BAQ110_Political Science – I (Hindi)

BACHELOR OF ARTS jktuhfr foKku & I BAQ110 Mohini Bherwani

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning Course Development Committee Chairman Prof. (Dr.) Parag Diwan Vice Chancellor, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab Advisors Prof. (Dr.) Bharat Bhushan, Director – IGNOU Prof. (Dr.) Majulika Srivastava, Director – CIQA, IGNOU Programme Coordinators & Editing Team Master of Business Administration (MBA) Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) Coordinator – Dr. Rupali Arora Coordinator – Dr. Simran Jewandah Master of Computer Applications (MCA) Bachelor of Computer Applications (BCA) Coordinator – Dr. Raju Kumar Coordinator – Dr. Manisha Malhotra Master of Commerce (M.Com.) Bachelor of Commerce (B.Com.) Coordinator – Dr. Aman Jindal Coordinator – Dr. Minakshi Garg Master of Arts (Psychology) Bachelor of Science (Travel & TourismManagement) Coordinator – Dr. Samerjeet Kaur Coordinator – Dr. Shikha Sharma Master of Arts (English) Bachelor of Arts (General) Coordinator – Dr. Ashita Chadha Coordinator – Ms. Neeraj Gohlan Academic and Administrative Management Prof. (Dr.) R. M. Bhagat Prof. (Dr.) S.S. Sehgal Executive Director – Sciences Registrar Prof. (Dr.) Abhishek Prof. (Dr.) Inderpreet Kaur Executive Director – Management Director – IDOL Prof. (Dr.) Manaswini Acharya Executive Director – Liberal Arts © No part of this publication should be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission of the author and the publisher. SLM SPECIALLY PREPARED FOR CU IDOL STUDENTS Printed and Published by: Himalaya Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., E-mail: [email protected], Website: www.himpub.com For: CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY Institute of Distance and Online Learning CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Political Science – I Course Code: BAQ110 Credits: 3 Course Objectives: Ɣ To help the students to understand the concept of Political Science and relationship with other social sciences. Ɣ To elaborate the students about different theories of state. Ɣ To make the students aware of the Power, Authority and Sovereignty of State. Syllabus Unit 1 – Political Science: Meaning, Definition, Nature and Scope. Unit 2 – Relationship of Political Science with Other Subjects: History, Sociology and Economics. Unit 3 – Importance and Utility of Political Science. Unit 4 – State: Definition, Meaning and its Elements. Unit 5 – State: Marxian, Liberal and Gandhian View about State. Unit 6 – Theories of Origin of State: Social Contract, Evolutionary and Marxian Theory. Unit 7 – Power, Authority and Legitimacy: Meaning, Definition and Characteristics. Unit 8 – Sovereignty: Meaning, Definition, Characteristics and Types. Theories of Sovereignty: Monistic and Pluralistic. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Text Books: 1. Barker, E. (1976), Principles of Social and Political Theory, Calcutta: Oxford University Press. 2. Barry, N.P. (1995), An Introduction to Modern Political Theory, London: Palgrave Macmillan. 3. Benhabib, S. and Cornell, D. (1987), Feminism as Critique, Cambridge: Polity Press. 4. Johari, J.C. (2009), Principles of Political Science, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers. 5. Varma, S.P. (1975), Political Theory, New Delhi: Geetanjali Publishing House. 6. Kapur, A.C. (1977), Principles of Political Science, New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. Ltd. 7. Asirvatham, E. (1936), Political Theory, New Delhi: S. Chand & Co. 8. Jain, M.P. (1993), Political Theory, Delhi: Authors Guild Publication. Reference Books: 1. www.managementstudyguide.com 2. https://www.managementstudyguide.com/political-science-and-other-social- sciences.htm 3. www.civilserviceindia.com 4. https://www.civilserviceindia.com/subject/Political.../theories-of-the-state-liberal.html 5. www.britannica.com 6. http://rjhssonline.com 7. shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTENTS 1 – 20 ?kVd 1: jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 21 – 38 ?kVd 2: jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] 39 – 49 50 – 80 lekt’kkL= vkSj vFkZ’kkL= 81 – 104 ?kVd 3: jktuhfrd foKku dk egRo ,oa vko’;drk ?kVd 4: jkT; % vFkZ] iz—fr {ks= ,oa rRo 105 – 129 ?kVd 5: jkT; % ekDloZ knh] mnkjoknh vkSj xk¡/khoknh n`f\"Vdks.k 130 – 164 ?kVd 6: jkT; dh mRifÙk ds fl)kUr % lkekftd le>kSrk fl)kUr] 165 – 183 fodkloknh fl)kUr vkSj ekDlZoknh fl)kUr ?kVd 7: 'kfä] lÙkk vkSj oS/krk % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk fo'ks\"krk ?kVd 8: izHkqlÙkk ;k lEiHz kqrk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj i—z fr 1 ?kVd 1 jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr Lakjpuk 1.0 mís'; 1.1 ifjp; 1.2 jktuhfr foKku dk mn; 1.3 jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk 1.4 jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= 1.5 D;k jktuhfr foKku ^foKku* gS 1.6 lkjka’k 1.7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 1.8 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1.9 o.kZukRed ç'u 1.10 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1.11 lUnHkZ 1.0 mís'; bl ?kVd dk mí’s ; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks fuEufyf[kr fcanqvksa ls voxr djkuk gSA z jktuhfr dk vFkZA z jktuhfr’kkL= dh ikjEifjd o vk/kqfud ifjHkk\"kkA z jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= o blds fofo/k n`f\"Vdks.kA z jktuhfrd fopkjksa ds bfrgkl o jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjkvksa dk v/;;uA z jktuhfr foKku ds fofo/k izdkjA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2 jktuhfr foKku & I 1.1 ifjp; Lkekt ds O;fäxr lnL;ksa ds vkilh lEcU/kksa ds ’kklu }kjk fu;fer djus dh t:jr gksrh gSA tc ,d tu leqnk; ’kklu ds mís’; ls Li\"V :i ls ,d bdkbZ esa laxfBr gksrk gS rks bls jktuhfrd n`f\"V ls laxfBr dgk tkrk gS vkSj jktuhfrd laxBu vFkok jkT;-jktuhfrd vk/kkj ij laxfBr lekt ds uke ls iqdkjk tk ldrk gS bl izdkj ^jktuhfr* esa jkT; vFkok jktuhfrd lekt ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl in dk vFkZ gS ,d fuf’pr {ks= esa dkuwu ds fy, laxfBr tu leqnk;A jktuhfr ds nks eq[; Hkkx gS& (1) jktuhfrd fl)kUr vkSj (2) jktuSfrd laxBuA 1.2 jktuhfr foKku dk mn; jktuhfr foKku dh izkphurk ,d loZekU; rF; gS ftlus izkphu dky esa Iystksa o vjLrwa ls ysdj orZeku ;qx rd mYys[kuh; izxfr dh gSA ;wukfu;ksa dks blds tud gksus dk Js; tkrk gSA 500 bZ- iw- igys ;wukuh yksx bUgha NksVs NksVs uxj jkT;ksa es gh jgrs Fks vkSj bu uxj jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr ,oa jktuhfr (iksfyfVDl) dgk tkrk FkkA blh izdkj e/;dky (500 bZ- ls 1400 bZ- rd) dk jktuhfr foKku vFkok jktuhfr] /keZ ds pkjksa vksj cquh xbZA jktuhfr ,d ,slh xfrfof/k gS ftldk lh/kk lEcU/k lkekT; ls gSA jktuhfr esa] /keZ fujis{krk dk okrkoj.k ekuo fparu ykSfdd fparu] oSKkfud lksp] rkfdZd *fparu dk tUe* gqvkA dbZ fpardks dks yxk fd jktuhfr foKku us ,slk fparu] n’kZu o fl)kUr ekDlZokn ds :i esa <¡w< fy;k gS tks rRdkyhu leL;kvksa dk ,dek= lek/kku gS fdarq ,slk ugha gqvkA 19oha lnh ds vkf[kjh o\"kksZa rd ds jktuhfrd fparu dks udkj fn;k x;kA jktuhfr foKku vkSj fo’ks\"k :i ls vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUrks dh D;k izklafxdrk gS\\ O;kogkfjdrkoknh vkanksyu ls ysdj orZeku esa ukjhoknh vkanksyu rd lHkh bldh lhek esa lek;s gq, gSaA vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr fo\"k; ds vUrxZr izk;% mu fl)kUrks dk lekos’k fd;k tkrk gS ftudh jpuk lu 1930 bZ- ds ckn gqbZ gSA ;|fi O;kogkfjdrkokn dh viuh dqN dfe;k jgh gS fdarq blus jktuhfr foKku dks fuf’pr :i ls ,d u;h n`f\"V iznku dhA ;fn MsfoM bZLVu ds O;oLFkk fl)kar dks ys rks ;g 1950 ds n’kd tc bZls bZLVu us izfrikfnr fd;k ls vf/kd vkt izklafxd utj vkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 3 jktuhfrd fodkl] jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k] jktuhfrd lekthdj.k] jktuhfrd laL—fr] jktuhfrd HkrhZ] vkfn vusd ,sls vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr gSA pqukoh ekeyk gks ;k fons’k uhfr dk ekeyk ;k dksbZ vU; ;s fl)kUr ekxZnf’kZdk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSA fopkj/kkjk ekuoh; lekt dks tksMus] ,d vkn’kZ fLFkfr rd igqpus dk ekxZ] ekuo dh iw.kZrk dh n`f\"V dh vksj b’kkjk djrh gSA fopkj/kkjk vkt ,d egRoi.w kZ fo\"k; gS tks vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUrks esa ’kkfey fd;k tkrk gSA O;kogkfjd n`f\"V ls vius mís';ksa dks fNikus dk ;g ,d ycknk gSA dqN fo}kuksa us fopkj/kkjk ds vUr dk fcxqy ctk;kA pkgs og ekDloZ knh gks] Qsfc;uoknh] iw¡thoknh] lkE;oknh] O;fäoknh] vkn’kZoknh] mnkjoknh] ekvksoknh ;k xk¡/khoknh ;k dksbZ vU; tSls Qklhoknh ukthoknhA vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr ,sls fo\"k;ksa ls tqMk gS tks u dsoy jktuhfrd v/;srkvksa] ’kks/kdrkZvksa o fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, ykHknk;d gS] cfYd vke turk dh :fp ds Hkh gS] tSls jktuhfrd Hkkxhnkjh] HkrhZ ernku vkfn vke turk ls tqM+s iz’u gSAa vk/kqfud jktuhfrd fl)kUr O;kid fo\"k; gS] tks vius varxZr esa LFkkuh; ls vUrjkZ\"Vªh; ifjos’k rd dks lesVs gq, gSA eqÌk pkgs vkj{k.k dk gks] fyaxHksn dk] ukjh ijkfJrrk dk ;k dksbZ vU;] gekjs ikl vkt jktuhfrd fl)kUr gS tks bu leL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, fn’kk funsZ’ku djrs gSaA euq\"; ds jktuhfrd thou dk v/;;u djus gsrq mu laLFkkvksa dh tkudkjh çkIr djuk vko';d gksrk gSa] ftuds vUrxZr euq\"; us vius jktuhfrd thou dh 'kq#vkr dh] ftlds }kjk og vius jktuhfrd thou ds fodkl gsrq ç;kljr gSA bl çdkj dh jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa esa jkT; lcls çeq[k gSAa jkT; vFkok lekt }kjk euq\"; vius leLr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrk gSA euq\"; dh bu vko';drkvksa rFkk muds lkekftd lEcU/kksa ds ek/;e ls vusd lkekftd 'kkL=ksa dk tUe gqvk bUgha lkekftd 'kkL=ksa ds vUrxZr jktuhfr'kkL= Hkh vkrk gSaA çR;sd lkekftd 'kkL= lkekftd thou ds lexz igyqvksa dk v/;;u ugha djrk ojUkk fdlh ,d igyq dk gh] ;gh ckr jktfufr'kkL= ij Hkh ykxq gksrh gSA tgk rd jktuhfr'kkL= ds v/;;u dk loky gS blds vUrxZr jkT;] ljdkj] jktuhfrd la?kVu rFkk laLFkk,a] jktuhfrd fØ;k dyki rFkk jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa lfgr jktuhfrd thou ds leLr i{k vk tkrs gSaA bl fo\"k; dk tUenkrk ;wukuh fpard vjLrq dks ekuk tkrk gSA jktuhfr 'kCn dh mRifÙk ;wukuh Hkk\"kk ds 'kCn ^Polis* ls ekuh tkrh gS] ftldk vk'k; uxj jkT; ls gSA ;g uxj&jkT; jktuhfrd –f\"V ls ,d loksZPp ,oa varHkkZoh (Inclusive) la/k FkkA çkphu ;wuku esa NksVs&NksVs uxj&jkT; gqvk djrs Fks rFkk bu uxj jkT;ksa dh 'kklu O;oLFkk dks cks/k gksrk FkkA cnyrs gq, le; ds lkFk&lkFk bu uxj jkT;ksa dk CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4 jktuhfr foKku & I Lo:i Øe'k% fodflr rFkk ifjofrZr gksrk x;k vkSj vk/kqfud ;qx esa uxj&jkT;ksa ds LFkku ij jk\"Vª jkT; LFkkfir gks x,A 1.3 jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk jkT;] dkuwu] izHkwlÙkk vkSj lEcfU/kr laLFkk,a jktuhfr foKku ds ize[q k fo\"k; gSA vk/kqfud dky esa jk\"Vªh; jkT;ksa dh mRifÙk gksus ls LokHkkfod :i ls jkT; ds bl fodflr vkSj foLr`r Lo:i ls lEcfU/kr fo\"k; dks jktuhfr dgrs gSA jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk {ks= vkSj iz—fr ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa dh jk; ,d ugha gSA gesa jktuhfr foKku dh fofHkUu ifjHkk\"kk feyrh gSa ftUgsa nks [kkl Hkkxksa esa ckaV ldrs gS& (1) ijEijkxr ifjHkk\"kk (2) vk/kqfud ifjHkk\"kkA 1.3.1 jktuhfrd foKku dh ijEijkxr ifjHkk\"kk ijEijkxr n`f\"Vdks.k ls nh x;h ifjHkk\"kk esa fofHkUu ik’pkR; fopkjdksa us jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dk eq[; {ks= jkT; o ljdkj dks ekuk x;k gSA bu fo}kuksa dh ifjHkk\"kkvksa dk v/;;u fuEukafdr rhu :iksa esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA ijEijkxr jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds fuekZ.k o fodkl esa vusd jktuhfrd fopkjdksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gS] ;Fkk& IysVks vjLrw] flljksa lar vxLVhu] ,fDoukl] ykWd] :lks ekUVsLD;w dkUV] ghxyk xzhu vkfnA vk/kqfud ;qx esa Hkh vusd fo}ku ijEijkxr n`f\"Vdks.k ds leFkZd ekus tkrs gS] tSls& fy;ks LVkª Wl] ,sfLd oksxksfyu] vkWdlkWV] gUuk vkjs\"V vkfnA ijEijkxr jktuhfrd n`f\"Vdksu us jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds fuekZ.k ds fy, eq[;r% nk’kZfud rkfdZd] uSfrd] ,sfrgkfld o fofo/k i)fr;ksa dks viuk;k gSA jktuhfrd foKku esa ljdkj ,oa mlds oS/kkfud vaxksa ds ckgj O;ogkj esa ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ,oa fu.kZ;ksa dks izHkkfor djusokys lkekftd jktuhfrd rF;ksa ds v/;;u ij cy fn;kA izkphu ;wuku esa izR;sd uxj ,d Lora= jkT; ds :i esa laxfBr gksrk FkkA /khjs&/khjs uxj jkT;ksa dk LFkku jk\"Vªh; jkT;ksa us ys fy;k] vr% jktuhfr Hkh jkT; ds foLr`r :i ls lEcfU/kr fo|k gks xbZA ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku ds fo}kuksa us jktuhfr foKku dh fHkUu fHkUu ifjHkk\"kk,¡ nh gSA bu ifjHkk\"kkvksa dks fuEukafdr ’khZ\"kdksa ds vUrxZr O;k[;k dh tk ldrh gS& CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 5 1. jktuhfr foKku jkT; dk v/;;u gSA fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd izkphu dky ls vk/kqfud dky rd jktuhfr foKku dk dsanzh; rRo jkT; gks jgk gSA vr% jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; dk gh v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A izfl) jktuhfr’kkL=h <yqa’kyh ds vuqlkj] jktuhfr’kkL= og foKku gS ftldk lEcU/k jkT; ls gS vkSj tk ;g le>us dk iz;RUk djrk gS fd jkT; ds vk/kkjHkwr rRo D;k gS] mldk vko’;d Lo:i D;k gS] mldh fdu&fdu fofo/k :iksa esa vfHkO;fä gksrh rFkk mldk fodkl dSls gqvkA teZu ys[kd xsfjl dk dFku gS fd jktuhfr’kkL= esa ’kfä dh laLFkk ds :i esa] jkT; ds leLr lEcU/kks mldh mRiwfr] mlds ewrZ :i mlds iz;kstu mlds uSfrd egRo mldh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa] mlds vfLrRo dh voLFkkvksa] ,lds foÙrh; igyw] mís’; vkfn ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gSA MkWDVj xkuZj ds vuqlkj] jktuhfr ’kkL= dk izkjEHk rFkk vUr jkT; ds lkFk gksrk gSA MkDVj tdkfj;k dk dFku gS fd] ^jktuhfr ’kkL= O;ofLFkr :i ls mu vk/kkjHkwr fl)kUrks dk fu:i.k djrk gS] ftuds vuqlkj lef\"V :i esa jkT; dk laxBu gksrk gS vkSj izHkqlÙkk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS*A mi;qZä lHkh ifjHkk\"kkvksa ls Li\"V gS fd jktuhfr foKku dk dsnzh; fo\"k; jkT; gSA bldk dkj.k IysVks o vjLrw ds le; ls pyh vk jgh ;g ekU;rk gS fd jkT; dk vfLrRo dqN ifo= y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, gSA 2. jktuhfr foKku ljdkj dk v/;;u gSA dqN jktuhfr’kkL=ksa dk er gS fd jkT; euq\";ksa dk gh laxBUk fo’ks\"k gS rFkk mldh fØ;kRed vfHkO;fä ljdkj ds ek/;e ls gksrh gSA mudk rdZ gS fd jkT; ,d vewZr lja puk gS tcfd ljdkj ,d ewrZ ,oa izR;{k laLFkk gS vkSj ljdkj gh lEizHkqrk dk iz;kxs djrh gSA ljdkj gh jkT; dk og ;a= gksrk gSA ftlds }kjk mlds mís’; rFkk iz;kstu dk;Z:i esa ifj.khr gksrs gSA vr% jktuhfr foKku esa ljdkj dk gh v/;;u gksuk pkfg,A lhys ds vuqlkj] ^jktuhfr foKku ’kklu ds rRoksa dk vuqla/kku mlh izdkj djrk gSA tSls lEifÙk ’kkL= lEifÙk dk] thofoKku thou dk vadxf.kr vadksa dk rFkk js[kkxf.kr LFkku ,oa yEckbZ pkSMkbZ dk djrk gS*A yhdkWd us bl lUnHkZ esa laf{kIr ,oa lkjxfHkZr ifjHkk\"kk nh gSA jktuhfr foKku ljdkj ls lEcfU/kr ’kkL= gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

6 jktuhfr foKku & I 3. jktuhfr foKku jkT; ,oa ljdkj nksuksa dk v/;;u gSA ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku ds dqN fo}kuksa dh ekU;rk gS fd dsoy jkT; ;k dsoy ljdkj dh n`f\"V ls nh xbZ ifjHkk\"kk,a viw.kZ gSaA oLrqr% jkT; ,oa ljdkj dk ijLij ?kfu\"V lEcU/k gS vkSj buesa ls fdlh ,d ds vHkko esa nwljs dk v/;;u gh ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;fn jkT; vewrZ lajpuk gS rks ljdkj bls ewrZ o HkkSfrd :i iznku djrh gS rFkk blh izdkj ;fn jkT; izHkqlÙkk dks /kkj.k djusokyk gS rks ljdkj ml izHkqlÙkk dk mi;ksx djrh gSA vr% jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxrZ bu nksuksa dk gh v/;;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ikWy tsusV ds vuqlkj] ^jktuhfr foKku lkekftd foKkuksa dk og vax gS ftlesa jkT; ds vk/kkj rFkk ljdkj ds fl)kUrksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS*A fMa;kWd ds vuqlkj] ^jktuhfr foKku dk lEcU/k jkT; rFkk mlds lk/ku ljdkj ls gS*A fxydkjLV us laf{kIr ifjHkk\"kk nsrs gq, dgk gS fd] ^jktuhfr foKku jkT; ,oa ljdkj dh lkekU; leL;kvksa dk v/;;u djrk gS*A 4. jktuhfr foKku ekuo rRo ds lUnHkZ esa v/;;u gSA dqN jktuhfr’kkL=h mijksDr ifjHkk\"kkvksa dks iw.kZ ugha ekurs D;ksafd bu ifjHkk\"kkvksa esa ekuo rRo dh mis{kk dh xbZ gSA budh ekU;rk gS fd jkT; ;k ljdkj dk v/;;u fcuk ekuo ds mís’;ghu ,oa egRoghu gS D;ksafd budk fuekZ.k ekuo ds fgr ds fy, gh gqvk gS vr% ekuo rRo dk v/;;u vfuok;Z gSA izksQslj ykLdh ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr’kkL= ds v/;;u dk lEcU/k laxfBr jkT;ksa ls lEcfU/kr euq\";ksa ds thou ls gSAÞ jktuhfr’kkL= ds izlax esa ekuo rRo dk egRo O;ä djrs gq, ,ulkDyksihfM;k vkWQ lks’ky lkbUlst esa gjeu gsyj es rks ;gk¡ rd dgk gS fd ßjktuhfr’kkL= ds lokZaxh.k Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k mldh euq\"; fo\"k;d ekSfyd ekU;rkvksa }kjk gksrk gSAÞ oLrqr% bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd jktuhfr foKku ,d ,slk lkekftd foKku gS ftlds vUrxZr bl rF; dk Hkh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS fd fdlh laxfBr jktuhfrd lekt esa Lo;a euq\"; dh fLFkfr D;k gSA vr% jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk ge ,sls ’kkL= ds :i esa dj ldrs gS ftldk lEcU/k mlds jkT; uked laxBu ls gksrk gS vkSj ftlds vUrxZr LoHkkor% ljdkj dk Hkh foLr`r v/;;u lfEefyr gksrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 7 jktuhfr foKku ls lEcfU/kr ijEijkxr ifjHkk\"kk,a fuEu izo`fÙk;ka bafxr djrh gS%& 1. vius ikjEifjd lUnHkZ esa jktuhfr foKku jkT; o ljdkj nksuksa dk v/;;u djrk gSaA 2. jktuhfr foKku dk jkT; fo\"k;d v/;;u ewyr% laLFkkyd gS D;ksafd mleas dsanzh; egRo jkT; vFkok ljdkj dk gS] vU; rRo ek= lka;ksfxd gSA 3. jktuhfr foKku vkSipkfjd :i esa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u djrs gq, jkT; ds lafo/kku esa fufgr dkuwuh okLrfodrk dks v/;;u dk vk/kkj cukrk gSA 4. ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ds v/;;u dh vis{kk jkT; dh uhfr;ksa ds v/;;u ij cy nsrk gSA 1.3.2 jktuhfr foKku dh vk/kqfud ifjHkk\"kk 20oha ’krkCnh esa jktuhfr foKku dh lcls izeq[k izof` Rk jgh] O;ogkjokn ftlus ijaijkxr jktuhfr foKku dks vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku ds ekxZ esa vkxs c<k;kA xzkge okykl] ,- ,d- Mgy] cSaVys] eSDlo;s j pkYlZ esfj;y] tktZ dSVfyu] gSjksYM ykLkosy] MsfoM bZLV vkfn O;ogkjokfn;ksa us jkT; ,oa vU; laLFkkvksa ek= ds v/;;u ds ctk; jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ekuo O;ogkj ,oa jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa ds v/;;u ij cy fn;kA jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds ihNs dk;Z dj jgh izHkko’kkyh ’kfä;ksa ij izdk’k Mkyus dk bUgksaus iz;kl fd;kA Qyr% jktuhfrd v/;;u dk j[k laLFkkyd vkSj laxBukRed n`f\"Vdks.k ls gVdj yksxksa dh jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa fn’kk] izsj.kk vkSj vkpj.k ij dsafnzr gks x;kA dsVfyu ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku ’kfä dk foKku gSAÞ MsfoM bZLVu ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku lekt esa ewY;ksa dk lÙa kkRed forj.k gSAÞ yklosy vkSj dsoyku ds vuqlkj] ß,d vkuqHkkfod [kkst ds :i esa jktuhfr foKku ’kfä ds fu/kkZj.k vkSj lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;u gSAÞ MkW- gltkj vkSj LVhoUlj ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr’kkL= v/;;u dk og {ks= gS tks izeq[kr% ’kfDr ls lEcfU/kr gS] bl ’kkL= dk Lo:Ik jkT;ksa ds chp lEcU/k vkSj mues fufgr ’kfä ls fu/kkZfjr gksrk gSAÞ jkWcVZ ,- Mgy ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku dk ’kfä] fu;e o lgrk ls lEcU/k gSÞA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

8 jktuhfr foKku & I vkyeaM rFkk ikosy ds vuqlkj] ßvk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku esa ge jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u vkSj fo’ys\"k.k djrs gSaÞA 1.3.3 ijEijkxr vkSj vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku esa vUrj vk/kqfud ;qx esa v/;;u ds fy, lEiw.kZ jktuhfr foKku dks nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS] ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku (10) rFkk vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKkuA tc ge jktuhfr foKku dk vè;;u ijEijkxr ekU;rkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa djrs gSa] rks bls ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku dgk tkrk gS fdUrq tc ge jktuhfr foKku dk v/;;u vk/kqfud ekU;rkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa djrs gSa rks bls vkèkqfud jktuhfr foKku dgk tkrk gSA bl lEiw.kZ jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh nks n`f\"V;k¡ gSa] ijEijkxr ,oa vk/kqfudA ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku dYiukRed gS vkSj bl dkj.k ekuijd gSA vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku O;ogkjijd gS vkSj bl ukrs oSKkfud gSA ,UMª;w gsdj ds 'kCnksa esa] ßijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku eq[; :i ls ekudkRed (Normative) gS] blfy, bldk izfriknd jktuhfr nk'kZfud tSlk yxrk gS] vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku eq[; rkSj ls O;ogkjijd ;k vuqHkokfJr (Empirical) gS vkSj blfy, bldk izfriknd jktuhfrd oSKkfud tSlk yxrk gSÞA la{ksi esa ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku ,oa vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku esa eq[; :i ls fuEufyf[kr vUrj gSa& 1. ifjHkk\"kk lEcU/kh vUrj& ijEijkoknh fopkjd jktuhfr foKku dks jkT; ,oa ljdkj ds v/;;u dk foKku ekurs gSaA xkuZj ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku dk vkjEHk vkSj vUr jkT; ls gksrk gSAÞ blds foijhr vk/kqfud O;ogkjoknh fopkjd jktuhfr foKku dh fo\"k; oLrq jkT; ds ctk; euq\"; ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks ekurs gSaA os jktuhfr foKku dks 'kfä vkSj lÙkk dk foKku ekurs gSAa yklosy vkSj dsiyu ds 'kCnksa esa] ßjktuhfr foKku ,d O;ogkjoknh fo\"k; ds :i esa 'kfä dks l¡okjus rFkk fey ck¡V dj iz;ksx djus dk v/;;u gSAÞ fofy;e jkWDlu fy[krs gSa fd] ßjktuhfr dh eq[; fnypLih dk fo\"k; cgqr gh Li\"V gS] ;g 'kfä izkIr djus] mls cuk, j[kus] mldk iz;ksx djus] mlls nwljksa dks izHkkfor djus] vFkok nwljs ds izHkko dks jksdus ds la?k\"kksZa ij dsfUnzr jgrh gSAÞ 2. fo\"k; {ks= lEcU/kh vUrj& ijEijkoknh rFkk vkèkqfud jktuhfr foKku ds {ks=ksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh vUrj gSA ijEijkoknh jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; ds Hkwr] orZeku rFkk Hkfo\"; dk] 'kklu ds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 9 vax] 'kklu ds :i rFkk 'kklu ds dk;ksZa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ijEijkoknh bu lcdk laLFkkxr v/;;u djrs gSaA nwljh vksj vk/kqfud O;ogkjoknh jktuhfr'kkL=h laLFkkvksa dk ugha cfYd izfØ;kvksa dk v/;;u djrs gSa vkSj ,sls v/;;u esa os fo/kkf;dk ;k laln ds <kaps dk v/;;u djus dh vis{kk bl ckr dk v/;;u djuk vf/kd ilUn djrs gSa fd fofèk dkSu cukrk gS\\ fof/k fuekZ.k dk fu.kZ; dkSu ysrk gS rFkk fof/k fuekZ.k dh okLrfod izfØ;k D;k gS\\ 3. iz—fr ds lEcU/k esa vUrj& jktuhfr foKku dh iz—fr ds lEcU/k esa Hkh ijEijkoknh vkSj vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku eas Hksn gSA ijEijkoknh jktuhfrd fopkjdksa esa dqN fopkjd ,sls gSa tks jktuhfr foKku dks foKku dh Js.kh esa ugha j[krsA cDy dk fopkj Fkk] ßKku dh orZeku voLFkk esa jktuhfr dks foKku ekuuk rks nwj] og dykvksa esa Hkh lcls fiNM+h dyk gSAÞ blds foijhr vk/kqfud jktuhfr oSKkfud jktuhfr foKku dks iw.kZ foKku ekuus ds i{k esa gSaA esfj;e us viuh jpukvksa esa bl ckr ij tksj fn;k fd jktuhfr foKku esa oSKkfud rduhd vkSj izfof/k;ksa dk fodkl le; dh lcls cM+h vko';drk gSA dSVfyu rFkk gsjYM ykosy tSls fo}ku ;g fl) djus gsrq iz;Ru'khy jgs gSa fd jktuhfr 'kkL= ewyr% ,d foKku gS vkSj bldk lEcU/k jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds oSKkfud fo'ys\"k.k ls gSA 4. v/;;u i)fr;ksa ds lEcU/k eas vUrj& ijEijkoknh jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa }kjk iz;qä v/;;u i)fr;k¡ ,dne izkphu vkSj vifj\"—r gSaA mUgksaus nk'kZfud i)fr] ,sfrgkfld i)fr rFkk rqyukRed i)fr dk lgkjk fy;k gSA tcfd vk/kqfud jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa us vk/kqfud midj.kksa ds ekè;e ls jktuhfr ds v/;;u ij vf/kd cy fn;k gSA os euq\"; ds jktuhfrd O;ogkjksa rFkk muls lEcfU/kr vkuqHkfod lR;ksa dk fo'ys\"k.k rFkk fu:i.k djrs gSaA vk/kqfud jktuhfr'kkL=h lak[;dh; i)fr] vkuqHkfod i)fr] O;oLFkk fo'ys\"k.k i)fr rFkk vUr% vuq'kklukRed v/;;u i)fr ds ek/;e ls jktuhfr dks foKku cukus dh vksj iz;Ru'khy gSAa 5. ewY;ksa ds lEcU/k eas vUrj& ijEijkoknh jktuhfr'kkL=h ewY;ksa esa vkLFkk j[krs gSa os vkn'kZ vkSj uSfrdrk esa fo'okl djrs gSa tcfd vk/kqfud vFkok O;ogkjoknh fopkjd ewY; fujis{krk dk nkok djrs gSaA muds vuqlkj jktoSKkfud vius vkidks uSfrd Hkkoukvksa] ewY;ksa] vkn'kksZa rFkk i{kikrksa ls nwj j[kdj oSKkfud v/;;u vkSj vuqla/kku djsA ,d jktoSKkfud dks ewY; fujis{k ,oa rVLFk jguk pkfg,A CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

10 jktuhfr foKku & I 6. mís';ksa ds lEcU/k esa vUrj& ijEijkokfn;ksa dh ;g /kkj.kk gS fd jktuhfr foKku dk mís'; Js\"B thou ds ekxZ dks iz'kLr djuk gSA blds foijhr vk/kqfud O;ogkjoknh fopkjd ;g ekurs gSa fd jktuhfr foKku dk mís'; Kku ds fy, Kku izkIr djuk gSA os izfof/k;ksa ij vf/kd tksj nsrs gSaA muds er esa jktuhfr oSKkfud dks dsoy ewd n'kZd gh ugha cuuk gS] cfYd leL;kvksa ds lek/kku ds fy, Hkh iz;kl djuk gSA 1.4 jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= ftl izdkj jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk fofHkUUk fopkjdksa us fofHkUu izdkj ls dh gSa] mlh izdkj mlds {ks= dks fHkUUk-fHkUUk ys[kdksa us fofHkUu ’kCnksa esa O;ä fd;k gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ] Ýkalhlh fopkjd <ya’kyh ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku dk lEcU/k jkT; ds vk/kkjksa ls gS og mldh vko’;d iz—fr] mlds fofo/k :iksa] mldh vfHkO;fä rFkk mlds fodkl dk v/;;u djrk gSÞA MkW- xkuZj ds vuqlkj] ßbldh HkkSfyd leL;kvksa esa lk/kkj.kr% izFke jkT; dh mRifÙk vkSj mldh iz—fr dk vuqla/kku] f}rh; jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dh izxfr] mlds bfrgkl rFkk muds Lo:iksa dk v/;;u rFkk r`rh; tgka rd lEHko gks] blds vk/kkj ij jktuSfrd vkSj fodkl ds fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk lfEefyr gSÞA ifjorZu’khy ifjfLFkrh;ksa rFkk uSfrd ekinaMks ds vk/kkj ij jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa rFkk fd;kdykiksa dks vf/kd mUur cukus ds mís’; ls jktuhfr’kkL= Hkfo\"; dh vksj Hkh ns[krk gqvk ;g Hkh fopkj djrk gS fd jkT; dSlk gksuk pkfg,A jktuhfr’kkL= ds fo\"k; esa rhu fopkj/kkjk,a lkeus vkrh gS& izFke jkT; dks jktuhfr foKku dk izfriknÓ fo\"k; ekurh gSA f}rh; fopkj/kkjk ljdkj ij gh /;ku dsafnzr djrh gSA Rk`rh; fopkj/kkjk jkT; o ljdkj nksuksa dks jktuhfr foKku dk izfriknÓ fo\"k; ekurh gSA lS)kfUrd jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxZr jkT; dh vk/kkjHkwr leL;kvksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd O;kogkfjd jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; ds fØ;kRed Lo:i rFkk fujUrj ifjorZu’khy ljdkjksa ds okLrfod :i dh foospuk dh tkrh gSA jktuhfrd foKku ds vUrxZr fuEukafdr ik¡p fo\"k;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 11 1. jkT; dk v/;;u& jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= dk o.kZu djrs gq, xSfVy us fy[kk gS ßjktuhfr foKku jkT; ds Hkwrdkyhu Lo:i dks ,sfrgkfld ?kks\"k.kk] mlds orZeku Lo:i dh jktuhfrd foospuk gSÞA fxyØkbLV us jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= dks ifjHkkf\"kr djrs gq, fy[kk gS] ßjktuhfr foKku esa ;g cryk;k tkrk gS fd jkT; D;k gS] D;k jgk gS vkSj bls D;k gksuk pkfg,\\Þ jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; dh mRifr mldk fodkl laxBu vko’;d rRoksa izfØ;kvksa] mís’;ks dk;ksZ ds lkFk-lkFk ukxfjdksa ds lkFk mlds lEcU/kks rFkk vU; jkT;ksa] vUrjkZ\"Vªh; laxBuksa ds lkFk mlds lEcU/kks dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA xkuZj us jktuhfr foKku dk fo\"k; jkT; ?kksf\"kr fd;k gSA xSjht] xqMukWo] ,DVu] <yaV’yh rFkk tdkfj;k us Hkh jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= jkT; ?kksf\"kr fd;k gSA 2. ljdkj dk v/;;u& ijEijkxr jktuhfr foKku esa ljdkj dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ljdkj jkT; dk vfHkUu vax gS jkT; ,d vewZr laLFkk gS] tcfd ljdkj mldk ewrZ :i gSA Økls ds vuqlkj] ßljdkj gh jkT; gS vkSj ljdkj esa gh jkT; iw.kZrk izkIr dj ldrk gS] oLrqr% ljdkj ds fcuk jkT; dk v/;;u viw.kZ gSÞA ljdkj jkT; dh izHkqlÙkk dk iz;ksx djrh gSA ljdkj dk gh v/;;u jktuhfr’kkL= esa fd;k tkrk gSA 3. LFkkuh;] jk\"Vhª ; o vUrjkZ\"Vªh; leL;kvksa dk v/;;u& izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr foKku esa dkSfVY; us vFkZ’kkL= esa jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= esa LFkkuh;] jk\"Vªh; o vUrZjk\"Vªh; leL;kvksa bu rhuksa dk lekos’k fd;kA LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dk v/;;u rFkk blesa ukxfjdksa dk lg;ksx vkfn fo\"k; jktuhfr foKku ds egRoiw.kZ vax gSA dkSfVY; us xzke iapk;r] jk\"Vhª ; laLFkkvksa o ijjk\"Vª lEcU/k dk v/;;uA ;wukuh jktuhfrd fpard vjLrw us Hkh bu rhuksa Jsf.k;ksa dk lekos’k fd;kA LFkkuh; Lok;Ùkk ,oa ’kklu dh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u jk\"Vªh; leL;kvksa dh i`\"BHkwfe esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA 4. vUrjkZ\"Vhª ; fof/k lEcU/kks o laxBuksa dk v/;;u& jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxZr vUrjkZ\"Vªh; dkuwuksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA tSls] lfU/k] izR;iZ.k] ekuokf/kdkj] la;qä jk\"Vª la?k ds pkVZj dk vuqikyu vkfnA blds vfrfjä fofHkUu ns’kksa ds vkilh lEcU/kksa o vUrjkZ\"Vhª ;] laxBuksa dk] jkT;ksa dh fons’k uhfr ;q) o ’kkafrdky esa vUrjkZ\"Vªh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk vkfn Hkh jktuhfr foKku dh fo\"k; oLrq gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

12 jktuhfr foKku & I 5. jktuhfrd fl)kUrks o fopkj/kkjkvksa dk v/;;u& jktuhfr foKku dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fo\"k; gS] ßjktuhfrd fl)kUrÞA blds vUrxZr jkT; dh mRifr] laxBu] fodkl] izfØ;k ls ysdj mlds mís’;ksa o dk;ksZa lEcU/kh lHkh fl)kUrks vkSj thou ds lkekU; rF;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA jktuhfrd fl)kUrks dk tUe ladVdky es gksrk gS ftrus esa egku nk’kZfud ;k fpUrd gq, gS] lc vius ;qx ds ladVdky dh mit gSA mu ij bl ladV dk bruk tcjnLr izHkko jgk fd mUgksusa mlds lek/kku ds fy, ,sls fl)kUrksa dk izfriknu fd;k tks vkt Hkh izklfa xdrk utj vkrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ& vjLrw us Økafr ds dkj.kksa o lek/kku dk bruk xgu v/;;u fd;k fd vkt Hkh mls dksbZ dkV ugha ldrkA fopkj/kkjk ds :i esa jktuhfrd fl)kUr dh Hkwfedk vkSj Hkh egRoiw.kZ gks tkrh gSA ekDlZ dh fopkj/kkjk us iwjs fo’o dks nks /kMksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;kA vr% jktuhfr foKku esa fopkj/kkjkvksa dk v/;;u egRoi.w kZ o vi`FkDdj.kh; vax gSA 6. ’kklu izcU/k dk v/;;u& yksd iz’kklu jktuhfr foKku dk ,d Hkkx gksrs gq, Hkh vkt i`Fkd fo\"k; cu x;k gS] ijUrq mldh ewy ckrksa dk v/;;u jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxZr vkt Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA vlSfud deZpkfj;ksa dh HkrhZ] izf’k{k.k mUufr] mudk turk ds izfrfuf/k;ksa ls lEcU/k rFkk iz’kklu dk vfr dq’ky vkSj yksdfgrdkjh rFkk mRrjnk;h cukus ds ckjs esa v/;;u jktuhfr foKku esa fd;k tkrk gSA 7. vU; lkekftd foKkuksa dk v/;;u& vkt euq\"; vkfFkZd] lkekftd] uSfrd] euksoSKkfud vkfn vo/kkj.kkvksa ls ca/kk gqvk gSA euq\"; dh jktuhfrd fØ;kvksa ds iw.kZ v/;;u djrs le; mä fo\"k;ksa dk v/;;u Hkh gksuk pkfg,A euq\"; dh tks jktuhfrd fØ;k,¡ gksrh gSa os mldh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dh vkt gksrh gSA dkyZ ekDlZ us jktfufrd fØ;kvksa dks le>us ds fy, euksfoKku ds v/;;u ij cy fn;kA 8. jktuhfrd nyksa rFkk ncko xqVksa dks v/;;u& jktuhfrd ny vkSj ncko xqV os laLFkk,¡ gS ftuds }kjk jktuhfrd thou dks xfr nh tkrh gSA bl izdkj dk v/;;u jktuhfrd thou dks okLrfodrk ls lEcU/k djkrk gS vktdy rks jktuhfrd nyksa vkSj ncko xqVksa ds v/;;u dk egRo lafo/kku vkSj ’kklu ds vkSipkfjd laxBu ds v/;;u ls vf/kd gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 13 jktuhfr % ekuo fLFkfr dk vfuok;Z y{k.k% ;|fi jktuhfr ’kCn dk vDlj ,d fujk’kkoknh :i esa iz;ksx gksrk gS] ij jktuhfr okLro esa ekuoh; fLFkfr dh fo’ks\"krk gSA ;wukuh nk’kZfud vjLrw us rdZ fn;k Fkk fd euq\"; LoHkkor% jktuhfrd izk.kh gSA blds vuqlkj mudk vFkZ ek= ;g ugh Fkk fd jktuhfr vifjgk;Z gS] cfYd ;g ,d vfuok;Z xfrfof/k gS] jktuhfrd dk;Zdyki dh ;g fo’ks\"krk gS] tks gesa nqljh mitkfr;ksa ls iwjh rjg vyx djrs gSaA bl izdkj jktuhfr mu fof/k;ksa dks lekfgr djrh gS tks fopkjksa dks vfHkO;ä fd;s tkus dh vuqefr nsrh gS vkSj rc iwjs fu.kZ; dks la;qä fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd f’koyh crkrs gSa] ßjktuhfrd dk;Z dks lkekU; leL;k dk lcls lkekU; lek/kku dks cqf)erkiw.kZ <ax ls <wa< fudkyuk ;k de ls de rdZ iw.kZ lkekU; lek/kku ds rjhds ds :i es le>k tk ldrk gSÞA nwljs ’kCnksa esa jktuhfr lkoZtfud fodYiksa dks lekfgr djrh gSA 1.5 D;k jktuhfr foKku ^foKku* gS\\ jktuhfr foKku dks foKku ekuus ds lEcU/k esa fo}kuksa esa cgqr vf/kd erHksn gSaA ,d vksj cfdy] d‚LVs] esVyS.M ,ekl] fc;MZ dSVfyu] eksLdk] czksxu] cdZ vkfn fo}ku~ gSa] tks jktuhfr foKku dks foKku ugha ekurs] rks nwljh vksj vjLrw bls ^loksZPp foKku* (Master Science) vkSj cukZMZ 'k‚ bls ^ekuoh; lH;rk dks lqjf{kr j[k ldus okyk foKku* dgrs gSaA vjLrw ds vfrfjä cksnk]¡ g‚Cl] e‚.VsLD;w] czkbl] Cy.V'kyh] tSyhusd] Qkbuj] ykLdh vkfn fo}ku~ Hkh bls foKku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSaA jktuhfr foKku dh oSKkfudrk ds foi{k esa rdZ& cfdy] d‚EVs vkfn fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj foKku Kku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlds vUrxZr dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa lnSo fuf'pr lEcU/k ik;k tkrk gS vkSj ftlds fu\"d\"kZ fuf'pr ,oa 'kk'or gksrs gSAa foKku dh bl ifjHkk\"kk ds vk/kkj ij ;s fo}ku~ jktuhfr foKku dks foKku ds :i esa Lohdkj djus ds fy, rS;kj ugha gSaA jktuhfr foKku dks foKku u ekurs gq, tks rdZ fn, tkrs gS]a mudk o.kZu fuEu çdkj fd;k tk ldrk gS& 1. loZekU; fu;eksa dk vHkko& jktuhfr foKku dh oSKkfudrk ij lUnsg çdV djrs gq, rdZ fn;k tkrk gS fd jktuhfr foKku esa ,sls fu;eksa dk vHkko gS ftUgsa lkoZHkkSfed ekU;rk çkIr CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

14 jktuhfr foKku & I gksA jktuhfr foKku esa xf.kr ds nks vkSj nks pkj ;k HkkSfrd foKku ds ^xq#Rokd\"kZ.k ds fu;e* dh Hkk¡fr ,sls fu;eksa dk furkUr vHkko gS ftu ij lHkh fo}ku~ lger gksaA 2. dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa fuf'pr lEcU/k dk vHkko& HkkSfrd ,oa jlk;u foKku esa dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa fuf'pr lEcU/k ik;k tkrk gSA fdUrq jktuhfrd {ks= esa ?kfVr gksus okyh ?kVukvksa esa dk;Z&dkj.k lEcU/k dk vHkko jgrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] Ýkal] :l rFkk phu rhuksa gh ns'kksa esa ØkfUr;k¡ gqbZ] ysfdu ØkfUr;ksa ds dkj.k vyx&vyx FksA 3. ç;ksx o ijh{k.k lEHko ugha& HkkSfrd foKkuksa ds rF;ksa dks ijh{k.k dh dlkSVh ij dlk tk ldrk gSA fdUrq jktuhfr foKku esa ,sls ijh{k.k lEHko ugha gSAa vr% ;g foKku ugha gSA bl lEcU/k esa czkbl us dgk gS fd ßHkkSfrd foKku esa ,d fu\"d\"kZ ij igq¡pus ds fy, ckj&ckj ç;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu jktuhfr esa ,d ç;ksx ckj&ckj ugha nksgjk;k tk ldrk gS] D;ksafd mlh çdkj dh n'kk,a nqckjk ugha iSnk dh tk ldrha] tSls dksbZ unh ds ,d gh çokg esa nqckjk ços'k ugha dj ldrkAÞ 4. Hkfo\";ok.kh dk vHkko& inkFkZ foKku ds fu;e fuf'pr gksus ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh fo\"k; ds lEcU/k esa Hkfo\";ok.kh dh tk ldrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,] ;g lgh&lgh crk;k tk ldrk gS fd fdl fnu vkSj fdl le; pUæ xzg.k vkSj lw;Z xzg.k yxsxkA fdUrq HkkSfrd foKku dh Hkk¡fr jktuhfr foKku esa Hkfo\";ok.kh lEHko ugha gSA ;g dguk fd pquko esa dkSu&lk mEehnokj fot;h gksxk] dfBu gSA cdZ us rks ;gk¡ rd dg fn;k gS fd ßjktuhfr esa Hkfo\";ok.kh djuk ew[kZrk ds flok; dqN ugha gSAÞ 5. fuf'prrk dk vHkko& jktuhfr foKku ds rF; brus vVy] Li\"V rFkk fuf'pr ugha gksrs ftrus vU; foKkuksa ds fu\"d\"kZ gksrs gSaA M‚- vIiknksjk; dk er gS fd] jktuhfr foKku ds vk/kkj vfuf'pr gksrs gSa vkSj fu\"d\"kZ lUnsgkRedA 6. ekuo LoHkko dh ifjorZu'khyrk& vU; foKkuksa dk lEcU/k futhZo inkFkksZa ls gS] tcfd jktuhfr foKku dk lEcU/k psru'khy euq\"; ls gSA jktuhfr foKku dk ik= Lo;a euq\"; gS] tks lksp ldrk gS rFkk xfr'khy gSA fdlh futhZo oLrq ds fy, nks ;k nks ls vf/kd fo}kuksa dh jk; ,d gks ldrh gS] ijUrq euq\"; ds fy, ,d jk; lEHko ugha gSA vyx&vyx O;fä;ksa ds LoHkko esa vUrj gksrk gSA ,d leku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa jgus okys O;fä Hkh fHkUu&fHkUu :i ls vkpj.k djrs gSaA mi;qZä rdksaZ ds vk/kkj ij cfdy dgrs gSa fd] ßKku dh orZeku voLFkk esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj iz—fr 15 jktuhfr dks foKku ekuuk rks cgqr nwj jgk] ;g dykvksa esa Hkh lcls fiNM+h gqbZ dyk gSAÞ blh ckr dks esVyS.M us migkle;h Hkk\"kk esa bl çdkj dgk gS] ßtc eSa jktuhfr foKku 'kh\"kZd ds vUrxZr ijh{kk ç'uksa dks ns[krk gw¡ rks eq>s ç'uksa ds çfr ugha] oju~ 'kh\"kZd ds çfr [ksn gksrk gSAÞ cdZ O;aX;e;h Hkk\"kk esa dgrs gSa fd] ßftl çdkj ge lkSUn;Z foKku dks foKku dh laKk ugha ns ldrs] mlh çdkj jktuhfr foKku dks Hkh foKku ugha dgk tk ldrk gSAÞ blh çdkj foyksch us Hkh dgk gS] ßjktuhfr dk foKku cuuk u rks lEHko gS vkSj u gh okaNuh;AÞ jktuhfr foKku dh oSKkfudrk ds i{k esa rdZ& mi;qZä fopkjksa esa lR;rk dk dqN va'k vo'; gS] fdUrq cfdy] d‚EVs vkfn fo}kuksa dk –f\"Vdks.k foKku dh ladqfpr ,oa =qfViw.kZ /kkj.kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA xkuZj ds 'kCnksa esa ß,d foKku fdlh fo\"k; ls lEcfU/kr ml Kku jkf'k dks dgrs gSa tks fof/kor~ i;Zos{k.k] vuqHko ,oa v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij çkIr dh xbZ gks vkSj ftlds rF; ijLij lEc)] Øec) rFkk oxhZ—r fd, x, gksaAÞ jktuhfr foKku dks ;fn foKku dh bl ifjHkk\"kk ds lUnHkZ esa ns[kk tk,] rks bls Hkh foKku dgk tk ldrk gSA jktuhfr foKku ds foKku gksus ds i{k esa fuEu rdZ fn, tk ldrs gSa 1. Øec) ,oa O;ofLFkr& foKku dk loZçeq[k y{k.k ;g gS fd mldk leLr Kku Øec) rFkk O;ofLFkr gksuk pkfg,A jktuhfr foKku jkT;] ljdkj] jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa] /kkj.kkvksa o fopkjksa dk Øec) Kku çLrqr djrk gSA vr% bl vk/kkj ij jktuhfr foKku ,d foKku gSA 2. lqfuf'prrk& jktuhfr foKku esa Hkh çk—frd rFkk HkkSfrd foKkuksa dh Hkk¡fr dqN lkekU; fu;e ,oa 'kk'or fl)kUr gSaA jkT;] fof/k] U;k;] f'k{kk] dkuwu] ØkfUr vkfn ds lEcU/k esa dqN ,sls fu;e o fl)kUr gSa tks çR;sd ifjfLFkfr rFkk ns'k esa ykxw gksrs gSaA fu%lUnsg jktuhfr foKku ds fu\"d\"kZ brus 'kq) rFkk vVy ugha gksrs ftrus fd vU; çk—frd foKkuksa ds gksrs gSaA oSls rks vusd ckj çk—frd foKkuksa ds fu\"d\"kZ Hkh xyr gksrs gSaA ekSle ds lEcU/k esa dh tkus okyh vusd Hkfo\";okf.k;k¡ xyr gksrh gSaA y‚MZ czkbl us mfpr gh dgk gS fd] ß;fn _r foKku] foKku gS] rks jktuhfr foKku Hkh foKku gks ldrk gSAÞ 3. ijh{k.k lEHko& ;fn ijh{k.k ls vfHkçk; fdlh Hkh Øec) ç;ksx ls gS] rks jktuhfr foKku esa ijh{k.k dk vHkko ugha gSA ;|fi jktuhfr foKku esa inkFkZ foKkuksa dh Hkk¡fr ç;ksx'kkyk esa cSBdj iw.kZ fuf'prrk ,oa ljyrk ls rks ç;ksx ugha fd, tk ldrs] fQj Hkh jktuhfr foKku esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

16 jktuhfr foKku & I ç;ksx gksrs jgrs gSa vkSj ,d çdkj ls lEiw.kZ ekuo txRk~ dh ç;ksx'kkyk gSA bl lEcU/k esa xkuZj us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd ßçR;sd u, dkuwu dk fuekZ.k] çR;sd ubZ laLFkk dh LFkkiuk vkSj çR;sd ubZ ckr dk çkjEHk ,d ç;ksx gh gksrk gS] D;ksafd ml le; rd og vLFkk;h ;k çLrko :i esa gh le>k tkrk gS tc rd fd ifj.kke mlds LFkk;h gksus dh ;ksX;rk fl) u dj nsaAÞ 4. dk;Z vkSj dkj.k esa lEcU/k& blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha fd inkFkZ foKkuksa dh Hkk¡fr jktuhfr foKku esa dk;Z rFkk dkj.k esa çR;{k lEcU/k ugha fd;k tk ldrk] fQj Hkh fo'ks\"k ?kVukvksa ds v/;;u ls dqN lkekU; ifj.kke rks fudkys gh tk ldrs gSAa mnkgj.k ds fy,] Ýkal] :l rFkk phu esa gqbZ ØkfUr ds vyx&vyx dkj.k crk, tkrs gSa] ijUrq ;fn /;ku ls ns[kk tk, rks bu rhuksa gh ns'kksa esa ØkfUr ds eq[; dkj.k ,d tSls gh FksA rhuksa ns'kksa esa vR;kpkj viuh pje lhek ij Fkk] yksxksa dks muds vf/kdkjksa ls oafpr dj fn;k x;k FkkA 5. Hkfo\";ok.kh dh {kerk& jktuhfr foKku esa çk—frd foKkuksa dh Hkkf¡ r rks Hkfo\";ok.kh ugha dh tk ldrh gS] ijUrq bruk ekuuk gksxk fd bl fo\"k; esa Hkh Hkfo\";ok.kh lEHko gSA Qkbuj ds 'kCnksa esa] ßge fuf'prrkiwoZd Hkfo\";okf.k;k¡ ugha dj ldrs] ysfdu lEHkkouk,¡ rks O;ä dj gh ldrs gSaAÞ oLrqr% jktuhfr foKku dh oSKkfudrk ds lEcU/k esa cfdy] d‚EVs vkSj esVyS.M }kjk mBkbZ xbZ vkifÙk;k¡ cgqr vf/kd lhek rd fujk/kkj gSaA vjLrw] e‚.VsLD;w] cksnk]¡ g‚Cl] fltfod] czkbl] Cy.V'kyh] cxslZ ] foyksch] tSyhusd] xkuZj vkfn ,sls fo}ku~ gSa ftUgksaus jktuhfr foKku dks foKku ekuk gSA lj ÝsfMªd iksyd dk Hkh fo'okl gS fd ßftl çdkj uSfrdrk dk foKku gS] mlh Hkko esa vkSj mlh rjg vFkok yxHkx mlh lhek rd jktuhfr Hkh foKku gSAÞ jktuhfr foKku ^dyk* ds :i esa& v‚DlQksMZ 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj] dyk ç—fr ls fHkUu ,d ekuoh; dq'k jkrk gS] fdlh dk;Z ds fu\"iknu esa dYiukRed dq'kyrk dk ç;ksx gSA dyk dYiukRed gS] foKku dh Hkk¡fr lfq uf'pr o fu;ec) ugha gSA dyk dk vk/kkj O;fäxr foosd] fofHkUurk] vuqHko o dq'kyrk gSA bl vk/kkj ij jktuhfr foKku u dsoy foKku gS] vfirq bls dyk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj i—z fr 17 jktuhfr foKku dks dyk ekuus ds i{k esa fuEu rdZ fn, tkrs gSa& 1. jktuhfr foKku dyk gS] D;ksfa d jktuhfr foKku esa jkT; ds Hkwrdkyhu vkSj orZeku Lo:i dk v/;;u djus ds lkFk&lkFk jkT; ds Hkkoh vkn'kkZRed Lo:i dk v/;;u Hkh fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g cryk;k tkrk gS fd Hkfo\"; esa jkT; vkSj jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dSlh gksuh pkfg,A 2. jktuhfr foKku mlh :i esa dyk gS ftl :i esa ,d jktuhfrK dykdkj gksrk gSA 'kklu lapkyu ,d dyk gSA jktuhfr foKku ds fo}ku~ jktuhfr ls lEcfU/kr fu;eksa dk fu/kkZj.k djrs gSa vkSj ,d jktuhfrK mu fu;eksa dks O;kogkfjd :i nsdj viuh dyk dk çn'kZu djrk gSA 3. jktuhfr foKku :ih dyk dk ,d :i vkSj Hkh gSA dyk thou dk fp=.k gSA jktuhfr foKku jktuhfrd thou dk fp=.k djrk gSA jktuhfr foKku ekuo dks loksZÙke ukxfjd thou dk mi;ksx djus ds ;ksX; cukrk gSA 4. Cy.V'kyh Hkh jktuhfr foKku dks dyk ds :i esa ns[krs gq, dgrs gSa] ßjktuhfr'kkL= ls foKku dh vis{kk dyk dk vf/kd cks/k gksrk gSA bldk lEcU/k jkT; ds O;kogkfjd lapkyu vFkok funsZ'ku ls gSAÞ bl çdkj jktuhfr foKku] foKku vkSj dyk] nksuksa gh gSA vius O;kid vFkZ esa rFkk lkekftd foKku ds ,d vax ds :i esa ge bls foKku dh laKk çnku dj ldrs gSa rFkk vkn'kZ thou dh çkfIr esa lg;ksx djus ds dkj.k bls dyk Hkh eku ldrs gSaA dSVfyu us jktuhfr foKku dk vFkZ foLrkj djrs gq, mls dyk] n'kZu vkSj foKku rhuksa ekuk gSA yklosy us Hkh bls ^dyk] foKku vkSj n'kZu dk laxe* dgk gSA 1.6 lkjk’a k jktuhfr’kkL= ,d fo’kq) lkekftd ’kkL= gSA bldk fo\"k; jkT; gS vkSj jkT; ,d izkphu ekuo leqnk; gSA blds vfrfjä euq\"; ds lkekftd igyqvksa ds vUrxZr ;wukuh nk’kZfudksa us jktuhfr dks gh izkFkfedrk iznku dhA iqjkus jktuhfr’kkL= dks ikjEifjd vkSj uohu jktuhfr’kkL= dks vk’kqfud jktuhfr’kkL= dgk tkus yxkA jktuhfr’kkL= dks oSKkfud vk/kkj iznku djus dh Hkk¡fr bls vUrfoZ\"k;d cukus dk iz;kl Hkh blh vof/k esa ’kq: gqvkA lektoknh fopkj/kkjk ds vuqlkj jkT; }kjk vkfFkZd thou dk Hkh fu;af=r fd;k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

18 jktuhfr foKku & I tkuk pkfg,A lkE;oknh Hkh vUrr% jkT; dh gS tks jk\"Vhª ; Lrj ij O;fDr;ksa ds dY;k.k ds fy, jkT; dks vf/kd ls vf/kd dk;Z lkSius ds i{k esa gSa vkSj vUrjkZ\"Vªh; {ks= ds fo’o cU/kqRo ij cy nsrh gSA 1.7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z jktuhfr’kkL= % jktuhfr’kkL= og foKku gS tks ekuo ds ,d jktuhfrd vkSj lkekftd izk.kh gksus ds ukrs mlls lEcfU/kr jkT; vkSj ljdkj nksuksa laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA z lkaiznkf;drk % lkaiznkf;drk ls rkRi;Z ml ladh.kZ eukso`fÙk ls gS] tks /keZ vkSj laiznk; ds uke ij iwjs lekt rFkk jk\"Vª ds O;kid fgrksa ds fo:) O;fä dks dsoy vius O;fäxr /keZ ds fgrksa dks izRlkfgr djus rFkk mUgsa laj{k.k nsus dh Hkkouk dks egRo nsrh gSA z Hkk\"kkokn % Hkk\"kkokn fdlh ns’k esa fofHkUu Hkk\"kkHkk\"kh yksxksa dks ml ns’k esa jk\"Vªh;rk dh Hkkouk ds fodkl esa ck/kd rRo gSA z {ks=h;okn % {ks=okn ,d fopkj/kkjk gS tks fdlh ,sls {ks= ls lEcfU/kr gksrh gS tks /kkfeZd vkfFkZd lkekftd ;k lkaLd`frd dkj.kksa ls vius i`Fkd vfLrRo ds fy, tkx`r gS vkSj viuh i`Fkdrk dks cuk, j[kus dk iz;kl djrk jgrk gSA 1.8 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. jktuhfr foKku esa ^jkT; dk v/;;u* ij izdk’k Mkfy,A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. jktuhfr’kkL= ^’kfä dk v/;;u* gS bls le>kb,A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= % vFkZ] ifjHkk\"kk] fo\"k; {ks= vkSj i—z fr 19 1.9 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. jktuhfr’kkL= dh vk/kqfud ifjHkk\"kk fyf[k,A 2. jktuhfr’kkL= dh ijLijoknh rFkk ledkyhu ifjHkk\"kkvksa dk rqyukRed foospu dhft,A 3. jktuhfr’kkL= ds {ks= foLrkj ij izdk’k Mkfy,A 4. jktuhfr foKku ds ikjRifjd n`f\"Vdks.k {ks= dks le>kb,A 5. jktuhfr foKku {ks= ds fofo/k izdkj dkSuls gSA 1.10 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. jktuhfr’kkL= ,d ________ ’kkL= gSA (a) fo’kq) lkekftd ’kkL= (b) v/kZ lkekftd ’kkL= (c) ’kq) lkekftd ’kkL= (d) buesa ls dksbZ Hkh ughaA 2. jkT; foKku dk vkjEHk o vUr ________ ds lkFk gh gksrk gSA (a) fo’o (b) ns’k (c) jkT; (d) lHkha 3. jktuhfrd’kkL= jkT; dks ,d ________ ekurk gSA (a) [kaM (b) lÙkk laLFkk (c) Hkkx (d) mi;qZä lHkh 4. jktuhfr foKku esa ________ dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA (a) Hkk\"kkokn (b) {ks=h;okn (c) tkfrokn (d) mi;qZä lHkha 5. jkT;foghu lekt dks ________ dgrs gSaA (a) vjktdrkokn (b) cgqyokn (c) O;fäokn (d) lektokn mÙkj % 1. (a)] 2. (c)] 3. (b)] 4. (d)] 5. (a) CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

20 jktuhfr foKku & I 1.11 lUnHkZ 1. ohjds’oj izlkn flag] jktuhfr’kkL= ds ewy fl)kUrA 2. jk/kkd`\".k ’kekZ] Hkkjrh; ’kklu ,oa jktuhfrA 3. nhukukFk xqIrk] jkT; dh mRifRkA 4. A Appadorai, The Substance of Politics? 5. H.Sidgwick, Elements of Politics. 6. S. Leacock, Elements of Political Science. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 21 ?kVd 2 jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFkZ’kkL= Lakjpuk 2.0 mís'; 2.1 ifjp; 2.2 jktuhfr foKku dk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ls lEcU/k 2.3 lkjka’k 2.4 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 2.5 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 2.6 o.kZukRed ç'u 2.7 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 2.8 lUnHkZ 2.0 mís'; bl ?kVd dks i<us ds ckn ge tku ik,axAs z jktuhfr’kkL= vU; fo\"k;ksa ls fdl izdkj lEcfU/kr gSA z jktuhfr’kkL= fdl izdkj lekt’kkL= o vFkZ’kkL= dk ?kVd gSA z jktuhfr’kkL= bfrgkl ls fdl izdkj lEcfU/kr gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

22 jktuhfr foKku & I 2.1 ifjp; euq\"; dk thou lkekftd gSA lkekftd thou ds fofHkUUk igyw gS&a jktuhfrd] vkfFkZd] uSfrd] ,sfrgkfld] euksoSKkfud vkfnA bu fofHkUu igyqvksa dk v/;;u fofHkUu lkekftd ’kkL=ksa }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lHkh lkekftd ’kkL= ,d o`{k dh fofHkUu ’kk[kkvksa ds leku gSA ,d ’kkL= fdlh u fdlh rjg ls nwljs ’kkL= dks izHkkfor djrk gSA jktuhfr’kkL= Hkh ,d lkekftd ’kkL= gS tks euq\"; ds jktuhfrd igyw dk v/;;u djrk gSA blfy, mlds leqfpr Kku ds fy, vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls mlds lEcU/k dk Kku vR;ko’;d gSA jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL= esa lEcU/k dh tkudkjh flQZ vko’;d gh ugha cfYd ykHknk;d Hkh gSA lHkh foKkuksa dk ,d nwljs ls lEcU/k tkuuk ykHkizn gSA ;fn gesa fdlh fo\"k; ;k foKku dk vUos\"k.k djuk gS rks ;g vR;ar ykHknk;d gksxk fd ge ml foKku ;k fo\"k; dk tUe foKkuksa ;k fo\"k;ksa ls lEcU/k ekywe djsa vkSj fQj ;g tkuus dk iz;kl djsa fd mä fo\"k; ;k foKku us vU; fo\"k;ksa ls D;k fy;k gS vkSj mlus Lo;a vU; fo\"k;ksa dks D;k fn;k gSA 2.2 jktuhfr foKku dk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ls lEcU/k ßjktuhfr 'kkL= dk jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ;k vFkZ 'kkL= ls xgjk lEcU/k gSA bldk dkuwu ls lEcUèk gS pkgs og izkd`frd gks vFkok ekuoh;] tks fd ukxfjdksa ds vkilh lEcU/kksa dks fu;fer djrk gS] og bfrgkl ls lEcfU/kr gS tks fd bldks vko';drk ds vuqlkj rF; c) dj nsrk gS] bldk rRo Kku ;k n'kZu 'kkL= vkSj fo'ks\"kr;k uSfrdrk ;k vkpkj ls lEcU/k gS] tks fd bldks fl)kUr nsrk gSAÞ &ikWy tsusV euq\"; ,d lkekftd vFkok jktuhfrd izk.kh gSA euq\"; ds thou esa vusd igyw gks ldrs gSa] ;Fkk & jktuhfrd] lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd vkSj uSfrdA euq\"; ds thou ds bu fofo/k igyqvksa dk v/;;u djus ds fy, vusd 'kkL= gSa] tSls& jktuhfr'kkL=] lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] uhfr'kkL=] bfrgkl vkfnA ;s 'kkL= euq\"; ds thou ds fdlh u fdlh igyw ls lEcfU/kr gSaA blfy, ;s lc lkekftd 'kkL= gSa vkSj ijLij ,d nwljs ls xgjk lEcU/k j[krs gSaA ekuo Kku lkekftd 'kkL=ksa rd gh lhfer ugha gSA mlesa izkd`frd foKkuksa tSls HkkSfrd'kkL=] jlk;u 'kkL=] Hkwxksy] ouLifr foKku vkSj HkwxHkZ 'kkL= bR;kfn dk v/;;u Hkh 'kkfey gSA izkd`frd foKkuksa vkSj lkekftd foKkuksa dk Hkh vkil esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA bl CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 23 lEcU/k esa MkW- xkuZj us dgk gS] ßge nwljs lgk;d foKkuksa dk ;Fkkor Kku izkIr fd, fcuk jktuhfr foKku ,oa jkT; dk iw.kZ Kku Bhd mlh izdkj izkIr ugha dj ldrs ftl izdkj xf.kr ds fcuk ;a= foKku vkSj jlk;u 'kkL= ds fcuk tho foKku dk ;Fkkor~ Kku izkIr ugha gks ldrkAÞ jktuhfr foKku dk lcls cM+k xq.k lkekftd foKku dh vU; 'kk[kkvksa ds fu\"d\"kksZa dks xzg.k djus dh rRijrk gSA jks<+h ds vuqlkj] ßlEHkor% jktuhfr foKku dk lcls cM+k xq.k mldh fouezrk gSA vU; foKkuksa ls f'k{kk ysus dh rRijrk vkSj vU; lg;ksxh foKkuksa ds lEEkq[k vfUre vkSj fu'p;kRed fl)kUr cukus dk nkok u djuk mlds mUUkr fodkl dk izek.k gSAÞ jktuhfr foKku dk lHkh lkekftd foKkuksa ls ?kfu\"B lEcU/k gSA ;gk¡ dqN izeq[k fo\"k;ksa ds lkFk mlds lEcU/k dh ppkZ djsaxsA 2.2.1 jktuhfr foKku vkSj lekt'kkL= 1. jktuhfr foKku vkSj lekt'kkL= jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj lekt'kkL= ijLij ?kfu\"B #Ik ls lEcfU/kr gaS vkSj ,d&nwljs ij vkfJr gSa D;kasfd jkT; ,d lkekftd jktuhfrd laLFkk gSA bu nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dh ?kfu\"Brk dks xkuZj us bu 'kCnksa esa O;ä fd;k gS] ßjktuhfr lkekftdrk esa lfUUkfo\"V gS vkSj ;fn jktuhfr 'kkL= lekt'kkL= ls fHkUu gS rks bldk dkj.k fo\"k; ds {ks= dh O;kidrk gS u fd ;g dkj.k fd mls lekt'kkL= ls vyx djus ds fy, fdlh izdkj dh lhek,a gSAÞ izks- dSVfyu dk Hkh ;gh dFku gS fd] ßjktuhfr'kkL= vkSj lekt'kkL= vfHkUUk gSa vkSj okLro esa ;s ,d oLrq ds nks igyw gSaAÞ fdUrq dqN vU; fo}ku bu nksuksa esa i;kZIr vUrj dks Hkh Lohdkj djrs gSaA jktuhfr foKku rFkk lekt'kkL= esa vUrj ;|fi jktuhfr foKku rFkk lekt'kkL= esa ?kfu\"B lEcUèk gS fQj Hkh xgjkbZ ls ns[kus ij nksuksa esa vUrj fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA nksuksa 'kkL=ksa ds e/; Hksn dks fuEu izdkj le>k tk ldrk gS& 1. {ks= dh n`f\"V ls vUrj& lekt'kkL= dk {ks= O;kid gSA lekt'kkL= ds {ks= ds vUrxZr leLr lkekftd laLFkkvksa dh mRifÙk vkSj mudk Lo:i vk tkrk gSA jktuhfr'kkL= ds v/;;u dk izeq[k fo\"k; jkT; Hkh muesa ls ,d gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku dsoy jkT; ds laxBu vkSj mldh lÙkk ls lEcfU/kr erksa dk gh v/;;u djrk gSA 2. izkphurk esa vUrj& lekt'kkL= jktuhfr foKku dh vis{kk vf/kd izkphu gSA lekt'kkL= laxfBr vkSj vlaxfBr leqnk;ksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA ;g loZfofnr gS fd laxBu ls iwoZ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

24 jktuhfr foKku & I vlaxfBr lekt dh fLFkfr jgh gksxhA bl izdkj fu'p; gh jktuhfr'kkL= dk tUe lekt'kkL= ds i'pkr gqvk gksxkA 3. n`f\"Vdks.k esa vUrj& lekt'kkL= esa oS/kkfud lEcU/kksa ds lkFk&lkFk izFkkvksa] f'k\"Vkpkj rFkk uSfrdrk vkfn ds n`f\"Vdks.k ls Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku esa dsoy euq\";ksa ds oS/kkfud lEcU/kkas dk gh v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA 4. fo\"k; oLrq esa vUrj & lekt'kkL= esa euq\"; rFkk lkekftd laLFkkvksa ds fodkl rFkk mRifÙk ds dkj.kksa dh [kkst dh tkrh gSA bl izdkj lekt'kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo\"k; O;fä rFkk lekt gSA jktuhfr foKku lekt'kkL= dh Hkk¡fr lkekftd rŸoksa dh [kkst ugha djrk gS og rks izkjEHk ls gh ;g ekudj pyrk gS fd euq\"; ,d lkekftd izk.kh gSA lkFk gh jktuhfr foKku dk v/;;u fo\"k; jkT; gSA 5. ;FkkFkZ vkSj vkn'kZ dk vUrj& lekt'kkL= esa ge rF;ksa dk v/;;u djrs gSa vkSj mlesa ge ns[krs gSa fd D;k gks pqdk gS vkSj D;k gksus tk jgk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku esa ge v/;;u djrs gSa fd D;k gksuk pkfg,A bl izdkj lekt'kkL= o.kZukRed fo\"k; gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku vkn'kkZRed fo\"k; gSA jktuhfr foKku vkSj lkekt'kkL= dh ikjLifjdrk& 1. lekt'kkL= dh jktuhfr'kkL= dks nsu& lekt'kkL= dk v/;;u cgqr foLr`r gSA blds vUrxZr euq\"; ds leLr lkekftd lEcU/kksa ij fopkj fd;k tkrk gS pkgs os jktuSfrd gksa] vkfFkZd ;k uSfrdA bl vFkZ esa lekt'kkL= dks vU; lkekftd 'kkL=ksa ds leku gh jktuhfr'kkL= dk Hkh vkèkkj dgk tk ldrk gSA lekt'kkL= us jktuhfr'kkL= ds vè;;u esa vR;f/kd lgk;rk dh gSA jkT; dh mRifÙk] fodkl ,oa laxBu dks le>us esa jktuhfr'kkL= dks lekt'kkL= ls vR;f/kd enn feyh gSA orZeku dky esa jktuhfr'kkL= esa jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks cgqr vf/kd egRo fn;k tk jgk gSA ftlds v/;;u esa lekt'kkL=h; v/;;u i)fr;k¡ vR;Ur lgk;d fl) gqbZ gSaA 2. jktuhfr'kkL= dh lekt'kkL= dks nsu& jktuhfr'kkL= Hkh lekt'kkL= ds v/;;u esa lg;ksx djrk gSA jktuhfr 'kkL= lekt'kkL= dks os rF; iznku djrk gS ftudh lgk;rk ls lekt'kkL= lekt ds jktuhfrd thou dk dq'kyrkiwoZd v/;;u djrk gSA lekt'kkL= jkT; dh mRifÙk] laxBu o dk;Z vkfn dk Kku jktuhfr'kkL= ls gh izkIr djrk gSA mijksä fooj.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 25 ls Li\"V gS fd lekt'kkL= o jktuhfr 'kkL= esa tgk¡ ?kfu\"B lEcU/k gS ogk¡ vUrj Hkh gSA mudh ikjLifjd ?kfu\"Brk ds lEcU/k esa ,p-fxfMaXl dk ;g dFku gS] ßlekt'kkL= ds izkFkfed fl)kUrksa ls vutku O;fä dks jktuhfr'kkL= I dh Hkkf¡ r ;g crkus dk iz;kl ugha djrk fd og ,slk izk.kh D;ksa gS\\Þ vUr esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd bu nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dk ikjLifjd lg;ksx Kku ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA bu nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dk lg;ksx Kku dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk ds :i esa fodflr gks jgk gS ftls] ßjktuhfrd lekt'kkL=Þ (Political Sociology) dk uke fn;k tkrk gSA 2.2.2 jktuhfr foKku vkSj bfrgkl dqN fo}ku jktuhfr 'kkL= o bfrgkl esa vUrj dks Hkh Lohdkjrs gSaA vusZLV ckdZj ds vuqlkj] ß;|fi bfrgkl o jktuhfr'kkL= dh lhek,¡ vkjEHk ls vUr rd ijLij lEcfU/kr gaS] fdUrq os okLro esa fHkUUk o Lora= 'kkL= gaSAÞ jktuhfr foKku rFkk bfrgkl esa xgjk lEcU/k gSA jktuhfr foKku ds firk ¼fo\"k;½ ds :i esa bfrgkl dks tkuk tkrk gSA jktuhfr'kkL= jkT; ds vrhr] orZeku o Hkfo\"; dk v/;;u djrk gSA bfrgkl leLr ekuo lH;rk ds vrhr dk v/;;u djrk gS vkSj bl lEcU/k esa jkT; ds vrhr dk Hkh v/;;u djrk gSA bu nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dh ?kfu\"Brk dks lhys us bu 'kCnksa ls O;ä fd;k gS] ßjktuhfr'kkL= ds vHkko esa bfrgkl Qyghu gksrk gS vkSj bfrgkl ds vHkko esa jktuhfr foKku vk/kkjghu gksrk gSAÞ cxsZl dk dguk gS] ß;fn bu nksukas 'kkL=ksa dks ,d nwljs ls vyx dj fn;k tk, rks muesa ls ,d e`r ugha rks viax rks t:j gks tk,xk vkSj 'ks\"k nwljk Hkh e`x ejhfpdk cu tk;sxkAÞ jktuhfr foKku rFkk bfrgkl dh ikjLifjdrk& jktuhfr foKku rFkk bfrgkl fofHkUUk #iksa esa ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gaSA 1. jktuhfr'kkL= dh bfrgkl dks nsu& gkykafd bfrgkl lEiw.kZ ekuo lH;rk ds vrhr dk v/;;u djrk gS fdUrq bl vrhr esa jktuhfrd ?kVuk;sa gh izeq[k gksrh gaSA ;fn bfrgkl ds {ks= esa ls jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa dk fooj.k fudky fn;k tk;s rks og u dsoy uhjl gks tk;sxk] cfYd egRoghu Hkh gks tk;sxkA jktuhfr'kkL= dh ;g nsu bfrgkl ds izR;sd dky esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

26 jktuhfr foKku & I 2.2.2.1 bfrgkl dh jktuhfr 'kkL= dks nsu ,d fo'ks\"k vFkZ esa bfrgkl jktuhfr'kkL= dh iz;ksx 'kkyk ds #Ik esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA vrhr esa jktuhfrd {ks= esa fd, x, dk;ksZa ds ifj.kke ,oa izHkko dk fooj.k bfrgkl esa feyrk gSA jktuhfrd {ks= dh bu ?kVukvksa dks iz;ksx dgk tkrk gS vkSj bfrgkl dks iz;ksx'kkyk dgk tkrk gSA vrhr esa fd, x, iz;ksx orZeku dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus esa vkSj Hkfo\"; dks lqUnj cukus esa lgk;d gksrs gSaA fyIlu dk dFku gS] ßvius dky Øekuqlkj v/;;u ls bfrgkl jktuhfr ds fo|kFkhZ dks ,d ifjiDork vkSj fodkl dh Hkkouk nsrk gSA blfy, lkekftd ifjorZu dh izfØ;k ds fy, vUrnZ`f\"V iznku djrk gSAÞ bfrgkl vrhr dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa o rF;ksa dk ,slk lxa zg gS ftlls jktuhfr'kkL= esa vius fl)kUrksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA xsVsy ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dks mudh ,sfrgkfld i`\"BHkwfe esa gh le>k tk ldrk gSAÞ 2.2.2.2 jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj bfrgkl esa Hksn ;|fi jktuhfr foKku vkSj bfrgkl ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gSa] fQj Hkh nksuksa esa dqN ekSfyd vUrj Hkh gSa tks fuEukuqlkj gSa& 1. mís'; esa vUrj& bfrgkl dk mís'; gS ek= vrhr dh rVLFk tkudkjh izkIr djuk tcfd jktuhfr'kkL= dk mís'; gS vrhr ds vuqHkoksa ls ykHk mBkdj orZeku o Hkfo\"; dks vf/kd lq[kn o ykHknk;d cukukA blds vfrfjä bfrgkl vrhr dh okLrfod ?kVukvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSA vr% mldh izd`fr rF;kRed gSA fdURkq jktuhfr'kkL= dh izd`fr vkn'kkZRed gSA ;g vrhr dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa dk gh v/;;u ugha djrk cfYd orZeku dh leL;kvksa ij Hkh fopkj djrk gS vkSj Hkfo\"; dks mTToy cukus dh vkdka{kk j[krk gSA 2. v/;;u dh i)fr esa vUrj& nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dh v/;;u i)fr esa vUrj gSA bfrgkl ek= o.kZukRed i)fr dk iz;ksx djrk gS vFkkZr~ vrhr dh ?kVukvksa dk Øec) vkSj rVLFk v/;;u djrk gSA fdUrq jktuhfr'kkL= i;Zos{k.kkRed o nk'kZfud i)fr;ksa dk Hkh iz;ksx djrk gSA 3. {ks= dk vUrj& jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj bfrgkl ds v/;;u {ks= esa i;kZIr vUrj gSA jktuhfr'kkL= euq\"; ds jktuhfrd thou rFkk jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk gh v/;;u djrk gSA fdUrq bfrgkl euq\"; ds lEiw.kZ thou dk o leLr laLFkkvksa ds vrhr dk v/;;u djrk gSA blds vfrfjä bfrgkl dsoy vrhr dk gh v/;;u djrk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku vrhr] orZeku vkSj Hkfo\"; dk v/;;u djrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 27 3. jktuhfr'kkL= o vFkZ'kkL=& xq#eq[k fugkyflag ds vuqlkj] ßizkjfEHkd fnuksa esa vFkZ'kkL= dks jktuhfr foKku dh ,d 'kk[kk ekuk tkrk Fkk rFkk mlds v/;;u dk fo\"k; jkT; ds fy, jkTkLo izkIr djuk FkkA blh izdkj bls ^?kjsyw vFkZ'kkL=* dh vis{kk ^jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL=* dgk tkrk FkkA jktuhfrd vFkZ'kkL= ;g izdV djrk Fkk fd vFkZ'kkL= jktuhfr foKku ds v/khu gSAÞ jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj vFkZ'kkL= esa ijLij ?kfu\"B lEcUèk gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs ij vR;f/kd izHkko Mkyrs gSaA bu nksukas ds ?kfu\"B lEcU/k dks xsVsy us bl izdkj O;ä fd;k gS] ßvkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jkT; ds laxBu] fodkl rFkk fØ;k dykiksa ij izHkko Mkyrh gSa vkSj izR;qÙkj esa jkT; vius dkuwuksa }kjk vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks cnyrk gSAÞ bl lEcU/k esa xkuZj dk ;g dFku gS] ßcgrq lh vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa }kjk fd;k tkuk vko';d gS] tcfd nwljh vksj jkT; ls lEcfU/kr cgrq lh leL;kvksa dh mRifÙk dk dkj.k vkfFkZd gksrk gSAÞ jktuhfr foKku rFkk vFkZ'kkL= dh ikjLifjdrk& jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj vFkZ'kkL= dh ikjLifjdrkvksa dks fuEukuqlkj le>k tk ldrk gS & 1. vFkZ'kkL= dh jktuhfr'kkL= dks nsu& jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa o mldh uhfr;ksa ds ihNs vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko gksrk gSA ykLdh ds vuqlkj] ßfdlh Hkh jkT; esa dkuwuksa dh izd`fr dk lEcU/k mu izHkkoiw.kZ ek¡xksa ls gksrk gS ftudk mUgsa lkeuk djuk gksrk gS vkSj ;g ek¡xsa lk/kkj.k :i ls ml vFkZ'kkL= us jktuhfr'kkL= dks fofHkUUk #iksa esa izHkkfor fd;k gSAÞ jkT; dh mRifÙk o mlds fodkl esa vkfFkZd fØ;k,¡ dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gS vkSj vkt Hkh vkfFkZd fØ;k,sa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa ds fodkl esa lgk;d cu jgh gaSA ekDlZ ds vuqlkj] ßvkfne lekt esa tc futh lEifÙk dh laLFkk mRiUUk gqbZ rks jkT; dk tUe gqvk vkSj tc Hkh lekt ds vkfFkZd jktuhfrd bfrgkl ds v/;;u ls Kkr gksrk gS fd jktuhfrd ØkfUr;ksa o ;q)ksa dk izeq[k dkj.k Hkh vkfFkZd vlarks\"k gksrk gSAÞ mnkgj.k ds fy,] 1789 dh Ýkal dh ØkfUr rFkk lu~ 1917 dh lksfo;r la?k dh lkE;oknh ØkfURk dk ewy dkj.k rRdkyhu vkfFkZd nqjkoLFkk gh FkhA bVyh esa QkflLV rkuk'kkgh] teZuh esa ukth rkuk'kkgh rFkk Lisu esa x`g;q) vkfn dk izeq[k dkj.k vkfFkZd vlarks\"k dks crk;k tk ldrk gSA izFke o f}rh; fo'o;q) dk ewy dkj.k iwathoknh O;oLFkk esa fufgr gSA blh izdkj if'peh ikfdLRkku ds vkfFkZd 'kks\"k.k us iwohZ ikfdLRkku esa fonzksg dks tUe fy;k vkSj og ckaXykns'k ds #i esa Lora= jkT; cu x;kA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

28 jktuhfr foKku & I 2. jktuhfr'kkL= dh vFkZ'kkL= dks nsu& jkT; dh uhfr ds vuqlkj gh OkLrqvksa ds mRiknu o forj.k dh iz.kkyh fuf'pr dh tkrh gSA lekt ds vkfFkZd fodkl ij iz'kklu ds Lrj dk Hkh Li\"V izHkko iM+rk gSA jktuhfr'kkL= Hkh vius <ax ls vFkZ'kkL= dks izHkkfor djrk gSA jkT; dh uhfr;k¡ lekt ds vkfFkZd <kaps o O;ofLFkr #Ik dks fu/kkZfjr djrh gSaA ;q) ,d lSfud o jktuSfrd xfrfof/k gS fdUrq bldk Hkh izHkko lekt ds vkfFkZd <kapksa ij iM+rk gSA ;q) ds dkj.k lEcfU/kr jkT;ksa dk lSfud O;; c<+ tkrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd izxfr ij izfrdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA ;fn iz'kklfud <akpk mPPk Lrj dk gS vkSj vius nkf;Roksa dks dq'kyrkiwoZd fuHkkus esa leFkZ gS rks vkfFkZd fodkl 'kh?kz gksxk vkSj ;fn iz'kklfud <kapk Hkz\"V gS rks vkfFkZd fodkl 'kh?kz ugha gksxkA 3. fo\"k; oLrq dh lekurk& bu nksuksa 'kkL=ksa ds chp ?kfu\"Brk dk ,d vU; vk/kkj nksuksa dh fo\"k; oLrq dh lkE;rk gSA tSls& lkE;okn] lektokn] iwathokn rFkk lkoZtfud foÙk vkfn vFkZ'kkL= rFkk jktuhfr foKku nksuksa ds gh v/;;u dh fo\"k; oLrq gaSA jktuhfr foKku rFkk vFkZ'kkL= esa Hksn& jktuhfr foKku rFkk vFkZ'kkL= ds e/; Hksn dks fuEukuqlkj O;ä fd;k tk ldrk gS %& 1. {ks= dh n`f\"V esa vUrj& jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= vFkZ'kkL= dh vis{kk O;kid gS D;kasfd og lkekftd thou ds vkfFkZd igyw ds lkFk&lkFk vU; igyqvksa tSls& lkaLd`frd] jktuhfrd] /kkfeZd rFkk uSfrd vkfn ls Hkh lEcU/k j[krk gSA tcfd vFkZ'kkL= esa izeq[k :i ls vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk gh vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA 2. v/;;u fo\"k; esa vUrj& vFkZ'kkL= dk lEcUèk euq\"; ds vkfFkZd thou ls gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku dk lEcUèk euq\"; ds jktuhfrd thou ls gSA vkboj czkmu dk dFku gS] ßvFkZ'kkL= dk lEcU/k eq[;r% oLRkqvksa ls gksrk gS vkSj jktuhfr'kkL= dk O;fä;ksa lsÞ blds vfrfjä jktuhfr'kkL= ds vè;;u {ks= esa os lc fo\"k; vkrs gSa tks ekuo dY;k.k ds fy, vko';d gSa vkSj bl n`f\"V ls Lo;a vFkZ'kkL= Hkh mlds {ks= esa vkrk gS fdUrq vFkZ'kkL= dk {ks= bruk O;kid ugha gSA 3. mís'; esa vUrj& vFkZ'kkL= O;fä dk v/;;u èku ds lanHkZ esa djrk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku O;fä dk O;fä ds #i esa gh v/;;u djrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 29 4. iz—fr esa vUrj& nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dh izd`fr esa Hkh i;kZIr vUrj gSA jktuhfr foKku vkn'kkZRed foKku gS fdUrq vFkZ'kkL= ek= o.kZukRed foKku gSA jktuhfr'kkL= lkekftd o uSfrd ewY;ksa dh n`f\"V ls fopkj djrk gS tcfd vFkZ'kkL= ek= HkkSfrd n`f\"V ls fopkj djrk gSA mijksä fooj.k ls Li\"V gS fd tgk¡ jktuhfr foKku vkSj vFkZ'kkL= esa ?kfu\"Brk gS ogha muesa vk/kkjHkwr vUrj Hkh gSaA bu nksuksa ds Hksn dks fxyØkbLV us bu 'kCnksa esa O;ä fd;k gS] ßjktuhfr'kkL= jkT; dk foKku gS] vFkZ'kkL= lEifÙk dk foKku gSAÞ budh ?kfu\"Brk ds lEcU/k esa pkYlZ fc;MZ us dgk gS] ßvFkZ'kkL= ds fcuk jktuhfr'kkL= vokLrfod o egÙoghu jpuk ek= gSAÞ jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj lekt'kkL= ijLij ?kfu\"B :i ls lEcfU/kr gSa vkSj ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gSa D;ksafd jkT; ,d lkekftd jktuhfrd laLFkk gSA ;|fi jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj lekt'kkL= esa ?kfu\"B lEcUèk gS fQj Hkh xgjkbZ ls ns[kus ij nksuksa esa vUrj fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA lekt'kkL= dk {ks= O;kid gSA jktuhfr'kkL= dk {ks= lhfer gSA lekt'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr'kkL= dh rqyuk esa vf/kd izkphu gSA bl izdkj lekt'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr'kkL= esa tgk¡ ?kfu\"B lEcU/k gS ogha vUrj Hkh gSA nksuksa 'kkL=ksa dk ikjLifjd lg;ksx Kku ds fodkl ds fy, vko';d gSA jktuhfr foKku rFkk bfrgkl fofHkUUk #iksa esa ,d nwljs ij vkfJr gSaA bfrgkl vrhr dh jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa o rF;ksa dk ,slk laxgz gS ftlls jktuhfr'kkL= esa vius fl)kUrksa ds fu/kkZj.k esa i;kZIr lgk;rk feyrh gSA ijLij ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj gksrs gq, Hkh jktuhfr foKku vkSj bfrgkl esa dqN vUrj Hkh gSA bfrgkl o.kZukRed i)fr dk iz;ksx djrk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku i;Zos{k.kkRed o nk'kZfud i)fr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrk gSA jktuhfr'kkL= euq\"; ds jktuhfrd thou vkSj jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk gh v/;;u djrk gS tcfd bfrgkl euq\"; ds lEi.w kZ thou dk o leLr laLFkkvksa ds vrhr dk v/;;u djrk gSA jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj vFkZ'kkL= esa ijLij ?kfu\"B lEcU/k gSA nksuksa ,d nwljs ij vR;f/kd izHkko Mkyrs gSaA jkT; dh mRifÙk o mlds fodkl esa vkfFkZd fØ;kvksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk jgh gSA jkT; ds fØ;kdykiksa o mldh uhfr;ksa ds ihNs vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk izHkko gksrk gSA ize[q k jktuhfrd ØkfUr;ksa o ;q)ksa dk izeq[k dkj.k vkfFkZd vlarks\"k gh jgk gSA vFkZ'kkL= vkSj jktuhfr foKku esa i;kZIr Hksn Hkh gSaA vFkZ'kkL= dk lEcU/k euq\"; ds vkfFkZd thou ls gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku dk lEcU/k euq\"; ds jktuhfrd thou ls gSA jktuhfr foKku vkn'kkZRed foKku gS tcfd vFkZ'kkL= ek= o.kZukRed foKku gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

30 jktuhfr foKku & I jktuhfrd dk;ksZa ds vkSfpR; dk fu'p; uhfr'kkL= dh ekU;rkvksa ds vkèkkj ij gh fd;k tkrk gSA vr% jktuSfrd 'kkL= vkSj uhfr'kkL= ijLij ?kfu\"B :i ls lEcfU/kr gSA jkT; ds ikl vlhfer vkSj fof/kd izHkqlÙkk ds gksrs gq, Hkh og O;ogkj esa ,sls dkuwuksa dks ykxw ugha dj ldrk ftuds ihNs uSfrd cy u gksA jktuhfr'kkL= vkSj uhfr'kkL= esa i;kZIr Hksn Hkh gSaA jktuhfr'kkL= dsoy jktuhfr fØ;kvksa dk v/;;u djrk gS] uhfr'kkL= lEiw.kZ lkekftd oS;fäd thou ls lEcfU/kr gSA jktuhfr'kkL= o.kZukRed vkSj O;kogkfjd 'kkL= gS] tcfd uhfr'kkL= vkn'kkZRed vkSj lS)kfUrd 'kkL= gSA euksfoKku O;fä ds eu dh fØ;kvksa rFkk mlds cká O;ogkj dk vè;;u gS vkSj ekuoh; O;ogkj vkSj izd`fr dks le>s fcuk jktuhfr foKku dk v/;;u Bhd izdkj ls ugha fd;k tk ldrkA jktuhfr esa euksoSKkfud rF;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk dks Lohdkj djrs gq, orZeku jktuhfr 'kkL=h euksoSKkfud v/;;u i)fr ds iz;ksx ij tksj nsus yxs gSAa jktuhfr foKku vkSj euksfoKku esa i;kZIr Hksn Hkh gSaA euksfoKku ,d ;FkkFkZoknh foKku gS] jktuhfr foKku ;FkkFkZoknh gksus ds lkFk&lkFk vkn'kZoknh Hkh gSA jktuhfr foKku ,d vfrizkphu foKku gS] euksfoKku ,d uohu 'kkL= gSA n'kZu'kkL= thou vkSj txr dh izd`fr vkSj mlds ewy lEcU/kh ekuo dh [kkst ls lEcfU/kr 'kkL= gSA jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxZr v/;;u fd, tkus okys ^jktuhfrd thou* vkSj ^jktuhfrd fo'o* ml fo'o dk gh Hkkx gaS] ftldh izÑfr vkSj ftlds ewy dh [kkst n'kZu'kkL= ds v/;;u dk fo\"k; gSA nksuksa fo\"k;ksa esa ?kfu\"B lEcUèk gksrs gq, Hkh dqN vUrj gSa tks bl izdkj gSa & 1. n'kZu 'kkL= lEiw.kZ tho txr vkSj l`f\"V ds fu;ked rŸo dk v/;;u djrk gS ysfdu jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dk {ks= eq[; :i ls euq\"; dk jktuhfrd thou vkSj jktuhfrd fo'o gSA 2. n'kZu'kkL= dh ewy izÑfr lS)kfUrd vkSj oSpkfjd gSA fdUrq jktuhfr foKku dh izÑfr lS)kfUrd vkSj oSpkfjd gh ugha gS] cfYd O;kogkfjd v/;;u vkSj rF;kRed fo'ys\"k.k Hkh mldh izÑfr dk ,d izeq[k vax gSaA 3. jktuhfr foKku dk lEcU/k eq[;r;k lkdkj] ewrZ vkSj izR;{k ls gS tcfd n'kZu'kkL= dk lEcU/k eq[;r;k fujkdkj vewrZ o vizR;{k ls gSA Hkwxksy dk lca aèk Hkwfe] ok;q] o\"kkZ] [kfut inkFkZ] Ñf\"k] leqn]z unh rFkk igkM+ bR;kfn ls gksrk gSA Hkwxksy mu izkÑfrd n'kkvksa dk o.kZu djrk gS ftudk euq\"; ds thou ij fo'ks\"k izHkko iM+rk gSA jkT; ds fuekZ.kdkjh rÙoksa esa Hkw[k.M ,d egRoi.w kZ rŸo gS vkSj Hkwxksy ds v/;;u ds fo\"k; Hkh Hkw[k.M vFkkZr~ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 31 i`Foh] ty rFkk ok;q gksrs gSaA Hkwxksy rFkk jktuhfr foKku esa ikjLifjdrk gksrs gq, Hkh nksuksa esa dqN Hksn Hkh gSa tks fd bl izdkj gSa& Hkwxksy ds vUrxZr fofHkUUk ns'kksa dh izkd`frd n'kk] tyok;q rFkk ouLifr vkfn dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS tcfd jktuhfr foKku ds vUrxZr jkT;] ljdkj rFkk fof/k dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA Hkwxksy Bksl rF;ksa ls lEcfU/kr foKku gS tcfd jktuhfr'kkL= rF;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk vkn'kZ dk fp=.k Hkh djrk gSA Xk.kuk'kkL= dk Hkh jktuhfr foKku ds lkFk fudV lEcU/k gSA jktuhfr foKku }kjk izkIr rF;ksa dks x.kuk }kjk gh vfHkO;ä fd;k tkrk gSA dkuwu dk fuekZ.k djus es]a uhfr dk fu/kkZj.k djus esa rFkk jkt'kfä dk iz;ksx djus esa x.kuk'kkL= dk gh fØ;kRed iz;ksx gksrk gSA ljdkj tc dkuwu cukrh gS rFkk ftl uhfr dk vuqlj.k djrh gS vkSj tks dk;Z djrh gS mudk D;k ifj.kke gksrk gS] bldk vkdyu Hkh x.kuk'kkL= dh lgk;rk ls gh gksrk gSA 2.2.2.3 jktuhfr'kkL= dk mi;ksx (I) jktuhfr'kkL= % ekuoh; fØ;kvksa dk vè;;u& vk/kqfud O;ogkjoknh fo}ku jktuhfr foKku dks euq\"; ds jktuSfrd thou vkSj fØ;kdykiksa vkSj blds lUnHkZ esa ekuo (thou ds lkekftd] vkfFkZd] /kkfeZd rFkk vU; i{kksa dk vè;;u djus okyk foKku ekurs gSaA dsVfyu ds vuqlkj] ßjktuhfr foKku laxfBr ekuo lekt ls lEcfU/kr gS fdUrq eq[; :i ls og lkeqnkf;d thou ds jktuSfrd igyqvksa dk v/;;u djrk gSAÞ cVªs.M Mh- Tkwfousay ds vuqlkj] ßgekjk fo\"k; mu jktuhfrd lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u djrk gS] tks fey tqy dj jgus okys O;fä;ksa ds chp Lo;a mRiUUk gks tkrs gSaAÞ jktuhfr foKku ds O;ogkjoknh fopkjdksa dk ;g dguk gS fd jktuhfr foKku og foKku gS tks euq\"; ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dk v/;;u djrk gSA (II) jktuhfr'kkL= % 'kfä dk v/;;u& dqN jktuhfr 'kkL=h 'kfä dks jktuhfr'kkL= dh dsUnzh; ladYiuk ekurs gSaA dSVfyu] yklosy] esfj;e] esDl oscj] cVZUM jlsy rFkk ekxsZUFkks vkfn dk ekuuk gS fd 'kfä ,d ,slh cqfu;knh ladYiuk gS tks jktuhfr foKku ds lHkh foHkkxksa dks ,d lw= es fijks nsrh gSA dSVfyu us jktuhfr dks 'kfä dk foKku ekuk gSA fxYM rFkk ikej ;g ekurs gSa fd jktuhfr] 'kfä ,oa lÙkk ds lEcU/kksa ds :i esa lcls vPNh izdkj le>h tk ldrh gSA yklosy ds vuqlkj] ß'kfä dk fl)kURk lEiw.kZ jktuhfr foKku esa ,d cqfu;knh fl)kUr gS] lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd izfØ;k 'kfä ds forj.k] iz;ksx ,oa izHkko dk v/;;u gSAÞ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

32 jktuhfr foKku & I (III) jktuhfr foKku % jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u& MsfoM bZLVu rFkk vke.M tSls vk/kqfud jktuhfr 'kkL=h jktuhfr foKku dks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u ekurs gSaA jktuhfr O;oLFkk dh vo/kkj.kk] jkT;] ljdkj vkSj lafo/kku dh vo/kkj.kk ls O;kid gSA jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds vUrxZr jkT; vkSj ljdkj dh vkSipkfjd lajpukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk mudks izHkkfor djus okys vukSipkfjd rŸoksa ds v/;;u dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k tkrk gSA bZLVu us jktuhfr O;oLFkk dks ifjHkkf\"kr djrs gq, dgk gS] ßfdlh lekt esa ikjLifjd fØ;kvksa dh ,slh O;oLFkk dks ftlls mDr lekt esa ck/;dkjh ;k vfèkdkjiw.kZ uhfr&fu/kkZj.k gksrs gSa] jktuhfr O;oLFkk dgk tkrk gSAÞ MsfoM bZLVu vkSj vke.M tSls vk/kqfud jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj jktuhfr foKku lEiw.kZ jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dk v/;;u gSA jkT; vkSj 'kklu 'kCnksa esa tgk¡ jktuhfrd thou ds vkSipkfjd ,oa oS/kkfud v/;;u ij cy fn;k tkrk gS ogha jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh vo/kkj.kk ds vUrxZr bl vkSipkfjd] oS/kkfud v/;;u ds ewy esa tkdj jktuhfrd ;FkkFkZ dk Kku izkIr djus dh ps\"Vk dh tkrh gSA (IV) jktuhfr foKku % fu.kZ; izfØ;k dk vè;;u& dqN vk/kqfud fo}ku jktuhfr foKku dks fu.kZ; fuekZ.k rFkk fu.kZ; izfØ;k dk v/;;u djus okyk fo\"k; ekurs gSa] D;ksfa d ;fn jktuhfr foKku ljdkj dk v/;;u gS] vkSj ljdkj dk eq[; dk;Z fu.kZ; fuekZ.k djuk gS] rks jktuhfr'kkL= dks fu.kZ; izfØ;k dk foKku dgk tk ldrk gSA fiNys dqN o\"kksZa esa jktuhfr'kkL= esa fu.kZ; fuekZ.k fl)kUr vR;f/kd yksdfiz; gqvk gSA gcZVZ lkbZeu tSls fopkjd jktuhfr foKku dks fu.kZ; fuekZ.k dk foKku ekurs gSaA ykWlosy jktuhfr foKku dks ewyr% ,d uhfr foKku (Policy Science) ekurk gSA mijksä fo'ys\"k.k ls ;g Li\"V gS fd jktuhfr foKku dh ,d loZlEEkr ifjHkk\"kk nsuk dfBu gSA vf/kdka'k fopkjd ;g ekurs gSa fd jktuhfr foKku esa jktuhfrd lekt ds vfrfjä jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa vkSj muds ifj.kkeksa dk Hkh lefq pr v/;;u djuk pkfg,A f}rh; fo'o ;q) ds i'pkr~ jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= esa ftl uohu n`f\"Vdks.k dk mn; gqvk og vf/kd O;kid vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh gSA oSls rks bldk izkjEHk vjLrw ds dky esa gks pqdk Fkk tc mlus vusd lafo/kkuksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u ds vk/kkj ij fofHkUUk izdkj dh ljdkjksa ds dk;ksZa dk o.kZu fd;kA pkYlZ vkbZuseu ds 'kCnksa esa ßjktuhfr 'kkL= dk {ks= vc bruk O;kid gks x;k gS fd mlesa laLFkkRed] laxBu] CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 33 fu.kZ; fuekZ.k vkSj fØ;k'khyrk dh izfØ;kvksa] fu;a=.k dh jktuhfr] uhfr;ksa vkSj dk;ksZa rFkk fof/kc) iz'kklu ds ekuoh; okrkoj.k dks Hkh lfEEkfyr fd;k tkus yxk gSAÞ vk/kqfud n`f\"Vdks.k ds ize[q k leFkZd gSa] dsVfyu] yklosy] jkcVZ Mgy rFkk Ýksesu vkfnA vk/kqfud n`f\"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u {ks= esa fuEufyf[kr fo\"k;oLRkqvksa dks lfEEkfyr fd;k tkuk pkfg, & 1. ekuo ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dk v/;;u& vk/kqfud n`f\"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u {ks= esa eq[;r% ekuo dk jktuhfrd O;ogkj vkrk gS fdUrq ekuo ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks jktuhfrd dkjdksa ds lkFk gh vusd xSj jktuhfrd dkjd Hkh izHkkfor djrs gSaA vr% ekuo ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks ;FkkFkZ ,oa lgh :i esa le>us ds fy, ;g t:jh gS fd jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u {ks= esa mldh mu jktuhfrd ,oa xSj jktuhfrd Hkkoukvksa] ekU;rkvksa ,oa 'kfä;ksa dk vè;;u Hkh lfEEkfyr fd;k tk, tks O;fä ds jktuhfrd O;ogkj dks izHkkfor ,oa fu/kkZfjr djrs gSaA 2. fofHkUUk vo/kkj.kkvksa dk v/;;u& vkèkqfud n`f\"Vdks.k eq[; :i ls 'kfä] lÙkk] izHkko] fu;a=.k rFkk fu.kZ; izfØ;k vkfn ls lEcfU/kr foKku gSA vr% blds v/;;u {ks= esa bu vo/kkj.kkvksa dk oSKkfud v/;;u Hkh lfEEkfyr gSA vkèkqfud jktuhfr 'kkfL=;ksa dk er gS fd ,slh vk/kkjHkwr vo/kkj.kk,a gSa ftudh i`\"BHkwfe esa gh jktuhfrd laLFkk,a dk;Z djrh gSA os bu vo/kkj.kkvksa ds lUnHkZ esa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa dk v/;;u djrs gSaA 3. lkoZtfud leL;kvksa ds lUnHkZ esa la?k\"kZ o lgefr dk v/;;u& lkoZtfud leL;kvksa dk vFkZ mu leL;kvksa ls gS tks lEiw.kZ lekt vFkok mlds cM+s Hkkx dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA blh dkj.k bu leL;kvksa dks jktuhfr dk vax ekuk tkrk gS vkSj mudk v/;;u jktuhfr foKku dk vè;;u fo\"k; cu tkrk gSA esjku o csuQhYM ds vuqlkj] ßfdlh leL;k dks la?k\"kZi.w kZ cukus okyh vFkok mldk lek/kku [kkstus okyh lHkh xfrfof/k;k¡ jktuhfr gSaAÞ bl izdkj vkèkqfud n`f\"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj jktuhfrd egRo dh lkoZtfud leL;kvksa ij ikbZ tkus okyh la?k\"kZ ,oa lgefr dh izo`fÙk dk v/;;u jktuhfr foKku dh fo\"k; oLrq gSA vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku dh fo'ks\"krk,a f}rh; fo'o;q) ds i'pkr~ jktuhfr foKku vkSj vU; lekt foKkuksa ds {ks= eas tks fodkl gq, mldh eq[; izo`fÙk;ksa dk mYYks[k fuEu :iksa eas fd;k tk ldrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

34 jktuhfr foKku & I 1. eqä v/;;u& jktuhfr'kkL=h vc ijEijkxr lhek,a NksM+dj v/;;u djrs gSaA leLr jktuhfrd rFkk vkSipkfjd ?kVuk,a vc jktuhfr'kkL= dk v/;;u fo\"k; cu xbZ gSa pkgs os lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL= ;k /keZ ds fo\"k; esa gksa] vFkok O;fä] ifjokj jk\"Vª vkSj fo'o ls lEcfU/kr gksaA ;gk¡ rd fd oS;fäd vkSj lkewfgd Lrj ij ckY;koLFkk vkSj ;qokoLFkk vkfn esa fodflr jktuhfrsd izo`fÙk;ksa dks Hkh losZ{k.k vkSj 'kks/k dk fo\"k; cuk;k tkrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZvksa dh ;g Hkkouk jgrh gS fd okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk, vkSj mUgha dks okLrfodrk izdV djus okyh vo/kkj.kkvksa dk vk/kkj cuk;k tk,A 2. oSKkfudrk& vk/kqfud jktuhfr'kkL=h vius vè;;u dks vf/kd oSKkfud cukuk pkgrs gSa os jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa vkSj rF;ksa dh oSKkfudrk dh dlkSVh ij tkp¡ djrs gSaA izkÑfrd foKkuksa rFkk vU; lkekftd foKkuksa ls v/;;u dh ubZ&ubZ rduhdksa dks ysdj os mudk jktuhfr foKku eas iz;kxs djrs gSAa 3. ewY; eqärk& jktuhfrd fo'ys\"k.k esa ekuoh; ewY;ksa tSls uSfrdrk] Lora=rk] Hkzkr`Ro vkfn dks dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k tkrk D;ksafd bldk iz;kl ,d oS/kkfud ,oa lVhd fo\"k; dk fuekZ.k djuk gSA ;g mUgha ?kVukvksa vkSj rF;ksa dks vius vè;;u dk fo\"k; cukrk gS ftUgsa ;k rks ns[kk x;k gS ;k Hkfo\"; esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 4. ;FkkFkZoknh v/;;u& jktuhfr foKku ds ijEijkxr v/;;u izk;% ,sfrgkfld] fof/kxr rFkk laLFkkxr lajpuk rd gh lhfer jgs vkSj ;s vkn'kkZRed] mins'kkRed fLFkfr ds lkFk tqM+s gq, vkSj cgqr vf/kd lhek rd dsoy lS)kfUrd leL;kvksa esa gh my>s gq, FksA vk/kqfud jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa us ;g n`<+ fo'okl O;ä fd;k fd jktuhfrd v/;;uksa dk O;kogkfjd jktuhfr ls lh/kk lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,A mUUkhloha lnh ds mÙkjk/kZ ls gh jktuhfr foKku fo\"k; ds dqN fo}kuksa us bl lR; dks le> fy;k fd vkn'kZ dh rqyuk esa ;FkkFkZ dk egRo vf/kd gSA vc jktuhfr foKku ds fo}kuksa us bl ckr dh [kkst izkjEHk dj nh fd lekt esa 'kfä ds okLrfod L=ksr vkSj dsUnz dgk¡ fLFkr gaAS 'kkld oxZ viuh 'kfä;ksa dk iz;ksx fdl :i esa dj jgk gS vksj 'kkflr oxZ dk jktuhfrd O;ogkj dSlk gS\\ ijEijkoknh fof/kxr] laLFkkxr lajpuk ds v/;;u dk LFkku vc jktuhfrd izfØ;kvksa dks le>us dh izo`fÙk;ksa us ys fy;k vkSj vc jktuhfrd ny] ncko] legw ] lapkj ds lk/ku rFkk ernku O;ogkj vkfn ls lEcfU/kr O;kid v/;;u fd, tkus yxs gSAa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 35 5. O;ogkjoknh n`f\"Vdks.k& vk/kqfud jktuhfrd n`f\"Vdks.k O;ogkjoknh n`f\"Vdks.k viukus ij cy nsrk gSA ijEijkxr jktuhfr'kkL= jktuhfr ls nwj jgkA O;ogkjokn jktuhfr foKku dks n'kZu] bfrgkl ;k dkuwu ds :i esa ugha cfYd jktuhfr foKku ds :i esa izfrf\"Br djus dk iz;Ru gSA O;ogkjokn dh lcls cM+h fo'ks\"krk gS & fl)kUr dk iz;ksxA blesa rF;ksa dh [kkst vkSj mudh O;k[;k ,d fl)kUr ds vUrxZr dh tkrh gSA 6. ewY; fujis{k vkSj oSKkfud i)fr& jktuhfr foKku esa O;ogkjoknh ØkfUr f}rh; fo'o;q) ds i'pkr~ vk;hA fofHkUUk lekt foKkuksa rFkk izkÑfrd foKkuksa ls jktuhfr foKku us Lo;a dks foKku cukus ds fy, vusd 'kks/k izo`fÙk;ksa dks xzg.k dj fy;kA uohu i)fr;ksa esa oSKkfud i)fr dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k x;k gS mlh ds lkFk oSKkfud ewY; fujis{kokn tqM+k gqvk gSA ftldk ewy vFkZ gS fd 'kks/kdrkZ vius vuqla/kku esa Lo;a ds ewY;ksa ,oa /kkj.kkvksa dks i`Fkd j[krk gS vkSj mudk vius v/;;u ij dksbZ izHkko ugha iM+us nsrkA mlds vkpj.k esa ckSf)d fu\"i{krk ,oa lR;fu\"Brk ikbZ tkrh gSA 7. 'kks/k ,oa fl)kURk esa ?kfu\"B lEcU/k& oSKkfud i)fr ds iz;ksx }kjk vc jkt oSKkfud lkekU;hÑr O;k[;kvksa ,oa fl)kUrksa ds fuekZ.k esa yxs jgrs gSAa ;s fl)kUr fuekZ.k dBksj 'kks/k izfØ;kvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSaA vr% fl)kUr fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k vc 'kks/kksUeq[kh gSA 'kks/k vkSj fl)kUr ,d nwljs ds fcuk fujFkZd gaAS vk/kqfud jktuhfr'kkfL=;ksa dk ,d ek= y{; jktuhfr ds lS)kfUrd izfrekuksa dks fodflr djuk gSA blh vk/kkj ij ;s jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa ,oa lk/kuksa ds lEcU/k esa [kkst djrs gSa vkSj mudk fo'ys\"k.k djrs gSAa 8. vUrj vuq'kklukRed n`f\"Vdks.k& vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku esa vUrj vuq'kklukRed n`f\"Vdks.k Hkh viuk;k x;kA ys[kdksa us ,sls vf/kd ls vf/kd lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftUgsa mUgksaus lekt foKku] euksfoKku] vFkZ'kkL=] ekuo fodkl dk foKku tSls foKkuksa ls m/kkj fy;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:Ik jktuhfr foKku vc jktuhfrd euksfoKku ,oa jktuhfrd lekt foKku tSlk izrhr gksrk gSA jktuhfrd vk/kqfudhdj.k] jktuhfrd lekthdj.k] jktuhfrd laLÑfrdj.k rFkk jktuhfrd fodkl vkSj blh tSls vU; fo\"k;ksa ds v/;;u ls ;g irk pyrk gS fd vc jktuhfr foKku esa ljdkj vkSj vU; jktuhfrd lajpukvksa ds O;ogkj ds v/;;u ij lekt oSKkfud vkSj euksoSKkfud n`f\"Vdks.k ykxw gks x;k gSA ,l- ,e- fyIlsV ds vuqlkj] ßledkyhu jktuhfrd fl)kUr ,d jktuhfrd izfØ;k dh vis{kk vf/kd ek=k esa ,d jktuhfrd lekt foKku o euksfoKku vkSj ekudh; jktuhfrd fl)kUr gSAÞ CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

36 jktuhfr foKku & I 9. ,d ekSfyd lekt foKku ds :i esa mn;& vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku vius vkidks lekt foKkuksa dh ,d dM+h ds :i esa fodflr djuk pkgrk gS rkfd og fofHkUUk fo\"k;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ fn'kk funsZ'k ns ldsA jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa esa vjLrw] U;wVu rFkk MkfoZu vkfn ds :i esa dk;Z djus dh Hkkouk ikbZ tkrh gSA blds fy, os fof'k\"V {ks=ksa dh fo'ks\"kKrk fodflr djuk pkgrs gSaA os fo\"k; Lok;Ùkrk ykuk pkgrs gSAa blds fy, mUgksaus lkekU; O;oLFkk fl)kUr rFkk O;oLFkk mikxe dks xzg.k fd;k gSA fu;a=.k vkSj fu;eu ls lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k jktuhfr dh ekSfydrk Lo;a fl) gSA 2.3 lkjk’a k jktuhfr'kkL= ,d izdkj ds lekt o leqnk; dk izfriknu djrk gS tks fd bfrgkl ds ckn esa izknqHkwrZ gqvkA jktuhfr’kkL= mu lkekftd rRokas ds dk izfriknu djrk gS] tks euq\";ksa ds jktuhfr’kkL= ls lEcU/k j[krs gSA lekt’kkL= ;g crkus dk iz;Ru ugha djrk fd ekuolekt dk Lo:i D;k gksuk pkfg,] ij jktuhfr’kkL= bl iz’u ij Hkh fopkj djrk gS fd jkT; dk Lo:i o /;s; D;k gksuk pkfg,A jktlaLFkk dh mRifÙk] fodkl vkSj mlesa gksusokys ifjorZu jktuhfr’kkL= ds izfrik/k fo\"k; gSA ij budk v/;;u bfrgkl dh lgk;rk ls gh lEHko gSA ;fn bfrgkl dh mis{kk dj jktuhfr’kkL= dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xk rks mldk Lo:i nk’kZfud gks tk,xk vkSj ;fn bfrgkl dk vuq’khyu djrs gq, jktuhfr’kkL= dh mis{kk dh tk;sxh rks og dsoy o.kZukRed jg tk,xkA euq\"; dk vkfFkZd thou jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa vkSj fopkjksa }kjk fu;af=r gksrk gS vkSj vkfFkZd ifjfLFkfr;k¡ jktuhfrd izxfr ij O;kid izHkko Mkyrh gSaA 2.4 eq[; 'kCnkoyh z Ms;ksl % turk z jktuhfrd vFkZ’kkL= % v/;;u dh og ’kk[kk ftlesa jktuhfrd fo’ys\"k.k ds fy, vkfFkZd rRoksa dh Hkwfedk ij fo’ks\"k :i ls /;ku fn;k tkrk gSA z jktuhfrd lekt foKku % v/;;u dh og ’kk[kk ftlesa jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa] izfØ;kvksa ds lUnHkZ esa j[kdj ns[kk vkSj ij[kk tkrk gSA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k % bfrgkl] lekt’kkL= vkSj vFk’Z kkL= 37 2.5 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 1. jktuhfrd lekt’kkL= dh ifjHkk\"kk fyf[k,A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. bfrgkldkj ÝheSu jktuhfr’kkL= ,oa bfrgkl dk lEcU/k fdl izdkj cukrs gSaA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2.6 o.kZukRed ç'u 1. jktuhfr’kkL= dk lekt’kkL= ls lEcU/k le>kb;saA 2. jktuhfr’kkL= o vFkZ’kkL= vkil esa fdl rjg lacaf/kr gSaA 3. jktuhfr’kkL= bfrgkl ij fdl izdkj fuHkZj gSA 4. jktuhfr’kkL= dk vU; lkekftd ’kkL=ksa ls lEcU/k ij izdk’k Mkfy,A 2.7 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 1. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&lk jktuhfr foKku dk fo\"k; ugha gS\\ (a) jkT; (b) jktuhfrd ny (c) ppZ (/keZ) (d) ukxfjd 2. ekuo O;ogkj dk v/;;u djusokyk vuq’kklu gS\\ (a) euksfoKku (b) n’kZu’kkL= (c) vFkZ’kkL= (d) lekt’kkL= 3. jktuhfr foKku vkSj vFkZ’kkL= nksuksa dk mís'; gS\\ (a) vkfFkZd ykHk (b) C;kt dekuk (c) vk;kr vkSj fu;kZr (d) ekuo dY;k.k CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

38 jktuhfr foKku & I 4. ßjktuhfr foKku ds fcuk bfrgkl dk dksbZ Qy+ ugha] bfrgkl ds fcuk jktuhfr foKku dh dksbZ tM+ ughaAÞ ;g dFku fdldk gSa\\ (a) fcyksch (b) lhys (c) cxsZe (d) ykMZ ,DVu 5. ßlk/; gh ugha lk/ku Hkh ifo= gksus pkfg,AÞ ;g dFku jktuhfr foKku dks ftl lekt ds fudV ykrk gS og gS& (a) lekt’kkL= (b) euksfoKku (c) uhfr’kkL= (d) bfrgkl 6. fuEukafdr esa ls dkSu&lk jktuhfr foKku dk dsanzh; fo\"k; gS\\ (a) ifjokj (b) lewg (c) oxZ (d) jkT; mÙkj % 1. (c)] 2. (a)] 3. (d)] 4. (b)] 5. (c), 6. (d) 2.8 lUnHkZ 1. vkseizdk’k xkck] jktuhfr fl)kUr dh :ijs[kkA 2. ts-lh- tkSgjh] vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku ds fl)kUrA 3. —\".kdkUr feJ] jktuhfr foKkuA 4. iq[kjkt tSu] jktuhfr foKkuA 5. ,l- lh- flagy] jktuhfrd fl)kUrA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfrd foKku dk egRo ,oa vko’;drk 39 ?kVd 3 jktuhfrd foKku dk egRo ,oa vko’;drk Lakjpuk 3.0 mís'; 3.1 ifjp; 3.2 voyksdu vkSj jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk 3.3 jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= 3.4 jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa egRo 3.5 vk/kqfud jktuhfr foKku dh fo’ks\"krk,a 3.6 lkjka'k 3.7 eq[; 'kCnkoyh 3.8 f'k{k.k xfrfofèk 3.9 o.kZukRed ç'u 3.10 cgqfodfYi; ç'u 3.11 lUnHkZ 3.0 mís'; bl ?kVd ds v/;;u dk mís'; fuEufyf[kr gS& z jktuhfr foKku dk voyksdu djukA z jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= dh tkudkjh nsukA z jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh vko’;drk ,oa egRo ij izdk’k MkyukA CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

40 jktuhfr foKku & I 3.1 ifjp; jktuhfr nks 'kCnksa dk ,d lewg gS jkt+uhfrA ¼jkt eryc 'kklu vkSj uhfr eryc mfpr le; vkSj mfpr LFkku ij mfpr dk;Z djus fd dyk½ vFkkZr~ uhfr fo'ks\"k ds }kjk 'kklu djuk ;k fo'ks\"k mís'; dks çkIr djuk jktuhfr dgykrh gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks turk ds lkekftd ,oa vkfFkZd Lrj ¼lkoZtfud thou Lrj½ dks Å¡pk djuk jktuhfr gSA ukxfjd Lrj ij ;k O;fäxr Lrj ij dksbZ fo'ks\"k çdkj dk fl)kUr ,oa O;ogkj jktuhfr ¼i‚fyfVDl½ dgykrh gSA vf/kd ladh.kZ :i ls dgsa rks 'kklu esa in çkIr djuk rFkk ljdkjh in dk mi;ksx djuk jktuhfr gSA jktuhfr esa cgqr ls jkLrs viuk, tkrs gSa] tSls& jktuhfrd fopkjksa dks vkxs c<+kuk] fof/k cukuk] fojksf/k;ksa ds fo#) ;q) vkfn 'kfä;ksa dk ç;ksx djukA jktuhfr cgqr ls Lrjksa ij gks ldrh gS& xko¡ dh ijEijkxr jktuhfr ls ysdj] LFkkuh; ljdkj] lEçHkqRoiw.kZ jkT; ;k vUrjkZ\"Vhª ; Lrj ijA jktuhfr dk bfrgkl vfr çkphu gS ftldk fooj.k fo'o ds lcls çkphu lukru /keZ xzUFkksa esa ns[kusa dks feyrk gS A jktuhfr fd 'kq:vkr jkek;.k dky ls Hkh vfr çkphu gSA egkHkkjr egkdkO; esa bldk lokZf/kd fooj.k ns[kus dks feyrk gSA pkgs og pØO;wg jpuk gks ;k pkSlj [ksy esa ik.Moksa dks gjkus fd jktuhfrA vjLrq dks jktuhfr dk tud dgk tkrk gSA vke rkSj ij ns[kk x;k gS fd yksx jktuhfr ds fo\"k; esa udkjkRed fopkj j[krs gSa] ;g nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gS] gesa le>us dh vko';drk gS fd jktuhfr fdlh Hkh lekt dk vfoHkkT; vax gSA egkRek xk¡/kh us ,d ckj fVIi.kh dh Fkh fd jktuhfr us gesa lkai dh dqaMyh dh rjg tdM+ j[kk gS vkoj blls tw>us ds flok; dksbZ vU; jkLrk ugha gSA jktuhfrd laxBu vkSj lkewfgd fu.kZ; ds fdlh <kaps ds fcuk dksbZ Hkh lekt thfor ugh jg ldrkA 3.2 voyksdu vkSj jktuhfr foKku dh ifjHkk\"kk jktuhfr foKku jkT;] jktuhfr vkSj ljdkj dk v/;;u djus okys lkekftd foKkuksa dh og 'kk[kk gSA jktuhfr foKku jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa ds fo'ys\"k.k] jktuhfr ds lS)kfUrd vkSj O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksxksa vkSj jktuhfrd O;ogkj dh ijh{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA ;wukuh fopkjd] vjLrw us jktuhfrd foKku dks jkT; ds v/;;u ds :i esa ifjHkkf\"kr fd;kA dbZ jktuhfrd oSKkfud [kqn dks jktuhfrd ?kVukvksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa ds chp lEcU/k cukus esa yxs gq, ns[krs gSa] vkSj bl le> ls os lkekU; fl)kUrksa dh ,d ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djus dh vk'kk djrs gSa tks jktuhfr dh nqfu;k esa dke djus ds rjhds dks ldkjkRed cukrh gSA jktuhfr foKku ,d LVSaMvyksu {ks= ugha gS vkSj ;g lekt'kkL=] vFkZ'kkL=] bfrgkl] u`foKku] vU; CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfrd foKku dk egRo ,oa vko’;drk 41 yksxksa ds chp lkoZtfud uhfr tSlh dbZ vU; 'kk[kkvksa dks çfrPNsn djrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj esa jktuhfr ds cnyrs ifj–'; ds dkj.k bu fnuksa ds ckn jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa dh cgqr ekax gS vkSj pwafd lekt ;g le>uk pkgrk gS fd jktuhfrd nqfu;k dSls dke djrh gS] mUgsa jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dh ckjhfd;ksa dks le>kus ds fy, fdlh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lekpkj i=kas vkSj Vsyhfotu pkSuyksa ds fdlh Hkh vkdfLed voyksdu ls irk pyrk gS fd jktuhfrd oSKkfud vius Kku vkSj fo'ks\"kKrk ds fy, cgl vkSj ppkZvksa esa lcls vkxs gSaA 3.3 jktuhfr foKku dk {ks= jktuhfr foKku dk nk;jk cgqr cM+k gS vkSj fo'ks\"kKksa us jktuhfr foKku ds {ks= dks ik¡p mi&fo\"k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS tks jktuhfrd fl)kUr] lkoZtfud ç'kklu] rqyukRed jktuhfr] varjkZ\"Vhª ; laca/k vkSj lkoZtfud dkuwu gSaA ;g /;ku nsus dh vko';drk gS fd ;s mi&fo\"k; vk/kqfud jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk ds laiw.kZ ljxe dks doj djrs gSa vkSj oSf'od jktuhfrd vFkZO;oLFkk dSls dke djrh gS] blds v/;;u vkSj le>us ds fy, vk/kkj çnku djrs gSAa vkoaVu vkSj forj.k ds lkFk&lkFk lÙkk gLrkarj.k ls lEcfU/kr ekeyksa dk v/;;u jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa ds eq[; iwokZxzgksa esa ls ,d gSA 'kklu ds <kaps dh lQyrk ;k vU;Fkk jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa }kjk ns[kh tkrh gS tks dke ij cgqi{kh; vkSj cgqi{kh; dkjdksa dh tkap djrs gSa tks vPNs ;k cqjs 'kklu esa ;ksxnku djrs gSaA nqfu;k Hkj esa yksdrkaf=d pqukoksa ds v/;;u ds nk;js dks 'kkfey djus ds fy, vc jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa ds nk;js dks O;kid cuk;k x;k gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] nqfu;k Hkj esa jktuhfrd ç.kkfy;ksa esa foLQksV ds lkFk] jktuhfrd oSKkfudksa vkSj muds v/;;u ds nk;js esa dkQh o`f) gqbZ gSA 3.4 jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh vko';drk ,oa egRo ;g ,d egRoiw.kZ ç'u gS fd jktuhfr ds v/;;u dh D;k vko';drk ,oa egRo gS\\ reke ,sls fopkjd gS ftUgksaus bls ßLokFkZ fujFkZd] fu\"Qy] vuko';d vkSj gkfuçnÞ crk;k gSA cQhZys ds 'kCnksa esa ßjktuhfrd rRo&fparu djus okys nk'kZfud mu O;fä;ksa ds leku gS tks igys rks iSjksa ls /kwy mM+krs gS vkSj ckn esa ;g dgrs gS fd mUgsa dqN ugh fn[kkbZ nsrkAÞ ystyh LVhQsu us fy[kk gS] ßos ns'k lkSHkkX;'kkyh gS ftuds ikl dksbZ jktuhfrd n'kZu ugh gS D;ksafd ,slk rRo&fparu çk;% fudV Hkfo\"; esa gksus okyh Økafr dk lwpd gksrk gSAÞ blhçdkj ,dckj fQj ,MeaM cdZ us dgka] ßtc yksxksa esa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

42 jktuhfr foKku & I jktuhfrd fl)kUr cukus dh ço`fÙk mRiUu gks rks ;g le> ysuk pkfg, fd jkT; dk lapkyu Bhd çdkj ls ugh gks jgk gSAÞ vkykspdksa dk ekuuk gS fd jktuhfr foKku ,d lS)kfUrd fo\"k; gS ftldk okLrfodrk ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gSA bldk lEcU/k dkuwuh dYiukvksa rFkk fujis{k /kkj.kkvksa ls gSA ;g fooknkLin ç'uksa dk lgh mÙkj ns ldus esa vleFkZ gSA ;g dgk tkrk gS fd jktuhfr fl)kUrksa dh foospu vkSj 'kkludk;Z dk lapkyu nks fHkUu&fHkUu dk;Z gSaA ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd vPNs 'kkld vPNs fopkjd ugha gksrs vkSj vPNs fopkjd vPNs 'kklu ugha gksrsA ijUrq ;g flDds dk ek= ,d igyw gSA vU; lkekftd foKkuksa dh Hkk¡fr jktuhfr foKku dh Hkh viuh fuf'pr mi;ksfxrk gSA vk'khokZne ds 'kCnksa esa] ß;g jktuhfrd ij 'kCnkoyh ds vFkZ dks lVhd vkSj fuf'pr crkrk gSA bfrgkl ds lkFk ,dhdj.k esa ek=k esa ;g lgk;d midj.k gks ldrk gSA orZeku jktuhfr rFkk vUrjkZ\"Vªh; lEcU/kkas dks le>us ds fy, jktuhfrd fopkjksa dk Kku] vewY; lgk;rk çnku djrk gSA ;fn ekuoh; dkS'ky ls ljdkj dk fuekZ.k vkSj lq/kkj gks ldrk gS rks jktuhfrd fl)kUr ds v/;;u ls c<+dj dksbZ vU; v/;;u ewY;oku ugha gks ldrkAÞ jktuhfr foKku ewyr% laxfBr ekuo lekt vkSj blesa euq\"; dh Hkwfedk ds v/;;u foKku ls lEcfU/kr gSA pwafd laxfBr ekuo lekt dh LFkkiuk ds fy, ,d O;oLFkk fuekZ.kdkjh dk gksuk vko';d gS vr%,o blds vUrxZr jkT; vkSj ljdkj dk v/;;u Lor% lekfgr gks tkrk gSA blds vfrfjä blesa reke jktuhfrd laLFkkvksa lafo/kku] 'kklu ds çdkjksa vkfn dk v/;;u Lor% lekfgr gks tkrk gSA gky ds o\"kksaZ esa O;ogkjoknh ØkfUr ds pyrs bleas jktuhfrd xfrfof/k;ksa rFkk jktuhfrd çfØ;k dk v/;;u Hkh lfEefyr gks x;k gSA bu lcds v/;;u dk mís'; euq\"; dks lH; vkSj lqlaL—r cukuk gSA çfl) ;wukuh fpUrd vjLrw dk ekuuk gS fd jkT; gh euq\"; dks ln~x.q kh cuk ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa euq\"; ds fy, jktuhfr foKku dk v/;;u vifjgk;Z gS vkSj bl :i esa bldh mi;ksfxrk Lo;a fl) gSA jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh vko';drk vkSj egRo dh foospuk fuEukafdr 'kh\"kZdksa ds vUrxZr dh tk ldrh gS% 1. jkT; ds fodkl vkSj mi;ksfxrk dh Kku (Knowledge of development and utility of State)& jkT; vkSj ljdkj gekjs lkekftd thou dh vfr egRoi.w kZ laLFkk,¡ gSaA budk gekjs thou ij xgjk çHkko gSA gekjs vf/kdka'k dk;Z jktdh; fu;eksa }kjk fu;fU=r gksrs gSa CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

jktuhfrd foKku dk egRo ,oa vko’;drk 43 jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u ls O;fä jkT; vkSj ljdkj ds Hkwr vkSj orZeku Lo:i ls ifjfpr gksrk gSA vius blh Kku ds ifjçs{; esa og ljdkj ds dk;ksaZ esa u dsoy lgHkkxh cu ldrk gS oju~ ljdkj ds dk;ksaZ dk csgrj ewY;kadu Hkh dj ldrk gSA mPprj jktuhfrd ftudk psruk jkT; ds csgrj lapkyu esa ennxkj gksrh gSA 2. lkekU; jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kkvksa ls ifjp; (Acuaintance the political concepts)& jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u ls O;fä reke ,slh jktuhfrd vo/kkj.kkvksa ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks tkrk gS ftudk uke rks og nSfud thou esa lqurh gSA ijUrq mUgsa Hkyh&Hkkf¡ r le>rk ugha tSls& yksdrU= lEçHkqrk] ,drk vkSj vU; vkSj fgr legw ] tuer vkfnA bldk ,d cM+k ykHk ;g Hkh gS fd O;fä tks'khys usrkvksa ds gkFkksa csodwQ ugha curkA jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u ls ,d tkx:d bUlku dk tUe gksrk gS tks yksdrU= ;k fdlh Hkh 'kklu dh lQyrk dh igyh 'krZ gSA 3. vkn'kZ ukxfjd dk fuekZ.k (Creating the ideal citizen)& jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh lcls egRoiw.kZ vko';drk ,d vkn'kZ ukxfjd ds fuekZ.k dhA ukxfjd dh f'k{kk jktuhfr] dkuwu] ukxfjd lsok vkfn dh vfuok;Z tkudkjh dk vkxzg djrh gSA çR;sd O;fä dks vius vf/kdkjksa vkSj drZO;ksa dks tkuuk pkfg,A mls ljdkj ds Lo:i dk;Zç.kkyh rFkk mís';ksa ds ckjs esa Hkh tkudkjh j[kuh pkfg,A ;g tkudkjh mls jktuhfr foKku ls feyrh gSA 4. lg;ksx vkSj lek;kstu dh f'k{kk (Education of co-operation and adjustment)& jktuhfr foKku lg;ksx] lek;kstu vkSj lkeatL; dh f'k{kk nsrk gSA jktuhfr dks 'kfä ds fy, la?k\"kZ ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq la?k\"kZ ds bl okrkoj.k esa ;sudsu çdkjs.k lkeatL; dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh tkrh gSA jktuhfr foKku dk v/;;u O;fä dks ,d nwljs –f\"Vdks.k le>kus vkSj rnuqdwy fu.kZ; ysus dh csgrj {kerk çnku djrk gSA ;FkkFkZ es]a jktuhfr foKku la?k\"kZ ds lkFk&lkFk lkeatL; vkSj lfg\".kqrk dk Hkh v/;;u djrk gSA 5. jktuhfrd psruk ds fodkl esa lgk;d (Helpful in the growth Political Consciousness)& jktuhfr foKku ds v/;;u dh lcls cM+h mi;ksfxrk ;g gS ;g euq\"; dks jktuhfrd –f\"V ls pkSrU; cukrk gSA O;fä ,d jktuhfrd çk.kh gS] vFkkZr O;fä dh dqN vko';drk,a ,slh gSa ftudh iwfrZ flQZ jkT; }kjk gh dh tk ldrh gSA ijUrq blh ls lekukUrj O;fä esa ;g ,glkl gksuk Hkh vko';d gS fd jktuhfrd O;oLFkk ds çfr mlds CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)