E-LESSON-1 HISTORY _ CULTURE OF PUNJAB-1

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B.A. 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PUNJAB Course Code: BAQ-103 Semester: First SLM Unit : 1 e-Lesson: 1 www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103)

HISTORY AND CULTURE OF PUNJAB OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: Physical Features of Punjab and Understand the physical features of the Punjab Impacts on history of Punjab Identify Sources of Early History of Punjab Sources of Early History of Punjab & Economic Impact on History of Punjab Discuss the economic impact on history of the Punjab Elaborate Economic Impact on History of Punjab Sources of Early History of Punjab www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAAQQ10130)3) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Introduction to state Punjab HISTORY & CULTURE OF PUNJAB > Physical Features of Punjab and > Impacts on history of Punjab > Economic Impact on History of Punjab > Sources of Early History of Punjab https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/punjab/punjab-history-and-culture www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

HISTORY OF PUNJAB 5 •The history of Punjab is as old as the history of the https://in.pinterest.com/pin/295196950554694468/ Indian Civilization. •Being the land of five rivers, this state was known as Panchal when the Aryans came to India in the third millennium BC. •Before that, the whole region of the Sindhu (Indus) and its tributaries was inhibited by the Harappans or the people of the Copper age, who constructed great cities in this region. •Ropar in modern Punjab is a great example of this civilization. www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PUNJAB 6 •The word “Punjab” is made up of two Persian words -Panj- and - https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India Aab-. Panj means five and Aab means water. All right are reserved with CU-IDOL •This name was probably given to this land possibly in an era when this region came into close contact with Persia. •The Punjab was known as land of five rivers because of the five rivers that ran through it. They are Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, Sutlej and Chenab. •These five rivers split the state into three sections Majha, Doaba, and Malwa.As of today, just 2 streams Sutlej and Beas run through Punjab state in India. The other river Ravi flows partly in Punjab, essentially along the global border of India and Pakistan and then opens to Pakistan. www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103)

PHYSICAL FEATURES 7 Due to the presence of a large number of rivers, most of Punjab is a fertile plain. Tributaries of the rivers Beas, Ghaggar, Indus, Ravi and Sutlej flow towards the southeast crossing the entire state. There are many sub-tributaries of these rivers that provide a base for the most extensive canal system in India. The southeast region of the state is semi-arid and presents a desert-like landscape. A belt of rising and falling hills extends along the northeastern part of the state at the foot of the Himalayas. https://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-22221355-ravi-river-northwestern-india- northeastern-pakistan-one www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

https://www.holidify.com/stat CLIMATE 8 e/punjab/best-time-to- visit.html •Punjab has an inland subtropical location, and its climate http://www.bharatonline.com/punjab/bathinda is continental, being semiarid to subhumid. /weather.html www.cuidol.in •Summers are very hot. In June, the warmest month, daily temperatures in Ludhiana usually reach about 100 °F https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2 (upper 30s C) from a low in the upper 70s F (mid-20s C). F%2Fwww.skymetweather.com%2Fcontent%2Fwe • In January, the coolest month, daily temperatures ather-news-a normally rise from the mid-40s (about 7 °C) into the mid- 60s F (upper 10s C). All right are reserved with CU-IDOL •Annual rainfall is highest in the Siwalik Range, which may receive more than 45 inches (1,150 mm), and lowest in the southwest, which may receive less than 12 inches (300 mm) statewide average annual precipitation is roughly 16 inches (400 mm). •Most of the annual rainfall occurs from July to September, the months of the southwest monsoon. Winter rains from the western cyclones, occurring from December to March, account for less than one-fourth of the total rainfall. Unit-1-(BAQ103)

FLORA AND FAUNA 9 Even though, most of the state is under cultivation, there a few sanctuaries and gardens here, worth visiting. These include the Hari-ke-pattan National Wetland and Wildlife Sanctuary at Amritsar, the Kanjli Wetland, the Kapurtala Sutlej Water Body Wetland, the Ropar Zoological Park, Chhatbir, Bansar Garden, Sangrur, the Aam Khas Bagh, Sirhind, the Ram Bagh Garden, the Shalimar Garden, Kapurthala and the Baradari Garden at Patiala. https://twitter.com/pid_gov/status/898144883680006144 www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

AGRICULTURE 10 •Agriculture is the mainstay of Punjab's economy. •The state contributes 80 percent of wheat and 43 percent of rice to the national exchequer. FAIRS AND FESTIVALS youtube.com/watch?v=A5bXwYv7w6A The festivals in Punjab have always been https://www.businessinsider.in/thelife/article/know-the- celebrated with much enthusiasm and display. significance-of-baisakhi-the-harvest-festival-of- Punjab is predominantly an agricultural state. The most significant festival of Punjab is Baisakhi, which marks the arrival of the harvesting season. For the Sikhs, Baisakhi has a special significance because on this day in 1699, their tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh organized the Order of the Khalsa. www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Impacts on History of 11 the Punjab  Impact on the Punjabi Character The physical features of the Punjab have greatly influenced the life and character of its people.From the early times, the Punjab being the north-western gateway of India had to suffer due to political upheavals.  Emergence of Composite and Mixed Culture During the past ages, hordes of foreign and invaders continued to come to settle in this land. The blood, language and culture of many races continued to mix in the society of Punjab  Impact on Caste System As the people of different communities freely mixed with another in the Punjab, the caste system could not retain its rigidity here as compared to the other parts of India  Liberal View of Punjabis Another trait of the Punjabis is that they are liberal in spending.  Setback to Art and Literature Due to the recurring invasions of the Punjab by the foreigners who came through the northwest frontier passes, www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Economic Impact on 12 History of the Punjab  The Rich Physical Features Gave Economic Prosperity to Punjab The hills, plains, rivers, forests, climate, mineral and agricultural products made Punjab rich and prosperous. The land of Punjab was fertile and irrigated that became a base of economic development of the state  Agriculture – The Main Occupation of Punjab A large number of Punjab’s territory was plains which became more fertile with the silt brought by the rivers from the mountains. The rivers flowed throughout the years that gave water for irrigation  Trade and Commerce The trade flourished in the region of Punjab as it was on the trade route between India and Central Asia  Industry Household Industry was there in Punjab which made the local people, self-sufficient www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sources of the Early History  Ancient History of the Punjab 13 During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800-400 BCE, Punjab was known as Trigarta and ruled by Katoch kings. The Indus Valley Civilisation spanned much of the Punjab region with cities such as Ropar  Sikhs in Punjab Sikhism began at the time of the conquest of northern India by Babur. His grandson, Akbar, supported religious freedom and after visiting the langar of Guru Amar Das had a favourable impression of Sikhism  Cis-Sutlej States The Cis-Sutlej states were a group of states in modern Punjab and Haryana states lying between the Sutlej River on the north, the Himalayas on the east,  Sikh Empire The Sikh Empire (1801-1849) was forged by Maharajah Ranjit Singh on the foundations of the Khalsa from a collection of autonomous Sikh misls, creating a unified political state.  Punjab Province (British India) The Cis-Sutlej states, including Kaithal, Patiala, Jind, Thanesar, Maler Kotla and Faridkot, were under the suzerainty of the Scindhia dynasty of the Maratha Empire, following the Second www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Key Words/Abbreviations 14  Punjabi Character: The physical features of the Punjab have greatly influenced the life and character of its people.  Mixed culture: During the past ages, hordes of foreign and invaders continued to come to settle in this land.  Caste System: As the people of different communities freely mixed with another in the Punjab, the caste system could not retain its rigidity.  Indus civilisation: The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation.  Mehrgarh: Mehrgarh is a Neolithic (7000 BCE to c. 2500 BCE) site to the west of the Indus River valley near the Bolan Pass.  Arts and crafts: Various sculptures, seals, bronze vessels pottery, gold jewellery, and anatomically detailed.  Trade and transportation: Trade focused on importing raw materials to be used in Harappan city workshops www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Learning Activity 15 1. You are required to prepare a report on “Impact of Mixed Culture in Punjab”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 2. You are suggested to work on live project with respect to liberal view of Punjabis. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 3. You are suggested to identify the Harappan Civilisation and preapare a report on the same. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 4. You are required to make a team of 5 members and prepare a live project on “Harappan Culture”. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Summary Punjab, state of India, located in the northwestern part of the subcontinent. It is bounded by the Indian 16 states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the northeast, Haryana to the south and southeast, and Rajasthan to the southwest and by the country of Pakistan to the west. Punjab in its present form came into existence on November 1, 1966, The land of Punjab was fertile and irrigated that became a base of economic development of the state. Due to its location, Punjab became a trade route to Central Asia and Europe which strengthened the financial of the Punjab. The Indus civilisation is also known as the Harappan Civilisation, after its type site, Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated early in the 20th century in what was then the Punjab province of British India and now is Pakistan. Indus Valley excavation sites have revealed a number of distinct examples of the culture’s art, including sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewellry, and anatomically detailed figurines in terracotta, bronze, and steatite more commonly known as Soapstone. The Great Bath was a brick structure, which measured 12 m by 7 m and is nearly 3 m deep from the surrounding pavement. Water was evidently supplied by 3 large well placed in an adjacent room. www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. When did Punjab come into existence? (For more information see SLM) 17 Ans: Punjab in its present form came into existence on November 1, 1966, 2. What became the base of economic development of the state? (For more information see SLM) Ans: The land of Punjab was fertile and irrigated that became a base of economic development of the state. 3. What are the Sources of the Early History of the Punjab? Ans: Ancient History : During the period when the epic Mahabharata was written, around 800-400 BCE, Punjab was k nown as Trigarta and ruled by Katoch kings. The Indus Valley Civilisation spanned much of the Punjab region with cit ies such as Ropar. (For more information see SLM) 4. What are the the Impacts on History of the Punjab? • Ans: The course of human history in a country or a region is largely influenced and shaped by its physical and geogra phical features and a study of history of the Punjab clearly brings out the truth of this stament. • The physical features of the Punjab, its normal conditions, climate, soil, hills, rivers, borders, etc., have influenced th e course of its history and have helped in moulding the character and lives of its people through the ages. “For Furth er details please refer to the SLM” www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Multiple Choice Questions 18 1. The land of Punjab was fertile and irrigated that became a base of __________. (a) Economic development (b) Social development (c) Culture (d) Art and crafts 2 Punjab was known as Trigarta and ruled by __________. (a) Philip (b) Katoch Kings (c) C.K. Pralhad (d) None of the above 3 Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated early in the __________. (a) 19th Century (b) 20th century (c) 21st Century (d) 18th Century Answers: 1.(a) 2.(b) 3.(b) www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 19 •Basham, A.L.(1992). The Wonder that was India. Calcutta: Rupa Books. •Walia, J.M.(1992). A History of the Punjab. Ludhiana: Kalyani Publishers. •Joshi, L.M. and Singh, F.(1977). History and Culture of the Punjab.Vol. I. Patiala: Punjabi University. • WEB RESOURCES • https://www.britannica.com/place/Punjab-state-India • https://abhipedia.abhimanu.com/Article/State/NDQ3NAEEQQVVE EQ • https://www.allaboutsikhs.com/punjab/geographical-overview-of- punjab • https://www.google.com/search?q=references&sxsrf=ALeKk03mo O2oC4MzzjcoPQPZnUbCVBLJbA www.cuidol.in Unit-1-(BAQ103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

20 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1- BAQ103 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL