfect; past progressive or continuous, present progressive or continuous, and future progressive or continuous; and past perfect progressive, present perfect progressive and future perfect progressive. In total, there are 12 basic tenses in the English language. Using a particular verb, we can understand the difference with the following examples: i) Simple present tense: Veda dances every day. ii) Present progressive: Veda is dancing right now. iii) Simple past: Veda danced last night. iv) Past progressive: Veda was dancing when her mother came. v) Simple future: Veda will dance tomorrow. vi) Future progressive: Veda will be dancing when you arrive. vii) Present perfect: Veda has danced her first recital. viii) Present perfect progressive: Veda has been dancing for 2 hours. ix) Past perfect: Veda had danced on 2 songs before she started the 3rd song. x) Past perfect progressive: Veda had been dancing for 2 hours before the guests arrived.

xi) Future perfect: Veda will have danced on 2 songs before she dances on the last one. xii) Future perfect progressive: Veda will have been dancing for 1 hour by the time the chief guest will arrive at the function. Tenses can be a difficult terrain to conquer and are quite tricky. In fact, the wrong usage of verbs can makes the sentences difficult to comprehend. It is not easy for a new learner to even choose the correct form of verb for expressing the correct tense. Let us look at few common mistakes of tenses:  Using variable Verb Forms While writing a story is important that only a particular verb form is used. Usage of variable verb form will be confusing for the readers. Even if you are writing a short story, it is a good idea to use only one verb form throughout the story. E.g. Mitansh is a young boy. He loves to play cricket. He plays for his school cricket team. OR Mitansh was a young boy. He loved to play cricket. He plays for his school cricket time. Here, the 2nd option has mixed verbs and is an incorrect way to express the message for readers. Thus, it is easiest to stick to one narration style while expressing a long message or story for the readers. Ideally, the present tense creates a connection with the readers, and gives the impression of living in the present moment of the story. On the other hand, with the use of past tense, the readers feel that they are reading about the event which has already occurred.  Confusing the present and past tenses The tenses – past or present have some menacing labels: simple tense, perfect tense, continuous tense and perfect continuous tense. These are all a tad confusing. Let’s examine with examples:  Simple Present Tense My friend lives there.

 Present Perfect Tense My friend has lived there.  Present Continuous Tense My friend is living there.  Present Perfect Continuous Tense My friend has been living there. So, the difference between simple present tense and present continuous tense – one depicts a matter of fact and the other one depicts the continuity of that fact.  Past Tense I ate a whole pizza.  Past Perfect Tense I had eaten a whole pizza.  Past Continuous Tense I was eating a whole pizza.  Past Perfect Continuous Tense I had been eating a whole pizza. Similar to the present tense, here also, the continuous tense depicts continuity of that particular action. In case of past tense, the continuity of action or occurrence of the event can be very confusing. The reader will not be able to ascertain the exact meaning whether the action has really ended or not since it is in past tense, but also has the element of continuity. To be able to reflect the action which was completed in the past and is not going on, it is better to use past perfect tense. It would help the reader to be clear as to when the event really occurred.  Altering the Future Tense We have earlier mentioned that if you are using a particular tense, then it is better to stick to the same for the whole conversation or write-up. However, that is not always true in case of future tense. E.g.

 I will pay you in full when your painting will be complete. In this sentence, the tense seems uniform. Both the clauses of the sentence use future tense. However, it does not convey the correct message.  I will pay you in full when your painting is complete. Thus, when the verb in the main clause is expressed in the future tense, the verb in the dependent clause should be in the present tense to add certainty to the sentence.  PERSON o Person is a property of verb which indicates the subject nature of the person narrating the sentence. It is classified into first person (represented by I or We), second person (represented by You), or the third person (represented by He, She, It or They).  When the subject is in the first person in a sentence, the verb must also be used in the form according to the first person. E.g. I cook. We danced. I am baking. We are going to the market. I will read a book.  When the subject is in second person, the verb must also be in second person. E.g. You cook. You (all) danced. You are baking. You are going to the market.  When the subject is in third person, the verb must also be in the third person. E.g. He cooked a meal. She danced. It was a hot Sunday. They go to the market together. He goes to the market.

 NUMBER o Number is a property of verb which indicates the singularity or plurality of the subject. If the subject of the verb is singular, accordingly the verb must also be singular. E.g. He reads. She writes. If the subject of the verb is plural, the verb must be plural. E.g. They read. We write. In this unit, we are taking a detailed look at the voice. 6.2 VOICE As discussed, the voice is a property of verb which indicates the relation between the subject and object of the event dependent on the participation. The voice of a verb depicts the relationship between the do-er and the target. It helps to understand the connection of the action which is expressed by the verb and the participants (including both/or any subject and object). When the subject is do-er of the action indicated by the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. On the other hand, when the subject is the target or undergoing the action expressed by the verb, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. It is easier to understand the afore-said with an example:  Mitansh ate the whole pizza. Here, ‘Mitansh’ is the subject and is doing the action of ‘eating’ (which is an active verb). This is active voice.

 The whole pizza was eaten by Mitansh. With the change in voice, this sentence is now in passive voice. Here, ‘the whole pizza’ is the subject and the subject is being the target of verb i.e. being eaten. In order to change the voice of a sentence from an active voice to the passive one, the subject and the object of the sentence must switch their roles and with this switch, the form of verb is altered. The subject is the action doe-er in case of active voice. Whereas, the subject gets demoted to being the target of the verb in case of passive voice. In the example above, the pizza acts as the direct object in the active voice, but becomes the subject in case of passive voice of the same sentence. It must be noted that popularly, the voice is either active or passive. However, the voice can also be middle voice. It happens in the case when the subject does as well as is the target of the action expressed by the verb. Historically, in the Ancient Greek grammar, the term ‘voice’ was known as διάθεσις - “diáthesis\" or “diathesis”. It means ‘arrangement’ and is classified in to three sub-categories:  active (ἐνέργεια [enérgeia])  passive (πάθος [páthos])  middle (μεσότης [mesótēs]). However, in the Latin grammar, only two voices were identified:  active (Latin: activum)  passive (Latin: passivum)

In English grammar, the middle voice does exist, but is not used on a very regular basis. This middle voice is different from both the active and passive voices. Various other languages such as Albanian, Bengali, Tamil and Sanskrit have a middle voice. The middle voice is indicated by the verb, which behaves dually, wherein it not only performs an action, but is also affected by the action of that verb. The middle voice is also expressed by a verb which may not have any other equivalent active verb form. Let us understand the difference using an example:  Mitansh kicked the ball. (Active Voice)  The ball was kicked by Mitansh. (Passive Voice)  The ball was kicked. (Middle Voice) It must be noted that the middle voice for conversation is not a norm, but may be a blend of both the voices – active as well as passive. The middle voice appears in those instances when the subject both performs and receives the action, which is expressed by the verb in that sentence. Here, the subject acts as the do-er and the receiver of the action. For example:  He injured himself playing cricket. Here, he is the do-er as well as the receiver of the action.  The dog is licking itself. Here, the dog is the do-er as well as the receiver of the action. In such sentences, the structure of sentence is same as that of the active voice – subject + verb. However, the subject does not have any other object, but the subject is also the receiver of that particular action. Therefore, the middle voice is truly a blend of the active and passive voices. Owing to the similarity between the verb forms and structure of sentences, it is difficult to differentiate between the two voices. Let us look at the same:  Some crocodiles have attempted to eat inedible things.

Here, the sentence is in active voice.  Some crocodiles have attempted to eat themselves. Here, the sentence is in middle voice.  The boy accidentally hit his nose. Here, the sentence is in active voice.  The boy accidentally hit himself in the nose. Here, the sentence is in middle voice. How to identify the middle voice? In order to distinguish the middle voice from the active voice, the easiest step is to ascertain if the verb is followed by a reflexive pronoun or an intransitive verb. Let us understand the voice when the direct object is a reflexive pronoun Since the doe-er is the receiver of the action in case of the middle voice, it can be easily ascertained by introducing a reflexive pronoun after the verb. The reflexive pronoun depicts that the do-er is directly linked to the object and is acting upon itself. For example:  The boy hurt himself by bursting cracker in his hands. Here, himself is a reflexive pronoun which refers to the kid.  Small kids tend to hurt themselves when playing with elder kids. Here, themselves is a reflexive pronoun which refers to small kids. In the absence of reflexive pronoun, in these afore-mentioned sentences, the meaning of sentence will become unclear. For example:  The boy hurt by bursting crackers in his hands. Here, it is unclear as to who got hurt.  Small kids tend to hurt when playing with elder kids.

Here, in the absence of reflexive pronoun, it is unclear as to who is getting hurt. Now, instead of a reflexive pronoun, if the same do-er (subject) is repeated in the sentence, the meaning of the sentence will completely change:  The boy hurt the boy by bursting crackers in his hands. Here, the 2nd usage of ‘the boy’ may appear to be referring to a different boy.  Small kids tend to hurt small kids when playing with elder kids. Here, the 2nd usage of ‘small kids’ appear to be referring to hurt other small kids. Similarly, if instead of reflexive pronoun, a personal pronoun is used, it will change the meaning expressed by the verb in that sentence:  The boy hurt him by bursting crackers in his hands. Here, the 2nd usage of ‘him’ may appear to be referring to a different boy.  Small kids tend to hurt them when playing with elder kids. Here, the 2nd usage of ‘them’ gives rise to the confusion as to how is hurt. However, we can use certain specific verbs for which the reflexive pronouns are implied and can eventually be eliminated. For example:  My brother is shaving himself in his bathroom. Here, the sentence uses the reflexive pronoun – himself.  My brother is shaving in his bathroom. Here, the sentence does not use the reflexive pronoun, but the meaning is still clear.  My mother always stretches herself before starting her workout session. Here, the sentence uses the reflexive pronoun – herself.  My mother always stretches before starting her workout session.

Here, the sentence does not use the reflexive pronoun, but the meaning is clear. Let us understand the voice when the verb is intransitive is in nature and is depicted to act on the agent. Since the intransitive verbs is here used to modify the agent or object, which is also the receiver of the action, the voice become middle voice. Also, the verb does not employ a reflexive pronoun. For example:  My father’s dinner is cooking in the kitchen. Here, cook is an intransitive verb depicting what is being cooked.  This bike does not drive efficiently now. Here, drive is an intransitive verb depicting what is being driven.  Her tea cup broke in half. Here, break is an intransitive verb depicting what is being broken. However, in some instances, active voice may also employ intransitive verb and look similar to the middle voice sentences. For example:  The girl laughed hard when she heard the joke. Here, laugh is an intransitive verb depicting who is laughing.  Someone is screaming in the library. Here, scream is an intransitive verb depicting who is screaming. It becomes easier to ascertain the type of voice – active voice or middle voice, when the form of intransitive verb by changing the sentence into the passive voice. Once the voice of sentence is changed, the intransitive verb will get converted into a transitive verb and the do- er will become the receiver of the action. If the meaning of the sentence remains the same, it is in the middle voice. On the other hand, if the meaning of the sentence changes dramatically, it is in the active voice. For example:  My father’s dinner is cooking in the kitchen. – Original  My father’s dinner is being cooked in the kitchen. – Passive voice

Here, the meaning of both the sentences is similar to each other, thus, the original sentence is in the middle voice. Another example:  The girl laughed hard when she heard the joke. – Original  The girl was laughed hard when she heard the joke. – Passive voice Here, on changing the voice of the sentence, the meaning has completely changed, thus, the original sentence is not in the middle voice, but active voice. 6.2.1 ACTIVE VOICE The active voice is the most regularly used voice in common conversation and also, for writing. It is treated as the standard voice, wherein the subject is the do-er or performer of the verb. The active voice is direct. In the active voice, the subject is easily recognized. In the simple present tense, the active follows a set pattern: the first part of the sentence is a subject, followed by the verb in its first form and consequently, the object of the sentence. Few examples of active voice are as under:  The artist painted a new canvas. Subject: The artist Verb: painted Object: a new canvas  The police is chasing the criminal. Subject: The police Verb: is chasing Object: the criminal  Mitansh baked a chocolate cake. Subject: Mitansh Verb: baked

Object: a chocolate cake Active voice is direct and clearer. It is easy to comprehend – be it in conversation or written form. As a general rule of English, it is the most commonly used voice. 6.2.2 PASSIVE VOICE The passive voice is indirect in nature. It is used to depict the change caused by the verb on the subject (target). The emphasis in passive voice is on the target of the verb and focusses on the object. In the narration of passive voice, the do-er does not play the prime part, but is reduced to insignificant function. In passive voice, the auxiliary verb or the helping verb – ‘to be’ is followed by the past participle of the main verb. Thus, the structure of a passive sentence in the simple present tense includes: Object of the active sentence followed by the auxiliary verb ‘is/am/are’ and past participle form of the verb and consequently ‘by’ and subject of the active voice version of the sentence. Let us now convert the active voice sentences (mentioned previously) to passive voice:  A new canvas was painted by the artist. Subject: A new canvas Verb: was painted Object: by the artist  The criminal is being chased by the police. Subject: The criminal Verb: is being chased Object: by the police  A chocolate cake was baked by Mitansh. Subject: A chocolate cake Verb: was baked Object: by Mitansh

How to decide that which voice needs to be used in a conversation or a text? Active voice or Passive Voice. It is pertinent to that the active and passive voice both express the same message, just in a different manner. In terms of when should which voice be used, let us look at the difference between active and passive voices. As a general rule, one should always attempt to use the active voice for talking or writing. The simple reason being that the active voice is clearer and more direct. On the other hand, the passive voice uses more words and is more confusing to convey the same message. This does not indicate that the passive voice is essentially wrong and should never be used. There are many instances when the passive voice is required instead of using the active voice. Let us understand few such instances wherein it becomes necessary to choose passive voice over the active voice:  When one wants to highlight the recipient of the action and not the do-er of the action o The long-jump record was finally shattered over the weekend.  When one wants to highlight the action itself o The suspect was interrogated for more than 24 hours by the CBI.  When one is not aware of the do-er or perform-er of the action o My phone was stolen in the super market.  When the doer of the action is irrelevant or insignificant

o The Covid Vaccine has been approved for inoculation in the Maharashtra state. Apart from these examples, there may be instances when the message to be conveyed by writing needs stress on a particular occurrence, it is advisable to use passive voice in such cases.  The negotiations were conducted by two officers who had no relationship with the company. (Passive voice) o Two officers who had no relationship with the company conducted the negotiations. (active voice) o Two officers, neither of whom had a relationship with the company, conducted the negotiations. (Active voice) In this case, since the focus is on the negotiations and how these negotiations were conducted, the passive voice is a better choice to convey the message, although it is not wrong to use the active voice. An example to further clarify is as under:  The Rebel party won the bye-election. (active voice)  The bye-election was won by the Rebel party. (passive voice) In case of the active voice, the meaning conveyed by the sentence is clear, brief and direct. On the hand, in case of the passive voice (or the second sentence), the sentence is longer and keeps important information till the end. Another reason for using passive voice is when writing in academic or scientific context. The author or researcher may prefer the passive voice since the focus should remain on the

subject matter or research instead of the author or researcher. Also, when the author is looking for options to create a different style of writing and make it more interesting for the reader, passive voice may be used. Therefore, the passive voice will be more useful only in such scenarios where the stress is NOT on the subject of the sentence. Hence, the rule still holds true that passive voice should only be used occasionally. While changing from active voice to passive voice, past tense plays an important role. It is pertinent to note if just the tense of the verb is changed, then the voice will not be changed. For example:  The woman drives the blue car.  The woman drove the blue car. (past tense) Now, in order to convert it to passive voice, a helping verb (“to be”) is required along with the past participle of the action verb.  The blue car was driven by the woman. (passive voice) There are instances when the passive voice sentences are written in the past tense. Examples:  The toys were played by all kids.  I was given a car by my father.  They were told to assemble outside. A common mistake is to assume in ascertaining the voice of a sentence is often noticed in the passive voice when the verb “to be” is present in any of its form. It becomes important to

check the verb and its impact in the sentence. Let us look at few more common errors done in passive voice: The most common mistake is that one does not check whether the passive form is correct or not. We tend to miss the following points:  Not adding -ed to the verb when it is regular.  Using an incorrect past participle when the verb is irregular.  Using a wrong form of the verb or not using the verb.  Not using the correct form of the verb when the subject of the sentence changes its number (singular/ plural). Let us look at these sentences and ascertain whether the passive has been formed correctly.  The readings have not always been use in the manner they had expected. No, this sentence is incorrect since the verb – use is missing – ed. The correct sentence will be:  The readings have not always been used in the manner they had expected.  The ice cream was buy by Mitansh. No, this sentence is incorrect since the wrong form of verb – buy is used. The correct sentence will be:  The ice cream was bought by Mitansh.  I is being taught how to speak French by Dev. No, this sentence is incorrect since the wrong form of verb – to be is used. The correct sentence will be:  I am being taught how to speak French by Dev. Another common mistake is to usage of the passive voice when there is only one participant in the sentence, and also, when the verb is intransitive.

Example: Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In this sentence, there is only one participant or subject described – photosynthesis, thus, the verb is intransitive. If the sentence is changed to - ‘Photosynthesis is occurred in two stages.’, it is incorrect, since an intransitive sentence cannot be converted into passive voice. It is pertinent to note that there are few verbs in the English language, which typically use only one participant, and therefore, cannot be used in the passive form. Examples:  Existence: appear, die, exist, happen, occur, remain, vanish  Bodily functions: bleed, ache, smile, shiver  Human noises: cough, cry, laugh, speak, sigh  Light and smell: glow, gleam, vibrate, stink  Position and movement: arrive, depart, pause, come, go, stand, sit, wait, work Now, determine if these sentences can be made passive:  The flight had departed early.  My father was coughing last night.  Mitansh shivered in fear.  Sarika’s pet, Snowie has died.  The baby was crying.  Meera is laughing hysterically.  He donated his pet rabbit to the laboratory. Only the last sentence can be changed to passive voice. Rest all the other sentences have only 1 participant, so cannot change the voice.

 His pet rabbit was donated to the laboratory (by him). Another common mistake is when the actor of the sentence is confused with the other participant (s) in the sentence.  Ethnic Indian women are experienced discrimination in many aspects of their lives. Here, the verb in the sentence is in the passive form – are experienced. Therefore, the participant must be the subject of the verb. Thus, the correct form of this sentence will be:  Discrimination is experienced by ethnic Indian women in many aspects of their lives. Here, the word – discrimination is used as the subject of the sentence.  Ethnic Indian women experience discrimination in many aspects of their lives. Here, the Ethnic Indian women is used as the subject of the sentence. Another mistake occurs when the passive voice does not effectively establishes the topic or focus of the information. For example:  Many researchers have studied the poetry writing style of Kamala Das. These researchers have focused their studies towards her poetry writing style as confessional poetry. They have examined her poetry style from many perspectives, including the structural, social and cultural impacts on her poetry.  The poetry writing style of Kamal Das has been studied by many researchers. Most of these studies have been focused towards her poetry writing style as confessional poetry. The structural, social and cultural impacts on her poetry are among the perspectives that have been examined. Can you determine the difference between these two writings? In the first one, the writer has focused on the researchers and used the same as topic of discussion. Their research on the poetry writing style of Kamala Das takes a back seat. On the other hand, in the second version, the writer has focused on the poetry writing style of Kamala Das. It is the researcher, which is a secondary actor in this writing.

Thus, with the change in voice, the focus of information can shift. 6.2.3 CHANGE OF VOICE In order to change the voice from active to passive, the subject is switched with the object and the verb changes its form. Depending on the type of sentence, few variations are required in the rules of conversion. In case, the active sentence is a simple sentence, for conversion into passive voice, the subject and object are switched along with the use of helping verb – ‘by’ and change in verb form to past tense. Let us understand the simple conversion with a few examples:  I drew a doodle. (Active voice) o A doodle was drawn by me. (Passive voice)  He loves you. (Active voice) o You are loved by him. (Passive voice)  Monkeys ate a dozen of bananas. (Active voice) o A dozen of bananas was eaten by monkeys. (Passive voice) Let us analyze how the verb is changed in a specific tense to change its voice from active to passive: (a common verb – keep is being used in the examples below to ensure understanding of this change) i) Simple present tense Verb in active voice: keep Verb in passive voice: is kept

Examples: I keep the money in the bag. (Active voice) The money is kept in the bag. (Passive voice) ii) Present continuous tense Verb in active voice: is keeping Verb in passive voice: is being kept Examples: Mummy is keeping my room tidy. (Active voice) My room is being kept tidy. (Passive voice) iii) Simple past tense Verb in active voice: kept Verb in passive voice: was kept Examples: Mitansh kept his stuff carelessly. (Active voice) Mitansh's stuff was kept carelessly. (Passive voice) iv) Past continuous tense Verb in active voice: was keeping Verb in passive voice: was being kept Examples:

Your friend was keeping a place for you. (Active voice) A place was being kept for you by your friend. (Passive voice) v) Present perfect tense Verb in active voice: have kept Verb in passive voice: have been kept Examples: I have kept all your old toys. (Active voice) All your old toys have been kept by me. (Passive voice) vi) Past perfect tense Verb in active voice: had kept Verb in passive voice: had been kept Examples: She had kept up her training regimen for a year. (Active voice) Her training regimen had been kept up for a month. (Passive voice) vii) Simple Future tense Verb in active voice: will keep Verb in passive voice: will be kept Examples: Mitansh will keep the car. (Active voice)

The car will be kept by Mitansh. (Passive voice) viii) Conditional Present Verb in active voice: would keep Verb in passive voice: would be kept Examples: If you told me, I would keep your skeleton in the cupboard. (Active voice) If you told me, your skeleton in the cupboard would be kept. (Passive voice) ix) Conditional Past Verb in active voice: would have kept Verb in passive voice: would have been kept Examples: I would have kept your car here if you had left it with me. (Active voice) Your car would have been kept here if you had left it with me. (Passive voice) x) Present Infinitive Verb in active voice: to keep Verb in passive voice: to be kept Examples: Mitansh wants to keep the toy. (Active voice) The toy wants to be kept. (Passive voice)

xi) Perfect Infinitive Verb in active voice: to have kept Verb in passive voice: to have been kept Examples: Harseeka was delighted to have kept the cat. (Active voice) The cat was delighted to have been kept by Harseeka. (Passive voice) xii) Present Participle & Gerund Verb in active voice: keeping Verb in passive voice: being kept Examples: I have a feeling that you may be keeping a secret. (Active voice) I have a feeling that a secret may be being kept. (Passive voice) xiii) Perfect Participle Verb in active voice: having kept Verb in passive voice: having been kept Examples: Having kept the parrot in a cage for so long, Mitansh was not sure it could survive in the jungle. (Active voice)

The parrot, having been kept in a cage for so long, might not survive in the jungle. (Passive voice) In case, the active sentence is a negative sentence, for conversion into passive voice, a corresponding negative word may be used. Let us look at few examples:  I do not write books. (Active voice) o Books are not written by me. (Passive voice)  She does not love him. (Active voice) o He is not loved by her. (Passive voice)  Mitansh did not bake any cookies. (Active voice) o No cookies were baked by Mitansh. (Passive voice) In case, the active sentence is a question sentence, for conversion into passive voice, a corresponding interrogative helping verb may be used with the past participle form of the verb. Let us look at few examples:  Do you write a book? (Active voice) o Is a book written by you? (Passive voice)  Who does not love you? (Active voice) o By whom are you not loved? (Passive voice)  Which medicine do you take? (Active voice) o Which medicine is taken by you? (Passive voice) Let us know look at those sentences which do not have an object in the active voice. Can the same be changed to passive voice?  The sleepy dog sat.  Mitansh reads.

 The Sun shines.  Horses gallop.  The flower smells sweet.  She laughed out loud. None of these sentences have object, which can be switched with the subject for conversion in the passive version. Therefore, these afore-mentioned sentences cannot change voice. Similarly, few tenses cannot be changed into passive voice since there is no corresponding verb for changing the voice. These tenses are namely:  Present perfect continuous tense  Past perfect continuous tense  Future continuous tense  Future perfect continuous tense Using the same rules, the passive sentences can be converted back to active voice. 6.3 SENTENCES A sentence is defined as a group of words, which comprises of a verb, subject and an object. It conveys the thought of speaker and can be in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation. A sentence must always start with a capital letter and depending on the form of sentence, the punctuation mark at the end may vary from a full stop to a question mark to an exclamation mark. The same can be clarified with the following examples:  Mitansh is a tall boy. (statement)  Is Mitansh a tall boy? (question)  What a tall boy! (exclamation)

For a sentence to be able to clearly convey the thought, it requires at least one subject and one verb. The object may or may not be present. In few cases, it is even possible that the subject of a sentence is also hidden. However, a verb must always be present in the sentence. Verb is the most crucial part of the sentence. Examples of such sentences:  Do it.  Enter at your own risk.  Discuss the answers. In other words, a complete English sentence must have three essential features: First and foremost, the sentence must convey a proper meaning and not just some part of it. Secondly, the sentence must begin with a capital letter and end with an appropriate punctuation mark. Lastly, the sentence must comprise of a subject and a verb. Let us analyse these rules:  he loves chocolates. – Incorrect – 1st word not in capitals  He loves chocolates. – Correct  He loves chocolates? – Incorrect – Wrong punctuation mark  He loves chocolates. – Correct  Mitansh he loves chocolates. – Incorrect – Subject not to be used twice.  Mitansh loves chocolates. – Correct  Mitansh loves hates chocolates. – Incorrect – Two different verbs cannot be used.  Mitansh loves chocolates. – Correct Therefore, keep in mind that a correct sentence comprises of a subject, verb and an object in this set order. Let us examine few common mistakes which occur in formation of sentences:

i) A Run-on Sentence or A Comma Splice A run-on sentence refers to that a sentence which does not join two independent clauses correctly. It does not use either a proper punctuation mark or a conjunction. On the other hand, a comma splice, which is similar to a run-on sentence, uses a comma to join two independent clauses. It does not use an appropriate conjunction. Let us examine with few examples:  Tanu is very smart, she began reading when she was merely two years old. This sentence is incorrect. Solution 1:  Tanu is very smart. She began reading when she was merely two years old. Here, the independent clauses have been transformed to two separate sentences. Solution 2:  Tanu is very smart; she began reading when she was merely two years old. Here, the comma has been replaced with a semicolon to link the independent clauses. Solution 3:  Tanu is very smart for she began reading when she was merely two years old. Here, the comma has been replaced with a coordinating conjunction. Solution 4:  Tanu is very smart because she began reading when she was merely two years old. Here, the comma has been replaced with a subordinating conjunction. Solution 5:  Tanu is very smart; as a result, she began reading when she was merely two years old. Here, the comma has been replaced with a semicolon and transitional word or phrase. ii) Pronoun error

One of the most mistakes in a sentence are related to pronouns. On choosing the correct pronoun in replacing the noun, it is important to keep in mind the gender and number of noun. If the noun is male or female, accordingly the pronoun of same gender should be used.. If case the noun is singular, the pronoun must be singular and in case the noun is plural, the pronoun must also be plural. Example:  Every girl must bring their own make-up. – Incorrect  Every girl must bring her own make-up. – Correct  Mitansh loves to draw. She is a good artist. – Incorrect  Mitansh loves to draw. He is a good artist. – Correct  My parents have got vaccinated with his first dose of Covishield. – Incorrect  My parents have got vaccinated with their first dose of Covishield. – Correct iii) Mistake in usage of Apostrophe Apostrophes are used to express possession. However, it is pertinent to note that apostrophe is not used after a possessive pronoun, namely, my, mine, our, ours, his, hers, its, their, or theirs. Example:  My sisters car is parked next to his' car. - Incorrect  My sister’s car is parked next to his car. – Correct  Those are our’s vineyards. – Incorrect  Those are our vineyards. – Correct iv) Confusion over number (singular/ plural) The subject as well as verb used in a sentence must follow the same number – singular or plural. i.e. If the subject is singular, the verb should also be used in singular form. If the subject is plural, the verb should also be used in plural form. Example:

 These recipes is good for amateur chefs. – Incorrect  These recipes are good for amateur chefs. – Correct  Mitansh are going to the market alone to buy groceries – Incorrect  Mitansh is going to the market alone to buy groceries – Correct v) Inappropriate Modifiers A modifier should ideally be placed directly next to the word it has to modify in a sentence so that the correct meaning of sentence is expressed. Also, the modifier must refer to a particular word in a sentence. If the modifiers is not placed correctly in sentence, it can create confusion in conveying the correct meaning of the sentence. Please note that modifiers can also be the adjectives and adverbs of the sentence. Example:  At eighteen years old, my father bought me a car for birthday. – Incorrect  When I was eighteen years old, my father bought me a car for birthday. – Incorrect  Mitansh baked a cake yesterday of chocolate. – Incorrect  Mitansh baked a chocolate cake yesterday. – Correct vi) Sentence Sections A sentence comprises of a subject and a verb. However, a dependent clause may be added to this sentence to convey a message. If this clause is not correctly linked with the a section of the sentence, then the proper meaning may not be expressed. Example:  Sarika stayed home from office the other day. Because she was sick. – Incorrect  Sarika stayed home from office the other day because she was sick. – Correct  The teacher advised. We study hard. – Incorrect  The teacher advised that we study hard. – Correct

vii) Wrong punctuation in a Compound Sentence In a compound sentence, two complete and related ideas are linked with a conjunction and connected with a punctuation mark, usually, the comma. Example:  Dev went to the market and Veda went with him. – Incorrect  Dev went to the market, and Veda went with him. – Correct  Mitansh read the book but Meera painted a new canvas. – Incorrect  Mitansh read the book, but Meera painted a new canvas. – Correct viii) No clarity of antecedent An antecedent refers to a word which precedes a pronoun and gives clarity to the reader regarding the meaning of that pronoun. Example:  The boy found the pet, and he was happy. – Incorrect  The boy was happy when he found his pet. – Incorrect  Our neighbors are very loud and helpful, and we still really like. – Incorrect  Our neighbors are very loud and helpful, but we still really like them. – Correct ix) Ending with a Preposition Ideally, a sentence should not end with a preposition. A preposition indicates the position of a particular subject or object, so another word usually follows a preposition. Example:  What reason did she come here for? – Incorrect

 For what reason did she come here? – Correct  He is a person I cannot cope with. – Incorrect  He is a person with whom I cannot cope. – Correct x) Wrong spellings Similar sounding words may mean different if they are spelled differently. We must be careful when using such words. Few such confusing words are:  “To” or “two” or “too”  “Weather” or “whether”  “There” or “their”  “Affect” or “effect”  “Except” or “accept”  “Further” or “farther” Example:  Their father went to office there. – Incorrect  Their father went to office there. – Incorrect  I went too the market two buy to dresses since I have too attend the party to. – Incorrect  I went to the market to buy two dresses since I have to attend the party too. – Correct  Mitansh excepted their proposal to work for them. – Incorrect  Mitansh accepted their proposal to work for them. – Correct xi) Unnecessary punctuation marks

Appropriate punctuation marks should be used at the correct places in the sentence. If the punctuation marks are too less or too much, the meaning of the sentence may not be properly conveyed to the reader. Example:  There were a lot of attendees: Mitansh; Dev; Veda; Sarika; Rahul; Tanu; - Incorrect  There were a lot of attendees: Mitansh, Dev, Veda, Sarika, Rahul and Tanu. – Correct  Meera had a head ache, because she slept too late; last night. – Incorrect  Meera had a head ache because she slept too late last night. – Correct xii) Incorrect Capitalization It is important to use the correct capitalization of the words in a sentence. General rule: the first words of the sentence should be capital along with all proper nouns. Example:  around the world in 80 days – Incorrect  Around the World in 80 days. – Correct  My uncle visited mumbai, in maharashtra, jaipur, in rajasthan; and ahmedabad, in gujarat. – Incorrect  My uncle visited Mumbai, in Maharashtra; Jaipur, in Rajasthan; and Ahmedabad, in Gujarat. – Incorrect 6.3.1 SIMPLE SENTENCES A simple sentence, as the name suggests, is the most elementary type of sentence. It comprises of the basic elements of a sentence alone. It contains a subject and a single verb. It is independent in nature. Examples:

 The school bus was late. Subject – School bus Verb – Was  Mitansh walked to his school. Subject – Mitansh Verb – Walked  Dev and Ved rode their cycles to the school. Subject (compound) – Dev and Ved Verb – Rode The simple sentences can be extended with few simple words or even phrases and will still be termed as simple sentences.  The school bus was again late today.  Mitansh again walked to school today.  Dev and Ved together rode their cycles to the school again today. Since these sentences still convey an independent thought, these are simple sentences. 6.3.2 COUMPOND SENTENCES A compound sentence contains more than one independent clause in comparison to a simple sentence. In addition to the main subject and verb, which are independent in nature, the compound sentence also contains a dependent or an independent clause. These dependent and/or independent clauses are connected to each other with the help of conjunctions, punctuations, or both together. Conjunctions are basically the words used to connect two or more clauses or sentences, e.g., for, and, or, but, yet, so, etc.

Please note that an independent clause is sentence on its own. It may or may not require the help of the dependent clause to complete its meaning. On the other hand, a dependent clause refers to a group of words containing a subject and verb, but it does not convey the full message to the listener or reader. A dependent clause cannot be considered a sentence on its own. It requires either an independent clause or a dependent clause to comprehend its full meaning. Examples:  The school bus was again late today yet the kids managed to attend the first lecture. 1st independent clause – The school bus was again late today 2nd independent clause – The kids managed to attend the first lecture Conjunction – Yet  Mitansh again walked to school today since the school bus was late. 1st independent clause – Mitansh again walked to school today 2nd independent clause – the school bus was late Conjunction – Since  Dev and Ved together rode their cycles to the school so that they both could enjoy the weather. 1st independent clause – Dev and Ved together rode their cycles to the school 2nd independent clause – they both could enjoy the weather Conjunction – So that Often, the independent clause begins with a dependent marker to add a dependent clause. For example: When the school bus was late, Mitansh started walking to school. Here, ‘when’ is a dependent marker word.

Let us understand how we can connect dependent and independent clauses. Using subordinating conjunctions, we can create complex sentences, which have both an independent clause as well as a dependent clause. Few examples of subordinating conjunctions are: After, As, Before, Once, Since, Until and While. Please note that any of these clauses (dependent or independent) can come in any order. It is not necessary for dependent clause to be first or the way round. For example: The children acted differently whenever the chef cooked a new dish. Whenever the chef cooked a new dish, the children acted differently. Let us understand how we can connect independent clauses: At the beginning of an independent clause, one can apply either coordinating conjunctions or independent marker words to connect the clauses. 1. Coordinating Conjunction There are 7 coordinating conjunctions which may be used as connecting words at the start of an independent clause, namely: And, But, For, Or, Nor, So and Yet. Further, in a sentence where the second independent clause begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is required before that conjunction. For example: Mitansh studied in the car for his science quiz, but it was difficult to concentrate because of the traffic. 2. Independent Marker Word It is like a connecting word, which is used at the start of an independent clause. Few examples of independent marker word are Also, Consequently, Furthermore, However,

Moreover, Nevertheless and Therefore. The usage of an independent marker word requires a semicolon. For example: Mitansh studied in the car for his science quiz; however, it was difficult to concentrate because of the traffic. It must be note that excess use of conjunctions in connecting multiple clauses in a single sentence can result in conveying wrong meaning to the reader. The conjunction must always be used in accordance with the relation between the two or more clauses of the sentence. Further, conjunction should not be repeated. The following examples of compound sentences will help us understand it better:  Though she is young, still she dreams big. – Incorrect o Though she is young, she dreams big. – Correct  As the box is big, so it cannot fit inside the cupboard. – Incorrect o As the box is big, it cannot fit inside the cupboard. – Correct  Because they did not arrive on time therefore we left without them. – Incorrect o Because they did not arrive on time, we left without them. – Correct  Mitansh did not attend the match. Because he was unwell. – Incorrect o Mitansh did not attend the match because he was unwell. – Correct  Neither she calls nor she messages. – Incorrect o She neither calls nor messages. – Correct  Their front door was ajar and there seemed to be nobody at home. o Their front door was ajar but there seemed to be nobody at home. The correct usage of conjunction can only help to convey the proper meaning.

6.3.3 COMPLEX SENTENCES A complex sentence may have more than one dependent clauses, but there must be an independent clause in the sentence. In case of complex sentences, one or more than one conjunction or connecting words may be used. Examples:  The school bus was again late today yet the kids managed to attend the first lecture and appear for their English class test. independent clause – the school bus was again late today dependent clauses – the kids managed to attend the first lecture + appear for their English class test Conjunctions – Yet, And  Mitansh again walked to school today since the school bus was late and his father had already left for his office for an early meeting. independent clause – Mitansh again walked to school today dependent clauses – the school bus was late + his father had already left for his office for an early meeting Conjunction – Since. And  Dev and Ved together rode their cycles to the school because they wished to enjoy the sunny weather yet not be late to school. independent clause – Dev and Ved together rode their cycles to the school dependent clauses – they wished to enjoy the sunny weather + not be late to school Conjunction – Because, Yet It is pertinent to note that in a complex sentence the dependent clause may be similar to an independent clause, but lacks essentials that would make it a complete independent sentence. The dependent clause can only be a part of one complex sentence and cannot be treated as a sentence on its own. Whereas, the independent clause may or may not require the dependent clause to complete its meaning.

Further, in case of a complex sentence, the independent clause may or may not be at the start of the sentence. Even a dependent clause can be used to begin the sentence. After the dependent clauses, the correct punctuation mark (usually comma) should be used. If the subordinating conjunction is employed in the middle or end of the sentence, no comma is required. However, if the subordinating conjunction is used at the start of the sentence, a comma should be added to mark the conclusion of the dependent clause.  Some students skipped attending class today, because the regular teacher was absent – Incorrect  Some students skipped attending class today because the regular teacher was absent – Correct  Since it is hard to resist a chocolate candy some people avoid candy store! – Incorrect  Since it is hard to resist a chocolate candy, some people avoid candy store! – Correct Complex sentences are considered to be more efficient than the compound sentences because a complex sentence provides a clearer picture of the connection between the different clauses of the sentence. 6.4 SUMMARY The voice is a property of verb which indicates the relation between the subject and object of the event dependent on the participation. When the subject is do-er of the action indicated by the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice. On the other hand, when the subject is the target or undergoing the action expressed by the verb, the verb is said to be in the passive voice. In order to change the voice from active to passive, the subject is switched with the object and the verb changes its form. A sentence is defined as a group of words, which comprises of a verb, subject and an object. It conveys the thought of speaker and can be in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation.

Depending on the number of clauses (independent as well as dependent) used in a sentence, it is classified into: simple, compound and complex sentences. 6.5 KEYWORDS  Voice: a form or set of forms of a verb showing the relation of the subject to the action.  Active voice: When the subject is do-er of the action indicated by the verb, the verb is said to be in the active voice.  Passive voice: When the subject is the target or undergoing the action expressed by the verb, the verb is said to be in the passive voice.  Coordinating Conjunctions: When two or more clauses of equal importance are to be connected in a sentence, a coordinating conjunction is used.  Subordinating Conjunction: When a dependent clause is linked to an independent clause to form a sentence, a subordinating conjunction is used. 6.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Write a paragraph with 5 sentences each of active and passive voice. 2. Write a simple sentence. Add dependent clauses to turn it into complex and compound sentences. 6.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What are the characteristics of active voice? 2. What are the characteristics of passive voice? 3. What are the characteristics of simple sentence? 4. What are the characteristics of compound sentence?

5. What are the characteristics of complex sentence? Long Questions 1. Describe the term ‘voice’ with examples. 2. Differentiate between active and passive voice. 3. What are the rules for converting from active to passive voice and vice versa. 4. Describe the term ‘sentences’ with examples 5. Differentiate between different types of sentences with examples. Long Questions 6. Describe the term ‘voice’ with examples. 7. Differentiate between active and passive voice. 8. What are the rules for converting from active to passive voice and vice versa. 9. Describe the term ‘sentences’ with examples 10. Differentiate between different types of sentences with examples. B. Multiple choice Questions 1. The boy laughed at the joker. a. The joker was laughed by the boy. b. The joker was being laughed by the boy. c. The joker was being laughed at by the boy. d. The joker was laughed at by the boy. 2. The kids were playing ludo. a. Ludo had been played by the kids. b. Ludo has been played by the kids.

c. Ludo was played by the kids. d. Ludo was being played by the kids. 3. They drew a hopscotch in the morning. a. A hopscotch was being drawn by them in the morning. b. A hopscotch was drawn by them in the morning. c. In the morning a hopscotch have been drawn by them. d. A hopscotch has been drawing since morning. 4. They will raze the entire building. a. The entire building is being razed. b. The building may be razed entirely. c. The entire building will have to be razed by them. d. The entire building will be razed. 5. He wrote many books. a. Many books was written by him. b. Many books were not written by him. c. Many books had been written by him. d. Many books were written by him. Choose the correct option: 6. Mitansh and Dev have a big argument every holiday over where they should spend their vacation.