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Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 143  For international tourists: US$150 + 4.5% Service tax 7. Fairy Queen Express Fairy Queen Express 1. The Fairy Queen Express is one of the oldest trains providing luxury train journeys in India. 2. Energized by the oldest serving steam locomotive built in around 1855. 3. Fairy Queen has its own charm as it rambles through to Alwar in Rajasthan. 4. Fairy Queen has been mentioned in the Guinness Book of World Records and a recipient of National Tourism Award. Route Delhi – Alwar – Sariska- Alwar – Delhi. Operates from October to March on 2nd and 4th Saturdays of the month. Duration of the journey is 1 night, 2 days. Signtseeing at its two destination are:  Sariska– Lake Palace, Sariska National Park  Alwar– Alwar Museum Starting fares for full package  (Two-way train journey + sightseeing/stay at Sariska for an adult) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

144 Managing Transport Operations  INR 8,600 + Government taxes/Service taxes 8. Heritage On Wheels Heritage on Wheels 1. Heritage on wheels is the oldest luxury train of India. 2. It showcases the rich traditions and culture of Rajasthan which has been preserved and followed from generations to generations in authentic way. 3. It beautiful interiors teleport a tourist to the golden era of the state. 4. It is one of the most expensive trains in India and definitely a choice for once in lifetime for everyone. 5. The imperially designed restaurant elegantly serving authentic local and continental cuisine creates reek of the royal vibes. 6. The luxury and lavishness on board makes the tourist have a feel of being a King or a queen. Route Jaipur – Bikaner – Tal Chhapar and Shekhawati – Jaipur – Depart Popular destinations for 3 nights and 4 days are: Bikaner: Junagarh Fort, Haat, Camel Safari, Lalgarh Palace, National Research Centre, Tal Chhapar & Shekhawati: Laxmangarh Fort, Goenka Haveli, Sikar, Churu, Mandawa, Nawalgarh, Jaipur: Hawa Mahal, Amber Palace, City Palace, Jantar Mantar. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 145 Starting fares:  Single occupancy: $300 per person, per night  Double occupancy: $200 per person, per night  Triple occupancy: $150 per person, per night 9.4 Toy Trains Toy Trains  Toy trains are also called as Mountain railways of India.  India’s Toy trains are the small trains with small traditional vintage engines and run on historic narrow gauge mountain lines built by British in the late of 19th century with an intention to provide access to their settlements on the hills.  They are excellent living examples of bold, ingenious, innovative transport systems and sustainable engineering solutions of crafting rail link across a mountainous terrain of adorable beauty.  The Kalka-Shimla Railway, Darjeeling Himalayan Railway and the Nilgiri Mountain Railway are jointly designated as UNESCO World Heritage site under the title of Mountain Railways of India. The Matheran Hill Railways in on the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.  The Nilgiri Mountain Railway is the solo rack railways of India. Following are the world popular Toy train of India: Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh  It is named as Shivalik Express. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

146 Managing Transport Operations  The historic Kalka- Shimla toy train established in 1903 serves as a connection to Shimla which was summer capital during British rule.  It showcases the most beautiful, picturesque and mesmerising rail journey.  It travels for 96 km (60 miles) through 20 railway stations, 800 bridges, incredible 900 curves and 103 tunnels. Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, West Bengal  It is nick named as Darjeeling Toy train.  It is the oldest of all Toy train in India, completed in 1881.  It travels to Darjeeling from Jalpaiguri covering 80 km (50 miles).  It passes through 5 major and 500 minor bridges.  The railway climbs up steeply through a number of fascinating reverses and loops that takes travellers from the low ranges of the Eastern Himalayas to the rolling hills and lush green tea plantations. Nilgiri Mountain Railway, Tamil Nadu  The railway was completed 1908 amidst rocky hills and thick forest and took 54 yrs.  It connects the town of Mettupalayam with the hill station of Ooty travelling a distance of 46km (29 miles) through the nilgiri hills.  The line contains 208 curves, 16 tunnels, and 250 bridges.  The Nilgiri is the only rack railway in India, and it uses an Abt rack system. Matheran Hill Railway, Maharashtra  The railway was founded by Mumbai based entrepreneur Abdul Hussain Peerbhoy and had its first run in 1907.  The toy train crawls its way, in a zigzag manner, 20 km (12 miles) up the hill from Neral to Matheran.  A unique feature of the line is its horseshoe embankments. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 147 Kangra Valley Railway, Himachal Pradesh  It is popularly known as Kangra toy train.  The Kangra Valley Railway, completed in 1929, was the last mountain railway built by Britishers.  Its lengthy track extends for 164 km (102 miles) from Pathankot in Punjab to Joginder Nagar in Himachal Pradesh.  Unlike many other of India's mountain railways, it only has two tunnels. 9.5 Eurail Eurail pass  Eurail passes are one of the most popular and preferred travel products in the world.  The purpose is to provide a hassle-free, comfortable and fun way to travel around Europe by train.  It aims to encourage people to visit a wide variety of countries in Europe.  The Eurail Pass is obtainable only by non-European residents, and the Interrail Pass is offered to European residents.  Eurail pass was first launched in 1959 and is a product of a consortium of 35 European railway and shipping companies.  With a single Eurail Pass, one has access to extensive rail and ferry networks in 31 countries.  It provides access to 250,000 km of European railway and over 33,000 travellers avail the services annually. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

148 Managing Transport Operations  Network: The following countries are included in Eurail passes: Great Britain (England, Wales, and Scotland), Ireland, France, Germany, Greece, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, and Turkey (as well as Liechtenstein and Monaco).  Passes are available in two varieties: First class and Second-class tickets. 9.5.1 Types of Pass: Global Pass The Global Pass is valid in all 31 participating countries; as of 2019. A Global Pass fare depends on the number of days it is valid in a period of time. Categories of Fare are:  3, 5 or 7 days in one month (flexible).  10 or 15 days in two months (flexible).  15 or 22 continuous days.  1, 2 or 3 continuous months. One Country Pass The One Country Pass consents travel on the national rail network of one country, with unlimited trips on each day of travel. Countries where One Country Passes is dishonoured are Switzerland, Bosnia, Germany and Montenegro. The passes are available for travel on 3,4,5,6 or 8 travel days in a one-month period. Eurail Select Pass: It consents travel in 4 countries. Eurail Regional Pass: It consents travel in 2 countries. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 149 9.6.2 Advantages of purchasing Eurail Pass  Rail Passes offers different discounts like discount on child, youth and senior passes. Moreover, groups that travels together benefit a lot by buying Eurail Saver Pass.  Rail passes are either valid for a consecutive number or a flexible number of days within a period of time. Tourists can enjoy unlimited train trips on each rail travel day.  Rail pass allows freedom to the tourist to make last minute changes as they are not restricted to a specific seat/train/time thus facilitates a flexible schedule.  It makes the journey more convenient for the tourists by buying the rail pass prior in his own local currency, once the pass is validated they is not required to go to the ticket counter. Above all they have to carry only one travel document throughout the visit to Europe.  Tourists can personalize the rail pass by selecting only those countries they intent to visit.  A travel guide is provided free to the tourist along with the pass.  Rail passes also includes benefits for pass holders like free or discounted entry into museums, tourist attractions, public transport in select cities, hotel bookings, ferry trips, night trains, etc.  They offer services of the most environmental friendly mode of transport.  Journey by Euro train engrosses the tourists in the cultural fabric of society and gives more authentic or romantic experience. 9.6 Summary Luxury trains are the beautifully designed premium options created to provide a royal, comfortable and leisurely travel experience of lifetime. It develops a tourism brand of the country along with a significant contribution to the social and economical development. It re –lives the richness of the history, traditions and culture of the country. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

150 Managing Transport Operations Ministry of tourism of India takes various initiatives to promote and boost tourism by introducing new tourist train services on popular tourist destination circuits with various lucrative packages including travel, accommodation, catering - on-board and sightseeing. The luxury segment introduced like Maharaja Express, Royal Rajasthan on wheels, Palace on wheel, Deccan Odyssey, Heritage on wheels etc. has contributed substantially to getting foreign exchange and promoting the rich heritage and hospitality of our country. The Toy trains or Mountain Railways are excellent living examples of bold, ingenious, innovative transport systems and sustainable engineering solutions of crafting rail link across a mountainous terrain of adorable beauty which have won many accolades for us. Eurail passes are most popular and preferred travel products that provide a hassle-free, comfortable and fun way to travel around Europe by train that encourage people to visit a wide variety of countries in Europe. It is a consortium of 35 European railway and shipping companies. They are available in First class and second class with category of Global pass and one country pass so as it suits the convenience of the tourists. 9.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  RTDC: Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation.  UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.  PATA: Pacific Asia Travel Association.  Luxury trains: Luxury trains can be defined as a premium travel option designed to offer a very long leisurely and comfortable ride that showcases myriad of colours of local environment, social and economic status and evoke an association with history and heritage.  Eurail pass: Introduced in 1959, also was named as Europass or Eurorail Pass, is a pass which permits travel through thirty three European countries on almost all railroads and shipping lines. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 151  Toy trains: Toy trains are the small trains with small traditional vintage engines and run on historic narrow gauge mountain lines built by British in the late of 19th century. 9.8 Learning Activity 1. Draw a diagram demonstrating the route of toy train in India. 2. Understand the beginners guide for Eurail to comprehend the use of Eupass. 9.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Explain the concept of luxury train. 2. Write short note on: (a) Shivalik express (b) Palace on wheels 3. What is Eupass, explain the types of Eupass? 4. Write down the various routes of Maharaja Express. 5. Explain the concept of toy trains in India. 6. Describe the contribution of EURAIL for tourists? 7. Critically analyze the networks of EURAIL. 8. Elaborate the EURAIL passes for Non-European tourists. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. A fare depends on the number of days it is valid in a period of time. (a) Monthly pass (b) One country pass (c) Global Pass (d) Tourist pass. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

152 Managing Transport Operations 2. Eupass was first launched in . (a) 1959 (b) 1947 (c) 1952 (d) 1999 3. Eurail pass is not valid in this country. (a) Hungary (b) Italy (c) Switzerland (d) Prague 4. A week in wonderland is the tagline of . (a) Heritage on wheels (b) Palace on wheels (c) Royal Orient Train (d) Deccan Odyssey 5. Shivalik express is the name of . (a) Kalka-Shimla Railway, Himachal Pradesh (b) Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, West Bengal (c) Matheran Hill Railway, Maharashtra (d) Kangra Valley Railway, Himachal Pradesh 6. The is the solo rack railways of India. (a) Matheran Hill Railway (b) Nilgiri Mountain Railway (c) Kalka – Shimla Railway (d) Kangra valley Railway Ans.: 1. (c), 2. (a), 3. (d), 4. (b), 5. (a), 6. (a). CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Rail Transport: Luxury Trains in India… 153 9.10 References Reference Books/Textbooks 1. Cuthbert Hamilton Ellis (1975) The Royal Trains. 2. Railroad collections archived (2010-07-19) at the Wayback machine. 3. Indian luxury trains: A collection of luxury experience magazine by iltadmin published (Feb 25, 2011) updated Nov 19, 2019. 4. V.M. Govind Krishnan (2018) Nilgiri Mountain Railway (NMR): From Lifeline to Oblivion. 5. Laverne Ferguson-Kosinski (2018) Europe by Eurail 2018: Touring Europe by Train 42nd edition. 6. Jay Brunhouse Adventuring on Eurail Pelican Pub. Co., 1991. Web Resources 1. www.indianrailways.gov.in 2. https://www.indianholiday.com/luxury-trains/ 3. www.eurail.com 4. http://images.google.com CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 10 AIR TRANSPORT: TYPES OF AIRLINES – DOMESTIC, INTERNATIONAL, INTER CONTINENTAL, INTRA CONTINENTAL, REGIONAL, CHARTER, ETC. Structure: 10.0 Learning Objectives 10.1 Introduction 10.2 History 10.3 Merits and Demerits of Air Transport 10.4 Features of Air Transport 10.5 Airline 10.5.1 Domestic Airlines 10.5.2 International Airlines 10.5.3 Intercontinental Airlines 10.5.4 Regional Airlines 10.5.5 Charter Airlines 10.6 Summary 10.7 Key Words/Abbreviations 10.8 Learning Activity 10.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) 10.10 References

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 155 10.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to  Explain the foundation of Air Transport.  Describe the features, merits and demerits of Air Transport.  Analyse the knowledge of various types of airlines. 10.1 Introduction Transport contributes significantly to our socio-economic needs. Air transport enables incorporation into the global economy and provides vital connectivity on a national and international scale. It also helps to generate trade, promote tourism, and create employment opportunities. Air transport permits people from different countries to cross international boundaries and travel other countries for leisure, business and other tourism purposes. Air transport provides the fastest means by saving the time of journey, another aspect of air transport is the facilities and comfort level of the passengers. The air transport has reduced distances by reducing the travel time. In our country, it is important and necessary due to the large size and planned economic development. The large industrial and commercial centres area spread out through the length and breadth of the country. These centres require very fast transport links. There are various forms of air travel such as helicopters, hot air balloons, blimps, gliders, parachute, airplanes, aircraft, etc. The World War II brought about massive transformation in the civil aviation sectors. Over the years aircraft have been designed to improve passenger amenities and safety to ensure comfortable travel. With the invention of different types of aircraft, air travel connectivity is extended to areas not accessible to other modes of transport. Air Transport has become increasingly common in Europe. Heathrow International airport is the largest airport in the European continent. The heaviest traffic is reported in the air route of Los Angeles - Chicago - New York - Los Angeles. The International Air Transport Association (IATA), established in 1945, with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada regulates international airfare in different areas of the world. It provides technical and administrative support to make the CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

156 Managing Transport Operations system of air travel possible worldwide. IATA is closely associated with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). IATA is divided in three parts on the basis of fare construction. They are commonly known as tariff conference (TC). TC1 - North America and South America, TC 2 - Europe, Africa and islands adjacent to that, TC 3 - Asia and islands adjacent to that. India is in TC 3. 10.2 History 10.2.1 History of Air Industry 1. The Montgolfier brothers launched their first hot air balloon in 1973 2. In year 1852, The first airship, fitted with a steam engine was flown by Henri Giffard from Paris. 3. The Wright Brothers made the first engine powered flight in ‘The Flyer’ in 1903. It flew for 12 seconds and travelled 37 metres. 4. Aviation industry came up in early 1900s when airplane designers in several countries succeeded in achieving flights. (IATA, 2013). 5. On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright surpassed their four years of research and design efforts to build up the first powered flight which is heavier than an air machine flew 120-foot (37 meters) high for 12seconds in duration at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. 6. FIRST AIRLINE – DELAG (1909): The world’s first Airline was DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts - Aktiengesellchaft which is also called German Airship Transportation Corporation Ltd. This airline was founded on November 16, 1909 with the assistance of government, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation in Frankfurt. 7. FIRST COMMERCIAL FLIGHT (1914): On the morning of January 1st in 1914 the first fixed wing scheduled air service Commercial flight flew across the bay from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, Florida which took 23 minutes to cover 18 miles (29 kilometers). This was 11 hours less than travelling by train from St. Petersburg to Tampa. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 157 8. First all metal plane was built by a German, Herman Junkers in 1915 which travelled at 170 km per hour. 9. The first helicopter which carries passengers was developed in 1940. 10. The Russian built Tupolev Tu-144 was the first supersonic passenger aircraft. It flew on December 31, 1968. 11. 1970 – First Boeing 747 commercial flight 12. In 1986, First non-stop flight around world travelled. Some Important Incidents in 2000s 1. 2007: Airbus A380 enters commercial service capable of carrying 850 passengers. 2. 2009: Transportation Security Administration formally accepts airport scanners as the primary method of pre-flight screening. 3. 2011: Airbus announces signing of the largest aircraft deal in history based on aircraft ordered: 200 planes ordered by Air Asia. First airline – DELAG 1909 ‘The Flyer’ in 1903 10.2.2 Foundation of Indian System 1. In 1911 India started with Air transport. The first service began between Allahabad and Naini. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

158 Managing Transport Operations 2. The first International flight of India was established in December 1912 over the route, London-Karachi-Delhi with the combination of Indian state air services and the UK rooted royal airways. 3. Air transport was only symbolic and played relatively small role in the economy of the nation. After the enactment of the Air Corporations Act, 1953, the air transport industry in India was set up by two Corporations viz Indian airlines and Air India. 4. ‘Vayudoot’ was formed as a subsidiary of Indian airlines and Air India to cater to hilly and inaccessible areas. 5. ‘Pawan Hans’ provides helicopter services to remote places in 1985. 6. In 1972, International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) was established and in 1986 National Airport Authority of India (NAAI) was installed. 10.3 Merits and Demerits of Air Transport Merits of Air Transport Demerits of Air Transport High Speed: It is the fastest means of High Costs: Air transport is a costly service and transportation. Travellers and goods can be not affordable to everyone. transported easily from one place to other. High Security: An airway has great importance More Risks: Air transport is prone to accidents. for internal and external security. A small mistake can be very dangerous for passengers. Hijacking of planes is easily possible. Easy transport of costly and light goods: It is High Investments: For creating aviation quite convenient to send costly, light and facilities, huge investments are required. The cost perishable goods through air transport. of aero planes, construction and maintenance of aerodromes and control mechanism needs a CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 159 capital expenditure. Free from physical barriers: Air transport is free from physical barriers like river, mountains and valleys, etc. Useful for Agriculture: Air transport is useful for aerial spray on pests and insects which cause harm to crops. Useful in natural calamities: During earth quake, flood, accidents and famine air transport is used for rescue operations. 10.4 Features of Air Transport 1. Pre-decided time schedule. 2. Most suitable mode of transport for long distances. 3. Not suitable for transporting heavy goods. 4. Definite corridors while crossing over different countries due to safety reasons. 5. Light, costly and perishable goods are transported by aeroplanes. 6. Air transport is suitable for hilly, desert, in accessible areas where other means of transport are not favourable 7. It is suitable for relief operations at any place, at the time of calamities and emergencies, such as floods-earthquakes, accidents, etc. 10.5 Airline An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services, and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines are classified by their routes and by their schedules. The major two classifications are Domestic and International. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

160 Managing Transport Operations The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) also distinguishes between Scheduled and non-scheduled operator. Different Classes of Service on a Plane Airlines traditionally have three travel classes, First Class, Business Class, and Economy Class. Depending on the cabin configuration will determine how many classes of service are offered.  First Class, generally the most expensive and most comfortable accommodations available.  Business Class, high quality, traditionally purchased by business travellers (sometimes called executive class).  Premium Economy, slightly better Economy Class seating (greater distance between rows of seats; the seats themselves may or may not be wider than regular economy class).  Economy Class (also known as coach class or travel class), basic accommodation, commonly purchased by leisure travellers. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 161 Frequent-Flyer Program The Frequent flyer program (FFP) was introduced by American airlines in North America as a marketing tool and to foster brand loyalty amongst people who travel frequently. This program was mainly targeted for business traveller. The passenger given mileage points for travelling 1000 kilometres. Air India has FFP called ‘Flying Return’. 10.5.1 Domestic Airlines 1. A domestic flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in the same country. 2. Airports serving domestic flights only are known as domestic airports. 3. Domestic flights are generally cheaper and shorter than most international flights. 4. Some international flights may be cheaper than domestic ones due to the short distance between the pair of cities in different countries, and also because domestic flights might, in smaller countries, mainly be used by high paying business travellers, while leisure travellers use road or rail domestically. 5. To travel within the country, you can search online for flights of full-service airlines like Vistara, Jet Airways and Air India or budget carriers like Air Costa, Air India Regional, SpiceJet, Air India Express, IndiGo, GoAir, Air Pegasus, AirAsia India or TruJet. Source: Ministry of Civil Aviation accessed on 30th October 2010 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

162 Managing Transport Operations 10.5.2 International Airlines 1. An international flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in different countries. 2. An important difference between international and domestic flights is that, before boarding the aircraft, passengers must undergo migration formalities and, when arriving to the destination airport, they must undergo both immigration and customs formalities, unless both the departure and arrival countries are members of the same free travel area, such as the Schengen Area. 3. Airports serving international flights are known as international airports. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 163 4. An international airport is an airport with customs and border control facilities enabling passengers to travel between countries. 5. International airports are usually larger than domestic airports and often feature longer runways and facilities to accommodate the heavier aircraft commonly used for international and intercontinental travel. 6. International airports often also host domestic flights. 7. International airports have commercial relationships with and provide services to airlines and passengers from around the world. 8. Many also serve as hubs, or places where non-direct flights may land and passengers may switch planes, while others serve primarily direct point-to-point flights. 9. This affects airport design factors, including the number and placement of terminals as well as the flow of passengers and baggage between different areas of the airport. 10. An airport specializing in point-to-point transit can have international and domestic terminals, each in their separate building equipped with separate baggage handling facilities. In a hub airport, however, spaces and services are shared. 10.5.3 Intercontinental Airlines 1. An intercontinental flight is a type of flight that flies from one continent to another. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

164 Managing Transport Operations 2. For example, a flight from Hong Kong to Brisbane is flying from one continent (Asia) to another (Oceania). 3. They can be from any continent to another, as long as the start and end destinations are in different continents. 10.5.4 Regional Airlines 1. Regional airlines are airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service. 2. Regional airlines generally have smaller capacity aircraft and fly to smaller cities and bring passengers to main hubs. 3. SkyWest is the largest regional airline in the United States. 4. Alliance Air is an Indian regional airline and a wholly owned subsidiary of Air India. It was founded in 1996 and mainly operates domestic routes as part of the government's Regional Connectivity Scheme. 10.5.5 Charter Airlines  A charter flight is an unscheduled flight that is not part of a regular airline routing. With a charter flight, you rent the entire aircraft and can determine departure/arrival locations and times. There are several types of charter flights -  Private Charter CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 165  Single Entity  Affinity  Public Charter  The method of booking and travelling by air that most casual passengers are acquainted with is scheduled flying. Chartered flights offer greater flexibility in terms of scheduling, routing and destinations, but flights must be booked by a group or consortium responsible for all seats on the flight.  Taj air of India and Titan air of UK are some of the examples of chartered flights. 10.6 Summary Tourism is a complex industry that involves a broad range of businesses, organizations and government agencies working together at different levels to deliver a complete tourism experience. Air transport provides the fastest means by saving the time of journey, another aspect of air transport is the facilities and comfort level of the passengers. The air transport has reduced distances by reducing the travel time. Aviation provides the only transportation network across the globe and it is crucial for global business development and tourism enrichment. Air transportation is one of the most important services to offer both significant social and economic benefits. There are various types of airlines such as domestic airline, international airlines, etc. An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services, and may form partnerships or alliances with other CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

166 Managing Transport Operations airlines for codeshare agreements. Airlines traditionally have three travel classes, First Class, Business Class, and Economy Class. Depending on the cabin configuration will determine how many classes of service are offered. 10.7 Key Words/Abbreviations  Air transport: The movement of passengers and cargo by aircraft such as airplanes and helicopters.  Airline: An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services, and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements.  Domestic airline: A domestic flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in the same country.  International airline: An international flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in different countries.  Intercontinental Airlines: An intercontinental flight is a type of flight that flies from one continent to another.  Charter airline: A charter flight is an unscheduled flight that is not part of a regular airline routing. With a charter flight, you rent the entire aircraft and can determine departure/arrival locations and times.  ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization.  IATA: International Air Transport Association.  FFP: Frequent flyer program (FFP) was introduced by American airlines in North America as a marketing tool and to foster brand loyalty amongst people who travel frequently.  TC: Tariff conference. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 167 10.8 Learning Activity 1. List the various international airlines with their logo and country name. 2. Make a chart presentation of various forms of air travel along with pictures. 3. Make a PPT presentation on Indian air foundation history. 10.9 Unit End Questions (MCQ and Descriptive) A. Descriptive Types Questions 1. Elaborate the Milestone in the foundation of Air transport. 2. Explain the merits and demerits of Air Transport. 3. Classify the airlines and explain any one in brief. 4. Elaborate the operational difference between LCC and Full services Airline. 5. Elaborate the services provided by Airlines. 6. List the various international airlines. 7. Explain various features of Air transport. 8. Throw light on the contribution of Palace on wheels in promoting domestic tourism. B. Multiple Choice/Objective Type Questions 1. The most expensive and most comfortable accommodations available－ (a) Economy class (b) First class (c) Business Class CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

168 Managing Transport Operations 2. A type of flight that flies from one continent to another (a) Regional flight (b) Inter-continental flight (c) Charter Flight 3. The largest regional airline in the United States－ (a) Sky west (b) American Eagle (c) Ohana by Hawaiian 4. As a subsidiary of Indian airlines and Air India to cater to hilly and inaccessible areas－ (a) Vayudoot (b) Pawan Hans (c) DELAG 5. The first airship, fitted with a steam engine was flown by― (a) Henri Giffard (b) Herman Junkers (c) Wright Brothers Ans.: 1. (b), 2. (b), 3. (a), 4. (a), 5. (a). 10.10 References Reference Books 1. Air Transportation - A Management Perspective,1984 -John G. Wensveen―8th edition. 2. Tourism: Operations and Management, 2009―S. Roday, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi- Oxford Publication 3. Air Fares and Airlines Management―MBTM 4001, Dr.N. Muthu 4. The Air Transport System-1st Edition, M Hirst―Woodhead Publishing 5. Fundamentals of Air Transport Management, P S Senguttuvan, Excel Books; First edition (23 May 2012) 6. Hanlon, 1999, Global airlines: competition in a transitional industry, 2nd edition, Oxford. 7. Shaw S. 1981, Air Transport: A marketing perspective, Pitman, London. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Types of Airlines… 169 Web Resources 1. ICRA (2012) INDIAN AVIATION INDUSTRY: Through turbulent times 2. www.worldbank.org/en/topic/transport/brief/airtransport 3. https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/air-transportation 1448704620-1 4. Minister of civil aviation accessed on 30th Oct.2010. 5. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_travel#Air_travel 6. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/air-transport 7. https://www.google.com/search?q=Air+Transportation&stick CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 11 AIR TRANSPORT: MAJOR AIRLINES OF INDIA AND INTERNATIONAL AIRLINES FUNCTIONS OF DGCA, IATA, ICAO & AAI. Structure: 11.0 Learning Objectives 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Airline 11.3 Regulatory Body for Civil Aviation 11.4 Summary 11.5 Key words/Abbreviations 11.6 Learning Activity 11.7 Unit End Exercise (MCQ and Descriptive) 11.8 References 11.0 Learning Objectives After studying this unit, you will be able to  Explain the different agencies responsible for rules and regulations in air travel / traffic across world and in India.  Discuss various Indian and International airlines.

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 171 11.1 Introduction The transport industry has gained a vital place in the global network system and is one of the most important components of the tourism infrastructure. It now becomes easier for people to travel from one place to another because of the various modes of transportation available. The earliest forms of transportation in the ancient times were animals on land and sails on the sea. Travel development from the need to survive, to expand and develop trade to far off countries, and the hunger to capture new lands and territories. This was followed by the use of steams and electricity in the nineteenth century followed by internal combustion engines. The development of air transport mostly occurred after World War I and II. Commercial airlines were created for travellers. Because of increasing air traffic, the commercial sector grows rapidly. Before the World War II, Swissair already was carrying around 14-16 passenger between Zurich to London. There two types of airlines. These are following as: Airlines Scheduled Chartered Scheduled airlines operate as regular schedules. Chartered airlines or the non-scheduled airlines operate only when there is a demand, mainly during the tourist seasons. The chartered flights work out cheaper than the scheduled carriers as they are operated only when there is a high load factor. Chartered flights provide cheaper packages to the destination such as Portugal and Spain. India receives more than 400 chartered flights, especially to Goa. Goa has a maximum number of chartered flights coming in during the months of December to January. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

172 Managing Transport Operations 11.2 Airline An airline is a company that provides air transport services for traveling passengers and freight. Airlines utilize aircraft to supply these services, and may form partnerships or alliances with other airlines for codeshare agreements. Generally, airline companies are recognized with an air operating certificate or license issued by a governmental aviation body. Airlines are classified by their routes and by their schedules. The major two classifications are Domestic and International. 11.2.1 Major Airlines of India Air India Spice Jet Indigo Air Asia India Go Air Vistara Air India Express CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 173 Air India 1. J. R. D. Tata founded Tata Airlines in 1932 as a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now Tata Group). 2. After World War II, regular commercial service in India went back to normal, Tata Airlines changing its name to Air India and becoming a public limited company on the 29th of July 1946. 3. On the 8th of June 1948, Air India introduced a regular service from Bombay to London, and two years later, Air India started regular flights to Nairobi. 4. In 1954, with the delivery of its first L-1049 Super Constellations, Air India inaugurated services to Tokyo, Bangkok, Hong Kong and Singapore. 5. In 1960, with the introduction of the first Boeing 707-420 aircraft, Air India started using jets, and two years later, in June 1962, it became the world’s first all-jet airline. 6. In 1970, Air India moved its offices to downtown Bombay. 7. In 1986, Air India took delivery of the Airbus A310-300, being at that moment the largest operator of this type in passenger service. 8. In 1988, the company started using two Boeing 747-300Ms in a mixed passenger-cargo configuration. 9. In 1993, Air India’s first Boeing 747-400, named Konark, operated the first non-stop flight between New York City and Delhi. 10. After a five-year absence from Amsterdam, twice-a-week flights were introduced from Mumbai (via New Delhi and Frankfurt), on the 3rd of December 1995. 11. In 1996, Air India started using its second US gateway at O’Hare International Airport in Chicago. 12. May 28, 1997 marks the date when Air India came online, its official website being www.airindia.com. Later on, on the 1st of November, a major global alliance tied Air India and Air France. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

174 Managing Transport Operations 13. Two years later, in 1999, the airline opened its dedicated Terminal 2-C at the newly renamed Chhatrapathi Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai. 14. Services to Shanghai and to Air India’s third US gateway at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark were introduced in the year 2000. 15. Starting with 1st of November 2001, Air India launched its Frequent Flyer program (“Flying Returns”) for the Canada, UK and USA routes. 16. On the 20th of March 2003, Air India dedicated several special flights to Kuwait, with the purpose of evacuating Indian citizens from Iraq. 17. The year 2003 had another two events important for the airline’s history. Thus, on the 12th of July, a Global Call Centre for UK and USA was inaugurated in Mumbai. Secondly, on the 11th of December, Air India started operating flights to Shanghai through Bangkok. 18. A strategic alliance was signed on the 10th of August 2004 with Lufthansa. 19. A year later, in April 2005, was launched Air India Express – Air India’s low cost airline. Later on, in June, the advance check-in facility became available in Mumbai, at Air India building (Nariman Point). 20. On the 27th of June 2007, Air India initiated its Cargo service. By the end July, the airline started carrying non-stop flights to USA. 21. Air India was invited to join the Star Alliance in December 2007, and was set to become a full member in 2010. However, by August 2011 it was considered that Air India did not meet the minimum standard requirements for membership, so the invitation was postponed. 22. The 1st of June 2008 marks the date when Air India became 100& electronic ticket compliant. 23. On the 29th of March 2009, Air India made Frankfurt Airport its European Hub for its transatlantic North American Operations. In the same years, on the 1st of December, the daily non-stop flight on the Delhi – New York route was extended to Washington. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 175 24. Although Air India did not carry any flights to Egypt, a special exception was made on the 12th of March 2011, when 36 flights were dispatched to evacuate 11.345 stranded Indian civilians from Cairo. This extraordinary measure was taken as a result of the unstable political climate in Egypt. 25. 2012 was a year of significant economic loss, and this influenced the airline’s status on the Indian aviation market, placing it in the fourth place, behind Jet Airways, IndiGo and Spicejet. 26. In 2013, Air India cleared some of its debts by selling and leasing back the newly acquired Boeing 787 Dreamliners. Also, as a part of the financial restructuring, the airline sold five of its eight Boeing 777-200LR aircraft to Etihad Airways. 27. In July 2014, Air India became the 27th member of Star Alliance. A Boeing 787 Dreamliner, a Boeing B777-300 and an Airbus A320-200 were painted with special Star Alliance livery. 28. In 2015, the Maharajah, Air India’s mascot adopted in 1946, was given a makeover, the brand being represented by a younger version. 29. In October 2016, Air India changed the Delhi – San Francisco route previously operated over the Atlantic Ocean to flying over the Pacific Ocean, in order to take advantage of jet stream winds and use less fuel. With the total flown distance being over 15,200 kilometres (9,400 miles), Air India operated the world’s longest non-stop regular scheduled commercial flight. 30. In February 2017, Air India took delivery of its first Airbus A320neo (new engine option) and plans to lease 13 more such re-engine narrow body planes this year. The new A320neo aircraft is configured in two classes, Economy Class and Business Class. 31. Since its operations were initiated, Air India managed to achieve a record of about 6.82 fatal events per million flights. First such accident happened in November 1950, all 48 people on board dying, and the last one on the 23rd of June 1985, when a Boeing 747- 237B was blown up in mid-air by a suitcase-bomb and all 307 passengers and 22 crew on board perished. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

176 Managing Transport Operations Spice Jet 1. Earlier known as Royal Airways, Spice Jet is a reincarnation of ModiLuft, one of India’s first post-deregulation airlines, launched in 1994 and shut down in 1996. 2. Spice Jet was launched in May, 2005, and is being promoted by Ajay Singh and the Kansagra family. 3. Spice Jet aircraft are named after spices. 4. In 2009, Spice Jet won World Travel Market Award. 5. By 2008, Spice Jet became India’s second-largest low-cost airline in terms of market share. 6. In October 2010, after Spice Jet was allowed to commence international flights by the Airports Authority of India, the first international flight took off from the Delhi to Kathmandu, followed by flights from Chennai to Colombo. 7. In April 2011, Spice Jet chose as the first and primary base for its new fleet of Bombardier Q400 NextGen aircraft Hyderabad’s Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, from where it launched flights to Aurangabad, Belgaum, Bhubaneswar, Goa, Indore, Madurai, Mangalore, Nagpur, Nasik, Raipur, Rajahmundry, Tirupati, and Vijayawada. 8. In early 2012, Spice Jet suffered losses as fuel prices were reported to have increased by as high as 90%. The money spent on fuel exceeded well over 50%, spiraling the airline into losses. 9. In December 2013, Spice Jet launched its first interline agreement with Tigerair. For the moment, interline booking can only be purchased at www.spicejet.com. 10. For the month of December 2013, as per DGCA statistics, Spice Jet was #1 in on-time performance. On-time performance of scheduled domestic airlines is computed by the DGCA for six metro airports (Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai). 11. In March 2014, Spice Jet signed a deal with Boeing for delivery of 42 737-8 MAX aircraft. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 177 12. In August 2014, Spice Jet introduced SpiceMAX, a new product that offers customers a lot more comfort and convenience for little more money: SpiceMax seats with with at least 6 inches more legroom compared to standard seats and priority check-in at dedicated SpiceMax counters at major airports. With this product, Spice Jet became the only low-cost airline in India to actually offer greater legroom and comfort in seats that are marketed and sold as “premium” seats under various names. Boeing 737 aircraft will have 30 SpiceMAX seats (first five rows), and Bombardier Q400 aircraft will have 4 SpiceMAX seats (the first row). 13. In June 2015, Spice Jet unveiled its new logo, with a new tagline – Red. Hot. Spicy. All Spice Jet aircraft are named after an Indian spice. 14. In 2016, Spice Jet launched SpiceClub, a prepaid cum loyalty card, the first of its kind in Indian aviation industry, wherein members are offered opportunity to save money and also get rewarded while spending with the airline. Spice Jet also opened new premium lounges at Guwahati, Jaipur, and Varanasi airports. 15. In 2017, Spice Jet placed a firm order for 100 Boeing B737 MAX 8 aircraft, taking its total order to 155 Boeing B737 MAX 8 aircraft. The airline also ordered 25 Bombardier Q400 NG turboprops, with purchase rights for 25 additional aircraft. Spice Jet will be the launch customer for the high-density 90-passengers Bombardier Q400 model. The airline plans to grow its fleet to 200 aircraft by 2020 and expand regionally. 16. In March 2018, Spice Jet was awarded India’s Best Domestic Airline award at the Wings India Awards for Excellence in the Aviation Sector organized by the Government of India, Ministry of Civil Aviation, and FICCI. Indigo 1. IndiGo is an Indian low-cost airline set up by Rahul Bhatia of InterGlobe Enterprises and Rakesh Gangwal, a United States-based NRI. InterGlobe holds 51.12% stake in IndiGo, and Caelum Investments, Gangwal’s Virginia-based company, Caelum Investments, 48%. 2. In June 2005, IndiGo placed a firm order for 100 Airbus A320-200 aircraft with plans to commence operations in mid-2006 and to take delivery of all the 100 aircraft by 2015– CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

178 Managing Transport Operations 2016. However, the airline completed its initial order ahead of schedule when the 100th aircraft was delivered on November 4, 2014. 3. In July 2006, IndiGo received its first Airbus A320-200 aircraft and commenced operations on August 4, 2006, with a service from New Delhi to Imphal via Guwahati. By the end of the year, the airline had 6 aircraft, and 9 more aircraft were delivered in 2007 taking the total to 15. 4. By the end of 2010, IndiGo already had 17.3% of the market share, replacing the state- run flag carrier Air India as the third airline in India, behind Kingfisher Airlines and Jet Airways. 5. In 2011, IndiGo placed an order for 180 Airbus A320 aircraft, 30 regular A320 and 150 A320neo, a new generation version of the A320 scheduled for delivery from 2016. 6. In September 2011, after receiving the license to operate international flights, IndiGo launched its first international service between New Delhi and Dubai. The international services were expanded with flights from New Delhi and Mumbai to Bangkok, Singapore, Muscat, and Kathmandu. Now, international flights are also operated from several cities including Bangalore, Chennai, Kochi, Kolkata, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Visakhapatnam. 7. In August 2012, six years after operations commenced, IndiGo became the largest airline in India in terms of market share (27%) surpassing Jet Airways. Strongly adhering to a low-cost model, IndiGo buys only one type of aircraft and keeps operational costs as low as possible along with an emphasis on punctuality. Being a low-cost carrier (LLC), IndiGo offers only Economy Class seating and does not provide on any of its flights in- flight entertainment or complimentary meals (though it does have a buy-on-board in- flight meal programme). Premium services, with additional benefits like a pre-assigned seat and meals on board, are offered at a higher fare. 8. In 2013, IndiGo was the second fastest growing LLC in Asia, behind Indonesian airline Lion Air. In August 2013, the Center for Asia Pacific Aviation ranked the airline among the 10 biggest low-cost carriers in the world. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 179 9. In August 2015, IndiGo placed a new order for 250 Airbus A320neo aircraft worth $26.5 billion, the largest single order ever as number of aircraft in Airbus history. The order also provides IndiGo the option to convert some A320neo to A321neo, which have more seats and fly on longer routes. The Airbus A320neo family aircraft will be delivered between 2015 and 2022. 10. As of September 2015, with a market share of 36.5%, IndiGo is the largest airline in India in terms of passengers flown. IndiGo operates more than 647 daily flights to 39 destinations, 34 in India and 5 international. Its primary hubs are at Indira Gandhi International Airport (Delhi) and Visakhapatnam Airport (Vizag), but the airline also operates from two secondary hubs at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport (Kolkata) and Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Mumbai). IndiGo presently operates a fleet of 98 aircraft belonging to the Airbus A320 family. 11. In March 2016, IndiGo received its first A320neo aircraft. IndiGo was Airbus’ biggest A320neo customer with a total of 430 aircraft placed in 2011 and 2015. In November 2018, IndiGo switched 125 aircraft of its existing Airbus A320neo order to the longer range A321neo aircraft. 12. In 2017, IndiGo became the first Indian carrier to operate 1000 flights a day and, with the delivery of the 31st Airbus A320neo aircraft, a fleet of 150 aircraft. IndiGo also took delivery of its first ATR 72 600 aircraft in December. 13. In 2018, IndiGo continued to expand its international route network to 15 destinations, adding daily non-stop flights to Hong Kong, Male, Phuket, and Kuala Lumpur. 14. At the Skytrax World Airline Awards 2018, IndiGo won the ‘Best Low-Cost Airline in Central Asia & India’ award for the 9th consecutive year. IndiGo, India’s largest passenger airline with a market share of 43.2%, focuses on three pillars – offering low fares, being on-time and delivering a hassle-free experience. Go Air 1. Go Air was founded in Nov 2005 by Jeh Wadia, son of Indian industrialist Nusli Wadia. The airline is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Wadia Group. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

180 Managing Transport Operations 2. Go Air commenced its operations using an Airbus A320 aircraft and operated its inaugural flight from Mumbai to Ahmedabad on 4 November 2005. The airline initially operated with a single aircraft to four destinations including Goa and Coimbatore with plans to induct 36 aircraft by 2008. 3. In March 2008, the airline announced revised plans to operate 11 aircraft and service new destinations in North East and South India by the end of the year. But increasing fuel prices forced Go Air to cut down the existing number of flights in June 2008. 4. Go Air became the sixth Indian domestic carrier to fly international when it launched its inaugural flight to Phuket from New Delhi on 11 October 2018. Vistara 1. Tata SIA Airlines Limited, operating as Vistara, is an Indian full-service airline, based in Gurgaon, with its hub at Indira Gandhi International Airport. The carrier, a joint venture between Tata Sons and Singapore Airlines, commenced operations on 9 January 2015 with its inaugural flight between Delhi and Mumbai. 2. The company unveiled its brand identity \"Vistara\" on 11 August 2014. 3. The name was taken from the Sanskrit word vistāra, meaning \"limitless expanse\". 4. Vistara received its air operator's certificate from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation on 15 December 2014 and started operations on 9 January 2015. 5. Vistara became the first carrier to operate domestic services out of the new Terminal 2 at Mumbai's Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. 6. Vistara inaugurated the Aviation Security Training Institute, an in-house institute for training its cockpit and cabin crew, security staff and others related to aviation industry. The institute has secured the necessary approvals from the nodal body Bureau of Civil Aviation Security. 7. Vistara announced on 11 July 2019 that their first international destination would be Singapore. The airline started its first international service from Delhi to Singapore and Mumbai to Singapore on 6 and 7 August respectively using the Boeing 737–800 NG which was earlier used by Jet Airways. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 181 Jet Airways (India) Ltd. 1. Jet Airways was incorporated on April 1, 1992 as a private company with limited liability under the Companies Act. 2. On the 1st of April in 1992, Jet Airways was first incorporated (funded by a private- public split between Naresh Goyal (60%), Gulf Air (20%) and Kuwait Airways (20%)). But they would not actually start flying until well into 1993 when they leased four Boeing 737-300’s as an on demand air taxi airline. Their first flight was from Bombay to Ahmedabad. Impressively enough, they carried over half a million passengers to 12 destinations in their first year. 3. Jet Airways commenced operations as an Air Taxi Operator on May 5, 1993 with a fleet of four leased Boeing 737 aircraft. 4. Jet Airways was reconverted into a private company. Jet Airways became a public company on December 28, 2004. 5. Jet Airways launches its first inter-continental flight by linking Mumbai with London Heathrow by a non-stop day flight here on May 23, 2005. 6. Headquarters: The airline's head office is located at Siroya Center in Andheri, Mumbai. The head office was previously located at S. M. Center, a rented six-storey building in Andheri and was moved following criticism regarding working conditions. 7. The airline purchased its first Boeing 737-400 simulator from CAE Inc. in 2001.[23] By April 2001, the airline fleet had grown to 30 aircraft and was operating over 195 flights daily to 37 destinations within India. 11.2.2 Major International Airlines Qatar Qatar airlines CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

182 Managing Transport Operations Singapore airlines Singapore Emirates United Arab Emirates Cathay pacific airlines Hong Kong Lufthansa Germany Thai Airways Thailand British airways United Kingdom CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 183 Turkish airlines Turkey ANA All Nippon Japan Airways Abu Dhabi Etihad New Zealand Air New Zealand 11.3 Regulatory Body for Civil Aviation The various institutes that show there due concern in the massive and ever growing tourism industry are called tourism organizations. Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

184 Managing Transport Operations 11.3.1 Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India) (DGCA) Under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental regulatory body for civil aviation. It is not only responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India, for formulation and enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards but also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The Directorate General of Civil Aviation has its Headquarters in New Delhi. This organization is headed by the Director General of Civil Aviation who is assisted by Joint Director General and Deputy Director General. DGCA has 14 Regional Airworthiness Offices (RAO) at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Kochi, Bhopal, Lucknow, Patna, Bhubaneshwar, Kanpur, Guwahati and Patiala. It has also 5 Regional Air Safety offices located at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Hyderabad. It has a Regional Research and Development Office located at Bangalore and a Gliding Centre at Pune. Vision: Endeavour to promote safe and efficient Air Transportation through regulation and proactive safety oversight system. Functions The main function of the Directorate General of Civil Aviation is to regulate all civil aviation matter. Some of the salient functions are as under: CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 185 1. Regulation of air transport services to/from/within India in accordance with the provisions of the Aircraft Rules, 1937, including bilateral and multilateral with foreign countries and the policy pronouncements of the government. 2. Registration of civil aircraft. 3. Laying down airworthiness requirement for civil aircraft registered in India and grant of Certificate of Airworthiness to such aircraft. 4. Licensing of pilots, aircraft maintenance engineers and monitoring of flight crew standards. 5. Licensing of aerodromes and air carriers. 6. Rendering advice to the Government on matters pertaining to civil aviation. 7. Processing amendments to Aircraft Act, 1934 and the Aircraft Rules, 1937, and other Acts relating to aviation, with a view to implementing in India the provisions of the Chicago Convention and Annexes thereto and other International Convention relating to aviation. 8. Co-ordination of the work relating to International Civil Aviation Organization and sending replies to state letters after consulting the concerned agencies. 9. Investigation of minor air accidents and incidents and rendering technical assistance to the Courts/Committees of Inquiry. 10. Supervision of training activities of Flying/Gliding Clubs. 11. Development of light aircraft, gliders and winches. 11.3.2 International Air Transport Association (IATA) The International Air Transport Association is the trade association for the world’s airlines. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

186 Managing Transport Operations IATA Structure  IATA is led by Tony Tyler Director General & CEO since July 2011.  IATA has 63 offices in 61 countries, with its Head Office in Montreal, Executive Office in Geneva and Regional Offices in Amman, Beijing, Brussels, Johannesburg, Madrid, Miami, Moscow, Singapore and Washington.  The IATA Annual General Meeting & World Air Transport Summit, held in June each year.  IATA members include the world’s leading passenger and cargo airlines. Foundation of IATA  IATA was founded in Havana, Cuba, in April 1945.  It is the prime vehicle for inter-airline cooperation in promoting safe, reliable, secure and economical air services -for the benefit of the world's consumers.  The international scheduled air transport industry is more than 100 times larger than it was in 1945.  At its founding, IATA had 57 members from 31 nations, mostly in Europe and North America. Today it has some 240 members from 118 nations in every part of the globe.  The modern IATA is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association founded in the Haguein 1919- the year of the world's first international scheduled services. Aims The aims of IATA are to-  Promote safe, regular, and economical air transport for the benefit of the people of the world, foster air commerce, and study the problem connected therewith,  Provide means for collaboration among the air transport enterprise engaged directly or indirectly in international air transport service.  Co-operate with newly created IACO, the specialized Unites nation’s agency for civil organization and other international other organization. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 187 Functions 1. Regulates airlines ‘rights’ on operations in a foreign country (with host govt. consent). 2. Regulates air tariffs. 3. Settles disputes between any two airlines. 4. Regulates complete accounting through their medium of BSP (Billing and Settlement Plan). 5. Frames laws and by-law on air transportation. 6. Keeping in view geographical conditions and location. 7. Supports CRS providers. 8. Designates each airline with alpha code, each location with a three alpha code and each airline with a three numeric code. 9. Updates the travel industry with latest developments and changes on regular basis through their websites/email/newsletters, etc. 10. Maintains high standard so quality in services. 11.3.3 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) 1. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a specialised agency and an aviation technical body of the United Nations. 2. Its headquarters is located in Montreal, Canada. It was created after the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation of which was signed by 52 countries in 1944 and was ratified and founded in 1947. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

188 Managing Transport Operations 3. ICAO is an organization that is responsible for creating safety standards for air travel and for giving advice to airlines. 4. The tremendous development of aviation during World War II demonstrated the need for an international organization to assist and regulate international flight for peaceful. 5. The forerunner to ICAO was the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN). It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany, but no agreements were reached among the eight countries that attended. 6. The provisional ICAO was established from 6 June 1947 until 4 Apr 1947 (cause of the pending ratification by 26 states. 7. ICAO came into being 4 Apr 1947 (as ratification was received). 8. ICAO became a specialized agency of the United Nations. 9. There are 193 ICAO members. The Council of ICAO is elected by the Assembly every 3 years and consists of 36 members elected in 3 groups. Objectives The main objectives of the organisation are to develop the principles and the techniques of international air navigation and to foster the planning and development of international air transport with a view to: 1. Ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the world; 2. Encourage the arts of aircraft design and operation for peaceful purposes; 3. Encourage the development of airways, airports and navigation facilities for international civil aviation; 4. Meet the needs of the people of the world for safe, regular, efficient, economical air transport; 5. Prevent economic waste caused by unreasonable competition; 6. Ensure that the rights of contracting countries are fully respected and that every contracting country has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 189 Functions of ICAO 1. The main purpose of ICAO to promote the safety and efficient development of civil aviation. 2. ICAO Encourage the development of airways, airports, and air navigation facilities for international civil aviation. 3. ICAO Meet the needs of the peoples of the world for safe, regular, efficient, and economical air transport. 4. ICAO promotes safety of flight in international air navigation; and promotes generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics. 5. It prevents economic waste caused by unreasonable competition. 6. ICAO ensure that the rights of contracting states are fully respected and that every contracting state has a fair opportunity to operate international airlines. 11.3.4 Airport Authority of India (AAI)  Airports Authority of India (AAI) was build by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April, 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India.  AAI manages 137 airports, which include 23 International Airports (including 3 International Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (including 4 Customs Civil Enclaves), 81 Domestic Airports and 23 Domestic Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields.  The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body (created through the Airports Authority of India Act, 1994) working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, Government CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

190 Managing Transport Operations of India is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.  AAI has five training establishments, including three ATS training organizations (ATSTO) viz. (1) The Civil Aviation Training College (CATC) at Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, (2) Hyderabad Training Centre at Hyderabad (HTC) and (3) National Institute of Aviation Training and Management (NIATAM) at Gondia, Maharashtra. The other training centres are (4) Indian Aviation Academy[2] (National Institute of Aviation Management and Research (NIAMAR) at Delhi (a joint venture of Airports Authority of India, Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India) and Bureau of Civil Aviation Security, Govt of India) and (5) Fire Training Centres (FTC) at Delhi & Kolkata. AI is managed by a Board of Members appointed by the Central Government under Section 3 of the AAI Act. The Board of AAI presently comprises - (a) Whole-Time Chairperson; (b) The DGCA, who is the Ex-Officio Member; (c) Five Full Time Members for Operations, Finance, HR, Planning and Air Navigation Services; (d) The JS (in-charge of AAI) and the AS&FA in the Ministry of Civil Aviation; (e) Three Part-Time non-official Members. The Functions of AAI are as follows 1. Design, Development, Operation and Maintenance of international and domestic airports and civil enclaves. 2. Control and Management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territorial limits of the country, as accepted by ICAO. 3. Construction, Modification and Management of passenger terminals. 4. Development and Management of cargo terminals at international and domestic airports. 5. Provision of passenger facilities and information system at the passenger terminals at airports. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Air Transport: Major Airlines of India… 191 6. Expansion and strengthening of operation area, viz. Runways, Aprons, Taxiway, etc. 7. Provision of visual aids. 8. Provision of Communication and Navigation aids, viz. ILS, DVOR, DME, Radar, etc. 11.4 Summary An efficient and comfortable transportation system is essential for the tourism industry. This chapter has highlighted the various airlines introduced to market. The formation of associations at the International, national and regional level is crucial to the success of tourism. In this chapter major tourism related organizations are discussed. The various institutes that show there due concern in the massive and ever growing tourism industry are called tourism organizations. Civil aviation is one of two major categories of flying, representing all non-military aviation, both private and commercial. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. Under the Ministry of Civil Aviation, The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental regulatory body for civil aviation. It is not only responsible for regulation of air transport services to/from/within India, for formulation and enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards but also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). The International Air Transport Association (IATA), established in 1945, with its headquarters in Montreal, Canada regulates international airfare in different areas of the world. It provides technical and administrative support to make the system of air travel possible worldwide. Airports Authority of India (AAI) was build by an Act of Parliament and came into being on 1st April, 1995 by merging erstwhile National Airports Authority and International Airports Authority of India. AAI manages 137 airports, which include 23 International Airports (including 3 International Civil Enclaves), 10 Customs Airports (including 4 Customs Civil Enclaves), 81 Domestic Airports and 23 Domestic Civil Enclaves at Defence airfields. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

192 Managing Transport Operations 11.5 Key Words/Abbreviations  Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA): The Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) is the Indian governmental regulatory body for civil aviation. It is not only responsible for regulation of air transport services to/ from/ within India, for formulation and enforcement of civil air regulations, air safety and airworthiness standards but also co-ordinates all regulatory functions with International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO).  Airport Authority of India (AAI): The Airports Authority of India or AAI is a statutory body (created through the Airports Authority of India Act, 1994) working under the Ministry of Civil Aviation; Government of India is responsible for creating, upgrading, maintaining and managing civil aviation infrastructure in India.  International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO): The organization provides financial, administrative and technical support for the establishment of infrastructure for the development of the Civil aviation sector at global level.  International Air Transport Association (IATA): The association aims at the introduction of economical airfare to avoid unnecessary cutthroat competition amongst airlines while ensuring the long term interest of consumers.  Indian Airlines: Indian Airlines, later Indian, was a major Indian airline based in Delhi and focused primarily on domestic routes, along with several international services to neighbouring countries in Asia.  International Airlines: An international flight is a form of commercial flight within civil aviation where the departure and the arrival take place in different countries. 11.6 Learning Activity 1. Make a chart presentation of organization framework of ICAO and Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India). CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)