MAp 602 3-4

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M.A.(Psy) 2EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY All right are reserved with CU-IDOL EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP 602 Semester: First SLM Unit : E-Lesson 3-4 2 www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: The eye has three main layers: the sclera, Elaborate sensory processes of Eye & Ear which includes the cornea; the choroid, which includes the pupil, iris, and lens; and Explain the structure of sensory processes the retina, which includes receptor cells called rods and cones. Explain the sensory processes of Olfactory Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the Discuss the causes of olfactory dysfunction sense of smell. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MMAPA6P06202) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Meaning of Sensory Processes EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > The Concept of Sensation > Structure and function of Eye > Structure and function of Ear > Structure and Function of Olfactory www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MEANING OF SENSORY 5 PROCESSES Sensory processes involves mediating communication between our internal and external environment through various sensory components present in organism’s bodily mechanism. In a more wider sense it’s a system of small units of sensory organs which receives input from environment. Examples we have developed particular taste receptors in our tongue with evolution and with it also developed olfactory receptors with helps us in detecting threatening clues from the environment by processing inputs corresponding to these sense . This sensory integration ultimately leads to an increase https://images.app.goo.gl/saJ74sPK4CmpsrAd9 in the probability of an organism to survive .This phenomenon is called sensory evolution which meets the demands of evolution which ultimately is survival . www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CONCEPT OF SENSATION 6 Definition of Sensation According to Zajonc, “Sensation is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses, which can then be experienced and interpreted by the brain. Sensation occurs thanks to our five sensory systems: vision, hearing, taste, smell and touch”. Differences between sensation and perception Sensation occurs when sensory receptors detect sensory stimuli. Perception involves the organization, interpretation, and conscious experience of those sensations. https://images.app.goo.gl/pn4HDg4HRyDqkwH17 www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF SENSATIONS 7 Various Types of Sensations are as follows:  Visual: The wavelength, intensity and complexity of Light are detected by visual receptors in the retina  of the eye. There are two types of visual receptors: rods and cones.  Auditory: The frequency, intensity, and complexity of sounds waves in the external world are detected by  auditory receptors (cilia or hair cell receptors) in the ear. Gustatory: Taste receptors (i.e., taste buds or papillae) are activated by the presence of food or another object on the tongue. Four basic tastes include sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. Olfactory: Smells in the external world activate hair receptors in nostrils. Somato-sensory: Somato-sensory sensations occur when receptors detect changes on one's skin or within one‘s Body. Proprioception: Proprioception is the “sense of bodily position.” It includes the vestibular sense (i.e., one's sense of balance) and kinesthetic sense (i.e., one's awareness of one's movements). www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE OF SENSORY 8 PROCESSES Various elements related to Structure of Sensory Processes are as follows: Step-1: Reception: Reception is the first step in the processing of sensation and is dependent on the receptor type, stimulus, and receptive field. Step-2: Transduction and Perception: Transduction is the process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal to be processed in a specialized area in the brain. Step-3: Encoding and Transmission of Sensory Information: Four aspects of sensory information are encoded by sensory systems: the type of stimulus, the location of the stimulus in the receptive field, the duration of the stimulus, and the relative intensity of the stimulus. Step-4: Perception: Perception is an individual’s interpretation of a sensation. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE OF SENSORY PROCESSES 9 Stimulation Transduction Sensation Perception https://images.app.goo.gl/GM9GrcLfw2FNT5ak9 www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Stimulation is an irritating Transduction is a general 10 activity in the nerve of a transportation and muscle that encourage an transformation of sensory action information from body to the brain and vice a versa Sensory processes Sensation is phenomenon of Perception is the organization ingesting a number of stimuli of all the sensory information and how the system derives by the brain through its sensory organs such as eye, meaning from the sensory information ear , nose, taste buds www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE OF EYE 11  Sensory Organs • Vision depends mainly on one sensory organ- the eye. • Eye constructions vary in complexity depending on the needs of the organism.  The Process of Sight • All vision is based on the perception of electromagnetic rays. These rays pass through the cornea in the form of light. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 Process of Sight All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE OF EYE 12  Color Vision • Human beings has two types of photoreceptors in the human retina rods and cons shaped cells • Rods are responsible for vision at low lights ( scotopic vision ) , they do not mediate color vision. • Cons are active at higher level light photopic vision are responsible for color vision, central fovea populate d by cons cells  Depth Perception • Depth perception refers to our ability to see and length breadth an height of an object and judge how far an object is there in environment. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE OF EAR 13 Audition: Hearing, the Ear, and Sound Localization The human auditory system allows us to perceive and localize sounds in our physical environment The Ear The ear is the main sensory organ of the auditory system. It performs the first processing of sound and houses all of the sensory receptors required for hearing. Eustachian Tube Functions www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF EAR 14  Hearing • The external ear, also called the auricle or pinna, is the loop of cartilage and skin that is attached to outside of the head. • It works much like a megaphone. Sound is funneled through the external ear and piped into the external auditory canal, according to Nebraska Medicine.  Balance •The Eustachian tube, or pharyngotympanic tube, in the middle ear equalizes air pressure in the middle ear with the air pressure in the atmosphere. This process helps humans retain their balance.  Diseases & conditions • Ears are delicate organs that can often have problems due to damage, bacteria or even changes in the environment.  How the Eustachian Tube Functions? • The inner ear is sensitive to pressure changes and requires a valve that can open and close to equalize air and fluid imbalances. This valve is called the Eustachian tube. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM 15 The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the sen sory system used for smelling (olfaction). Olfaction is one of the special senses that have dir ectly associated specific organs. Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 The Olfactory System All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION 16 OF OLFACTORY The olfactory system is responsible for our sense of smell. This sense, also known as olfaction, is one of our five main senses and involves the detection and identification of molecules in the air. 1. Nose: opening containing nasal passages that allows outside air to flow into the nasal cavity. 2. Nasal cavity: cavity divided by the nasal septum into left and right passages. It is lined with mucosa. 3. Olfactory epithelium: specialized type of epithelial tissue in nasal cavities that contains olfactory nerve cell s and receptor nerve cells. 4. Cribriform plate: a porous extension of the ethmoid bone, which separates the nasal cavity from the brain. 5. Olfactory nerve: nerve (first cranial nerve) involved in olfaction. 6. Olfactory bulbs: bulb-shaped structures in the forebrain where olfactory nerves end and the olfactory tract begins 7. Olfactory tract: band of nerve fibers that extend from each olfactory bulb to the olfactory cortex of the brain. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE 17 •Olfactory problems can be divided into different types based on their malfunction. The olfactory dysfunction can be total (anosmia), incomplete (partial anosmia, hyposmia, or microsmia), distorted (dysosmia), or can be characterized by spontaneous sensations like phantosmia. • An inability to recognize odors despite a normally functioning olfactory system is termed olfactory agnosia •Hyperosmia is a rare condition typified by an abnormally heightened sense of smell. Like vision and hearing , the olfactory problems can be bilateral or unilateral meaning if a person has anosmia on the right side of the nose but not the left, it is a unilateral right anosmia. On the other hand, if it is on both sides of the nose, it is called bilateral anosmia or total anosmia. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS 18  Sensory Process - Sensory processing is the process that organizes sensation from one’s own body and the environment.  Sensation - Sensation is the process that allows our brains to take in information via our five senses.  Visual - The wavelength, intensity and complexity of Light are detected by visual receptors in the retina of the eye.  Olfactory System - The olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the sensory system used for smelling (olfaction).  Advanced age - Age is the strongest reason for olfactory decline in healthy adults.  Viral infections - The most common cause of permanent hyposmia and anosmia are upper respiratory infections. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEARNING ACTIVITY 19 1. You are required to identify about Sensory Process. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. You are suggested to prepare a team of 10 members and work on structure of Sensory Processes. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. You are suggested to prepare a report on “the Olfactory System”. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4. You are required to identify the causes of Olfactory Dysfunction and Structure and function of olfactory. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 20  The eye receives oxygen through the aqueous. Its function is to nourish the cornea, iris, and lens by carrying nutrients; it removes waste products excreted from the lens, and maintains intraocular pressure and thus maintains the shape of the eye.  The external ear, also called the auricle or pinna, is the loop of cartilage and skin that is attached to outside of the head. It works much like a megaphone. Sound is funnelled through the external ear and piped into the external auditory canal, according to Nebraska Medicine. The auditory canal is the part of the ear hole that can easily be seen when looking an ear up close. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 21  Olfaction is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell. Olfaction has many purposes, such as the detection of hazards, pheromones, and food.  It integrates with other senses to form the sense of flavor. Often, land Organisms will have separate olfaction systems for smell and taste (orthonasal smell and retronasal smell), but water-dwelling organisms usually have only one system.  Other types of smell defects include parosmia (a distorted perception of odors) and phantosmia (odors are hallucinated.) Hyposmia, the diminished sense of smell, is also linked to the development of neurodegenerative ;such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 22 1. State the function of sensory processing of eye. (For more information see SLM) Ans: The eye receives oxygen through the aqueous. Its function is to nourish the cornea, iris, and lens by carrying nutrients; it removes waste products excreted from the lens, and maintains intraocular pressure and thus maintains the shape of the eye. 2. What is the name of external ear? (For more information see SLM) Ans: The external ear, also called the auricle or pinna, is the loop of cartilage and skin that is attached to outside of the head. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 23 3. What are the olfaction system? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Organism s will have separate olfaction systems for smell and taste (orthonasal smell and retronasal smell) but water-dwelling organisms usually have only one system. 4. State the types of smell defects. (For more information see SLM) Ans: Other types of smell defects include parosmia (a distorted perception of odors) and phantosmia (odors are hallucinated.) Hyposmia, the diminished sense of smell, is also linked to the development of neurodegenerative ;Such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. Which of the following is the element related to Structure of Sensory Processes? 24 (a) Reception (b) Transduction (c) Encoding and Transmission (d) All the above 2. Which of the following is the part of ear? (a) External ear (b) Middle ear (c) Inner ear (d) All the above 3. Which of the following is a chemoreception that forms the sense of smell? (a) Olfaction (b) Emotion (c) Brain responsible (d) All the above Answers: 1.(d) 2.(d) 3. (a) Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

REFERENCES 25 “References of this unit have been given at the end of the book”. www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

26 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-3-4 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL