CU-BBA-SEM-IV-Sales And Distribution Management-Second Draft

2. Which moral theory does the moral worth of an individual's action depend exclusively on the moral acceptability of the general rule of conduct on which the person is acting? a. Utilitarianism b. Kantianism c. Virtue theory d. All of these 3. Which is NOT an implication of Kant's categorical imperative? a. One must act to treat every person as an end and never as a means only. b. Our moral judgments should rest on reasons that apply to all other persons who are similarly situated. c. Humans cannot morally be treated as research subjects because this treats them as means rather than only as ends. d. I ought never to act except in such a way that I can also will that my maxim become a universal law. 4. Which moral theory highlights claiming as a mode of action that appeals to moral norms that permit persons to demand, affirm, or insist upon what is due them? a. Utilitarianism b. Rights theory c. Virtue theory d. All of these 5. What does a positive right include? a. A right to health b. A right to privacy c. None of these d. A right to health and privacy Answers 251 1-a, 2- b, 3- c, 4-c, 5-d 13.6 REFERENCES References CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Frydrych, D. (2020). Case against theory of rights. Oxford journal of legal studies.  Kieran Setiya (2021). What is morality? Philosophical Studies.  Starks, M. (2020). Suicide by Democracy-an Obituary for America and the World (4th ed).Las Vegas: Reality Press. Textbooks  Renee, J. B. (2019). Moral risk and communication consent. Philosophy and Public Affairs.  Frydrych, D. (2019). What is the will theory of rights? Ratio Juris.  Rumbold, B. (2019). Towards the most particularise view of right’s stringency. Res publica. Websites  https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/trending/rights-and-duties-rights-and-duties-of- man-2014-words-philosophy/10152  https://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-rights-based-ethics.html  https://www.capsim.com/blog/five-ways-shape-ethical-decisions-rights-approach 252 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 14 THE BASICS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE 14.0 Learning Objectives 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Definition of Supply Chain Management 14.3 Evolution of the Concept of Supply Chain Management 14.4 Key Drivers of Supply Chain Management 14.5 Summary 14.6 Keywords 14.7 Learning Activity 14.8 Unit End Questions 14.9 References 14.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Define supply chain management.  Explain the evolution of the concept of supply chain management.  Discuss the key drivers in supply chain management. 14.1 INTRODUCTION Inventory network the executives is the administration of the progression of labour and products and incorporates all cycles that change crude materials into eventual outcomes. It includes the dynamic smoothing out of a business' inventory side exercises to amplify client worth and gain an upper hand in the commercial centre. SCM addresses a work by providers to create and carry out supply chains that are pretty much as productive and affordable as could really be expected. Supply chains cover everything from creation to item advancement to the data frameworks expected to coordinate these endeavours. Supply Chain Management (SCM) 253 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Store network the executives is the administration of the progression of labour and products and incorporates all cycles that change crude materials into eventual outcomes. It includes the dynamic smoothing out of a business' stockpile side exercises to amplify client worth and gain an upper hand in the commercial centre. SCM addresses a work by providers to create and carry out supply chains that are just about as productive and practical as could be expected. Supply chains cover everything from creation to item advancement to the data frameworks expected to coordinate these endeavours. Working of Supply Chain Management Regularly, SCM endeavours to halfway control or connection the creation, shipment, and dispersion of an item. By dealing with the inventory network, organizations can reduce abundance expenses and convey items to the shopper quicker. This is finished by keeping more tight control of inner inventories, inward creation, dissemination, deals, and the inventories of organization merchants. SCM depends on the possibility that essentially every item that comes to advertise results from the endeavours of different associations that make up a store network. Despite the fact that supply chains have existed for a very long time, most organizations have as of late focused on them as a worth add to their activities. In SCM, the store network supervisor facilitates the coordinations of all parts of the inventory network which comprises of five sections:  The plan or technique  The wellspring (of crude materials or administrations)  Manufacturing (zeroed in on usefulness and effectiveness)  Delivery and coordinations  The return framework (for imperfect or undesirable items). The inventory network chief attempts to limit deficiencies and minimize expenses. The work isn't just about coordinations and buying stock. As per Salary.com, store network administrators, \"make proposals to further develop usefulness, quality, and proficiency of activities.\" Enhancements in usefulness and proficiency go directly to the main concern of an organization and have a genuine and enduring effect. Great inventory network the executives keeps organizations out of the features and away from costly reviews and claims. Supply Chains 254 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

A production network is the associated organization of people, associations, assets, exercises, and innovations engaged with the assembling and offer of an item or administration. An inventory network begins with the conveyance of crude materials from a provider to a producer and closures with the conveyance of the completed item or administration to the end buyer. SCM manages each touch point of an organization's item or administration, from introductory creation to the last deal. With such countless spots along the inventory network that can add esteem through efficiencies or lose esteem through expanded costs, appropriate SCM can build incomes, decline expenses, and affect an organization's primary concern. Example of SCM Understanding the significance of SCM to its business, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. set zeroed in exertion on changing its inventory network in 2016. The organization works one of the biggest drug store chains in the United States and needs to productively oversee and modify its inventory network so it remains in front of the changing patterns and keeps on enhancing its main concern. As of July 5, 2016, Walgreens has put resources into the innovation piece of its store network. It executed a forward-looking SCM that integrates important information and utilizations investigation to conjecture client buy conduct, and afterward it works its direction back up the inventory network to fulfil that normal need. For instance, the organization can expect influenza designs, which permit it to precisely conjecture required stock for over-the-counter influenza cures, making a proficient production network with minimal waste. Utilizing this SCM, the organization can lessen overabundance stock and the entirety of the inventories' related expenses, like the expense of warehousing and transportation. 14.2 DEFINITION OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Inventory network the board is the act of organizing the different exercises important to create and convey labour and products to a business' clients. Contingent upon the business being referred to, this could include exercises like checking the assembling of an item, dispatching the item via air, ocean, or land; guaranteeing that it fulfils quality guidelines, and conveying the item to clients. 14.3 EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT The development of store network the executives has been portrayed by an expanding level of mix of discrete undertakings; a pattern underlined during the 1960s as a critical region for 255 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

future usefulness upgrades since the framework was profoundly divided. Albeit the coordinations assignments have remained somewhat comparable, they at first united into two particular capacities identified with materials the executives and actual dispersion during the 1970s and 1980s. This interaction moved further during the 1990s as globalization actuated a useful mix and the development of coordinations from a genuine perspective; every one of the components of the production network turned out to be essential for a solitary administration point of view. Notwithstanding, just with the execution of present day data and correspondence advancements did a more complete combination became conceivable with the rise of production network the executives. It considers the coordinated administration and control of data, money, and merchandise streams and made conceivable another scope of creation and conveyance frameworks. Production network the board has turned into a perplexing arrangement of exercises focusing on esteem catch and intensity. All the more as of late, the developing degree of robotization of supply chains has been a prevailing component of the advancement of both actual dissemination and materials the executives. This digitalization is especially prominent inside conveyance places that have encountered a surprising push towards robotization like stockpiling, materials taking care of, and bundling. Robotization may ultimately prompt computerized conveyance vehicles. Stepwise and as indicated by upgrades in data and correspondence advancements, the two finishes of the sequential construction system became incorporated into the coordinations of the store network: the ideal stockpile of crude materials and parts from outside and the powerful association of circulation and showcasing. High rack stockpiling, which later turned out to be consequently determined, or the inward developments of bundles by level robots were early articulations of calculated designing. At first, coordinations were an action partitioned around the providing, warehousing, creation, and dispersion capacities, a large portion of them being genuinely free. With the new association and the board standards, firms followed a more coordinated methodology, in this manner reacting to the impending interest for adaptability without raising expenses. Simultaneously, many firms made the most of new assembling open doors in creating economies through re-appropriating and offshoring. As creation turned out to be progressively divided, exercises identified with its administration were united. Spatial fracture turned into a result of economies of scale in dissemination. 14.4 KEY DRIVERS OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Store network abilities are directed by the choices you make in regards to the five store network drivers. Every one of these drivers can be created and figured out how to stress responsiveness or productivity relying upon changing business necessities. As you explore how an inventory network functions, you find out about the requests it faces and the abilities 256 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

it should be fruitful. Change the inventory network drivers depending on the situation to get those abilities. The five drivers give a valuable structure to pondering store network capacities. Choices made concerning how every driver works will decide the mix of responsiveness and effectiveness a store network is fit for accomplishing. The five drivers are shown in the chart underneath: Production This driver can be made extremely responsive by building processing plants that have a great deal of abundance limit and utilize adaptable assembling strategies to deliver a wide scope of things. To be significantly more responsive, an organization could do their creation in numerous more modest plants that are near significant gatherings of clients so conveyance times would be more limited. On the off chance that proficiency is alluring, an organization can construct processing plants with next to no overabundance limit and have those production lines upgraded for delivering a restricted scope of things. Further effectiveness can likewise be acquired by incorporating creation in huge focal plants to improve economies of scale, despite the fact that conveyance times may be longer. Inventory Responsiveness can be had by loading undeniable degrees of stock for a wide scope of items. Extra responsiveness can be acquired by loading items at numerous areas in order to have the stock near clients and accessible to them right away. Effectiveness in stock administration would call for decreasing stock levels, all things considered, and particularly of things that don't sell as often as possible. Additionally, economies of scale and cost investment funds can be accomplished by loading stock in a couple of focal areas, for example, territorial conveyance habitats (DCs). Location An area choice that accentuates responsiveness would be one where an organization builds up numerous areas that are near its client base. For instance, cheap food fastens use area to be extremely receptive to their clients by opening up bunches of stores in high volume markets. Proficiency can be accomplished by working from a couple of areas and concentrating exercises in like manner areas. An illustration of this is the way internet business retailers serve huge geological business sectors from a couple of focal areas that play out a wide scope of exercises. Transportation Responsiveness can be accomplished by a transportation mode that is quick and adaptable like trucks and planes. Many organizations that sell items through lists or on the Internet can give significant degrees of responsiveness by utilizing transportation to convey their items 257 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

regularly inside 48 hours or less. FedEx and UPS are two organizations that can give extremely responsive transportation administrations. Also, presently Amazon is extending and working its own transportation administrations in high volume markets to be more receptive to client wants. Proficiency can be stressed by shipping items in bigger clumps and doing it less regularly. The utilization of transportation modes like boat, railroad, and pipelines can be extremely effective. Transportation can likewise be made more proficient in case it is begun out of a focal centre point office or appropriation focus (DC) rather than from many separate branch areas. Information The force of this driver develops further each year as the innovation for gathering and sharing data turns out to be all the wider spread, simpler to utilize, and more affordable. Data, similar as cash, is an exceptionally valuable product since it tends to be applied straightforwardly to improve the exhibition of the other four inventory network drivers. Significant degrees of responsiveness can be accomplished when organizations gather and offer exact and convenient information created by the tasks of the other four drivers. An illustration of this is the stockpile chains that serve the gadgets market; they are probably the most responsive on the planet. Organizations in these stock chains, the makers, merchants, and the enormous retailers all gather and offer information about client interest, creation timetables, and stock levels. This empowers organizations in these stockpile chains to react rapidly to circumstances and new market requests in the high-change and eccentric universe of electronic gadgets (cell phone, sensors, home diversion and computer game gear, and so on). The table beneath sums up how can be dealt with guide the five inventory network drivers toward responsiveness or effectiveness. Organizations and supply chains constantly change their blend of responsiveness and proficiency as circumstances change. 258 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Table 12.1: Supply chain driver As time goes on, the expense of Information keeps on dropping while the expense of the other four drivers keeps on rising. Organizations that utilize data to build their inward proficiency, and increment their responsiveness to outside store network accomplices will acquire the most clients and be the most productive. Challenges in Supply Chain The advanced inventory network should develop to satisfy new needs and store network difficulties, and store network supervisors need to prepare to keep everything streaming without a hitch. A blend of customer assumptions, more courses to advertise, global intricacies and different variables makes huge difficulties all through the inventory network organization.  Increased Costs Throughout the Supply Chain Overall revenues are feeling the squeeze as costs creep up all through the inventory network organization. These costs come from numerous spaces, and an absence of perceivability and responsibility for diminishing them can bring about rising functional costs. Significant supporters of expanded expenses include: Rising cost of fuel to move products by street, ocean or air  Increasing ware costs raising the expense of crude materials  Higher work costs from providers and producers 259 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Complex global coordinations prompting higher charges for capacity, move and the executives of items.  Supply Chain Complexity Due to Multiple Channels to Market Customers purchase items across different channels, and as courses to showcase increment, the fundamental production network should adjust. Inventory network administrators need to foster minor departure from inventory network cycles to address every one of the channels:  Ecommerce sites selling straightforwardly to purchasers require quick last-mile conveyance and neighbourhood coordinations.  Traditional retailers and wholesalers need huge capacity areas near significant metropolitan regions, joined with exact stock control to guarantee item accessibility.  Third-party commercial centres like Amazon require a profound comprehension of satisfaction alternatives and close consistence with their agreements.  Drop dispatching retail requires quick global administrations with the goal that customers get products rapidly. Inventory network supervisors should deal with different stock chains, outsiders and different associations to guarantee a decent end client experience, paying little mind to how they arrange and get items.  Consumer Demands Drive Need for Improved Speed, Quality and Service Shoppers have never had more decision, and each industry is confronting interruption. Each touch point with an end client should be centred on giving superb items and administrations. Quality and speed are becoming as significant as estimating with regards to buying products:  Consumers need retail products quickly and online merchandise inside a couple of days.  Products should meet the quality prerequisites requested by buyers.  Raw materials, merchandise and completed items should meet wellbeing and other consistence guidelines commanded by law, in all nations where they're accessible.  The natural sourcing of merchandise is turning out to be more imperative to morally mindful purchasers. The best items are those that meet buyer necessities of value, accessibility and cost. The basic inventory network is fundamental to addressing those necessities.  Risk in the Supply Chain Creates Pressure 260 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Worldwide intricacy, natural changes, monetary pressing factors and exchange debates all put focus on the store network. This pressing factor can without much of a stretch transform into dangers and issues that snowball all through the organization, causing huge issues:  Suppliers, producers, coordinations, customers and clients are spread across different nations, time regions and mainland’s, requiring cautious coordination and the board.  Adding more strides to the inventory network makes remarkable intricacy for upstream and downstream accomplices.  Lack of perceivability expands the trouble of revealing, business insight and great dynamic.  Regulations, consistence and quality administration requests solid arrangements, agreements and controls with inventory network associations. Store network administrators should foster possibilities and alleviating activity intends to focus on and take out hazards and oversee issues when they happen. The Impact of Supply Chain Volatility Unpredictability and intricacy don't simply make issues at a particular point in the inventory network; rather the effect can swell all through the whole framework. Production network directors should manage these issues immediately before they make delays, excesses, bottlenecks and different issues. Political conditions and protectionism are presenting duties across shipping lanes those outcomes in extra charges, delays and expanded traditions handling time. This implies slower worldwide delivery and the capacity for rivals in various nations to exploit lower duties. Expanding volumes of universally sourced merchandise are driving up port clog. This makes extra pressing factors as boats, trucks and prepares need to hold on to stack, dump and move items. These issues are exacerbated as port specialists and administrators charge associations to store products at the port. A continuous, constant deficiency of long stretch drivers is making significant issues with shipping limit, prompting defers while moving merchandise across nations. The pressing factors on the job of the transporter are making it a less appealing calling, and coordinations suppliers are thinking that it is harder to draw in and hold the correct individuals. These are endemic issues in the store network, and it's practically difficult to determine them on a neighbourhood or hierarchical level. All things considered, store network chiefs need to comprehend the significant issues affecting stockpile chains all throughout the planet and make solid detailing and the board intends to determine issues rapidly. 261 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Quite a bit of this will be down to foreseeing issues before they occur, building powerful agreements and depending on solid relationship the board, coordinated effort and prioritization to limit the effect. Other Demands on the Supply Chain Different regions store network chiefs need to consider incorporate:  Speed to advertise dependent on without a moment to spare assembling – This requires conviction around the area and practicality of crude materials, parts and items.  Demand for items dependent on deals and advertising cycles – Consumer interest for product offerings should be anticipated and distinguished early and arranged into supply and assembling.  Inventory the executives dependent on adjusting accessibility and expenses – Retailers need to push through stock all the more rapidly and not have such a large amount their expense sunk into sluggish items, requiring quicker upstream store network the board.  New items require quick prototyping and improvement – Bringing another item to advertise requests a solid, quick and top-notch store network. Key Players in Global Supply Chain Global stock chains are convoluted. A regular production network could include many advances and handoffs from sourcing materials through transport and assembling to global delivery and last circulation to retailers Albeit each store network is unique, there are a few kinds of associations and regions that are normal to by far most. We'll investigate what they are, their main event and how they fit into sourcing, shipping, fabricating or conveying items. Here are the different strides in a store network and the associations in question.  If a retailer is advertising a particular item and expects there to be significant buyer interest, they advise their interest arranging region.  Sales and activities arranging (S&OP) predicts likely future interest and starts handling orders and deciding fundamental crude material and assembling needs with inventory network the board (SCM).  The orders for crude materials, handling and assembling are shipped off producers.  An assortment of makers gets the crude materials and develops them into the parts required for the end results; they move these parts into multi-purpose steel trailers.  A multi-purpose advertising organization (IMC) gets the holders and utilizations an organization of rail route and trucks to ship the materials to a terminal. 262 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 A non-vessel working normal transporter (NVOCC) or cargo forwarder utilizations a sea transportation supplier to ship the products abroad.  A coordinations specialist co-op (LSP) gets the products at another terminal and burdens them onto trucks rented from a gear supplier.  A transporter/useful freight proprietor (BCO) takes receipt of the products and store them in its stockroom preceding last dispersion to end clients.  The retailer sources things from the stockroom for its stores on a case by case basis to fulfil buyer need. Manufacturer A maker is an association that sources, gives or fabricates fixings, crude materials, parts, completed items or different merchandise. They then, at that point send what they produce to different associations. Makers give products to downstream inventory network associations. Those associations secure or purchase those products from the producer for ahead transport, further assembling, appropriation or deal. A maker will straightforwardly hand off products to a coordinations or transport supplier that will convey them to the getting association. Intermodal Marketing Company (IMC) A multi-purpose promoting organization is a specific sort of coordinations supplier that only handles multi-purpose holders like steel trailers. They stack and dump delivering compartments between boats, trucks and rail lines and may likewise move these multi- purpose holders to downstream production network associations. As particular coordinations organizations, IMCs are possibly engaged with the inventory network when multi-purpose compartments are utilized. This implies stacking and dumping steel trailers, moving them between various sorts of transport and moving steel trailers to different associations in the store network. Terminal Terminals, ports and stops are areas where merchandise is sent, gotten, took care of, handled or in any case oversaw for ahead coordinations. Terminals are usually utilized for moving merchandise starting with one sort of transport then onto the next, frequently in a multi- purpose steel trailer. One model would be a sea port where items are moved from a holder boat to trucks for forward transport to stockrooms. Terminals are the basic point for the sending, getting and handover of products. LSPs, NVOCCs, BCOs and IMCs all send and get products at terminals and stations and afterward transport them on to downstream associations or end clients. 263 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Non-Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC)/Freight Forwarder A non-vessel working normal transporter controls, oversees and coordinators the exchange and transportation of fixings, crude materials, parts and completed items starting with one spot or association then onto the next. NVOCCs don't move merchandise themselves yet contract with LSPs to move products for the benefit of their customer. NVOCCs commonly direct the vehicle of merchandise. In spite of the fact that NVOCCs don't possess vessels, they will organize all vital documentation and delivery takes note. NVOCCs likewise oversee coordinations and deal with a considerable lot of the low-level capacities. Outside the U.S., NVOCCs are known as cargo forwarders, forwarders or sending specialists. Transportation Provider A transportation supplier actually moves products starting with one area or association then onto the next. They own or rent the transportation foundation expected to actually deal with and move the merchandise and might be important for a coordinated coordinations organization, or basically shrunk by a NVOCC or LSP This incorporates:  Ocean transportation suppliers through transport of delivery compartments on holder vessels  Rail transportation suppliers through transport of merchandise and multi-purpose compartments across the rail network on specific trains and carriages  Road transportation suppliers through trucks that transport steel trailers or other freight  Air transportation suppliers through delivery products in particular coordinations planes. Transport suppliers are included at whatever point products need to move starting with one spot then onto the next. Regardless of whether they are not coordinations organizations, they will be subcontracted by those associations for the exchange of items. Logistics Service Provider (LSP) A coordinations specialist organization gives an assortment of capacities to the sending, getting, capacity, transportation and the board of products as they move through the store network. They are basically answerable for guaranteeing that merchandise gets from one point in the inventory network to another. Distinctive LSPs are engaged with a few different ways at numerous focuses in any store network. A LSP will get products from an upstream association and transport them to a downstream one. They may likewise be associated with putting away and warehousing 264 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

products, stock control, moving holders and merchandise, and bundling, cross docking, cargo sending and circulation to end clients. Equipment Providers A gear supplier makes, possesses or rents the actual foundation and resources expected to move products. Models incorporate:  Intermodal compartment suppliers that own or rent delivering holders for the safe exchange of products  Truck, suspension and trailer suppliers that own or rent trucks and trailers for street transport  Rail suppliers that own or rent trains and concentrated vehicle carriages for rail line transport  Other gear suppliers like holder transport proprietors or airship cargo proprietors Gear suppliers supply transport framework to coordinations organizations, transport suppliers, BCOs, IMCs and NVOCCs. Supplier/Beneficial Cargo Owner (BCO) A provider/helpful load proprietor is a shipper of products who takes responsibility for merchandise when they are gotten. BCOs utilize their own coordinations capacities to take receipt, oversee and transport products as opposed to depending on a LSP or cargo forwarder. BCOs are regularly bigger associations with enough capital and assets to have interior coordinations capacities. BCOs incorporate huge retailers (for example Amazon, Target, and Walmart), customer bundled merchandise organizations (e.g., Nestle, P&G, and Unilever), hello there tech organizations (e.g., Microsoft, Apple, and HP), car organizations (e.g., Toyota, Tesla) and different organizations, and will get products from upstream providers, makers and coordinations organizations. In the wake of getting merchandise, they will handle them or offer them to end clients. Warehouse and Distribution Centre Stockrooms and conveyance focuses store fixings, crude materials, parts and completed items. They are liable for getting merchandise and putting away them in a fitting climate. Many stockrooms likewise work as circulation focuses, masterminding the exchange and transportation of merchandise to downstream production network associations or end clients. Stockrooms and circulation focuses are middle people in the vehicle of merchandise starting with one spot then onto the next. They hold items for the benefit of providers, and supply and disperse them to downstream associations when the interest is there. 265 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14.5 SUMMARY  Supply chain the board is the administration of the progression of labour and products and incorporates all cycles that change crude materials into eventual outcomes. It includes the dynamic smoothing out of a business' stock side exercises to boost client worth and gain an upper hand in the commercial centre.  SCM addresses a work by providers to create and carry out supply chains that are just about as effective and prudent as could really be expected. Supply chains cover everything from creation to item advancement to the data frameworks expected to coordinate these endeavours  The advancement of inventory network the executives has been portrayed by an expanding level of coordination of discrete undertakings; a pattern underlined during the 1960s as a vital region for future usefulness enhancements since the framework was exceptionally divided. Albeit the coordinations errands have remained moderately comparative, they at first merged into two unmistakable capacities identified with materials the executives and actual conveyance during the 1970s and 1980s.  Understanding the significance of SCM to its business, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. put zeroed in exertion on changing its store network in 2016. The organization works one of the biggest drug store chains in the United States and needs to effectively oversee and reconsider its production network so it remains in front of the changing patterns and keeps on enhancing its primary concern.  Supply chain abilities are directed by the choices you make with respect to the five productions network drivers. Every one of these drivers can be created and figured out how to accentuate responsiveness or effectiveness relying upon changing business necessities. These drivers are creation, stock, area, transportation and data.  An area choice that stresses responsiveness would be one where an organization builds up numerous areas that are near its client base. For instance, inexpensive food fastens use area to be extremely receptive to their clients by opening up bunches of stores in high volume markets.  Responsiveness can be accomplished by a transportation mode that is quick and adaptable like trucks and planes. Many organizations that sell items through inventories or on the Internet can give undeniable degrees of responsiveness by utilizing transportation to convey their items regularly inside 48 hours or less.  The force of this driver develops further each year as the innovation for gathering and sharing data turns out to be all the wider spread, simpler to utilize, and more 266 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

affordable. Data, similar as cash, is an extremely valuable product since it very well may be applied straightforwardly to improve the exhibition of the other four store network drivers.  Over the since a long time ago run, the expense of one driver Information keeps on dropping while the expense of the other four drivers keeps on rising. Organizations that utilize data to build their inner productivity, and increment their responsiveness to outer inventory network accomplices will acquire the most clients and be the most beneficial.  Warehouses and circulation focuses store fixings, crude materials, parts and completed items. They are answerable for getting products and putting away them in a suitable climate. Many stockrooms additionally work as dissemination focuses, masterminding the exchange and transportation of products to downstream inventory network associations or end clients.  A provider/advantageous payload proprietor is a merchant of products who takes responsibility for merchandise when they are gotten. BCOs utilize their own coordinations capacities to take receipt, oversee and transport products as opposed to depending on a LSP or cargo forwarder. 14.6 KEYWORDS  Supply Chains- An inventory network is the associated organization of people, associations, assets, exercises, and advancements engaged with the assembling and offer of an item or administration.  Highest in Highest out (HIHO) - Most elevated in, first out (HIFO) is a stock dispersion and bookkeeping strategy wherein the stock with the greatest expense of procurement is quick to be utilized or removed from stock.  Cost of goods sold- Cost of products sold (COGS) alludes to the immediate expenses of creating the merchandise sold by an organization. This sum incorporates the expense of the materials and work straightforwardly used to make the great. It prohibits aberrant costs, for example, circulation expenses and deals power costs.  Bottleneck- A bottleneck is a state of blockage in a creation framework, (for example, a sequential construction system or a PC organization) that happens when responsibilities show up excessively fast for the creation interaction to deal with.  Bottom-line - The primary concern alludes to an organization's income, benefit, net gain, or profit per share (EPS). 267 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Is Apple supply chain really the number one? Discuss. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Give an example of supply chain disaster and lesson learnt from it? ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 14.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. Define supply chain management. 2. Explain the importance of supply chain management. 3. What are the intermediaries in the supply chain? 4. Discuss delivery of supply chain. 5. What is regional distribution centre? Long Questions 1. Explain evolution of supply chain management. 2. Explain the drivers of supply chain management. 3. Explain supply chain with the help of example. 4. What is responsiveness and efficiency of supply chain? Explain. 5. Discuss the common bottlenecks found in supply chain. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is the initial stage of supply chain process? a. Sourcing Stage b. Organizing Stage c. Planning stage d. Directing Stage 2. Who coined the term supply chain management? 268 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Frankel & Paulraj b. Peter Drucker c. Keith Oliver d. Philip Kotler 3. Which is the next step after planning in supply chain management? a. Developing b. Building a strong relationship with suppliers c. Sourcing d. Developing, sourcing and building strong relationship with suppliers. 4. What does ATP stands for in supply chain management? a. Acquire Track & Perform b. Available To Promise c. Active Transport Protocol d. Access To Point 5. What is the purpose of supply chain management? a. increase the production level b. manage and integrate supply and demand management c. enhance the quality of a product and services d. provide satisfaction to the customer Answers 1- c, 2- c, 3-d, 4- b, 5- b 14.9 REFERENCES References  Bell, S.J., Whitewall, G.J. and Lukas, B.A. (2002). Schools of Thought in Organizational Learning. Academy of Marketing Science.  Booz & Company (2007). Keeping Inventory and Profits off the Discount Rack: Merchandise Strategies to Improve Apparel Margins. San Francisco, CA: Booz Allen and Hamilton. 269 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Bowersox, D.J. and Closs, D.J. (1996). Logistical Management: The Integrated Supply Chain Process. New York: The McGraw-Hill Company, Inc. Textbooks  Braithwaite, A. & Hall, D. (1999). Risky Business: Critical Decisions in Supply Chain Management. United Kingdom: LCP Ltd.  Bovet (1999). Value Webs: The Next Business Revolution. Boston, MA: Mercer Management Consulting.  Chopra, S. and Meindl, P. (2004). Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operation. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Websites  https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/scm.asp#:~:text=Supply%20chain%20manage ment%20is%20the,raw%20materials%20into%20final%20products.&text=SCM%20r epresents%20an%20effort%20by,efficient%20and%20economical%20as%20possible  https://www.iimu.ac.in/blog/what-are-the-five-basic-components-of-a-supply-chain- management-system/  https://www.thebalancesmb.com/definition-of-supply-chain-management-2892749 270 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)