MAP603-eL6

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning ENHANCE YOUR QUALIFICATION ADVANCE YOUR CAREER.

IDOL 2 Institute of Distance and Online Learning SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY M.A SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP603 Semester: First e-Lesson: 7  SLM Unit: 7-8 https://images.app.goo.gl/9ii34LvmeuFanJZGA www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 33 OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION  1.Emphasize acquisition of knowledge beyond mere The unit covers the concept of memorization of facts.  interpersonal attraction , theories and factors that affects the individuals choice.  2. Understanding of and ability to use certain fundamental concepts and principles involved in human behavior. The unit regarding Attitude underlines 3. It will also provide an awareness of the major  the nature of attitude and the components  problems and issues in the discipline of social that affect the attitude of an individual. psychology. Further the unit also covers the detailed description of the hoe associative 4. Enable students to understand the forces that  learning, self perception and mere  create group differences in patterns of social behavior, exposure effect results in formation of understand and tolerate the. attitude www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQQ110011)) INASlTlITrUigThEt OarFeDrIeSsTAerNvCeEdAwNitDhOCNUL-INDEOLLEARNING

IDOL TOPICS TO BE COVERED Institute of Distance and Online Learning 4 > Interpersonal attraction SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY • concept •Determinants > Attitude: • Concept •Components of attitude • Formation of attitude https://images.app.goo.gl/ibaW7YhjJ7LmSLJV6 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 5 •Interpersonal attraction is a positive attitude held by one person for another person. •Over time, however, the development of their relationship involved increasing interdependence and increasing intimacy. •Attraction is necessary for friendships to form and is a precursor to an intimate relationship. https://images.app.goo.gl/cqEHtNy8X4Pwq8Xb8 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL THEORIES OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 6 I. SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY Ø This theory is Based on an economic model of profits and losses introduced by George Homans who claims that we develop relationship with people that help us to maximize our rewards. Ø Social exchange theory belongs to theories from the family of behaviourism as the theory revolves around the concept of reinforcement. ØPeople’s feelings about their relationships depends on : I. rewards they receive from the relationship (e.g., praise) and II. the costs they incur / invested (e.g., time, money, etc). Ø When the costs is more than rewards, people move out of the relationships. When rewards equal or surpass the comparison level, you feel satisfied with the relationship. ØPeople have a comparison level for alternatives that they compare their profits from current relationships with the ones they think they can get from alternative relationships. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL THEORIES OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 7 ØResources exchange includes goods, information, love, money, service and status. ØBecause resources are traded with a partner, we try to use a minimax strategy – minimise costs and maximise rewards. ØComparison level plays a very important role in social exchange theory which Is a standard against which all of one’s relationships are judged. People make comparison with the past experiences. •Result in present state is positive, then it is satisfying •Result in present state is negative, then it is dissatisfying https://images.app.goo.gl/MSYb6KjCkXcdAwcg7 www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL THEORIES OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 8 II. EQUITY THEORY: ØThis theory asserts that you develop and maintain relationships where your measure of rewards to costs is approximately equal to your partner’s. ØPeople are happiest with relationships where the rewards and costs and contributions made in the relation are equal to that of the other person. Equity theory was developed in the context of workplace motivation and popularized in social psychology by J. Stacey Adams (1965). It covers two main situations: 1. a mutual exchange of resources (as in marriage); 2. an exchange where limited resources must be distributed (such as a judge awarding compensation for injury). www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL THEORIES OF INTERPERSONAL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 9 ØWhen they feel their relationships are not fair, people try to balance the relationship to be fair. Inequity leads to dissatisfaction. Ø Equitable Relationship Output of A = Input of A Output of B Input of B ØWhen a relationship is equitable, the participants’ outcomes (rewards minus costs) are proportional to their inputs or contributions to the relationship. The underlying concept is distributive justice (Homans, 1961). ØThe more inequitably people are treated, the more distress they will feel. When we experience continuing inequity, the relationship is likely to end (Adams, 1965) www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL DETERMINANTS OF INTERPERSONAL 10 ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning ØProximity: The variables that cause initial attraction between two people. One such variable is physical proximity, or the propinquity effect: People who you come into contact with the most are the most likely to become your friends and lovers. ØFamiliarity: Frequent Exposure to a stimulus increases liking for it. Propinquity increases familiarity, which leads to liking. But more than that is needed to fuel a growing friendship or a romantic relationship. Ø Similarity: Powerful predictor of attraction and liking are attitudes, values demographic traits, physical appearance and genes. Similarity is more associated with attraction as people are unconsciously attracted to people, places and objects that reminds them of themselves. One reason is the desire for consistency between our attitudes and perceptions. Ø Reciprocal Liking in general: we like others who behave as if they like us. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL DETERMINANTS OF INTERPERSOANL ATTRACTION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 11 ØPhysical Attractiveness: •Attractiveness plays a very important role in liking. Individuals from diverse societies see facial attractiveness important for liking. The “what is beautiful is good” stereotype is an example of a halo effect, the tendency to believe that an individual who possesses on positive characteristic also possesses other, unrelated positive traits. •Specifically, people assume that physical attractiveness is associated with a variety of other desirable traits, sometimes leading to self-fulfilling prophecies. • Evolution and Mate Selection Evolutionary Psychology explains love in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection. According to this perspective, which is not without its critics, men and women are attracted to different characteristics because this maximizes their reproductive success. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ATTITUDE Institute of Distance and Online Learning 12 • Attitude is the likelihood of an individual to respond either favorably or unfavorably to a particular object or event. It refers to people’s appraisal of different aspect of the social setting. The attitude of an individual is depended on perception of the world. • An attitude is \"a relatively enduring organization of beliefs, feelings, and behavioral tendencies towards socially significant objects, groups, events or symbols\" (Hogg & Vaughan 2005, p. 150) • Explicit attitudes: Consciously accessible attitudes that are controllable and easy to report. • Implicit attitudes: Unconscious associations https://images.app.goo.gl/9HDMkzBaV4njvbtc7 between objects and evaluative responses. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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IDOL FUNCTIONS OF ATTITUDE Institute of Distance and Online Learning 15 1. The heuristic or instrumental function: The attitude is dependent on the reward and punishment attached to the object. Favorable attitude is developed towards the objects with rewarding attributes and unfavorable attitude which thwarts and punishes us. The appraising objects becomes easy and efficient once an attitude is developed. 2. A schematic or knowledge function: The complexity of the world can be simplified by grouping of people, objects and events and by developing simple attitudes that let us treat individuals as members of a type. Our mindset about that category give us the meaning—with a basis for making inferences about its members. 3. Self worth can be maintained by defining attitude: At times attitudes reinforces the self image of the individual by defining its basic values whereas, specific attitudes which protects the individual from thoughts or feelings may threaten his or her self-image or adjustment. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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IDOL ATTITUDE FORMATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 17 I. MERE EXPOSURE EFFECT: • In 1968, Robert Zajonc , a social psychologist asserts that “mere repeated exposure of an individual is sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude towards it.” • It means the repeated exposure of an individual to a particular stimuli results in the tendency of the individual to like it more. • If you dislike something initially, being exposed to it often will not result in liking it. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ATTITUDE FORMATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 18 II. ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING: A. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: • In this learning, through repeated pairing of two stimulus i.e. neural stimulus and unconditional stimulus evokes a conditioned response. •In a research (Staats & Staats, 1958), The word Dutch was consistently paired with positive words (e.g., vacation, gift) The word Swedish was attached with negative words (e.g., bitter, failure). When tested Participants responded Dutch more favorably than Swedish. •The pairing was reversed for a second group of participants they rated Swedish more positively than Dutch. B. OPERANT CONDITIONING: •A kind of learning where probability of rewarded behaviors being repeated is more than the behaviors that are punished. •For example, if teacher rewards a child for performing well in exams, then the child may develop a more favorable attitude towards studying. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL ATTITUDE FORMATION Institute of Distance and Online Learning 19 IV. SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY: • Bem’s idea that we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self-attributions: for example, we infer our own attitudes from our own behavior. •He argued that: (1) we make attributions for our own behavior in the same way as we make attributions for others’ behavior; (2) it is through internal attribution of our own behavior that we gain knowledge about ourselves, our self-concept and identity www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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IDOL PRACTICE QUESTIONS Institute of Distance and Online Learning 21 1. The idea that we form attitudes based on the observations of our own behavior is known as: a. cognitive dissonance b. attribution theory c. self-perception theory d. operant conditioning 2. The tendency to develop more positive feelings towards an object when we are exposed to it more, is known as: a. the mere exposure effect b. familiarity breeding contempt c. mere-liking d. an attitude 3. Attraction is predicted by: b. similarity of attitudes a. similarity to the self d. all of the above c. Complementarily 4. The three-component model of attitude formation includes: a. Cognitions, beliefs, thoughts b. Positive, negative, indifferent c. Beliefs, truths and errors d. Cognitions, emotions and behaviours www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL SUMMARY Institute of Distance and Online Learning 22 • Interpersonal attraction refers to as any kind of positive feeling which could be linking, love, friendship and admiration towards the other person. •According to social exchange theory, the lasting relationships are evaluated on the basis of rewards received and the cost incurred over the period of time. •According to Equity theory, people try to maintain and develop the relationships where rewards and costs are equal to that of their partners. •There are many factors that shapes whom a person will get attracted to. It includes proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness, reciprocity. •Attitude is set of mental and behavioural the characteristics of an individual. The attitude of a person can be seen through overt responses, behavioural reports and physiological responses. •The attitude formation is supported with the help of mere exposure effect theories, associative theories and self perception theories. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Institute of Distance and Online Learning 23 1. Comment on yours understanding of interpersonal attraction. What are the determinants that influences interpersonal attraction. Interpersonal attraction refers to as any kind of positive feeling which could be linking, love, friendship and admiration towards the other person. There are many factors that shapes whom a person will get attracted to. It includes proximity, similarity, physical attractiveness, reciprocity. For further detail refer to SLM. 2. Write a detailed note social exchange theory and how it is related to interpersonal attraction with the help of studies? According to social exchange theory, the lasting relationships are evaluated on the basis of rewards received and the cost incurred over the period of time. For further detail refer to SLM. 3. Write a brief note on attitude and choose any one theory to explain formation of attitude. The attitude formation is supported with the help of mere exposure effect theories, associative theories and self perception theories. Choose any one theory to support your answer. For further details refer to SLM www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL REFERENCES Institute of Distance and Online Learning 24 •Adams, J. (1965). Inequity in social exchange. In L. Berkowitz (ed), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 267–299). New York: Academic Press. •Gilovich, T., Keltner, D.,Chen, S.& Nisbett, R.E. (2016) Social Psychology. 4th edition. New York: W.W. Norton& company. • Baumeister, R.F. & Bushman, B.J. (2011) Social Psychology and Human Nature. 2nd edition. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning. • Delamater, J.D. & Myers, D.J. (2011). Social Psychology. 7th edition. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. • Hogg, M., & Vaughan, G. (2005). Social Psychology (4th edition). London: Prentice-Hall. •Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World. www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

IDOL Institute of Distance and Online Learning 25 THANK YOU For queries Email: [email protected] www.cuidol.in Unit-1(BAQ 101) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL