PREPOSITION—PARTS OF SPEECH Prepositions – Time 51 Examples:- On—days of the week—on Monday In—months / seasons—in August / in winter time of day—in the morning year—in 2016 after a certain period of time (when?)—in an hour At—for night—at night for weekend—at the weekend a certain point of time (when?)—at half past nine Since—from a certain point of time (past till now)—since 1980 For—over a certain period of time (past till now)—for 2 years Ago—a certain time in the past—2 years ago Before—earlier than a certain point of time—before 2004 To—telling the time—ten to six (5:50) Past—telling the time—ten past six (6:10) to / till / until—marking the beginning and end of a period of time—from Monday to/till Friday till / until—in the sense of how long something is going to last—He is on holiday until Friday. By—in the sense of at the latest, up to a certain time—I will be back by 6 o‘clock & By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
PREPOSITION—PARTS OF SPEECH Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction):- 52 In—room, building, street, town, country—in the kitchen, in London book, paper etc. in the book car, taxi in the car, in a taxi in the picture, picture, world in the world At—meaning next to, by an object—at the door, at the station —table—at the table —events—at a concert, at the party —place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)—at the cinema, at the school, at work On—attached—the picture on the wall —for a place with a river—London lies on the Thames —being on a surface—on the table —for a certain side (left, right)—on the left —for a floor in a house—on the first floor —for public transport—on the bus, on a plane —for television, radio—on TV , on the Radio www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
PREPOSITION—PARTS OF SPEECH 53 by, next to, beside—left or right of somebody or something—Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. Under—on the ground, lower than (or covered by) something else—the bag is under the table Below—lower than something else but above ground—the fish are below the surface over—covered by something else—put a jacket over your shirt —meaning more than—over 16 years of age —getting to the other side (also across)—walk over the bridge —overcoming an obstacle—climb over the wall Above—higher than something else, but not directly over it—a path above the lake Across—getting to the other side (also over)—walk across the bridge — getting to the other side—swim across the lake Through—something with limits on top, bottom and the sides—drive through the tunnel To—movement to person or building—go to the cinema —movement to a place or country—go to London —for bed—go to bed Into—enter a room / a building—go into the kitchen / the house Towards—movement in the direction of something (but not directly to it)—go 5 steps towards the house Onto—movement to the top of something—jump onto the table From—in the sense of where from—a flower from the garden www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
PARTS OF SPEECH 54 www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
VERB—PARTS OF SPEECH 55 Types of Verbs:- You will meet different types of verbs as you learn English gramma.r Some people get confused. Don't be. This page tells you... the names of different kinds of verbs and their relationship to each other. The Verb's Role in a Sentence:- Verbs can be divided according to the job they do in a sentence. The grammar-expert's way of saying this is that we can divide verbs syntactically. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
VERB—PARTS OF SPEECH 56 These are the divisions and sub-divisions according to syntax: finite verbs transitive verbs intransitive verbs linking Verbs non-finite verbs (also called verbals) infinitives gerunds participles (Understanding What is a participle?) present participle past participle perfect participle helping verbs (auxiliaries) primary auxiliaries modal auxiliaries www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 57 English Articles – A, An, The ―A/an‖ and ―The‖ are the two types of English articles. There are rules to help you decide which one to use, but first, you need to know what type of noun you are using. Grammar Rule 1:- When you have a single, countable English noun, you must always have an article before it. We cannot say ―please pass me pen‖, we must say ―please pass me the pen‖ or ―please pass me a pen‖ or ―please pass me your pen‖. Nouns in English can also be uncountable. Uncountable nouns can be concepts, such as ‗life‘, ‗happiness‘ and so on, or materials and substances, such as ‗coffee‘, or ‗wood‘. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 58 Grammar Rule 2:- Uncountable nouns don‘t use ‘a’ or ‘an’. This is because you can‘t count them. For example, advice is an uncountable noun. You can‘t say ―he gave me an advice‖, but you can say ―he gave me some advice‖, or ―he gave me a piece of advice‖. Some nouns can be both countable and uncountable. For example, we say ―coffee‖ meaning the product, but we say ―a coffee‖ when asking for one cup of coffee. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 59 Grammar Rule 3:- You can use ‘the’ to make general things specific. You can use ‘the’ with any type of noun – plural or singular, countable or uncountable. ―Please pass me a pen‖ – any pen. ―Please pass me the pen‖ – the one that we can both see. ―Children grow up quickly‖ – children in general. ―The children I know grow up quickly‖ – not all children, just the ones I know. ―Poetry can be beautiful‖- poetry in general. ―The poetry of Hopkins is beautiful‖ – I‘m only talking about the poetry Hopkins wrote. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 60 Uses of English articles:- Here are some more rules for when we use English articles ―a/an‖ and ―the‖ – or when we omit the article: Rivers, mountain ranges, seas, oceans and geographic areas all use ‗the‗. For example, ―The Thames‖, ―The Alps‖, ―The Atlantic Ocean‖, ―The Middle East‖. Unique things have ‘the’. For example, ―the sun‖, ―the moon‖. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 61 Some institutional buildings don‘t have an article if you visit them for the reason these buildings exist. But if you go to the building for another reason, you must use ‘the’. ―Her husband is in prison.‖ (He‘s a prisoner.) ―She goes to the prison to see him once a month.‖ ―My son is in school.‖ (He‘s a student.) ―I‘m going to the school to see the head master.‖ ―She‘s in hospital at the moment.‖ (She‘s ill.) ―Her husband goes to the hospital to see her every afternoon.‖ www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 62 Musical instruments use ‗the‗. ―She plays the piano.‖ Sports don‘t have an article:- ―He plays football.‖ Illnesses don‘t have an article:- ―He‘s got appendicitis.‖ But we say ―a cold‖ and ―a headache‖. Jobs use ‘a’. ―I‘m a teacher.‖ www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
ARTICLES 63 Countries:- We don‘t use ‘a’ if the country is singular. ―He lives in England.‖ But if the country‘s name has a ―plural‖ meaning, we use ‘the’. ―The People‘s Republic of China‖, ―The Netherlands‖, ―The United States of America‖. Continents, towns and streets don‘t have an article. ―Africa‖, ―New York‖, ―Church Street‖. Theatres, cinemas and hotels have ‘the’ ―The Odeon‖, ―The Almeira‖, ―The Hilton‖ Abbreviations use ‘the’. ―the UN‖, ―the USA‖, ―the IMF‖ We use ‘the’ before classes of people. ―the rich‖, ―the poor‖, ―the British‖. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 64 1. Can:- •ability to do sth— in the present (substitute form: to be able to)— I can speak English. •permission to do sth—in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)—Can I go to the cinema? •Request—Can you wait a moment, please? •Offer—I can lend you my car till tomorrow. •Suggestion—Can we visit Grandma at the weekend? •Possibility—It can get very hot in Arizona. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 65 2. Could:- •ability to do sth in the past (substitute form: to be able to)—I could speak English. •permission to do sth. in the past (substitute form: to be allowed to)—I could go to the cinema. •polite question— Could I go to the cinema, please? •polite request— Could you wait a moment, please? •polite offer –I could lend you my car till tomorrow. •polite suggestion—Could we visit Grandma at the weekend? •Possibility—It could get very hot in Montana. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 66 3. May:- •Possibility—It may rain today. •permission to do something in the present (substitute form: to be allowed to)—May I go to the cinema? polite suggestion—May I help you? 4. Might:- •possibility (less possible than may) –It might rain today. •hesitant offer –Might I help you? www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 67 5. Must:- force, necessity—I must go to the supermarket today. Possibility—You must be tired. advice, recommendation—You must see the new film with Brad Pitt. 6. Must Not/May Not:- prohibition (must is a little stronger)—You mustn't work on dad's computer. You may not work on dad's computer. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 68 7. Need Not:- •Something which is not necessary—I needn't go to the supermarket, we're going to the restaurant tonight. 8. Ought to:- •Advice—You ought to drive carefully in bad weather. •Obligation—You ought to switch off the light when you leave the room. 9. Shall:- • suggestion—Shall I carry your bag? www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 69 10. Should:- Advice—You should drive carefully in bad weather. Obligation—You should switch off the light when you leave the room. 11. Will:- wish, request, demand, order (less polite than would)—Will you please shut the door? prediction, assumption—I think it will rain on Friday. Promise—I will stop smoking. spontaneous decision—Can somebody drive me to the station? - I will. Habits—pShe's strange, she'll sit for hours without talking . www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MODAL AUXILIARIES 70 12. Would:- wish, request (more polite than will)—Would you shut the door, please? habits in the past—Sometimes he would bring me some flowers www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 71 1)—--------------you help me ? a. May c.Could b. Shall d.Will 2)—---------------you live long! a.Must c.Should b.May d.Will 3)You ---------------pay the bill because we have already paid it. a.May not c.Will not b. need not d.Shall not 4)I found------------- ten rupee note when I was walking down the street. a. None c.an b. A d.the Answers: 1)c 2) b 3)b 4) b www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
SUMMARY 72 • A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, or idea. • A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun. • A verb expresses action or being. • An adjective modifies or describes a noun or pronoun. A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to form a phrase modifying another word in the sentence. • An adverb modifies or describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. • A conjunction joins words, phrases, or clauses. • An interjection is a word used to express emotion. • Common nouns refer to people, places and things in general • Names of people, places or organizations are proper nouns • Concrete nouns are physical things that you can touch • Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. They are things that you cannot touch. •You can count countable nouns. Countable nouns have singular and plural forms. • You cannot count uncountable nouns. You need to use words of measuring to quantify them. • A collective noun denotes a group of individuals. •A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words. Most compound nouns are [noun + noun] or [adjective + noun]. Each compound noun acts as a single unit and can be modified by adjectives and other nouns. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 73 Q1. What are Modal Auxiliaries? Ans—These are helping verbs which are always followed by the first forms of the verbs unless they are used in conditional sentences. Q2. What are Primary Helping verbs? Ans— ‘Do‘, ‗Be‘ and ‗Have‘ are called Primary helping verbs. They support the main verbs. When they support the main verbs they do not have any meaning, rather their meaning changes according to the main verb and the tense. These can also be used as main verbs also. Q3. What is an Adverb? Ans—An Adverb is a word which qualifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb and sometimes a place also. Adverbs are qualified as—Adverbs of Degree, Adverb of Place, Adverb of Time, Adverb of Manner and Adverb of Frequency Q4. What is an Adjective? Ans—It is a word that qualifies either a noun or an adjective. www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
REFERENCES 74 1. http://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/parts_of_speech.html 2. https://grammar.yourdictionary.com/parts-of-speech/pronouns/types-of-pronouns.html 3. http://www.english-bangla.com/grammar/adjective 4. https://www.english-at-home.com/grammar/articles/ 5. https://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/hilfsverben2.htm www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
75 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-4 BBA105/BCM105/BTT105/BCA115/BAQ101 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL
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