MAP 604 3

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2 M.A.(Psy) Research Methods and Statistics-I Course Code: MAP 604 Semester: First e-Lesson 2 SLM UNIT: 3 https://images.app.goo.gl/ibaW7YhjJ7LmSLJV6 www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

RESEARCH METHODS 33 AND STATISTICS OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Understand the basic concept and importance of In this unit basic concept and importance research, the basics of research design and of research design and its characteristics evaluate types of research designs The unit further discusses the detailed Understand and evaluate the process of description of types of research design, research and sampling. its advantages and disadvantages. Understand the concepts and explore the types of reliability and validity and evaluate the data analysis. Understand and explore Correlation and Regression and parametric and nonparametric test www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 6044)) INASlTlITrUigThEtOaFreDrIeSTsAeNrvCeEdAwNiDthOCNUL-IINDEOLLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Nature and importance of Research Design > Characteristics of good research design > Types of research design -Exploratory research design -Descriptive research design https://images.app.goo.gl/qhiaHBQmdQUHqGr8A www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

RESEARCH DESIGN 5 • The word ‘design’ has various meanings. But, in relation to the subject concern, it is a pattern or an outline of research project’s workings. • It is the statement of essential elements of a study that provides basic guidelines of conducting the project. • Research design is a broad framework that states the total pattern of conducting research project. • It specifies objectives, data collection and analysis methods, https://unsplash.com/photos/I_LgQ8JZFGE time, costs, responsibility, probable outcomes, and actions. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604)

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IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH DESIGN 1. It may result in the preferred kind of study with helpful conclusion. 7 2. It cuts down on inaccuracy. 3. Allows you get optimum efficiency and reliability. 4. Reduce wastage of time. 5. Reduce uncertainty, confusion and practical haphazard related to any research problem. 6. It helps for collection of research material and testing of hypothesis. 7. It is a guide for giving research the right path. 8. Provides an idea concerning the type of resources needed in terms of money, effort, time, and manpower. 9. Smooth & efficient sailing (sets boundaries & helps prevent blind search). 10. Maximizes reliability of results. 11. It Provides firm foundation to the endeavor. 12. It Provides opportunity to anticipate flaws & inadequacies (anticipates problems). 13. Incorporates by learning from other people’s critical comments & evaluations. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN 8 FEATURES: 1. A good research design should be flexible, appropriate, efficient, economical. 2. Generally, the design which minimizes bias and maximizes the reliability of the data collected and analyzed is considered a good design. 3. The design which gives the smallest experimental error is supposed to be the best design in many investigations. 4. a design which yields maximal information and provides an opportunity for considering many different aspects of a problem. 5.Thus, the question of good design is related to the purpose or objective of the research problem. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN 9 1. Exploratory Research Design: •Exploratory research, as the name implies, intends merely to explore the research questions and does not intend to offer final and conclusive solutions to existing problems. •This type of research is usually conducted to study a problem that has not been clearly defined yet. •Exploratory research is the process of investigating a problem that has not been studied or thoroughly investigated in the past. https://images.app.goo.gl/Ya2jjHWx7HngHNqS6 www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Characteristics of Exploratory 10 Research 1. Exploratory research is inexpensive, highly interactive and open-ended in nature. 2. There is usually no prior relevant information available from past researchers. 3. It has no predefined structure. 4. It answers questions like how and why aiding the researcher to acquire more information about the research. 5. Therefore, spending so much time conducting exploratory research. 6. Since there is no standard for carrying out exploratory research, it is usually flexible and scattered. 7. There must a few theories which can verify your outcome. 8. Researchers cannot form a conclusion based on exploratory research. 9. The research problem must be important and valuable 10. Exploratory research mostly deals with qualitative data. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 11 METHODS www.cuidol.in https://html2- All right are reserved with CU-IDOL f.scribdassets.com/mnv6ikzk025kawb/images/10- 9ecc343edc.jpg Unit-3(MAP 604)

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 12 METHODS 1. Literature Research: Literature research is one of the most inexpensive method used for discovering a hypothesis. There is tremendous amount of information available in libraries, online sources, or even commercial databases. Sources can include newspapers, magazines, books from library, documents from government agencies, specific topic related articles, literature, Annual reports, published statistics from research organisations and so on. 2. Depth Interviews: Depth interviews is an interview with people knowledge about the general subject being investigated. These interviews are used to tap the knowledge and experience of those with information relevant to the problem or opportunity at hand. For example: An interview with an employee can give you more insights to find out the degree of job satisfaction, or an interview with a subject matter expert of quantum theory can give you in-depth information on that topic. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 13 METHODS 3. Focus Group : • Focus group is yet another widely used method in exploratory research. In such a method a group of people is chosen and are allowed to express their insights on the topic that is being studied. • Although, it is important to make sure that while choosing the individuals in a focus group they should have a common background and have comparable experiences. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EXPLORATORY RESEARCH 14 METHODS 4.Case study research: • Case study research can help a researcher with finding more information through carefully analyzing existing cases which have gone through a similar problem. • The researcher just needs to make sure he analyses the case carefully in regards to all the variables present in the previous case against his own case. It is very commonly used by business organisations or social sciences sector or even in the health sector. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Advantages of Exploratory Research design: 15 1. The researcher has a lot of flexibility and can adapt to changes as the research progresses. 2. It is usually low cost. 3. It helps lay the foundation of a research, which can lead to further research. 4. It enables the researcher understand at an early stage, if the topic is worth investing the time and resources and if it is worth pursuing. 5. It can assist other researchers to find out possible causes for the problem, which can be further studied in detail to find out, which of them is the most likely cause for the problem. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

16 Disadvantages of Exploratory Research design: 1. The main disadvantage of exploratory research is that they provide qualitative data. 2. Interpretation of such information can be judgmental and biased. 3. Most of the times, exploratory research involves a smaller, sample hence the results cannot be accurately interpreted for a generalized population. 4. Many a times, if the data is being collected through secondary research, then there is a chance of that data being old and is not updated. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN 17 •As the name suggests, it describes a phenomenon or a subject. •Eventually, one can gather data to study a target audience or a particular subject. •It does not answer questions about ‘why’ a Phenomenon occurred/ occurs. • Instead, it answers the question – ‘what’ are the characteristics of the phenomenon or the subject. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) https://jgateplus.com/home All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EXAMPLES OF DESCRIPTIVE 18 RESEARCH Research questions in descriptive studies typically start with ‘What is…”. Examples of research questions in descriptive studies may include the following: 1. What are the most effective intangible employee motivation tools in hospitality industry in the 21stcentury? 2. What is the impact of viral marketing on consumer behavior in consumer amongst university students in Canada? 3. Do corporate leaders of multinational companies in the 21stcentury possess moral rights to receive multi-million bonuses? 4. What are the main distinctive traits of organizational culture of McDonald’s INDIA? 5. What is the impact of the global financial crisis of 2007 – 2009 on fitness industry in the DELHI? www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE 19 RESEARCH There are three main types of descriptive methods: • observational methods, • case-study methods and • survey methods. A. Observational methods: 1. Involves observing and recording the behavior of a group in their natural environment 2. A researcher typically does not interact with the test subject 3. Cons: If the subjects know they are being watched or observed, they may tend to act differently than they usually would. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF DESCRIPTIVE 20 RESEARCH B. Case Study methods: 1. Involves an in-depth study of a specific individual or a particular group of individuals 2. This method is useful when the situation is rare or complex 3. This method can provide valuable information for further research and serve as a base for other applications of research 4. Cons: Cannot be generalized to an entire population C. Survey methods: 1. Involves ascertaining certain opinions and behavior of people usually by questioning a representative or a group of people 2. A great way to get volumes of information 3. Cons: People may not be sincere while answering the questionnaire www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Advantages of Descriptive Research design 21 1. Effective to analyze non-quantified topics and issues 2. The possibility to observe the phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment 3. The opportunity to integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection 4. Less time-consuming than quantitative experiments. Disadvantages of Descriptive Research design 1. Descriptive studies cannot test or verify the research problem statistically 2. Research results may reflect certain level of bias due to the absence of statistical tests 3. The majority of descriptive studies are not ‘repeatable’ due to their observational nature 4. Descriptive studies are not helpful in identifying cause behind described phenomenon www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 22 1. What is a research design? a) A way of conducting research that is not grounded in theory. b) The choice between using qualitative or quantitative methods. c) The style in which you present your research findings, e.g. a graph. d) A framework for every stage of the collection and analysis of data. 2. Exploratory research mostly deals with qualitative data. a. True b. False Answers: 1. d) 2.True www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 23 3. Which one is NOT considered descriptive research? a) Case study b) Observation c) ANOVA d) Survey 4. If you were wanting to determine if a relationship exists between two variables which research method would you use? a) Descriptive b) Experimental c) Quasi-experimental d) Correlation Answers: 3. c) 4. d) www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 24  Research design is not related to any particular method of collecting data or any particular type of data. Any research design can, in principle, use any type of data collection method and can use either quantitative or qualitative data.  Research design refers to the structure of an enquiry: it is a logical matter rather than a logistical one.  In research design exploratory research design helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.  Descriptive research design is a valid method for researching specific subjects and a precursor to more quantitative studies. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 25 1. What is research design? 2. What do you mean by observational method in descriptive research design? 3. Give any two example of case study method. 4. What is the difference between exploratory and descriptive research design? 5. What do you understand by depth interviews? www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 26 Garrett, H.E. (1966) Statistics in Psychology and Education. Bombay: Vakils Feefer& Simon Pvt. Ltd. Kothari, C.R., (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. 2nd ed. New Delhi: New age international Itd. Herson, M. & Barlow, D. H. (1980) Single – Case Experimental Designs New Delhi: Prentice – Hall of India Limited. Singh A.K. (2006). 5th ed. Tests, Measurement and Research Methods in Behavioral Sciences. Patna: Bharati Bhavan. http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_research. https://www.intechopen.com/online-first/research-design-and-methodology. www.cuidol.in Unit-3(MAP 604) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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