E-LESSON-7 POLITICAL SCIENCE-1

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B.A.English 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 Course Code: BAQ110 Semester: First SLM UNITS : E-Lesson: 7 7 www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110)

POLITICAL SCIENCE-I 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION . In this unit we are going to learn about the Power The student will be able to understand meaning (meaning, Definition, components, characteristics, and characteristics of Power bases and forms) The student will be able to understand the The student will also understand the authority ( meaning and features of authority meaning. Definition , features, types etc.) The student will be able to understand the The student will also be able to understand meaning and forms of Legitimacy Legitimacy (meaning, definition, and forms) . www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) INASllTITriUgThEt aOrFeDreISsTeArNveCdE AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 1. The Power : Meaning, Definition, POLITICAL SCIENCE-1 components, Characteristics, Bases and Forms 2. The authority : Meaning. Definition , Features, Types 3. Legitimacy : Meaning, Definition, and Forms www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MEANING OF POWER 5  Power, Authority and Legitimacy constitute the basic concepts of Political Science. The concept of Power is one of the most vital concept in Political Science.  Power is the pivot of all political activities. Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of other in accordance with its own ends.  Power exists at different levels in society and there are few who exercise power over the rest. Political Scientists have given different theories about distribution of political power. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DEFINITION OF POWER 6 Edward Shills, “Power is the ability to influence the behaviour of others in accordance with its own ends.” Karl Deutsch, “Power without will cannot be effective. When one enjoys power one can influence the behaviour of others.” Max Weber defines Power as “Chance of a man or of a number of men to realise their own will in a communal action even against the resistance of others who are participating in the action”. Schulze says, ‘Power denotes the capacity or potential of persons in certain statuses to set conditions, make decisions, and or take actions which are determinative for the existence of others within a given social system’. Friedrich defines power as “a certain kind of human relationship.” Robart Dahl says, “A has power over B to the extent that he can get B to do something that B would not otherwise do” www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

COMPONENTS OF POWER 7 Coercive power: Which is based upon the follower’s belief that the leader has the power to punish him for non-compliance. Legitimate power: Which is based upon the follower’s belief that the power holder has the right to influence him and he has an obligation to power. Reward Power: Which implies the follower’s belief that the leader has resources to assist the follower in reaching his goals and fulfilling his needs. Political patronge is a common example of this category of power. Referent power: Which means the follower does as the leader wants him to do, because the former is identified with the latter. Expert power: Which implies that the leader can modify the behaviour of the follower. The followers believe that the leader possesses superior information and ability. The manipulation of information is itself a source of power. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER 8 Power is relational: That means it establishes a relationship between those who exercise it and on whom power is exercised. Power is situational: Political power is related to situations. The power-holder always thinks that he can do and undo everything what he likes. Power is always checked by lower. Power is related to position and circumstances: Power is dependent upon circumstances. A person holding power may not possess it with the change in situation. Power is also related to its use. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

BASES OF POWER 9 Wealth: Wealth is considered a vital base of power. This wealth basis of power is found particularly in capitalist societies. Control over means: Control over the instruments of violence is the basis of power. This base of power is found in military states. Skill: Personal skill or technique is another basis of power. A skilled person is more powerful and resourceful than an ordinary individual. Power: It is also another base of power. Power over one issue area helps in its extension to other issue areas. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FORMS OF POWER 10 Legitimate and Illegitimate power: The power used in a lawful manner is called legitimate power. People obey it because of his authority. This type of power is exercised by bureaucracy, police, ministers, etc. Violation of legitimate power is an offence. The power of a terrorist, a dacoit or an under world Mafia Don, is called illegitimate power. Traditional power: This type of power is based on tradition. it has its source in past customs and traditions people obey it because others have been obeying it since long. It has no legal sanction. Charismatic power: It is linked with one’s personality, character and extra-ordinary qualities. A charismatic power has no legal authority but people obey it out of love and emotion. Centralised and Decentralised power: Centralised power means power exercised by the central authority. It is found in a unitary state or in a totalitarian an system. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FORMS OF POWER 11 Manifest and latent power: Manifest power means the power exercised in open and clearly visible to others. The power of the police, District magistrate and other legitimate authority is called manifest power. Economic power: This type of power is exercised by rich and prosperous countries groups and companies over weaker counterparts. USA is an economic power among nations, the TATA Group of companies and the Reliance Group of companies in India are known as economic power. Political power: This power is enjoyed by the party-leaders in a communist country, the prime minister in parliamentary system and President in a presidential system. Military power: It means the military strength of a country. It is the sum-total of the arms and ammunition possessed by the country, the skilled soldiers advanced nuclear technology and morale of the soldiers. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

PRESPECTIVES OF POWER 12 The Functionalist Perspective: Max Weber suggests that those who hold power do so at the expense of others. He also implies that the power-holders rise their power to further their own interests. The Marxian Perspective: Karl Marx rejects the view that power is a social resource, and that it is held in trust, and used by those in authority for the benefit of all. On the contrary, power is exercised by a group in society at the expense of the rest in society. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THEORIES OF POWER 13 Non-Elitist Theory or Marxist Theory : The Marxian theory of distribution of political power is otherwise called as class theory of power. The Marxist theory is the very first theory which states the distribution of political power in a society. After the development of Elite theory the Marxist theory is known as non-elitist theory. The Marxist theory of distribution of political power is an extension of his class theory. He rejected the functionalist contention that power resides in society and used for social purpose, he does not agree with the pluralists contention that power is shared by various groups existing in society. According to Marx, power in a society resides in the hands of dominant economic class which exercises monopoly over the means of production and distribution. This class uses power to strengthen its own position and to silence its opponents. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THEORIES OF POWER 14 Elite Theories of Power: The Elite theory provides the most valid explanation about the distribution of political power in a society. According to theory in every society there are two groups, one group consisting of those selected view who have the right to this supreme leadership and the masses. The minority few are called elites who hold high political offices at given time. Elites are those minorities which are set apart from the rest of the society by their pre-eminence in one or more of these various distribution. The political elites comprise the power holders of a body politic. The elite theory is based on the assumption that men are inherently unequal and only a few elected persons have a valid little to rule over the many. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THEORIES OF POWER 15 The Elite Theory can be further devided into four parts: The Organisational Approach of Mosca and Michels: Mosca in his book “The Ruling Class” has said that in every society throughout history was found to be divided into the ruling class and the ruled. The Psychological Approach of Pareto: Pareto in his, “The Mind and Society” has dealt with the elite theory. He says, in every society there are two classes, the elites and non-elites. The Economic Approach of Burnham:James Burnham in his ‘The Managerial Revolution’ states that in every society there is a change in the group of elite which rules. There may be a change in the composition of elite but no end of elite rule. He believes that the elites rule by means of economic power.. The Institutional Approach of C. Wright Mills:Mills rejected Burnham’s view that political power of the elite comes from its economic power. He therefore bases the term power elite instead of ruling elite. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THEORIES OF POWER 16 Functionalist Theory: Eminent sociologist Talcort Parsons is the exponent of the Functionalist. Theory of distribution of political power. According to this theory power is social resource which is used to promote social interests.The more the power in society the more collective iioals are realised. Pluralistic Theory:The Pluralistic Theory of distribution of power states that power is dispersed among a variety of groups in society and it is not the monopoly of any specific group or class, Robert. A. Dahl is the exponent of this theory and he reached the conclusion after undertaking research on local politics in New Haven, in USA. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MEANING OF AUTHORITY 17  Authority is a universal Phenomenon and it has always been there in all societies throughout history. Authority is basically related to power, but power and authority are not identical.  Authority is power plus. It is also related to obedience, but obedience may not exclusively a political phenomenon. It exists in political as well as non-political organisations.  Every association in the society, big or small, permanent or temporary, has its own structure of authority. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DEFINITION OF AUTHORITY 18 Robert Michels defines Authority, “as capacity, innate or acquired, for exercising ascendancy over a group”. He says authority is manifestation of power. Bertrand de Jouvenel says, “The phenomenon called ‘authority’ is at once, more ancient and more fundamental than the phenomenon called ‘state’. The natural ascendancy of some men over others is the principle of all human organisations and all human advances.” MacIver says, “Authority is often defined as being power—the power to command obedience.” Robert Bierstedt says, “Authority becomes a power phenomenon.—it is sanctioned power, institutional power”. Harold D. Lasswell and Abraham Kaplan define authority as ‘formal power.’ Carl J. Friedrich defines Authority as “the quality of a communication, which is capable of reasoned elaboration.” www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FEATURES OF AUTHORITY 19 1. Authority relates to a person or office. It is the right to issue orders. 2. it is a relationship between two officers, one superior and the other subordinate, and both the incumbents perceive the relationship as legitimate. 3. it is a quality of communication by virtue of which it is accepted. 4. it is basic to human behaviour irrespective of its logical forms. 5. if the character of-the communication is questioned, then authority is diminished and the bond that holds the participants together is in the danger of being severed. 6. authority is exercised most characteristically within a network of clearly defined hierarchical roles : parent-child, teacher pupil, employer- employee and ruler-ruled relations. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTHORITY 20 A) Power relationships: Power relationships involve the powerful and the persons surrendering to the power which is possible only if the power is carried on with authority. B) Minimum use of force: The establishment of authority should be done by minimum use of force as it is the case with political authority in a state. The authority will be right in using power as long as it is legitimate. C) Sanctions: The most important bases of authority are the sanctions. These sanctions may be positive or negative. While the positive sanctions are in the form of reward, the negative sanctions are in the form of punishment. D) Organised efforts: Authority is not achieved spontaneously, it is attained. For it the powerful person has to make organised effort. E) Ideology: The most solid basis of political authority in modern times is ideology. To quote, Robert E. Dowse & John A. Hughes, “That is to say; assuming that men are liable to be rational calculators in most situations, an ideology may be a device to transcend this fact by appealing to them so emotionally that they temporarily forget immediate self interest and become absorbed in the ideological movement.” www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DIMENSIONS OF AUTHORITY 21  Authority and Reason: The authority is the embodiment of reason, which is its fundamental basis.  Authority and State: Authority is found and operates in a state. Although always exercised by individuals, authority may inhere in an objective entity like State. A legitimate monarch derives his authority from a system of arrangements which is necessary for his existence.  Authority and Public Opinion: Authority is being maintained by Public Opinion. This is true of both the personal or institutional origin of authority. Even when authority is based on physical coercion, public opinion plays a prominent role.  Authority and Values: The ancient basis of authority is faith in its supernatural or heroic origin. This was because of the belief that power of the King is derived from God.  The Distance between the Ruler and Ruled: Authority can exist without maintaining the distance between the ruler and ruled. For example in democracy, the leaders of the political parties exercise their authority by maintaining distance between themselves and their followers. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DIMENSIONS OF AUTHORITY  Authority and Symbols: Symbol is the another way to maintain authority. The objects like banners, 22 flags, emblems and images are being displayed as symbols to mobilse the followers and to exercise authority.  Authority and the Habit of Compliance: The people obey their authority because they have a general habit of compliance. Individuals do obey laws and specific commands because they have been trained to do so on the matter of habit. The habit of compliance makes the task of the rulers easier.  Authority and Legitimacy: Authority and Legitimacy are closely inter-connected. Legitimacy consists in the right to compliance. When the Legitimacy is added to power, making it a right to power authority emerges. Thus, the legitimized power is known as Authority.  Social Distance and Authority: Authority can be created and preserved by maintaining a distance between those who command and those who obey. This is best illustrated by the caste system in India. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KINDS OF AUTHORITY 23 1. Rational - Legal Authority: This type of authority is based on written rules defining rights and duties. In case of rational - legal authority - legitimacy is derived, from an office held within a system of deliberately framed rules setting out rights and duties. In such type of authority, obedience is paid not to the individual holding office but to the legally established order. It extends to the persons exercising the authority of office under it by virtue of the formal legality of their commands and only withinthe scope of authority of office. 2.Traditional Authority: When people often obey an authority as a matter of habit is called traditional authority. In case of traditional authority the right to power results from reverence for the old established patterns of order. The traditional authority is very much relevant in the social sphere. This type of authority is very much prominent in their pure form in the context of a society which remains yet un- modernised by the accepted standards. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

KINDS OF AUTHORITY 24 3. Charismatic Authority: It has been already pointed out, though Constitution leads in every developed country today, some political leaders inspire the followers not by their constitutional status but due to their personal qualities. This is charismatic authority. It is based upon the personal qualities of the leader. Here, people extend obedience to a person possessing charisma. In the words of Max Weber, “It is the charismatically qualified leader as such who is obeyed by virtue of personal trust in him and his revelation, his heroism or his exemplary qualities so far as they fall within the scope of the individual’s belief in his charisma.” www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MEANING OF LEGITIMACY 25 Meaning: Generally, Legitimacy means right to rule. In Political Science legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a regime. Whereas ‘authority’ denotes a specific in an establish government the ‘Legitimacy’ denotes a system of government where in ‘government’ denotes ‘sphere of influence’ Political Legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock and collapse. According to Marten Lipset “Legitimacy involves the capacity of a political system to engender and main the belief that existed political institutions are the most appropriate and proper ones for the society. Robert A. Dahl explained legitimacy as a reservoir, so long as the water is at a given level, political stability is maintained, if it falls below the required level, political legitimacy is endangered. Thus Legitimacy is a value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper. Usually it is understood as the popular acceptance and recognition by the public of authority of a governing regime. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

TYPES OF LEGITIMACY 26 1. Traditional Legitimacy: It derives from societal custom and habit that emphasize the history of the authority of tradition. Traditionalists understand this from of rule as historically accepted. 2. Charismatic Legitimacy: This types of Legitimacy derives from the idea and personal charisma of the leader, a person whose authority personal charms and psychologically dominates the people of the society to agreement with the governments regime and rule. 3. Rational Legal Legitimacy: It derives form a system of institutional procedure where in government institutions establish and enforce law and order in the people interest. Therefore, it is though public trust that the government will abiole the law that confers rational legal Legitimacy. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FORMS OF LEGITIMACY 27 1. Numinous Legitimacy: Numinous legitimacy originates from numinous inspiration. An authority is considered legitimate it is believed to be the embodiment of god. According to the theological doctrine of Egypt, Pharaoh was accepted as the God Horus himself, the son of Osiris. Pharaoh’s empire was God’s empire. Obedience to the king was not so much due to political necessity as due to religious obligation. People obeyed the king out of their belief that it was their moral duty to be obedient to him as he was both the God and the son of God. 2. Civil Legitimacy: The ultimate source of numinous legitimacy is God. Religion plays an important role in promoting people to accept royal rule as legitimate. But civil legitimacy has little to do with God or religion. This results from the trust of people that a government, based on their consent, would Work. 3. Instrumental and Substantive Legitimacy: Max Weber’s understanding of legitimacy rests on share values, such as tradition and rational legality. But policies that aim at constructing legitimacy by improving the service delivery or ‘output’ of a state often only respond to share needs www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEGITIMACY: A HISTORICAL VIEW 28 Legitimacy seems to have been derived from the Latin word, Legitimus, which is classical Latin. The word, legitimitas, occurred first in medieval texts. Legitimus means lawful or according to law. In medieval times, it meant ancient customs and customary procedure. First it referred to qualified persons who could testify and guarantee some juridical action. Their presence provided legal validity to an action. Then it referred to the procedure of a council or the resolution or assent of judiciary which was considered lawful. The word ‘legitimate’ means rule and order as well as the assembly itself to which the rule refers. The consent of people is the core element of legitimacy. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEGITIMACY AND EFFECTIVENESS 29 A government, in order to be legitimate, must be effective. An ineffective government would lose its legitimacy. There are several routes to legitimacy through effectiveness. For centuries, the theory of ‘Divine Rights’ was invoked to gain legitimacy. The people were made to believe that the government was effective because it had the sanction of the God. Another method of making the Government effective is using force/ coercion. In many third world countries military dictatorships have survived long. While the people obey such governments out of fear, in some cases their obedience is based on their feeling that the ruling regime has worked well and done enough for the nation and the people. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

LEGITIMACY AND EFFECTIVENESS 30 A democratic government can also be legitimate by functioning effectively. In a democracy a government comes to power with the support of the people, and it would continue to get their support if it serves them well. A government is effective if it promotes the interests of people, safeguards national security and makes the nation strong. A government would be considered effective if it promotes economic development and enhances national prestige. The stability of a political system is related to the legitimacy of the government. If the government is perceived to be lacking legitimacy, there is fear of a military coup. When a military junta seizes power through a coup, it invariably tries to justify its action by pointing to the ineffectiveness of the government and loss of its legitimacy. The military would remain loyal to civilian authorities so long as the latter maintain their legitimacy. The stability of a political system would be significantly influenced by civil- military equation. Growth of proper norms governing civil-military relationship would contribute to the stability and legitimacy of the system. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

CRISIS OF LEGITIMACY 31 According to Lipset, “a crisis of legitimacy is a crisis of change. Therefore, its roots must be sought in the character of change in Modern society.” Any type of important change. In the system is likely to impact on the legitimacy of the government. If a major social or political group is not properly represented in the government or if its legitimate interests are ignored by the government, there is a danger to the legitimacy of the government. Because of modernisation/development, different kinds of social change take place causing decline of old groups and giving rise to new ones. These new groups have the potential to strengthen a government or weaken it. If the government does not pay due attention to them, it may face a crisis of legitimacy. A crisis of legitimacy occurs when any powerful old group and/or any rising new group is ignored by the government. A transitional society is more prone to suffer a crisis of legitimacy because there is great uncertainty about the rise and fall of social/political groups in it. Further, a crisis of legitimacy may result from the repeated or prolonged breakdown of effectiveness. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. ‘The Leviathan’ is written by _______. 32 (A) Machiavelli (B) Hobbes (C) Jeremy (D) John Locke 2. ‘The Two Treatise on Government’ is written by ______ (A) Karl Marx (B) Hobbes (C) John Locke (D) Plato 3.‘The Social Contract’ is a famous book of _____________ (A) Locke (B) Seeley (C) Marx (D) Rousseau 4._______________ among following supports absolute sovereignty. (A) Hobbes 4.(A) (B) Jeremy (C) Machiavelli (D) Seeley Answers: 1.(B) 2.(C ) 3. (D) Unit-7 (BAQ 110) www.cuidol.in All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 33 The concept of power is one of the most vital concepts figuring in Political Science. Politics or Political Science is mainly concerned with the capture and exercise of power. The Elite theory asserts that, political power is unevenly distributed in society and it resides with a few. So there is a government of the elites sprung from the people. This theory confirms about the natural inequality of mankind.  The ruling class in always an elite and it is conscious, cohesive and consipratoral. Political power is unevenly distributed in a society and the elites associated with decision-making are always a few in number. Power is found to be invariably associated with authority. In political sphere power is not divorced from authority. It is authority with power. So authority is a special kind of power, In other words, power when legitimised, gives rise to authority. “Authority is the faculty of inducing assent”. Thus, authority is power plus legitimacy. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 34 What are the essence of Marxist theory of power? What do you mean by authority? What is charismatic authority? What is legitimacy? What are the characteristics of authority? What is rational legal authority? Discuss the Marxist theory of political power. Discuss Elite Theory of power. “Elite’s are not Permanent.” Explain. Explain the theories of Political Power. Define Authority. Discuss different characteristics and dimensions of Authority. Define Authority and discuss various kinds of Authority. Define Legitimacy and discuss its types. What are the bases of power? What do you mean by legitimate power? What are the essence of Elite theories of power? www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFERENCES 35 Robart A. Dahl, ‘The Concept of Power’, 1962. Robart A. Dhal, ‘Modern Political Analysis’, 1965. Max Weber, The Theory of Social and Economic Organisation. A.K. Mukhopadhyay, ‘Political Sociology: An Introductory Analysis’, 1987. Harry M. Johnson, Sociology: A Systematic Introduction, 1983. David Bectham, Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics, 1974. Talcott Parsons, “Suggestions for a Sociological Approach to Theory of Organisations”, 1969. F.M. Marx, The Administrative State: Introduction to Bureaucracy, 1957. www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

36 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-7 (BAQ 110) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL