E-LESSON-7 SOCIOLOGY-1

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION, ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

B.A.English 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY SOCIOLOGY COURSE CODE: BAQ109 SEMESTER: FIRST SLM UNIT : 7 E-Lesson: 7 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109

INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: In the course of time the baby will physically Understand the Meaning of Socialization develop in size and function. This growth is called maturation.. Need for Socialization Society: Norms control human behaviour. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-110099) Thus, social control results in social stability and order which is essential for the survival, continuity and development of the society. . . INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > NEED FOR SOCIALIZATION INTRODUCTION TO > STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION SOCIOLOGY > AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION http://outlookafghanistan.net/topics.php?post_id=20166 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SOCIALIZATION 5 Socialization consists of teaching each individual the culture which he must acquire and share, of making him a participating member in society and in various groups and for persuading him to accept the norms of his society. Socialization is a matter of learning and not of biological inheritance. In the socialization process the individual learns the folkways, traditions and other patterns of culture as well as skills which will enable him to become a participating member of the human society. Aims of Socialization: (i) Socialization provides for the emergence and development for the self or ego: It provides an individual with a social self whereby he is aware of other people’s expectations (ii) It inculcates basic disciplines by a system of rewards and punishments: Such disciplined behaviour postpones, modifies or gives up immediate gratification in favour (iii) Socialization instils aspiration towards some goal, occupational status or reward: Example: Importance of hard work and sustained efforts is impressed on an individual’s mind to achieve the socially acclaimed goals. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Aims of Socialization 6 (iv) Socialization teaches certain goals and repertoire of habits and their supporting attitudes: Through conditioning and internalization. (v) Socialization teaches skills through which individuals can fit into an organised way of life in society: Such skills may be taught informally or orally. (vi) Socialization results in internalization of values, norms: Which become a part of the individual’s behaviour and enables him to cope with the social demands of the environment. (vii) Socialization communicates the cultural content: Thus https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2018/06/04/genetics-of-socialization- provides for the persistence revealed-through-study-of-rare-williams-syndrome/ and continuity of culture, i.e., cultural transmission is the goal of socialization. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

STAGES OF SOCIALIZATION 7 Broadly, the process may be divided into four important phases or stages: (i) Childhood Socialization: This is the most delicate phase of one’s life, when an individual is totally dependent upon the socializing agents (ii) Adolescent Socialization: Adolescence begins with the onset of puberty which initiates significant changes; both physiological and emotional. (iii) Adult Socialization: Adulthood is generally marked by career choices marriage and the establishment of a family. Once an adult, the individual is expected to be responsible for his action, know his duties and obligations well and behave accordingly. (iv) Old-age Socialization: Old age and death are inevitable for each human being except for those who die a premature death. Growing old implies losing physical and mental capacities, suffering from ailments and therefore becoming dependent on someone for care. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

AGENCIES OF SOCIALIZATION 8 Culture is what is learnt in the process of socialization. The child is born into a society which already has an existing culture, or rather; relevant aspects of the culture have to be transmitted to the child, so that he can function according to societal expectations. The task of transmitting the culture of a society is performed by various agencies like: (i) Family: The family plays a crucial role in the process of socialization for a variety of reasons (ii) School: The school, beginning with nursery, day-care centre, to college and university all have a great impact on socialization. (iii) Peer Group: Horton and Hunt define peer group as a group of one’s equals, usually similar persons with whom one habitually associates. (iv) Mass Media: One of the most powerful sources of socialization, equating the socializing influence of the peer group and the school is that of the mass media www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THEORY OF SOCIALIZATION COOLEY 9 In 1902, Charles Horton Cooley created the concept of the looking-glass self, which explored how identity is formed. The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902. It states that a person’s self grows out of society’s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their identity based on the perception of others, which leads the people to reinforce other people’s perspectives on themselves. People shape themselves based on what other people perceive and confirm other people’s opinion of themselves. There are three main components of the looking-glass self: • First, we imagine how we must appear to others. • Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance. • Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

In hypothesizing the framework for the looking glass self, Cooley said, “the mind is mental” because “the 10 human mind is social. ” In other words, the mind’s mental ability is a direct result of human social interaction. Beginning as children, humans begin to define themselves within the context of their socializations. The child learns that the symbol of his/her crying will elicit a response from his/her parents, not only when they are in need of necessities, such as food, but also as a symbol to receive their attention. George Herbert Mead described the self as “taking the role of the other,” the premise for which the self is actualized. An example of the looking-self concept is computer technology. Using computer technology, people can create an avatar, a customized symbol that represents the computer user. For example, in the virtual world Second Life, the computer-user can create a human-like avatar that reflects the user in regard to race, age, physical makeup, status, and the like. By selecting certain physical characteristics or symbols, the avatar reflects how the creator seeks to be perceived in the virtual world and how the symbols used in the creation of the avatar influence others’ actions toward the computer user. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MEAD THEORY OF SOCIALIZATION 11 For Mead, the self arises out of the social act of communication, which is the basis for socialization. George Herbert Mead was an American philosopher, sociologist, and psychologist, primarily affiliated with the University of Chicago, where he was one of several distinguished pragmatists. He is regarded as one of the founders of social psychology and the American sociological tradition in general. The two most important roots of Mead’s work, and of symbolic interactionism in general, are the philosophy of pragmatism and social behaviorism. Pragmatism is a wide ranging philosophical position from which several aspects of Mead’s influences can be identified. There are four main tenets of pragmatism: • First, to pragmatists true reality does not exist “out there” in the real world, it “is actively created as we act in and toward the world. • Second, people remember and base their knowledge of the world on what has been useful to them and are likely to alter what no longer “works. ” • Third, people define the social and physical “objects” they encounter in the world according to their use for them. • Lastly, if we want to understand actors, we must base that understanding on what people actually do. In Pragmatism nothing practical or useful is held to be necessarily true, nor is anything which helps to survive merely in the short term. For example, to believe my cheating spouse is faithful may help me feel better now, but it is certainly not useful from a more long-term perspective because it doesn’t align with the facts www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Mead was a very important figure in twentieth century social philosophy. One of his most influential ideas 12 was the emergence of mind and self from the communication process between organisms, discussed in the book, Mind, Self and Society, also known as social behaviorism. For Mead, mind arises out of the social act of communication. Mead’s concept of the social act is relevant, not only to his theory of mind, but also to all facets of his social philosophy. His theory of “mind, self, and society” is, in effect, a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of a social process involving the interaction of many individuals, just as his theory of knowledge and value is a philosophy of the act from the standpoint of the experiencing individual in interaction with an environment. Mead is a major American philosopher by virtue of being, along with John Dewey, Charles Peirce, and William James, one of the founders of pragmatism. He also made significant contributions to the philosophies of nature, science, and history, to philosophical anthropology, and to process philosophy. Dewey and Alfred North Whitehead considered Mead a thinker of the first rank. He is a classic example of a social theorist whose work does not fit easily within conventional disciplinary boundaries. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KEY WORDS/ABBREVIATIONS 13  Socialization - is the way in which culture is transmitted and an individual is fitted into an organized way of life  Symbolic Interaction Theory- refers to interaction which means action between individuals  Looking glass self - how oneself imagines how others view him/her www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Learning Activity 14 1. Identify and elaborate the Stages of socialization in your life. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Discuss the agencies of socialization playing an important role in your everyday life. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 15 1. In which stage of socialization does the child learn to signal its pressing needs for care. (a) Stage of emergence of self (b) Stage of role-learning (c) Infancy stage (d) None of the above 2. Who coined the term “looking glass self”? (a) Comte (b) Ginsberg (c) Cooley (d) Gisbert 3. Adult Socialization is generally marked by career choices marriage and the establishment of a family. a) Agree b) Disagree c) Not at all d) Strongly Agree Anwsers: 1.( c) 2.( c) 3.d) Strongly Agree www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 16 Childhood Socialization is the most delicate phase of one’s life, when an individual is totally dependent upon the socializing agents. The child’s physical, emotional and social needs require parental attention, energy and resources. Adult Socialization is generally marked by career choices marriage and the establishment of a family Once an adult, the individual is expected to be responsible for his action, know his duties and obligations well and behave accordingly. Thus adult socialization emphasizes behaviour in accordance with the norms and values he has internalized in childhood and adolescence. There is little attempt to change values or to influence basic motivations. Instead, the learning of new role expectations and new role performances are stressed. Symbolic Interaction Theory : Symbolic interaction theory though influenced by early European sociologists was developed largely through the efforts of Mead, Thomas and Cooley who belonged to the Chicago School. The symbolic interaction paradigm, then, is a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. What a childhood socialization needs? (For more information see SLM) 17 Ans: The child’s physical, emotional and social needs require parental attention, energy and resources. 2. What is Adult Socialization? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Adult Socialization is generally marked by career choices marriage and the establishment of a family Once an adult, the individual is expected to be responsible for his action, know his duties and obligations well and behave accordingly. 3. What are the agencies of Socialization?Ans: (i) Family: The family plays a crucial role in the process of socialization for a variety of Reasons. (ii) School: The school, beginning with nursery, day-care centre, to college and university all have a great impac t on socialization. (iii) Peer Group: Horton and Hunt define peer group as a group of one’s equals, usually similar persons with whom one habitually associates. (iv) Mass Media: One of the most powerful sources of socialization, equating the socializing influence of the peer. (For more information see SLM) www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 18 1. Giddens Anthony: Sociology, Polity Press, Ed.2, London 1999. 2. Schaefer Richard: Sociology, McGraw-Hill, 2005. 3. Horton and Hunt: Sociology, McGraw-Hill, Kogakusha Ltd. 4. Leslie, Larson, Gorman: Sociology, Oxford University Press, 1998. 5. Bhushan & Sachdeva: An Introduction to Sociology. 6. Jones M.E.: Basic Sociological Principles, Ginn & Company, 1949. 7. Kumar Keval J.: Mass Communication in India, Jaico Publishing House, 2003. 8. Rao Shankar C.N.: Sociology, S. Chand, 2006. 9. www.wikipedia.com 10. www.sociologyguide.com 11. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/theories-of-socialization/#:~:text=The%20lo oking-glass%20self%20is,and%20the%20perce www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

19 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-7 BAQ-109 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL