CU-BSC-TTM-SEM-II-Tourism product(Draft 2)

5.12. Cultural Life 101 5.13. Major attraction 5.13.1 Band-e Amir National Park 5.13.2 Abdul Rahman Mosque 5.13.3 Bagh-e Babur 5.13.4 National Museum of Afghanistan 5.13.5 Kabul Zoo 5.14. Bangladesh 5.15. Cultural Life 5.15.1 The arts 5.15.2 Music, dance, and theatre 5.16. Major attraction 5.17. Nepal 5.18. Cultural Life 5.19. Major attraction 5.19.1 Kathmandu 5.19.2 Bhaktapur 5.19.3 Boudhanath Stupa (Bodhnath) 5.19.4 Pokhara 5.19.5 Trekking in the Annapurna Region 5.20. Maldives 5.21. Cultural Life CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.22. Major attraction 102 5.22.1 COMO Cocoa Island 5.22.2 Baros Island 5.22.3 Emboodhu Finolhu Island 5.23. Pakistan 5.24. Cultural Life 5.25. Major attraction 5.25.1 Naltar valley 5.25.2 Neelum Valley, Azad Kashmir 5.25.3 Shangrila resort, Skardu 5.25.4 Gojal Valley 5.25.5 Deosai Plains 5.26. Summary 5.27. Keywords 5.28. Learning activity 5.29. Unit end questions 5.30. Suggested readings 5.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able: • State the cultural aspects of SAARC countries • Outline major attractions of SAARC countries • Describe the lifestyle of people in SARC countries CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.1 INTRODUCTION South Asia is home to one third of the world’s population. It comprises of one of the most diverse populations and cultures which have worked as potential economic and geographical resources for several countries all over the world. Significant researchers found that one of the best brains that run the world on different platforms have their roots from South Asia. SAARC countries are rich in natural resources with unique and astounding geographical locations and ecology (Timothy, & Nyaupane, 2009). The top highest mountain peaks of the world exist in the region of South Asia; Mount Everest and K2. One of the world’s best water resources lie in South Asia, having a vast river system mainly originating from the Himalayas. Moreover, some of the richest ocean resources exist in South Asia which include rich mangrove areas such as Sundarbans and coral reefs of Maldives. The biodiversity of South Asia is vast and holds great historic values. The cultural heritage of South Asia dates back thousands of years and hence it hosts marvels such as Ajanta, Timpu, Taj Mahal, Taxila and many other great wonders (Timothy, & Nyaupane, 2009). 5.2 INDIA India, country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. Its capital is New Delhi, built in the 20th century just south of the historic hub of Old Delhi to serve as India’s administrative center. Its government is a constitutional republic that represents a highly diverse population consisting of thousands of ethnic groups and likely hundreds of languages. With roughly one- sixth of the world’s total population, India is the second most populous country, after China. It is known from archaeological evidence that a highly sophisticated urbanized culture—the Indus civilization—dominated the northwestern part of the subcontinent from about 2600 to 2000 BCE. From that period on, India functioned as a virtually self-contained political and cultural arena, which gave rise to a distinctive tradition that was associated primarily with Hinduism, the roots of which can largely be traced to the Indus civilization. Other religions, notably Buddhism and Jainism, originated in India—though their presence there is now quite small—and throughout the centuries residents of the subcontinent developed a rich intellectual life in such fields as mathematics, astronomy, architecture, literature, music, and the fine arts. 103 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Throughout its history, India was intermittently disturbed by incursions from beyond its northern mountain wall. Especially important was the coming of Islam, brought from the northwest by Arab, Turkish, Persian, and other raiders beginning early in the 8th century CE. Eventually, some of those raiders stayed; by the 13th century much of the subcontinent was under Muslim rule, and the number of Muslims steadily increased. Only after the arrival of the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama in 1498 and the subsequent establishment of European maritime supremacy in the region did India become exposed to major external influences arriving by sea, a process that culminated in the decline of the ruling Muslim elite and absorption of the subcontinent within the British Empire Direct administration by the British, which began in 1858, effected a political and economic unification of the subcontinent. When British rule came to an end in 1947, the subcontinent was partitioned along religious lines into two separate countries—India, with a majority of Hindus, and Pakistan, with a majority of Muslims; the eastern portion of Pakistan later split off to form Bangladesh. Many British institutions stayed in place (such as the parliamentary system of government); English continued to be a widely used lingua franca; and India remained within the Commonwealth. Hindi became the official language (and a number of other local languages achieved official status), while a vibrant English-language intelligentsia thrived. India remains one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world. Apart from its many religions and sects, India is home to innumerable castes and tribes, as well as to more than a dozen major and hundreds of minor linguistic groups from several language families unrelated to one another. Religious minorities, including Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, and Jains, still account for a significant proportion of the population; collectively, their numbers exceed the populations of all countries except China. Earnest attempts have been made to instill a spirit of nationhood in so varied a population, but tensions between neighbouring groups have remained and at times have resulted in outbreaks of violence. Yet social legislation has done much to alleviate the disabilities previously suffered by formerly “untouchable” castes, tribal populations, women, and other traditionally disadvantaged segments of society. At independence, India was blessed with several leaders of world stature, most notably Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru, who were able to galvanize the masses at home and bring prestige to India abroad. The country has played an 104 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

increasing role in global affairs. Contemporary India’s increasing physical prosperity and cultural dynamism—despite continued domestic challenges and economic inequality—are seen in its well-developed infrastructure and a highly diversified industrial base, in its pool of scientific and engineering personnel (one of the largest in the world), in the pace of its agricultural expansion, and in its rich and vibrant cultural exports of music, literature, and cinema. Though the country’s population remains largely rural, India has three of the most populous and cosmopolitan cities in the world—Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta), and Delhi. Three other Indian cities— Bengaluru (Bangalore), Chennai (Madras), and Hyderabad—are among the world’s fastest- growing high-technology centres, and most of the world’s major information technology and software companies now have offices in India. 5.3 CULTURAL LIFE -INDIA India is a large and diverse polyglot nation whose tempo of life varies from region to region and from community to community. By the early 21st century the lifestyle of middle-class and affluent urban families differed little from that of urbanites in Europe, East Asia, or the Americas. For the most part, however, the flow of rural life continued much as it always had. Many small villages remained isolated from most forms of media and communications, and work was largely done by hand or by the use of animal power. Traditional forms of work and recreation only slowly have given way to habits and pastimes imported from the outside world. The pace of globalization was slow in much of rural India, and even in urban areas Western tastes in food, dress, and entertainment were adopted with discrimination. Indian fashions have remained the norm; Indians have continued to prefer traditional cuisine to Western fare; and, though Indian youths are as obsessed as those in the West with pop culture, Indians produce their own films and music (albeit, strongly influenced by Western styles), which have been extremely popular domestically and have been successfully marketed abroad. Throughout India, custom and religious ritual are still widely observed and practiced. Among Hindus, religious and social custom follows the samskara, a series of personal sacraments and rites conducted at various stages throughout life. Observant members of other confessional communities follow their own rites and rituals. Among all groups, caste protocols have 105 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

continued to play a role in enforcing norms and values, despite decades of state legislation to alleviate caste bias. 5.3.1 Festivals and holidays Virtually all regions of India have their distinctive places of pilgrimage, local saints and folk heroes, religious festivals, and associated fairs. There are also innumerable festivals associated with individual villages or temples or with specific castes and cults. The most popular of the religious festivals celebrated over the greater part of India are Vasantpanchami (generally in February, the exact date determined by the Hindu lunar calendar), in honour of Sarasvati, the goddess of learning; Holi (February–March), a time when traditional hierarchical relationships are forgotten and celebrants throw coloured water and powder at one another; Dussehra (September–October), when the story of the Ramayana is reenacted; and Diwali (Diwali; October–November), a time for lighting lamps and exchanging gifts. The major secular holidays are Independence Day (August 15) and Republic Day (January 26). 5.3.2 Cuisine Although there is considerable regional variation in Indian cuisine, the day-to-day diet of most Indians lacks variety. Depending on income, two or three meals generally are consumed. The bulk of almost all meals is whatever the regional staple might be: rice throughout most of the east and south, flat wheat bread (chapati) in the north and northwest, and bread made from pearl millet (bajra) in Maharashtra. This is usually supplemented with the puree of a legume (called dal), a few vegetables, and, for those who can afford it, a small bowl of yogurt. Chilies and other spices add zest to this simple fare. For most Indians, meat is a rarity, except on festive occasions—the cow is considered sacred in Hinduism (see sanctity of the cow). Fish, fresh milk, and fruits and vegetables, however, are more widely consumed, subject to regional and seasonal availability. In general, tea is the preferred beverage in northern and eastern India, while coffee is more common in the south. 5.3.3 The arts Few areas of the world can claim an artistic heritage comparable to that developed in India over the course of more than four millennia. For a detailed discussion of Indian literature, music, dance, theatre, and visual arts, see South Asian arts. 106 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.3.4 Dance and music The performing arts also have a long and distinguished tradition. Bharatanatyam, the classical dance form originating in southern India, expresses Hindu religious themes that date at least to the 4th century CE (see Natya-shastra). Other regional styles include odyssey (from Orissa), Manipuri (Manipur), kathakali (Kerala), kuchipudi (Andhra Pradesh), and kathak (Islamicized northern India). In addition, there are numerous regional folk dance traditions. One of these is bhangra, a Punjabi dance form that, along with its musical accompaniment, has achieved growing national and international popularity since the 1970s. Indian dance was popularized in the West by dancer and choreographer Uday Shankar. Traditional Indian music is divided between the Hindustani (northern) and Carnatic (southern) schools. (The Hindustani style is influenced by musical traditions of the Persian- speaking world.) Instrumental and vocal music is also quite varied and frequently is played or sung in concert (usually by small ensembles). It is a popular mode of religious expression, as well as an essential accompaniment to many social festivities, including dances and the narration of bardic and other folk narratives. Some virtuosos, most notably Ravi Shankar (composer and sitar player) and Ali Akbar Khan (composer and sarod player), have gained world renown. The most popular dramatic classical performances, which are sometimes choreographed, relate to the great Hindu epics the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. Regional variations of classical and folk music abound. All of these genres have remained popular—as has devotional Hindu music—but interest in Indian popular music has grown rapidly since the late 20th century, buoyed by the great success of motion picture musicals. Western classical music is represented by such institutions as the Symphony Orchestra of India, based in Mumbai, and some individuals (notably conductor Zubin Mehta) have achieved international renown. 5.3.5 Theatre, film, and literature In modern times, Bengali playwrights—especially Nobel Prize winner Rabindranath Tagore, who was also a philosopher, poet, songwriter, choreographer, essayist, and painter—have given new life to the Indian theatre. Playwrights from a number of other regions also have gained popularity. 107 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

To a great extent, however, Indian interest in theatre has been replaced by the Indian motion- picture industry, which now ranks as the most popular form of mass entertainment. In some years India—whose film industry is centred in Mumbai (Bombay), thus earning the entire movie-making industry the sobriquet “Bollywood” in honour of Hollywood, its U.S. counterpart—makes more feature-length films than any other country in the world. The lives of film heroes and heroines, as portrayed in film magazines and other media, are subjects of great popular interest. While most films are formulaic escapist pastiches of drama, comedy, music, and dance, some of India’s best cinematographers, such as Satyajit Ray, are internationally acclaimed. Others, such as filmmakers Ismail Merchant, M. Night Shyamalan (Manoj Shyamalan), and Mira Nair, gained their greatest success making films abroad. Radio, television and Internet broadcasts, and digital and videocassette recordings are popular among those affluent enough to afford them. The corpus of Indian literature is vast, especially in religion and philosophy. The roots of Indian literary tradition are found in the Vedas, a collection of religious hymns probably dating from the mid-2nd millennium BCE but not written down until many centuries later. Many of the ancient texts still provide core elements of Hindu rituals and, despite their great length, are memorized in their entirety by Brahman priests and scholars. Literature languished during much of the period of British rule, but it experienced a new awakening with the so-called Hindu Renaissance, centred in Bengal and beginning in the mid-19th century. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee established the novel, previously unknown in India, as a literary genre. Chatterjee wrote in Bengali, and most of his literary successors, including the popular Hindi novelist Prem Chand (pseudonym of Dhanpat Rai Srivastava), also preferred to write in Indian languages; however, many others, including Tagore, were no less comfortable writing in English. The works of some Indian authors—such as the contemporary novelists Mulk Raj Anand, Bharati Mukherjee, Anita Desai, Kamala Markandaya, and R.K. Narayan; the essayist Nirad C. Chaudhuri; the poet and novelist Vikram Seth; Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie (1981), Arundhati Roy (1997), and Kiran Desai (2006); as well as the novelist Vikram Chandra and the poets Meena Alexander and Kamala Das—are exclusively or almost exclusively in English. 5.4 MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN INDIA 108 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

India is the world’s seventh-largest country stretching from the high mountains of the Himalayas to the tropical greenery of Kerala, and from the sacred Ganges to the sands of the Thar desert. It’s more than one billion inhabitants are divided into two thousand ethnic groups and speak over 200 different languages. Conform its size and population, India has an almost endless variety of cultures, landscapes, monuments and places to explore. From the ancient ruins, fascinating religious structures, exotic cities and diverse landscape there is an endless collection of tourist attractions in India that will never cease to awe and fascinate the visitor. Kerala backwaters The Kerala backwaters are a chain of lagoons and lakes lying parallel to the Arabian Sea coast in the Kerala state. The Kerala backwaters are home to many unique species of aquatic life including crabs, frogs and mudskippers, water birds and animals such as otters and turtles. Today, houseboat tourism is the most popular tourist activity in the backwaters, with several large Kettuvallams (traditional rice boats, now converted into floating hotels) ply the waterways. Lake Palace The Lake Palace in Lake Pichola in the city of Udaipur was built as a royal summer palace in the 18th century. Today it is a luxury 5 Star hotel, operating under the “Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces”. The Lake Palace hotel operates a boat which transports guests to the hotel from a jetty at the City Palace on the east bank of Lake Pichola. The palace became famous in 1983 when it was featured in the James Bond film Octopussy, as the home of titular character. Virupaksha Temple The Virupaksha Temple in the city of Hampi started out as a small shrine and grew into a large complex under the Vijayanagar rulers. It is believed that this temple has been functioning uninterruptedly ever since the small shrine was built in the 7th century AD which makes it one of the oldest functioning Hindu temples in India. Palolem 109 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Palolem is the most southerly of Goa’s developed beaches and also one of the most beautiful. It is a natural bay surrounded by lofty headlands on either side, resulting in a calm, idyllic sea with a gently sloping bed. For those who believe a beach cannot be paradise without a decent selection of cheap restaurants and good hotels, a dose of nightlife and plenty of like-minded people Palolem is the place to be. Kanha National Park Kanha National Park is among the most beautiful wildlife reserves in Asia and one of best places to catch a glimpse of a tiger in India. The lush sal and bamboo forests, grassy meadows and ravines of Kanha provided inspiration to Rudyard Kipling for his famous novel “Jungle Book” and make this one of the top attractions in India. Harmandir Sahib The Harmandir Sahib, better known as the Golden Temple is the main tourist attraction in Amritsar, and the most important religious place to the Sikhs. Construction of the temple was begun by Guru Ramdas ji. in the 16th century. In the 19th century, Maharaja Ranjit Singh the upper floors of the temple were covered with gold. It’s a stunning temple, and always full of thousands of pilgrims from all over India, excited to be at a place that they usually only see on television. Jaisalmer Located in Rajasthan’s remote westernmost corner close to the border with Pakistan, Jaisalmer is the quintessential desert town. The yellow sandstone walls of the “Golden City” rise from the Thar desert like a scene from the Arabian Nights while the Jaisalmer Fort crowns the city. Uncontrolled commercialism has dampened the romantic vision of Jaisalmer, but even with all the touts and tour buses, it remains one of the most popular tourist attractions in India. Ellora Caves Cave art is taken to new heights at Ellora Caves, one of the largest monastery-temple cave complexes in the world cut from rock. Ellora has 100 caves, though only 34 are open to the public. The largest single monolithic rock excavation is found at the Kailasa Temple, which covers an area double the size of Parthenon in Athens Constructed between the seventh and 110 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

ninth centuries, the caves are devoted to Hindu, Buddhist and Jainism deities. Varanasi Find Hotels Situated on the banks of the River Ganges, Varanasi is sacred to Hindus, Buddhists and Jains and also one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. In many ways Varanasi epitomizes the very best and worst aspects of India, and it can be a little overwhelming. The scene of pilgrims doing their devotions in the River Ganges at sunrise set against the backdrop of the centuries old temples is probably one of the most impressive sights in the world. Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal in Agra is an immense mausoleum of white marble, built between 1632 and 1653 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife. Called “a teardrop on the cheek of eternity” it is one of the masterpieces of Mughal architecture, and one of the great tourist attractions in India. Besides the white domed marble mausoleum, the Taj Mahal includes several other beautiful buildings, reflecting pools, and extensive ornamental gardens with flowering trees and bushes. 5.5 SRI LANKA Sri Lanka, formerly Ceylon, island country lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. It is located between latitudes 5°55′ and 9°51′ N and longitudes 79°41′ and 81°53′ E and has a maximum length of 268 miles (432 km) and a maximum width of 139 miles (224 km). Proximity to the Indian subcontinent has facilitated close cultural interaction between Sri Lanka and India from ancient times. At a crossroads of maritime routes traversing the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka has also been exposed to cultural influences from other Asian civilizations. Ancient Greek geographers called it Taprobane. Arabs referred to it as Serendib. Later European mapmakers called it Ceylon, a name still used occasionally for trade purposes. It officially became Sri Lanka in 1972. The distinctive civilization of Sri Lanka, with roots that can be traced back to the 6th century 111 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

BCE, is characterized by two factors: the preservation of Theravada Buddhism (the orthodox school of Buddhism having its literary traditions in the Pali language) and the development over two millennia of a sophisticated system of irrigation in the drier parts of the country. This civilization was further enriched by the influences of Hinduism and Islam. 5.6 CULTURAL LIFE Sri Lanka is a land of great cultural diversity. Religion pervades many aspects of life and constitutes a basic element of this diversity. Buddhist and Hindu temples, as well as mosques and churches, with their own colourful rituals, are the most readily visible features of the cultural landscape. Varying degrees of colonial impact, modernizing influences, and wealth and income add other shades to the cultural mosaic. The arts In architecture, sculpture, and painting, Sri Lanka’s traditions extend far back into antiquity. The remnants of ancient works restored and preserved at archaeological sites, while reflecting Indian influences, also bear testimony to the inspiration derived from Buddhism. Classical literature, too, presents a blend of stylistic influences from India with Buddhist themes. Since the beginning of the 20th century, with the literati being exposed to European literature, local creative writing has acquired greater diversity in style and has become more secular in content. In the performing arts there are several Sinhalese and Tamil folk traditions and a host of recent imports and imitations. Among the folk-dance forms, for example, one finds the highly refined Kandyan dancing, which has been associated over several centuries with state ceremony and religious ritual in and around the historic hill capital of Kandy. The more improvised “devil dancing” is performed at healing rites and exorcisms. In drama, modernized versions of folk theatre share the limelight with modern original works and adaptations from Western dramatists. Both Indian and Western influences are strongly apparent in the popular forms of music. 5.7 MAJOR ATTRACTIONS IN SRI LANKA Sri Lanka is truly spellbinding and will suit any traveler’s interests with its top tourist 112 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

attractions. The small island nation is chock-full of adventure activities like surfing and trekking. There are several highly religious sites for the religious devotee, and unbelievable historical relics for history buffs in Sri Lanka. However, no one can dispute Sri Lanka’s incredible natural beauty. Whether it be en-route to a perfect surf break, visiting a historical site or on a pilgrimage, lush greenery and exotic animals are never far away. Udawalawe National Park There are few places in the world where elephant sightings are so frequent. However, elephants are not the only animals to see within Udawalawe National Park; peacocks, jackals, water buffalo, crocodiles, monkeys and deer also roam the area. Safaris are most popular in the early morning hours when animals are at their most active. The biodiversity of the park can be attributed to its varied landscape; it is flanked by mountain ranges to the north with wetlands and rivers hugging the grasslands and forests at the base of the mountains. Ravana Falls The beautiful Ravana Falls are used for bathing in the hot summer months. In the rainy season, the water flow is exceptionally strong and is an impressive sight. The falls are part of the Ravana Ella Wildlife Sanctuary, and the nearby cave complex is rich in local legend. Conveniently located on the main road on the way to Ella town, the caves are a common stop off point for visitors during their journey. Many cheeky monkeys live in the surrounding trees and they are often seen on the roadside dining on fruit. However, don’t let them get too close, as sometimes they can get over-friendly with visitors. Dambulla Cave Temple The Dambulla Cave Temple is a sacred Buddhist site. There is no entry fee to get into the temple on full-moon days; however, these days are especially busy because of the religious significance of this lunar phase. Devotees from all over the world make pilgrimage to this place. There are over 80 caves documented in the area, but the most famous five are outfitted with impressive statues and paintings. Some of the caves date back to 1000 BC, when prehistoric Sri Lankans would have lived within them, so it is unsurprising that they would have created temples inside at that time. If you do plan to visit, please be aware that visitors must cover their shoulders and legs and remove shoes before entering the temple. 113 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Mirissa Find Hotels Mirissa is the ultimate Sri Lankan beach getaway. The beautiful long beach is flanked by tall overhanging palm trees and lined with modern restaurants and hotels. The restaurants have western style food at Sri Lankan prices. Just off the beach is Parrot Rock. It has a small staircase leading to the top that offers great views of the ocean and coastline. Day trips from Mirissa include whale watching, snorkeling and surfing. Weligama, just a few kilometers from Mirissa, is one of the best beaches in Sri Lanka to learn surfing. Come happy hour and into the evening, many the restaurants turn their venues into beach clubs and pump out drinks and tunes. Arugam Bay Arugam Bay is revered by surfers. This small town on the east coast of Sri Lanka embodies the quintessential laid-back surf lifestyle. The Main Point surf break is within walking distance from the town center, but is only recommended for advanced or intermediate surfers. Otherwise, Whiskey Point or Peanut Farm are two great surf beaches for beginner and intermediate surfers; a short tuk-tuk ride will take you there. Often elephants and peacocks can be spotted beside the road, just outside of town. The main strip in Arugam Bay town is lined with restaurants and hotels where you can dine on anything from traditional Sri Lankan curry to full English breakfasts. Temple of the Tooth The Temple of the Tooth is a highly sacred place. The temple contains one of Buddha’s teeth. Legend has it that the tooth was taken from the Buddha on his deathbed, then smuggled to Sri Lanka from India. It was smuggled in the hair of a princess, after her father’s kingdom had been besieged. It immediately became an object of great importance and has been celebrated and paraded throughout history. However, many attempts have also been made to steal or destroy the tooth. Twice daily, pujas are held to celebrate the relic and offer visitors and devotees the chance to get a glimpse of the tooth within its casing. Adam's Peak At the summit of Adam’s Peak is a footprint cast in stone. It has spiritual significance to a number of different religions, however, there is currently a Buddhist monastery at the 114 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

summit. To the Buddhists, the footprint is that of Buddha’s; to Christians, the footprint is Adam’s; and to Hindus, the footprint is attributed to Shiva. The site is a popular place of pilgrimage, especially on full moon nights. The trek to the top of the mountain to see the footprint is via a steep staircase containing over 5000 steps. The trail is lined with many tea stalls and food shops which act as places of rest. Most people begin their hike at 2:30 am to reach the summit in time for sunrise. Galle Fort It is easy to get lost in the cobblestoned alleyways and streets within Galle Fort. Today the area is full of modern restaurants, hotels, clothing, and souvenir shops. Meanwhile, snake charmers and buskers line the seawall. However, the fort was not always such a cosmopolitan spot. A basic fort was constructed by the Portuguese when they made their first landing to the island in 1505. When the Dutch eventually seized control of Galle, they made a number of improvements; including the enormous sea wall that still lines the fort. Galle Fort is an excellent example of what the synthesis between European and Asian architecture looks like. Yala National Park Yala National Park is made up of spellbinding vistas and a true abundance of Sri Lankan wildlife. It has the highest density of leopards in the world, so chances of seeing them are very high. Although leopards are the main attraction here, they are followed closely by elephants, sloth bears and crocodiles. The park is divided into five blocks; some of which were zoned to hunters until Yala became a national park in 1938. Ensure you make time to visit the very informative visitor center at the entrance of the park for insightful displays about the area. Sigiriya Rock Fort Sigiriya Rock Fort is utterly impressive. The rock walls rise up 200 meters from the ground, only to give way to a flat plateau at their summit. There are steep stairwells to reach the top and many frescos to marvel at on the way up. At the top, you can find the remains of an ancient civilization, including relics of a palace and monastery. It would have taken true engineering ingenuity to build a structure at this height so many centuries ago. Around the rock fort are many important caves and gardens; impressively, they are some of the first 115 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

landscaped gardens in the world. 5.8 BHUTAN Bhutan, country of south-central Asia, located on the eastern ridges of the Himalayas. Historically a remote kingdom, Bhutan became less isolated in the second half of the 20th century, and consequently the pace of change began to accelerate. With improvements in transportation, by the early 21st century a trip from the Indian border to the Bhutanese capital, Thimphu, that once took six days by mule could be made in just a few hours by car along a winding mountain road from the border town of Phuntsholing. The governmental structure also changed radically. Reforms initiated by King Jigme Dorji Wangchuk (reigned 1952–72) in the 1950s and ’60s led to a shift away from absolute monarchy in the 1990s and toward the institution of multiparty parliamentary democracy in 2008. The economic core of Bhutan lies in the fertile valleys of the Lesser Himalayas, which are separated from one another by a series of high and complex interconnecting ridges extending across the country from north to south. The political nucleus of Bhutan is centred in the Paro and Thimphu valleys in the Lesser Himalayan region. Its location between the Assam-Bengal Plain of India to the south and the Plateau of Tibet of southwestern China to the north gives the country considerable geopolitical significance. 5.9 CULTURAL LIFE The three main ethnic groups of Bhutan—the Bhutia, the Nepalese, and the Sharchop— display considerable variety in their cultures and lifestyles. A typical Bhutia house is a two- storied structure of timber and stone with thick, pounded mud walls to keep out the cold. Livestock are kept on the ground floor, while the family lives above. Inside the house, a family will usually maintain a small Buddhist shrine in a corner. Among the livestock kept by Bhutia families is the yak, which supplies not only meat but also milk, from which butter is made for use in food preparations, in lamps, and on the shrine altar. Ordinary households may not be able to afford meat in their daily meals, however, and often rely on ema datshi, a chili and cheese stew, or kewa datshi, which adds potatoes to the mix. Both can be considered national dishes, and both are served with basmati or Bhutanese red rice. 116 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.9.1 The arts The major impulse in Bhutanese art comes from Buddhism. The mystic circular pattern known as the mandala is a favourite subject. The mandala adorns the walls and ceilings of Buddhist temples and is painted, embroidered, or appliquéd on the scrolls known as thangkas. One of the most popularly depicted figures is Padmasambhava, who introduced Buddhism to Bhutan, and another common theme in the visual arts is the group of eight auspicious symbols of Tibetan Buddhism—the right-coiled conch shell, the lotus flower, the eight- spoked wheel of dharma, the parasol, the endless knot, a pair of golden fishes, the victory banner, and the treasure vase. Dancing is central to most religious festivals in Bhutan, and it is used to depict the tales and legends of Buddhist history and mythology. 5.10 MAJOR ATTRACTION IN BHUTAN 1) Tiger’s Nest Monastery The Tiger’s Nest Monastery hangs on a cliff and stands above an enchanting forest of blue pines and rhododendrons. As this beautiful and very exceptional monastery is a sheer climb the hill (900 meters), a pony can be arranged for the ride up, but only until the cafeteria. From then on, it is another steep walk and some narrow stairs towards the monastery itself. The trail crosses a chapel of butter lamps and descends to a waterfall by the Snow Lion Cave. The view of the Paro valley from here on is breathtaking, and the atmosphere very holy, a place where every Bhutanese will want to come at least once in his/her life. The place where Guru Rinpoche brought Buddhism into Bhutan, arriving on the back of a tigress. 2) Punakha Dzong Being the second oldest and second largest dzong in Bhutan, Punakha Dzong, or some call it Pungthang Dewachen Phodrang (Palace of Great Happiness), is also the country’s most gorgeous and majestic dzong. Punakha is accessible from a 3 hours’ drive east of the capital Thimphu, and after crossing a pass in the mountains, the place is a breathtaking and glorious sight on the first glimpse from the road. It is placed strategically in between two rivers, Pho Chu (male) and Mo Chu (females) that has noticeable color differences between the rivers’ water. Punakha Dzong joined to the mainland by an arched wooden bridge and contains many precious relics from the days when successive kings reigned the kingdom over this 117 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

valley. Furthermore, it is blessed with a temperate climate, and lovely lilac colored jacaranda trees grow around the dzong during the spring season. 3) Zuri Dzong Hike The peak of the Zuri Dzong Trek is probably the perfect spot to have a bird-eye view of the entire Paro valley. The Zuri Dzong is the oldest Dzong in Bhutan, and in there lies a cave where Buddha came to meditate in, in the 8th century. This peaceful place allows both Bhutanese and tourists to soak in the tranquil that radiates from the extraordinary view, something one can stare at for hours in wonder and awe. The total journey time to get there will take approximately 30 minutes if one starts from the museum watchtower, and an additional 1 hour to exit out towards Uma. Tourists can expect to sit and relax there, and also remember to catch the amazing side view as you hike through Trek. 4) Uma Paro Hotel Just a 10 minutes scenic drive from Paro airport, Uma Paro Hotel perches proudly on a Himalayan mountain, flanked by thick pine forests with views that overlay the Paro district. One of the remote kingdom’s only boutique hotels, it offers elegant interiors, exquisite food, a pampering Como Shambhala spa, and a cool pool amid the mind-bending ravishing scenery. You could lose hours just mesmerizing at the magical Himalayan landscape. The rooms available specialize in different sceneries and needs for every individual’s preference, such as: • Forest view rooms, overlooking the surrounding pine forests. • Valley view rooms, offering panoramic views of the Paro Valley. • Como suites, with 180-degree views of the Paro Valley in the bedroom, a kitchenette, a sitting, dining and study area. • One-bedroom villas, which are spacious freestanding villas that include a sitting area with a traditional Bukhari wood burning stove, as well as a private spa treatment area. (Both villas offer personal butler services) • Two-bedroom villas come with a living area with panoramic views of the Paro Valley with an open-air courtyard with a fire pit. The villas provide an outdoor hot-stone bathtub, a 118 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

private spa treatment and offer Personal butler services. 5.10.1 Gangtey Valley in winter The valley of Gangtey is one of the most stunning valleys in the Himalayas, and many calls it the Shangri-La of Bhutan, just as how Bhutan is well known for being “one of the world’s happiest nations,” and “the last Shangri-La on Earth.” The surprise of finding such a wide, flat valley without any trees after the hard climb through dense forests is augmented by an impression of vast space, which is an extremely rare experience in Bhutan as most of the valleys are tightly enclosed. This moderate trek visits the villages of Gogona and Khotokha, passing through meadows and fields, then forests of juniper, magnolia and rhododendrons, which will be in full bloom in April. Besides the attractive scenic valley and mountain trails passing through the magnificent forest with its undergrowth changing from rhododendron and magnolia to ferns and dwarf bamboo, we can also visit the historical Gangtey monastery and the blacked necked crane information center. Additionally, there will be a special treat for those visiting the Gangtey during the winter season, as they will be able to catch the graceful Black-necked Cranes in action as they head to the roost. 5.11 AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan, landlocked multiethnic country located in the heart of south-central Asia. Lying along important trade routes connecting southern and eastern Asia to Europe and the Middle East, Afghanistan has long been a prize sought by empire builders, and for millennia great armies have attempted to subdue it, leaving traces of their efforts in great monuments now fallen to ruin. The country’s forbidding landscape of deserts and mountains has laid many imperial ambitions to rest, as has the tireless resistance of its fiercely independent peoples— so independent that the country has failed to coalesce into a nation but has instead long endured as a patchwork of contending ethnic factions and ever-shifting alliances. The modern boundaries of Afghanistan were established in the late 19th century in the context of a rivalry between imperial Britain and tsarist Russia that Rudyard Kipling termed the “Great Game.” Modern Afghanistan became a pawn in struggles over political ideology and commercial influence. In the last quarter of the 20th century, Afghanistan suffered the ruinous effects of civil war greatly exacerbated by a military invasion and occupation by the 119 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Soviet Union (1979–89). In subsequent armed struggles, a surviving Afghan communist regime held out against Islamic insurgents (1989–92), and, following a brief rule by mujahideen groups, an austere movement of religious students—the Taliban—rose up against the country’s governing parties and warlords and established a theocratic regime (1996– 2001) that soon fell under the influence of a group of well-funded Islamists led by an exiled Saudi Arabian, Osama bin Laden. The Taliban regime collapsed in December 2001 in the wake of a sustained U.S.-dominated military campaign aimed at the Taliban and fighters of bin Laden’s al-Qaeda organization. Soon thereafter, anti-Taliban forces agreed to a period of transitional leadership and an administration that would lead to a new constitution and the establishment of a democratically elected government. 5.12 CULTURAL LIFE Afghanistan has a rich cultural heritage covering more than 5,000 years and absorbing elements from many cultures, especially those of Iran (Persia) and India. Even elements of Greek culture can be traced to the Hellenistic Age. This blend of cultures flourished at many points in Afghan history, notably under the reign of the Mughal emperors, when Kabul and Herāt emerged as important centres of art and learning. Largely because of almost complete isolation from the outside world, however, little in art, literature, or architecture was produced between the 16th and early 20th centuries. Because most Afghans live outside the cities, their mode of living can be described as peasant tribal. Kinship is the basis of social life and determines the patriarchal character of the community. Afghans are also identified by their qawm, a term that can refer to affinity with almost any kind of social group. It essentially divides “us” from “them” and helps to distinguish members of one large ethnic or tribal group, or one clan or village, from another. Particular responsibilities and advantages go with membership, and the stability of social and political institutions may vary with their qawm composition. 5.13 MAJOR ATTRACTION OF AFGHANISTAN 5.13.1 Band-e Amir National Park The Band-e Amir National Park is located in the Bamyan Province of Afghanistan. There are 120 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

several modern hotels in Bamyan, which is the capital of the province. The site of Buddhas of Bamyan is also located in this province. Some people visit Bamyan in the winter for skiing trips. 5.13.2 Abdul Rahman Mosque The Abdul Rahman Mosque, which was built recently, is one of the largest mosques in Kabul. It is adjacent to the Zarnegar Park in the Wazir Akbar Khan section of the city, not far from the Serena Hotel. 5.13.3 Bagh-e Babur The Gardens of Babur is a historic park in Kabul. It is the resting-place of the first Mughal emperor Babur. The gardens are thought to have been developed around 1528 AD (935 AH) when Babur gave orders for the construction of an avenue garden in Kabul, described in some detail in his memoirs, the Baburnama. Lonely Planet describes the park as \"the loveliest spot in Kabul”. 5.13.4 National Museum of Afghanistan The National Museum of Afghanistan sits next to the Darul Aman Palace in the southeastern section of the city. The museum's collection had earlier been one of the most important in Central Asia, with over 100,000 items dating back several millennia. With the start of the civil war in 1992, the museum was looted numerous times resulting in a loss of 70% of the 100,000 objects on display. Since 2007, a number of international organizations have helped to recover over 8,000 artifacts, the most recent being a limestone sculpture from Germany. Approximately 843 artifacts were returned by the United Kingdom in 2012, including the famous 1st Century Bagram Ivories. 5.13.5 Kabul Zoo Kabul Zoo has around 280 animals, which includes 45 species of birds and mammals and 36 species of fish. Among the animals there are two lions and a khanzir (pig), which is extremely rare in Afghanistan. As many as 5,000 people visit the zoo during the weekends. 5.14 BANGLADESH 121 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Bangladesh, country of South Asia, located in the delta of the Padma (Ganges [Ganga]) and Jamuna (Brahmaputra) rivers in the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent. The riverine country of Bangladesh (“Land of the Bengals”) is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, and its people are predominantly Muslim. As the eastern portion of the historical region of Bengal, the area once formed, along with what is now the Indian state of West Bengal, the province of Bengal in British India. With the partition of India in 1947, it became the Pakistani province of East Bengal (later renamed East Pakistan), one of five provinces of Pakistan, separated from the other four by 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of Indian territory. In 1971 it became the independent country of Bangladesh, with its capital at Dhaka. 5.15 CULTURAL LIFE The Bengali language, Islamic religion, and rural character of Bangladesh all serve to unify the country’s culture to a considerable degree. Although some regional variation occurs across the Bengali community, cultural differences between ethnic, religious, and social minorities and between rural and urban populations are much more salient. 5.15.1 The arts Literature The Bengali language began to assume a distinct form in the 7th century CE, and by the 11th century a tradition of Bengali literature had been established. Litterateurs received official patronage under both the Pala (8th to 12th century) kings and early Muslim rulers; under the Senas (11th and 12th centuries) and Mughals (early 16th to mid-18th century), however, they were generally unsupported. Nevertheless, Bengali language and literature thrived in various traditions of music and poetry that were practiced outside the court, laying the foundation for the so-called “Bengali Renaissance” of the 19th century. The renaissance was centred in Kolkata (Calcutta) and led by Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833); its luminary poet, Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), composed the national anthems of both India and Bangladesh and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. In its early years the movement espoused the virtues of Western education and liberalism, and it was largely confined to the Hindu community. 122 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.15.2 Music, dance, and theatre There are four main types of music in Bangladesh—classical, light-classical, devotional, and popular—which may overlap in some cases. Classical music has many forms, of which the dhrupad (Hindustani devotional songs) and the related, shorter form called khayal are the best known. Devotional music also is represented by qawwali and kirtana, vocal genres that are part of the common musical heritage of the subcontinent. It is, however, in the field of local nonclassical popular music that Bangladesh is most prominent. The forms known as bhatiali, bhawaiya, jari, sari, marfati, and baul have no real equivalents outside the country. The vigorous spontaneous style of these musics generally distinguishes them from classical genres. 5.16MAJOR ATTRACTIONS What special things are there to see in Bangladesh? The reality is that you cannot afford to be ignorant of some of the highly magnificent places without visiting them, which are the signature sites of Bangladesh. Missing those wonderful places would perhaps be somewhat like visiting Paris without enjoying the grandeur of Eiffel Tower. Here are the top 12 magnificent places to visit in Bangladesh: Cox’s Bazar The seaside town Cox’s Bazar is located in Chittagong Division. Also known as Panowa, it has the longest (125 kilometers) natural and sandy sea-beach. ‘Panowa’ literally means ‘yellow flower’. Cox’s Bazar is the district headquarter. Cox’s Bazar is considered as one of the most widely visited tourist destinations in Bangladesh. The huge Buddhist monastery named Aggmeda Khyang is one of the top tourist attractions here. Ramu is a village where the Buddhist population resides. Cox’s Bazar is well known for its homemade cigars and handicrafts. Also, the first safari park of Bangladesh, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Safari Park is about 50 kilometers away from Cox’s Bazar Town. Saint Martin The only coral island of Bangladesh, Saint Martin’s Island is quite small and it embraces 123 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

about 8 square kilometers of the land area. Located close to Chhera Island, it was first named as Zajira by some unknown Arabian sailors. The present name ‘Saint Martin’s Island’ came into existence during the rule of British. Sunrise and sunset, exotic village life, sea turtle hatchery, coral rocks, and plentiful stars at night are some most cherished attractions here. Fishing, oceanic scuba diving, and walk by the sea beach are some fascinating activities here. Kuakata Kuakata is located in the southern part of Bangladesh. The panoramic view of the sea beach and the beautiful tourist attractions in and round Kuakata makes it one of the most popular tourist destinations in Bangladesh. The sunset and sunrise can be seen in their full splendor from the wide sandy beach of Kuakata. Fatrar Chor (part of Sundarban), Gangamati Reserved Forest, Jhau Bon (forest), Keranipara Seema Temple, Misripara Buddhist Temple, and Eco Park are very popular among both domestic and foreign tourists. Sundarban Sundarbans, literally meaning ‘beautiful forest’ is known all over the world for the tidal halophytic mangrove forest. Several documentary films have been made on this exotic forest. Sundarban is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The major part of it is in Bangladesh; some part of it also comes under Indian Territory. Densely covered with forest, it is considered to be one of the largest reserves that protect Royal Bengal Tiger. Captivating flora, and fauna like avifauna, aqua-fauna, predators, and reptiles add beauty to the charm of Sundarban National Park, Sundarbans West Wildlife Sanctuary, Sundarbans South Wildlife Sanctuary, and Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary. Bandarban Bandarban, literally meaning ‘dam of monkeys’, is a district of Bangladesh in Chittagong Division and Chittagong Hill Tracts. After the Chittagong Hill Tract Insurgency, it emerged as one of the most fascinating tourist attractions of Bangladesh. 124 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The beautiful mountain ranges escalate the natural beauty of the surroundings. The largest Buddhist temple of Bangladesh known as Buddha Dhatu Jadi is situated in Bandarban. Shoilo Propat waterfall at Milanchari; several Buddhist temples like Ujanipara Vihar and Raj Vihar; Chimbuk Hill and Tribal Villages are worth watching. Also, the peaks like Nilgiri and Thanchi captivate the eyes of the tourists immensely. 5.17NEPAL Nepal, country of Asia, lying along the southern slopes of the Himalayan mountain ranges. It is a landlocked country located between India to the east, south, and west and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China to the north. Its territory extends roughly 500 miles (800 kilometers) from east to west and 90 to 150 miles from north to south. The capital is Kathmandu. Nepal, long under the rule of hereditary prime ministers favoring a policy of isolation, remained closed to the outside world until a palace revolt in 1950 restored the crown’s authority in 1951; the country gained admission to the United Nations in 1955. In 1991 the kingdom established a multiparty parliamentary system. In 2008, however, after a decadelong period of violence and turbulent negotiation with a strong Maoist insurgency, the monarchy was dissolved, and Nepal was declared a democratic republic. Wedged between two giants, India and China, Nepal seeks to keep a balance between the two countries in its foreign policy—and thus to remain independent. A factor that contributes immensely to the geopolitical importance of the country is the fact that a strong Nepal can deny China access to the rich Gangetic Plain; Nepal thus marks the southern boundary of the Chinese sphere north of the Himalayas in Asia. As a result of its years of geographic and self-imposed isolation, Nepal is one of the least developed nations of the world. In recent years many countries, including India, China, the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, Denmark, Germany, Canada, and Switzerland, have provided economic assistance to Nepal. The extent of foreign aid to Nepal has been influenced to a considerable degree by the strategic position of the country between India and China. 125 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.18CULTURAL LIFE The relaxation of censorship that followed the overthrow of Rana rule in 1951 encouraged a revival of artistic and intellectual expression. In literature and poetry, Nepālī works emphasize the cultural renaissance and national patriotism. King Mahindra, a poet whose Nepālī lyrics have been published in English translation under the name of M.B.B. Shah (for Mahindra Bir Bikram Shah), did much to promote the revival of arts and literature. The cultural heritage of Nepal, particularly contributions made by the Newar of Kāthmāndu Valley to sculpture, painting, and architecture, is a source of great pride. Hindu and Buddhist religious values have provided the basic source of inspiration to Newar artisans. The themes of most artistic works have been primarily religious; the lives of the gods, saints, and heroes and the relationship of man to society and to the universe are expounded in sculpture, architecture, and drama. In Kāthmāndu Valley some 2,500 temples and shrines display the skill and highly developed aesthetic sense of Newar artisans. Music and dance are favorite pastimes among the Nepalese. Religious ceremonies require the use of drums and wind instruments preserved from ancient times. Important in most religious and family occasions are devotional songs that have elements of both classical and folk music and that have been used by some contemporary musical revivalists in their attempt to bridge the gap between the two. The government-owned Radio Nepal broadcasts programs in Nepālī and English. The country’s first television station, at Kāthmāndu, began broadcasting in 1986. Newspapers and periodicals are published in Nepālī and in English. Newspapers are frequently sensational in tone and are poorly staffed and financed. Gorkha Patra, published by the government, occupies a commanding position in the Nepalese press. Nepalese newspaper readers rely on the foreign press, particularly Indian newspapers, which are flown daily into Kāthmāndu, for more sophisticated coverage of world and national news. After 1960 King Mahindra required newspapers to obtain official clearance for all reports of political activity. Subsequently the government increased its censorship, and in 1985 the publication of many newspapers was suspended. In 1990, reflecting the change in the country’s political climate, freedom of the press was restored. 126 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.19MAJOR ATTRACTION IN NEPAL Nepal is a surprisingly diverse country that attracts visitors for many reasons. Some are lured by the call of the mountains and seeking to climb or trek in the Himalayas, others are intrigued by the culture and the famous city of Kathmandu, and yet others come hoping to find some sort of spiritual awakening. Nepal can be an adrenaline adventure, a cultural eye opener, a life-changing experience, or all of the above. Most travelers spend some time in Kathmandu visiting sacred and historic attractions, and then head out to other parts of the country. Some of the best places to visit outside of the capital are Chitwan National Park for wildlife viewing, and the lakeside town of Pokhara, a popular area for embarking on treks. Trekkers will find a variety of options across Nepal, with the most important areas being the Everest, Annapurna, and Langtang regions. In 2015, a major earthquake struck Nepal, causing severe damage in Kathmandu and other areas, but restoration is underway, and progress has been substantial. Much of the damage has been repaired, although some historical treasures were lost forever. 5.19.1 Kathmandu Kathmandu, the capital and largest city in Nepal, is like no other city in the world. The decaying buildings in the heart of the city are a stark contrast to the lively atmosphere that permeates the streets. The smell of incense wafts from stores while street sellers push their goods, and people go about their daily lives, all against a backdrop of historic temples and carved statues. For several hundred years, Kathmandu was one of three rival royal cities, along with Bhaktapur and Patan. Situated in close proximity to each other, today these three almost run together. The highlight of Kathmandu has long been Durbar Square, the largest of the palace squares in the three royal cities and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Temples and monuments of varying shapes, sizes, styles, and faiths can be found here. 127 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Kathmandu's Durbar Square was severely damaged in the 2015 earthquake, with many buildings destroyed beyond repair, but it still remains a special place to visit. 5.19.2 Bhaktapur Bhaktapur, the third of the \"Royal Cities,\" lies on the old trade route to Tibet, just outside of Kathmandu. For Bhaktapur, the trade route was both an arterial link and major source of wealth. Its relative remoteness at the time allowed the city to develop independently and in ways which distinguish it from the other two cities. In contrast to Patan and Kathmandu, the population of Bhaktapur is primarily Hindu. The best place from which to begin a tour of the city is Durbar Square, where in addition to the royal palace, several temples are also situated. The whole area is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Many of the buildings in Durbar Square in Bhaktapur were damaged in the 2015 earthquake, the main temples are close to being repaired fully, but progress on much of the surrounding area has not proceeded as swiftly. 5.19.3 Boudhanath Stupa (Bodhnath) Boudhanath Stupa (Bodhnath) | Photo Copyright: Lana Law The Bodhanath Stupa, just outside Kathmandu, is one of the largest stupas of its kind in the world and dates to sometime around the 6th century, possibly even earlier. Like Bhaktapur, it lies on the old trade route to Tibet and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The stupa itself is a symbol of enlightenment but at Boudhanath the symbolism is particularly clear. Each different shape represents one of the five elements, earth, water, fire, air, and sphere, which are also the attributes of the five Buddhas. Brought together in the form of the stupa, their unity reflects in abstract fashion the structure of the universe itself. The stupa sustained minor damage during the 2015 earthquake and is now fully repaired. 5.19.4 Pokhara Set at the base of the foothills and surrounded by some of the highest mountains in the world - Dhaulagiri, Manaslu, and Annapurna I - Pokhara is one of Nepal's most scenic cities. For 128 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

trekkers, Pokhara is the gateway to the Himalayas and the starting point for treks to Jomsom and the Annapurna region. It's also a wonderful spot to relax for a bit, either before or after a hiking trip. By population, it is the second largest city in Nepal after Kathmandu but still does not feel like a big city. As you travel from Kathmandu, 200 kilometers to the east, you'll notice the much cleaner air and pleasant climate almost immediately. Lake Phewa, with its cluster of lakeside hotels, restaurants, and shops, is ideal for those looking for a little relaxation. 5.19.5 Trekking in the Annapurna Region The Annapurna Region is one of the most popular trekking regions in Nepal, with options that range from a few days to a few weeks. Three main routes in the Annapurna Region intersect and combine in places, and you can opt to do a portion or a variation on the routes. The routes are well marked and easy to follow. The Annapurna Circuit around Annapurna Mountain takes about 21 days to complete and is incredibly popular with people who have enough time. This route is sometimes called the \"Apple Pie Circuit,\" in reference to the fact that most of the teahouses along the route serve their own version of fried apple pie. A popular hiking destination in this region, often offered in hiking packages in combination with the Annapurna Circuit, is the trek to Poon Hill (3,210 meters) near Ghorepani. Most hikers try to be on Poon Hill early to see sunrise and a stunning view of Dhaulagiri, Annapurna South, Machapuchare, and Singa Chuli. The Annapurna Sanctuary nestles between the peaks of Annapurna and takes five days to reach. Muktinath is on the way to Annapurna but has since become a destination in its own right. The Muktinath route runs in the Kali Gandaki Valley on the east flank of Annapurna and takes seven days. North of Muktinath is Mustang, a small region that was only opened up to tourists in 1992. This area has its own fascinating culture. In many regards, the Annapurna Region, north of Pokhara, is an ideal walking area. The dramatic contrasts of the Nepalese countryside are especially visible, from the subtropical vegetation of the Pokhara Valley to the dry rain shadow area, with features of the Tibetan 129 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

plateau. The people and cultures are also very different: facial characteristics, food, houses, lifestyles, customs, and religion. The Annapurna region was declared a protected area in 1986. Most importantly, it has a good infrastructure to support the many trekkers that come through this area. The paths are well maintained, and food and lodging are plentiful. 5.20MALDIVES Maldives, in full Republic of Maldives, also called Maldives Islands, independent island country in the north-central Indian Ocean. It consists of a chain of about 1,200 small coral islands and sandbanks (some 200 of which are inhabited), grouped in clusters, or atolls. The islands extend more than 510 miles (820 km) from north to south and 80 miles (130 km) from east to west. The northernmost atoll is about 370 miles (600 km) south-southwest of the Indian mainland, and the central area, including the capital island of Male (Male’), is about 400 miles (645 km) southwest of Sri Lanka. 5.21PEOPLE The population of Maldives belongs almost entirely to the Maldivian ethnic group, which is the result of various peoples settling in the islands successively through the country’s history. The first settlers, it is generally believed, were Tamil and Sinhalese peoples from southern India and Sri Lanka. Traders from Arab countries, Malaya, Madagascar, Indonesia, and China visited the islands through the centuries. The official language is an Indo-European language called Dhivehi (or Maldivian); Arabic, Hindi, and English are also spoken. Islam is the state religion. 5.22MAJOR ATTRACTION OF MALDIVES Amongst the many beautiful destinations to visit in the world, Maldives retains its unrivalled luxurious aura that keeps on attracting those seeking solace and tranquility, and of course a lot of romance as well. Ever since Maldives was discovered, it has been an obvious choice to visit to have the best beach holiday ever! Maldives is a place that would make you feel quiescent, where you can simply gaze at its white-sand beaches, crystalline lagoons and azure 130 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

water. Having known the fact that, Maldives, despite being a popular honeymoon destination, today, it receives many thumps on its ground even by family vacationers who come to rejuvenate amid the scenic island of Maldives. Nonetheless, this holiday destination can also be perfect for food fanatics, history and art lovers as well as adventurers. Through this blog here, you can find 20 places to visit when in the Maldives that are suitable for every genre of tourists visiting. 5.22.1 COMO Cocoa Island Amongst the many islands, COMO Cocoa is one of the most sought-after places in the island country of Maldives. It houses a large number of resorts and the best part of it all is the presence of the water villas (you have to experience staying in one of these). The COMO Cocoa Island has around 33 water villas, each offering only the best facilities. Once your staycation is sorted, you can take a long stroll on the white powder sand and indulge in spa retreat. The restaurant and the food are always top-notch and so is the rejuvenating activities like diving and snorkeling that can be enjoyed at the house reef. 5.22.2 Baros Island If you are looking for a place away from the crowd, this is an ideal place to be. Baros is a high rated and popular island in Maldives. With sun-kissed beaches and boutique luxury resort, this island is famous for its natural elegance and beautiful corals. Baros has a number of water villas as well as island resorts providing luxe amenities, along with a few restaurants and bars in the vicinity. In Baros, you can dip your feet in the cyan-blue water and relax your muscles in the spa. For the adventure spirited couples, there are also a number of watersports. 5.22.3 Emboodhu Finolhu Island One of the best attractions about this island is perhaps the arrangement of the water villas in shape of a flower bud. A little rubbernecking can help see this beautiful sight from a seaplane as you land. Emboodhu Finolhu Island featuring around 55 water villas, also houses the luxurious Taj Exotica Resort. Here, you will get pampered with 5-star accommodation and amenities, and you can also delve into a revitalizing spa retreat. However, since it being close to the Maldives International Airport, this island is conveniently accessed via speedboat (for those who prefer). 131 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5.23PAKISTAN Pakistan, populous and multiethnic country of South Asia. Having a predominately Indo- Iranian speaking population, Pakistan has historically and culturally been associated with its neighbors Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Since Pakistan and India achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan has been distinguished from its larger southeastern neighbor by its overwhelmingly Muslim population (as opposed to the predominance of Hindus in India). Pakistan has struggled throughout its existence to attain political stability and sustained social development. Its capital is Islamabad, in the foothills of the Himalayas in the northern part of the country, and its largest city is Karachi, in the south on the coast of the Arabian Sea. Pakistan was brought into being at the time of the partition of British India, in response to the demands of Islamic nationalists: as articulated by the All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Mohammed Ali Jinnah, India’s Muslims would receive just representation only in their own country. From independence until 1971, Pakistan (both de facto and in law) consisted of two regions—West Pakistan, in the Indus River basin in the northwestern portion of the Indian subcontinent, and East Pakistan, located more than 1,000 miles (1,600 km) to the east in the vast delta of the Ganges-Brahmaputra river system. In response to grave internal political problems that erupted in civil war in 1971, East Pakistan was proclaimed the independent country of Bangladesh. 5.24CULTURAL LIFE Pakistan shares influences that have shaped the cultures of South Asia. There are thus wider regional similarities extending beyond the national boundaries; cultural ways in Pakistan are broadly similar to those experienced in large parts of Afghanistan and northern India. This entire region was deeply influenced by the Arabic-Persian culture that arrived with Muslim conquerors beginning roughly a millennium ago. On the other hand, the specific regional cultures of Pakistan present a picture of rich diversity, making it difficult to speak of a single Pakistani culture. Residents of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, for example, lead lives similar to fellow Pashtuns in Afghanistan. In other parts of the country, Urdu-speaking muhajirs brought with them many cultural ways and values found among the Hindu, Sikh, and Muslim populations 132 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of northern India. 5.25MAJOR ATTRACTION ON PAKISTAN Pakistan is full of breathtaking locations which will make you fall in love with this country all over again. If you are a tourist or love travelling then you must compile a list of places you plan to visit next year. Dawn.com frequently publishes pictures of stunning tourist spots and historic places of Pakistan to highlight the positive image of the country and to generate awareness among the people. 5.25.1 Naltar valley Naltar is famous for its colourful lakes, it is situated at a drive of 2.5 hours from Gilgit. World’s tastiest potatoes are cultivated here. Covered with pine trees, this valley doesn’t seem to be a part of this world. If you really want to experience paradise in this world, you should visit Naltar at least once. This place will make you fall in love with it. 5.25.2 Neelum Valley, Azad Kashmir Opposite to the Keran sector of Indian-held Kashmir. From the Chella Bandi Bridge – just north of Azaad Kashmir’s capital Muzaffarabad – to Tau Butt, a valley stretches out for 240 kilometers; it is known as the Neelum Valley (literally, the Blue Gem Valley). Neelum is one of the most beautiful valleys of Azaad Kashmir, and it hosts several brooks, freshwater streams, forests, lush green mountains, and a river. Here, you see cataracts falling down the mountains; their milky-white waters flowing over the roads and splashing against the rocks, before commingling with the muddy waters of River Neelum. 5.25.3 Shangrila resort, Skardu In the extreme north of Pakistan, Skardu the central valley of Gilgit-Baltistan, is an epitome of beauty, serenity and wilderness. After Jaglot on the Karakoram Highway, a narrow road turn towards Skardu. During the 133 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

seven-hour journey, one is greeted with several streams, springs, and the hospitality of the local people. After crossing the old wooden bridge built over the River Indus, one reaches Shangrila, a paradise on earth for tourists. It is a famous tourist spot in Skardu, which is about 25 minutes away by drive. Restaurant in Shangrila rest house is highlight of this place, which is built in the structure of an aircraft. 5.25.4 Gojal Valley The Gojal Valley borders China and Afghanistan, with its border meeting the Chinese border at Khunjerab — 15,397 feet above sea level — and remains covered with snow all year long. In the north west, there is Chiporsun, whose border touches the Wakhan region of Afghanistan. Wakhan is about six square miles in area, after which starts Tajikistan. The Karakoram Highway which connects Pakistan to China also passes through Gojal Valley and enters China at Khunjerab. 5.25.5 Deosai Plains Deosai is located on the boundary of Karakoram and the western Himalayas, and at no point it is less than 4000 meters above sea level. It remains covered with snow for 8 months. The rest of the year, it hosts a range of beautiful flowers of all hues and colours, but not a single tree is found in this plateau spread over 3000 sq. km. Sheosar lake is also part of this. This lake is one of the highest lakes in the world. The deep blue water, with snow-covered mountains in backdrop, and greenery with wild flowers in foreground offer such a view in summers, that one is left amused for the rest of his life. 5.26SUMMARY South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC), organization of South Asian nations, founded in 1985 and dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasizing collective self-reliance. Its seven founding members are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Afghanistan joined the organization in 2007. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings 134 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

of foreign secretaries, twice annually. Headquarters are in Kathmandu, Nepal. The 11 stated areas of cooperation are agriculture; education, culture, and sports; health, population, and child welfare; the environment and meteorology; rural development (including the SAARC Youth Volunteers Program); tourism; transport; science and technology; communications; women in development; and the prevention of drug trafficking and drug abuse. The charter stipulates that decisions are to be unanimous and that “bilateral and contentious issues” are to be avoided. 5.27KEYWORDS  The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia.  The SAFTA was envisaged primarily as the first step towards the transition to a South Asian Free Trade Area (SAFTA) leading subsequently towards a Customs Union, Common Market and the Economic Union.  Affinity group: a group sharing a common interest, usually from an organization. See also pre-formed group.  After-departure charge: expenses such as telephone charges that do not appear on a guest’s account at check out  Accommodation capacity: The measure of accommodation stock at a defined destination. 5.28LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. List and compare the cultural difference in SAARC countries. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Discuss and define the boundaries of SAARC countries ___________________________________________________________________________ 135 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

___________________________________________________________________________ 5.29UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. Explain the cultural differences in India, Nepal, Bhutan and Pakistan. 2. List out the most visited tourists’ places in Bangladesh, Afghanistan, Maldives and India. 3. Explain the significance of Taj mahal? Why it is considered in the list of seven world wonders? 4. List down the most attractive tourist place in Srilanka. 5. State the beautiful places of Maldives. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The decaying buildings in the heart of the city are a stark contrast to the lively atmosphere that permeates the streets. The smell of incense wafts from stores while street sellers push their goods, and people go about their daily lives, all against a backdrop of historic temples and carved statues a. Delhi b. Kathmandu c. Bhutan d. Maldives 2. Religion pervades many aspects of life and constitutes a basic element of this diversity. Buddhist and Hindu temples, as well as mosques and churches, with their own colourful rituals, are the most readily visible features of the cultural landscape. 136 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Srilanka b. India c. Maldives d. Pakistan 3. Amongst the many islands, ……………. is one of the most sought-after places in the island country of Maldives. It houses a large number of resorts and the best part of it all is the presence of the water villas (you have to experience staying in one of these). a. Villas b. Riverside resorts c. COMO Cocoa d. Male island 4. ………… is a large and diverse polyglot nation whose tempo of life varies from region to region and from community to community. a. India b. Pakistan c. Maldives d. Nepal 5. The economic core of ………… lies in the fertile valleys of the Lesser Himalayas, which are separated from one another by a series of high and complex interconnecting ridges extending across the country from north to south. 137 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

a. Bhutan 4.a 5.a b. India c. Pakistan d. Maldives Answers 1.b 2.a 3.c 5.29 SUGGESTED READINGS  Ahmad, Naveed (6 August 2016). \"Rest in peace SAARC: The tug of war between India and Pakistan\". tribune.com.pk. The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.  \"Charter of SAARC\". SAARC Secretariat. Retrieved 10 November 2013.  Center, Asia Regional Integration. \"South Asian Free Trade Area Free Trade Agreement\". aric.adb.org. Retrieved 2 March 2018.  \"12th SAARC Summit Islamabad: History and Evolution of SAARC\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.  Mahasweta Devi to get SAARC Literary Award Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine Oneindia.in 30 March 2007  Hindustan Times, New Delhi, Saturday, 14 February 2015  \"404 Error\". Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2017.  \"Press Releases, 18th SAARC Summit Declaration, 27 November 2014\". SAARC. Retrieved 2 December 2015. 138 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 6: MIDDLE EAST Structure 6.0. Learning Objectives 6.1. Introduction 6.2. United Arab Emirates 6.3. Cultural life 6.4. Major attraction 6.5. Summary 6.6. Keywords 6.7. Learning activity 6.8. Unit end questions 6.9. Suggested readings 6.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able:  State the cultural aspects of Middle East Countries  Outline major attraction Middle East Countries and its tourism aspects  Describe lifestyle of Middle East countries 6.1 INTRODUCTIONS Middle East, the lands around the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea, encompassing at least the Arabian Peninsula and, by some definitions, Iran, North Africa, and sometimes beyond. The central part of this general area was formerly called the Near East, a name given to it by some of the first modern Western geographers and historians, who tended 139 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

to divide what they called the Orient into three regions. Near East applied to the region nearest Europe, extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf; Middle East, from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia; and Far East, those regions facing the Pacific Ocean. The change in usage began to evolve prior to World War II and tended to be confirmed during that war, when the term Middle East was given to the British military command in Egypt. By the mid-20th century, a common definition of the Middle East encompassed the states or territories of Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Israel, the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, Jordan, Egypt, Sudan, Libya, and the various states and territories of Arabia proper (Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Oman, Bahrain, Qatar, and the Trucial States, or Trucial Oman [now United Arab Emirates]). Subsequent events have tended, in loose usage, to enlarge the number of lands included in the definition. The three North African countries of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco are closely connected in sentiment and foreign policy with the Arab states. In addition, geographic factors often require statesmen and others to take account of Afghanistan and Pakistan in connection with the affairs of the Middle East. Occasionally, Greece is included in the compass of the Middle East because the Middle Eastern (then Near Eastern) question in its modern form first became apparent when the Greeks rose in rebellion to assert their independence of the Ottoman Empire in 1821 (see Eastern Question). Turkey and Greece, together with the predominantly Arabic-speaking lands around the eastern end of the Mediterranean, were also formerly known as the Levant. Use of the term Middle East nonetheless remains unsettled, and some agencies (notably the United States State Department and certain bodies of the United Nations) still employ the term Near East. 6.2 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES The United Arab Emirates (UAE) sometimes simply called the Emirates, is a sovereign state in Western Asia at the northeast end of the Arabian Peninsula, in the south of the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east, and Saudi Arabia to the south and west, as well as sharing maritime borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north. The sovereign absolute monarchy is a federation of seven emirates consisting of Abu Dhabi (which serves as the capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al Quwain. Their 140 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

boundaries are complex, with numerous enclaves within the various emirates. Each emirate is governed by a ruler; together, they jointly form the Federal Supreme Council. One of the rulers serves as the President of the United Arab Emirates. In 2013, the UAE's population was 9.2 million, of which 1.4 million were Emirati citizens and 7.8 million were expatriates. The estimated population of the UAE in 2020 was 9.89 million. Islam is the official religion and Arabic is the official language. The UAE's oil reserves are the sixth-largest in the world while its natural gas reserves are the world's seventh-largest. Sheikh Zayed, ruler of Abu Dhabi and the first President of the UAE, oversaw the development of the Emirates and steered oil revenues into healthcare, education and infrastructure. The UAE's economy is the most diversified in the Gulf Cooperation Council, while its most populous city of Dubai is an important global city and international aviation and maritime trade hub. Consequently, the country is much less reliant on oil and gas than in previous years and is economically focusing on tourism and business. The UAE government does not levy income tax although there is a system of corporate tax in place and Value Added Tax at 5% was established in 2018. The UAE's rising international profile has led to it being recognized as a regional and a middle power. The UAE is a member of the United Nations, the Arab League, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, OPEC, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Gulf Cooperation Council. 6.3 CULTURAL LIFE The cultural traditions of the United Arab Emirates are rooted in Islam and resonate with the wider Arab world, especially with the neighboring states of the Persian Gulf. The federation has experienced the impact of Islamic resurgence, though Islam in the emirates is generally less austere than in Saudi Arabia. Tribal identities in the United Arab Emirates remain fairly strong, despite urbanization and the presence of a large expatriate community, and the family is still considered the strongest and most cohesive social unit. 6.4 MAJOR ATTRACTIONS The United Arab Emirates is a small country, but it’s packed with exciting places for visitors 141 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

to check out and fall in love with. From modern buildings to cultural hot-spots, there’s a little bit of everything. This makes the UAE one of the hottest tourist destinations in the world. 6.4.1 Burj Al Arab The Burj Al Arab is best known for being the only 7-star hotel in Dubai. Every visitor to Dubai needs a picture of the sail-boat shaped hotel. You can look at it from the beach, book an afternoon tea at the hotel, or visit during sunset, when the bright sky illuminates its silhouette. 6.4.2 Burj Khalifa The tallest building in the world at over 800 meters, the Burj Khalifa and is one of the most impressive sights in Dubai. Even better than seeing the skyscraper from the outside is to go to At the Top and see what Dubai looks like from 148 floors high. The view stretches from sea to desert, and is a truly singular experience. 6.4.3 Dubai Mall For those who enjoy shopping, what experience could be more exciting than visiting at the biggest shopping mall in the world? The Dubai Mall has 1,200 retail outlets, from some of the biggest luxury stores in the world like, Chanel and Cartier, to Forever 21, Zara and other trendier shops. The mall also has a whole area dedicated to jewelry stores and dozens of food and beverage outlets. 6.4.5 The Palm Jumeirah The Palm Jumeirah is the biggest artificial island in the world. Every tourist to Dubai definitely needs to see The Palm and visit one of its high-end restaurants and bars. Even better than just visiting the island it to stay there in one of its 5-star hotels, like Fairmont The Palm, Atlantis or Anantara. 6.4.6 Gold and Spice Souk The Gold Souk and the Spice Souk are five minutes apart, and both give an insight into what Dubai was like before the city boomed with skyscrapers and tourism. These souks (meaning 142 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

market in Arabic) are located next to the Dubai Creek, and visitors can cross the water in an Abra, a traditional water taxi. At the Spice Souk, visitors can find the best spices in the region and at the Gold Souk, jaw dropping jewels. 6.5 SUMMARY Tourism in the Arab World encompasses a wide array of activities and tourist attractions in an area spanning more than 13 million square kilometers. The Arab World mainly consists of the Arabic-speaking countries and populations in North Africa and Western Asia. The standard definition of the Arab world comprises the 22 countries and territories of the Arab League: 10 countries in Africa, and 12 countries in Asia. Geographically, it stretches from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Sea in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean in the southeast. It has a combined population of around 422 million people. The Arab World is divided into five main geographic regions: the Maghreb in Northwest Africa, the Nile Valley and the Horn of Africa in Northeast Africa, the Levant in the eastern Mediterranean, and the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia. Egypt is the only transcontinental country by virtue of the Sinai Peninsula, which lies in Asia. 6.6 KEYWORDS  The Arab world, also known as the Arab nation, the Arab sphere, or the Arab states, consists of the 22 Arab countries which are members of the Arab League  The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land  The Rub' al Khali is the sand desert (erg) encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula.  Allocentric: Of a minority of tourists: adventurous, outgoing, self-confident, independent, needing little tourist infrastructure. Enjoys high contact with locals  Alternative tourism: In essence, tourism activities or development that are viewed as 143 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

non-traditional. 6.7 LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. List out the various means of transports one can avail during trip to UAE. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. Compare and contrast the cultural values in UAE and other Arab countries. ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 6.8 UNIT END QUESTION A. Descriptive Type Questions 1. Explain, what all countries listed in UAE? 2. List out the famous cultural fact of Dubai. 3. Discuss, what is the significance of Burj AL Arab? 4. Discuss, what is the height of Burj Khalifa and why it so famous? 5. Discuss, what are the cultural aspects of UAE. B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Gold Souk and the Spice Souk are five minutes apart, and both give an insight into what ……… was like before the city boomed with skyscrapers and tourism. a. Dubai b. Arab c. Abu Dhabi 144 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

d. Sharjah 2. The federation has experienced the impact of ……. resurgence, though Islam in the emirates is generally less austere than in Saudi Arabia. a. Christianity b. Islamic c. Arab d. None of these 3. The largest of these emirates, …………. which comprises more than three-fourths of the federation’s total land area, is the center of its oil industry and borders Saudi Arabia on the federation’s southern and eastern borders. a. Abu Dhabi b. Mount Abu c. Dubai d. UAE 4. The cultural traditions of the United Arab Emirates are rooted in Islam and resonate with the wider Arab world, especially with the neighbouring states of the ………. a. Persian Gulf b. Abu Dhabi c. Mount Abu d. Dubai 145 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

5. Near ………… applied to the region nearest Europe, extending from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf; Middle East, from the Persian Gulf to Southeast Asia; and Far East, those regions facing the Pacific Ocean. a. West b. East c. North d. South Answers 1.a 2.a 3.a 4.a 5.a 6.9 SUGGESTED READINGS  Coastal and Marine Environmental Problems of Somalia, Volume 1. UNEP. 1987. p. 127.  International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (1989). The Iucn Sahel Studies 1989. IUCN. p. 107. ISBN 2880329779.  \"New tourism ministry under construction in Garowe\". Sabahi. 1 November 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.  \"Somali Tourism Association (SOMTA)\". Somali Tourism Association. Retrieved 14 June 2013.  Ottaway, Marina & Carothers, Thomas (2004-03-29), The Greater Middle East Initiative: Off to a False Start Archived 2009-03-12 at the Wayback Machine, Policy Brief, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 29, pp. 1–7  Middle East Archived 2016-04-15 at the Wayback Machine What Is the Middle East and What Countries Are Part of It? worldatlas.com. Retrieved 16 April 2016. 146 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Goldschmidt (1999), p. 8  Louise, Fawcett. International Relations of the Middle East. (Oxford University Press, New York, 2005) 147 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT 7: AFRICA 148 Structure 7.0. Learning Objectives 7.1. Introduction 7.2. African Countries and Capital 7.3. People 7.4. Cultural life 7.5. Religion 7.6. Domestic grouping 7.6.1 Madagascar 7.7. Summary 7.8. Keywords 7.9. Learning activity 7.10.Unit end questions 7.11.Suggested readings 7.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this Unit, you will be able to:  Outline the cultural aspects of African countries  State major attraction of African countries  Discuss lifestyle of people in African countries 7.1 INTRODUCTION CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area and 20% of its land area. With 1.3 billion people as of 2018, it accounts for about 16% of the world's human population. Africa's average population is the youngest amongst all the continents; the median age in 2012 was 19.7, when the worldwide median age was 30.4. Despite a wide range of natural resources, the continent is the least wealthy per capita, in large part due to the legacies of European colonization in Africa and the Cold War. Despite this low concentration of wealth, recent economic expansion and the large and young population make Africa an important economic market in the broader global context. The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Isthmus of Suez and the Red Sea to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Madagascar and various archipelagos. It contains 54 fully recognized sovereign states (countries), eight territories and two de facto independent states with limited or no recognition. Algeria is Africa's largest country by area, and Nigeria is its largest by population. African nations cooperate through the establishment of the African Union, which is headquartered in Addis Ababa. Africa straddles the Equator and encompasses numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate zones. The majority of the continent and its countries are in the Northern Hemisphere, with a substantial portion and number of countries in the Southern Hemisphere. Africa is home to much biodiversity; it is the continent with the largest number of megafauna species, as it was least affected by the extinction of the Pleistocene megafauna. However, Africa also is heavily affected by a wide range of environmental issues, including desertification, deforestation, water scarcity, and other issues. These entrenched environmental concerns are expected to worsen as climate change impacts Africa. The UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has identified Africa as the most vulnerable continent to climate change. Africa, particularly Eastern Africa, is widely accepted as the place of origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great apes), meaning that Africa has a long and complex history. The earliest hominids and their ancestors have been dated to around 7 million years ago, including 149 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster— the earliest Homo sapiens (modern human) remains, found in Ethiopia, South Africa, and Morocco, date to circa 200,000, 259,000, and 300,000 years ago respectively, and Homo sapiens is believed to have originated in Africa around 350,000- 260,000 years ago. Early human civilizations, such as Ancient Egypt and Phoenicia emerged in North Africa. Following a subsequent long and complex history of civilizations, migration and trade, Africa hosts a large diversity of ethnicities, cultures and languages. The last 400 years have witnessed an increasing European influence on the continent. Starting in the 16th century, this was driven by trade, including the Trans-Atlantic slave trade, which created large African diaspora populations in the Americas. In the late 19th century, European countries colonized almost all of Africa, extracting resources from the continent and exploiting local communities; most present states in Africa emerged from a process of decolonization in the 20th century. 7.2 AFRICAN COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL Country Capital city Country Capital city Algeria Algiers Madagascar Antananarivo Angola Luanda Malawi Lilongwe Benin Porto-Novo Mali Bamako Botswana Gaborone Mauritania Nouakchott Burkina Ouagadougou Mauritius Port Louis Faso Burundi Gitega Morocco Rabat 150 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)