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BSC.TTM 2 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL MANAGING TRANSPORT OPERATIONS Course Code: Bsc.TTM Semester: First SLM Units : 1 E-LESSON : 1 www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

Introduction of Travel and transport 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION Student will be able to : In this unit we are going to learn about travel history To Understand the history of travel To study about the various means of transport. Under this unit you will analyze and understand the various modes of transport such as Air, Land, and Water transport. To Analyze the Evolution of Tourism Transport System. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

TOPICS TO BE COVERED 4 > Introduction of Tourism and Transport > Travel History > Evolution of Transport > Various Modes of Transport  Land Transport  Water Transport  Air Transport www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Introduction of Tourism and Transport 5  Transport industry has acquired a fundamental place in the global network system by facilitating mobility of persons and goods from one place to another through various modes of transportation.  The development of tourism depends on the transport industry. a tourist always thinks of safe, comfortable and convenient mode of transport. And of course, cost and time are also important considerations while deciding on the mode of travel.  Here lies the challenge before the transport industry to attract the tourist by offering suitable means of travel as per their requirements. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Tourism and Transport 6 Tourism represents one of the largest industries. The force behind this complex activity encompassing a wide range of relationship in tourism is a phenomenon of modern times. To know tourism systematically it is necessary to know the various components. Three of these components are considered to be basic: 1. Transport/Accessibility 2. Attraction 3. Accommodation www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

History of Travel 7 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL  Since the 1970s where tourism became increasingly affordable for developed economies, the number of international tourists has more than doubled.  The expansion of international tourism has a large impact on the discipline of transport geography. As of 2010, 877 million international tourist receipts were accounted for, representing more than 10% of the global population. Tourism dominantly takes place in Europe and North America.  Travelling has always been an important feature of society.  First the explorers travelled the world to learn more about geographical regions, potential markets and to exploit resources.  As time moved on an as transportation became more reliable, travelling became a mundane activity taking place in an organized environment; tourism.  In the modern world, travelling is more centred around the annual holidays and can be fairly well predicted. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

History of Travel 8  Tourism, as an economic activity, is characterized by a high level of elasticity.  As transport costs are significant for international transportation, demand is strongly influenced by cost fluctuations. Therefore, transport is the key element in the tourism industry.  The demand in international and even national transport infrastructures implies a very large number of people who wants to move in an efficient, fast and inexpensive manner.  It requires heavy investments and complex organization.  Well organized terminals and intelligently planned schedules are essential in promoting effective transportation facilities for tourists, notably since the industry is growing at a fast rate. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

History of Travel  Human mind has an innate bent towards travel, Since the earliest 9 stage of human evolution man has had the desire to travel spurred by All right are reserved with CU-IDOL “the need of survival”.  People lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants.  People travelled by foot and carried their infants and belongings strapped to their heads and backs.  Load too heavy for one person was strapped on a pole and carried by two people.  Soon people learnt the value of dragging things on poles and sledges made of poles and raw hide. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

History of Travel 10 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL . By 10,000 BC., people had lived as tribes and migrated from one place for the proverbial “greener pasture” where they developed settlement.  Middle-Eastern tribes developed agriculture.  They also domesticated many wild animals of which horse ,donkey ,ox , cow and dog turned out to be the most useful for farm work.  Trading was developed which created the need for better transportation.  By developing harnesses the domesticated animals were also used to pull sledges for trade. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

History of Travel 11  While trade was a good reason to travel, so was military movement. Military travel was made possible by horse which was truly developed as a sturdy animal for travel over long distances.  By 5000 BC., people began to develop water transportation. They built canoes, dugouts and rafts and propelled them by paddle or poles used in rivers, streams and Lakes .  The development of the wheel around 3000 B.C,.  In Mesopotamia gave a major push to the humankind when they developed carts pulled by oxen and other mobile transport to carry people and goods.  Wheeled vehicles reached other civilizations later – to India by 2500 B.C., to Europe by 1400 B.C,. And to China about 1300 B.C,.  The first spoke- wheels where developed mainly for chariots of war, pulled by horses around 2000 B.C. and 1500 B.C www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

History of Travel 12  By 1000 B.C,. The Chinese had constructed roadways between cities and the Persians had done the same around 500 B.C,. These “paved the way” for greater wheeled travel.  Early communities saw wagons, carriages and chariots as mode of transportation for regular war and trade.  Alexander the Great in 300 B.C., propagated trade in his conquered territories from Persia to Egypt from Macedonia to India.  Roman had paved roads of 80,000 kilometres made of stone and gravel. These roads helped in military travel and administrative chores in all their provinces Europe saw paved roads only after 1700 A.D.  The Egyptians developed sailboats around 3200 B.C,. Leading to trade between civilizations. By 3000 B.C,.The Egyptians developed sturdier sailing vessels for conquest and exploration ,The Phoenicians in 1000 B.C,. Were the first to have merchant fleets trading with Spain.  By 400 B.C,. The Greeks became a major power in the Mediterranean, and expanded the trade started by Phoenicians. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Pre-recorded history Milestones in Travel 13 Travel begins to occur out of a sense of adventure and curiosity. Egyptians travel to centralized government locations. 4850BC –715 BC 1760 BC–1027 BC Shang Dynasty establishes trade routes to distant locations throughout the Far 1100 BC.–800 BC East. 900 BC–200 BC Phoenicians develop large sailing fleets for trade and travel throughout their empire. Greeks develop common language and currency, and traveler services emerge as city states becomes destinations. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Milestones in Travel 14 Romans improve roads, the legal system, and 500 BC.–AD 300 inns to further travel for commerce- adventure, and pleasure. Mayans establish trade and travel routes in parts of 300AD– 900AD Central and North America. European travel on failed religious crusades to retake the Holy Lands from Muslim control - 1096AD– 1295 AD introduces these military forces to new places and cultures. Marco Polo’s travels throughout the Far East begin to 1275AD–1295AD heighten interest in travel and trade. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Milestones in Travel 15 Trade routes develop as commercial activities 14th–16th centuries grow and merchants venture into new territories. 1613–1785 Grand Tour Era makes travel a status symbol for wealthy individuals seeking to experience – cultures of the civilized world. 18th–19th centuries Industrial Revolution gives rise to technological advances, making travel and trade more - efficient and expanding markets; increasing personal incomes make travel both a business necessity and a leisure activity. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Milestones in Travel 16 1841 Thomas Cook organizes first group tour in England. 1903 Wright Brothers usher in era of flight with the first 1913 successful aircraft flight. 1914 1919 Westinghouse Corporation institutes paid vacations for its workers. Henry Ford begins mass production of the Model T. First scheduled airline passenger flight debuts between London and Paris. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

1945 Milestones in Travel 1950 World War II ends and ushers in new era of prosperity, giving rise to millions of people 1 7 1952 with - the time, money, and interest to travel for pleasure and business. 1958 Diners Club introduces the first credit card. 1978 Jet passenger service is inaugurated between London and Johannesburg, South Africa. Boeing 707 introduced Competition on routes and fares begins with signing of Airline Deregulation Act. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Evolution of Transport Travel and Tourism involves the movement of people from their places of residence to a tourist place. The 1 8 destinations which can be reached by efficient transport systems are the ones which receive the maximum number of tourists. Transport is the necessary pre - condition of travel.  In the Early period, humans walked to cover the long distances, braving a lot hardship.  The domestication of animals assisted them to transport heavier loads  The invention of wheels and the cart increased the efficiency of animals in terms of carrying loads and reduced the duration time. These modes of transport led to the discovery of sites of ancient civilization.  Initially, a canoe-like structure was used for water transportation, which was built by burning logs and digging out the burned wood by rowing and wind. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Evolution of Transport 19  The Phoenicians built rafts, then fishing boats, then great ships with sails and oars. They traded beautiful fabrics and glass for gold, silver and other raw materials 5, and became the greatest traders of the ancient world.  The Egyptians made wheels with wooden 'tires,' tied to the wheels with strips of animal skin.  The Romans used single wheels for wheelbarrows, heavy wheels with studded tires for farm wagons, and light wheels for racing.  Water transportation continued to be the primary mode of transportation for passengers and goods for long distance.  However, in the 19th century that mechanised transportation was invented beginning with the introduction of railways, motorcar, and thereafter airplanes. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Modes of Transportation 20 1. Air Transport 2. Land Transport 3. Water Transport www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Air Transport 21 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL 1. The Montgolfier brothers launched their first hot air balloon in 1973. 2. In year 1852, The first airship, fitted with a steam engine was flown by Henri Gifford from Paris. 3. The Wright Brothers made the first engine powered flight in 'The Flyer' in 1903. It flew for 12 seconds and travelled 37 meters. 4. Aviation industry came up in early 1900s when airplane designers in several countries succeeded in achieving flights. (IATA, 2013). 5. On December 17, 1903, Orville and Wilbur Wright surpassed their four years of research and design efforts to build up the first powered flight which is heavier than an air machine flew 120-foot (37 meters) high for 12seconds in duration at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

FIRST AIRLINE – DELAG (1909) 22 The world’s first Airline was DELAG, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts - Aktiengesellchaft which is also called German Airship Transportation Corporation Ltd. This airline was founded on November 16, 1909 with the assistance of government, and operated airships manufactured by The Zeppelin Corporation in Frankfurt. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

23 FIRST COMMERCIAL FLIGHT (1914): On the morning of January 1st in 1914 the first fixed wing scheduled air service Commercial flight flew across the bay from St. Petersburg, Florida to Tampa, Florida which took 23 minutes to cover 18 miles (29 kilometers). www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Air Transport 24  Considering time as the most crucial factor, air transport will definitely be the most effective mode of transport in transporting people and items from one place to another  There are two main air transportation usages, passengers and freight  Most commercial airlines service passengers who wish to travel from one location to another  The other usage of air transportation is freight airlines that specialize in transporting goods, mail, cargo and other tangible items  With air transportation, users usually have to bear more cost when compared to other modes of transportation  Apart from costs, the size of items to be transported is also limited those that can fit inside a plane  For commercial aircraft, plenty of time is typically spent before, during and after flights www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Land Transport 25  Land transportation can be divided into two modes 1) Rail Transport 2) Road Transport www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

1) Rail Transport 26  Rail transport can transport both people (passengers) and goods (freight). Passenger trains are used to transport people inter-city and intra-city transit  Inter-city service typically entails higher speeds with longer distance between cities  Intra-city transit entails lower speed, shorter routes and more stops along the way  Regardless of whether rail travel is between cities or within a single city, it can save significant travelling time and lessen pollution  The other type of rail transportation is freight trains used to transports cargos and goods  Freight trains offer an efficient way to move goods due to its lower price and loading capacity  A major drawback with freight trains is that the network does not always allow for door-to-door delivery www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

2) Road Transport 27  Road transportation utilizes networks of highways and roads to transport people and goods from point A to point B  With modern highways that connect every city and important location within a country, transportation of people and goods is fast and more convenient as it can provide door-to-door delivery  Unlike rail transportation, road transportation does not require stations, ports or terminals to be able to operate making road transportation very flexible  However, road transportation is less efficient than the railway when load capacity or distance to cost is compared www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) 2A7ll right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Water Transport 28  The slowest method, yet one of the most popular, especially for 2A8ll right are reserved with CU-IDOL cross-continental transportation, is by water and is probably the most suitable for moving goods over long distance  However, it may not be the most popular method to transport people except for recreational purposes  Modern freight ships can be categorized according to their purpose;  Bulk carriers – transport bulk cargo items  Container ships – carry and transport truck-sized containers  Tankers – transport goods in liquid form www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102)

Water Transport 29 Reefer’ ships have a temperature-controlled compartment for perishable commodities. RORO ships, roll-on/roll-off ships, are specifically designed to carry cargo with wheels such as automobiles.With so many varieties of ship, logistic management companies need to select the most appropriate one for the products to be transported. Not only ships, but also route or shipping lanes have been developed to maximize efficiency and economy of scale that can drive the cost per unit down and has made transport the bridge between other modes of transport in multi-modal transportation. One important disadvantage is that it depends on ports to have access to a certain location. Another limitation lies in operating speed www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Q1. In the 1930, MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONES 30 (a) Italy became pioneer in the development of motorways. (c) India (b) Germany (d) USA Q2. introduces the Jet-ski and Kawasaki begins production of the vehicle for public sale. (a) Henry Ford (b) Wright Brothers (c) Clayton Jacobsen (d) Columbus Q3. First Boeing 747 commercial flight started in _. (a) 1960 (b) 1970 (c) 1890 (d) 1975 Q4. The first oil tanker in the world built by the – (a) Nobel Brothers (b) Henry Ford (c) Columbus (d) Wright Brothers Answer : Q1. (b),Q2. (c), Q3. (b), Q4. (a) www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTION 31 Q1. Explain ‘Evolution of tourist transportation system.’ Ans : Travel and Tourism involves the movement of people from their places of residence to a tourist place. The destinations which can be reached by efficient transport systems are the ones which receive the maximum number of tourists. Transport is the necessary pre - condition of travel. For further detail Please refer to SLM. Q2. Write detail note on Air and Road transport. Ans : The Montgolfier brothers launched their first hot air balloon in 1973.In year 1852, The first airship, fitted with a steam engine was flown by Henri Gifford from Paris. For further detail Please refer to SLM. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 32  Tourism & Travel : Tourism represents one of the largest industries. The force behind this complex activity encompassing a wide range of relationship in tourism is a phenomenon of modern times. To know tourism systematically it is necessary to know the various components.  History of Travel : As time moved on an as transportation became more reliable, travelling became a mundane activity taking place in an organized environment; tourism.  Milstones in Travel : From Pre-recorded history till 1978 in detail  Evolution of Transport : Travel and Tourism involves the movement of people from their places of residence to a tourist place. The destinations which can be reached by efficient transport systems are the ones which receive the maximum number of tourists. Transport is the necessary pre - condition of travel.  Modes of Transport : Land , Air ,Water transport. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

REFRENCES 33 Tourism: Operations and Management, 2009- S. Roday, Archana Biwal, Vandana Joshi- Oxford Publication Tourism: Principles and Practices, Oxford publication, Sampada Swain, Jitendra Mishra. Air Transportation - A Management Perspective,1984 -John G. Wensveen - 8th edition. Road Transportation, SM Trivedi - 2010 Benson, D. and Whitehead G. 1985, Transport and distribution, Longman, Harlow Page S. J, 1994, Transport and Tourism, 3rd edition, Routledge, London. International Tourism Management, A. K. Bhatiya, 2001, sterling publishers Pvt. Ltd. Introduction to Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Andrew S., 2007, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Tourism and Travel Management, Ghosh B, 2007, Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd. The Traveling Public and Tourism Promoters, Mark Twain. www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

34 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1 (BTT 102) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL