CU -SEM-VI - E- TOURISM

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (TTM) SEMESTER-VI E-TOURISM

First Published in 2022 All rights reserved. No Part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from Chandigarh University. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this book may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. This book is meant for educational and learning purpose. The authors of the book has/have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the contents of the book do not violate any existing copyright or other intellectual property rights of any person in any manner whatsoever. In the event the Authors has/ have been unable to track any source and if any copyright has been inadvertently infringed, please notify the publisher in writing for corrective action. 2 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

CONTET UNIT - 1 Evolution Of Travel Technology............................................................................ 4 UNIT – 2 Electronic Technology In Tourism-I.................................................................... 30 UNIT – 3melectronic Technology In Tourism-II ................................................................. 49 UNIT – 4 Role Of ICT In Tourism-I ................................................................................... 62 UNIT - 5 Role Of ICT In Tourism-Ii ................................................................................... 79 UNIT - 6 Typologies Of E-Tourism-I.................................................................................. 98 UNIT – 7 Typologies Of E-Tourism-Ii .............................................................................. 121 UNIT – 8 Payment Gateway ............................................................................................. 138 UNIT – 9 Future Of E-Tourism-I ...................................................................................... 151 UNIT – 10 Future Of E-Tourism-II ................................................................................... 170 UNIT – 11 Understanding API-I ....................................................................................... 187 UNIT – 12 Understanding API-II ...................................................................................... 196 UNIT – 13 API Functions ................................................................................................ 212 UNIT - 14 Case Studies..................................................................................................... 224 3 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT - 1 EVOLUTION OF TRAVEL TECHNOLOGY STRUCTURE 1.0 Learning Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Meaning of travel technology 1.3 Historical Development in travel technologies 1.4 Summary 1.5 Keywords 1.6 Learning Activity 1.7 Unit End Questions 1.8 References 1.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe meaning of travel technology  Identify scope and significance of technology  State the need and importance travelling 1.1 INTRODUCTION It is said that necessity is the mother of all invention - and we need look no further than the travel industry to see this proverb in practice. Since the beginning of recorded history, the travel and hospitality industries have faced challenges. Yet many of these challenges still exist even today. Travel technology has changed over the years driven primarily by the stakeholders most affected by the use of the technology. I believe we have seen four distinct stages dating from the 1400s to the present day. These stages are: 4 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Supply creation Supply management Sales and distribution Advanced discovery Before we can look at what the future holds for travel technology, we have to look to its past to determine its path forward. Supply creation The very first recorded incident of overbooking and the subsequent denial of service to a guest can be attributed to the case of the pregnant woman and her husband who, after a long journey, were forced to look for alternative accommodation because the inn at which they wished to stay was already full. The wife gave birth to their child in the stable next door, and well, you know the rest. But how different that story could have been, if they had booked their accommodations in advance or used a last minute booking application like Hotel Tonight? Think of the long term marketing opportunity that Innkeeper missed out on. Instead, the innkeeper is vilified. It isn’t until the 1400s that we see a formalization of the hospitality industry when England and France (not at the same time) passed legislation that required hotels and inns to keep guest registries. Essentially, this was the first instance of customer relationship management in the hospitality space. During that time, over 600 inns were registered in England, primarily located along arterial coach routes and highways. Interestingly, this formalization and centralized registry of Inns and hotels also made it possible to create the first printed guidebooks for travellers. The industrial revolution, starting in approximately 1760, resulted in the expansion of rail infrastructure across Europe and North America. This was the beginning of the era of mass transportation and as a result, there was a boom in the development of high capacity hotels centred around city cores. At the same time, however, there was a gradual decline in highway coach houses and inns as people shifted away from slower horse drawn coaches and opted for the faster, and in most cases, much safer rail transportation. In 1841 Thomas Cook, a Baptist preacher, struck a deal with the Midland Railway to organize the transportation of 540 members of his temperance society. 5 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The railway would offer a train ticket and lunch for the cost of 1 shilling or a current day equivalent value of approximately $70. For selling these packaged tickets, Cook received a commission from the railway. Cook effectively became the first recorded travel agent and created the first publicly available packaged excursion. Cook's success would go to define two important segments of the travel industry; travel agencies (and tour operators) as well as the packaged holiday segment. In 1845, Cook arranged travel for 165,000 people without the aid of any technology. Consider for a moment, that the ball point pen had not been invented yet, the telegraph was not yet commercially available in the UK until 1846 and the telephone would not be patented for another thirty years. Cook managed all that customer and booking data with nothing but a fountain pen and a paper ledger. The thought of managing that much information without the use of technology seems ludicrous, and yet, it was done. But even given the pain that Cook must have felt managing that many customers in 1841, the pain didn’t fully materialize until the rapid growth of the airlines which began in the 1920s. Many of the brands we are familiar with today such as the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Service, also known as Qantas, Delta, American Airways (today’s American Airlines) An era of commercial aviation had begun But airplanes were not the only form of transportation that was becoming popular. Cars were now being mass produced and, along with the newly available vehicles, schemes to monetize them also developed. Joe Saunders, an entrepreneur from Omaha, started an \"Automobile for Hire\" business that is recognized as being the first recorded car rental company. Later that decade John Hertz would purchase one of Saunders’ competitors and form the Hertz Drive-Ur-Self System, which he eventually sold to General Motors. Air transportation in the 1930s experienced rapid growth as new routes opened up as a result of government investment in airports and infrastructure. With the arrival of World War II, many of the airlines benefited from government contracts to transport troops and goods all over the World. Coincidentally, the increase in air transportation opened up opportunities for companies to combine two modes of transportation together. In 1946 Avis Rent a Car started business as the first airport rental car service. 6 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Supply management During this period of rapid growth, the airlines, without the advantage of computerization were forced to systematize their airline operations. The systems they developed included many of the trip components that are still in use today. But systemization could only do so much in terms of streamlining inventory and passenger management challenges. In the early 1950s airlines began to look seriously at tools for automating the booking process which, at the time, would take airline agents upwards of 90 minutes per customer booking to complete The jet age was rapidly approaching and with it, the prospect of having to process millions of new passengers by hand. In 1952, American Airlines installed the Magnetronic Reservisor, an electromechanical system of vacuum tubes and a magnetic storage drum that allowed the airline to store seat availability on a centralized platform Although the reservisor helped to reduce the time required to check availability and could store 31 days of availability for over 2,000 flights, it was still a largely manual process to book seats and required a reservisor agent to query the system. Around the same time, TCA (Trans Canada Airlines) in conjunction with the University of Toronto and Ferranti Systems developed the world’s first computerized reservation system, known as the Reserve, which stood for Reservations Electronically Controlled. American Airlines, which was aware of the early Reserve success, invested in the development of their own computerized reservation system in partnership with IBM. The Sabre system was launched two years later at a cost of almost ten times that of the competing Reserve system. Despite being a superior technology, Reserve didn’t see the same commercial success as Sabre because it was not able to effectively enter the IBM-controlled US market. The success, however, of both Reserve and Sabre promoted other airlines to develop their own computerized reservation platforms. In a very short period the Deltamatic, DATAS, Apollo, and PARS were up and running in the 1960s. Sales and distribution On a parallel track with the growth of the airlines was the growth of the travel agencies. Many of whom had become important sales and booking channels for the airlines. 7 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

As airline routes and booking processes had become more complicated, travel agents had become a more popular method for consumers to book their airline tickets. But travel agents wanted more access to airline schedules and fares so they could sell tickets more efficiently and automate their side of the booking process. This could only be accomplished with direct computerized access to the airlines reservation systems. American Airlines, concerned by the potential growing influence of travel agents, proposed the creation of centralized computer reservation system that could act as a clearing house for US travel. Other airlines opposed the idea and eventually, beginning with Delta, reservation terminals were installed in travel agencies across the US. The race to own the agent desktop had begun. Opening up scheduling and fares to agencies proved to be a good move for the airlines. For some, primarily the airlines who owned their own GDSs, the temptation to manipulate displays became too strong. After finding that American Airlines had purposefully biased search results in its Sabre reservation system In 1984, the US government introduced legislation to ban \"screen bias\". But this legislation has proven to be less than effective. Twenty years later, the airlines, GDSs, and now online travel agencies are still being reprimanded by governments worldwide for this practice. During the 1980s, other GDS systems were being developed. European airlines reluctant to use the US-centric Sabre system banded together to create Amadeus. Meanwhile, Sabre in partnership with the growing computer network services business, Compuserve, provided the first known instance of online bookings for both airlines and hotels via EAASY Sabre. The increase in travel agent hotel reservations and the advent of smaller and more powerful desktop computer systems prompted the creation of hotel reservation systems that could be conveniently located at the hotel front desk. Fidelio launched its first property management and hotel reservation system in 1987. Thanks in part to the success of the commercial internet in the early 1990s, many leading travel brands began developing websites, some with online reservation capabilities. In 1995, Viator Systems (now Viator) launched its travel technology business with a focus on providing tours and excursion bookings via the world wide web. In 1996, a small division of Microsoft called Expedia launched its website offering online bookings for air, hotels, and car rentals. Later that year, Travelocity, owned by Sabre, launched its own site to help the \"do-it-yourself traveler\". 8 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Following on the growing trend of helping travelers book their own holidays, Priceline with it’s \"Name your own price\" opaque pricing model launched. It later extended the pricing model to include cars, home loans, and even second hand goods but ultimately reverted back to their successful hotel model. The airlines, in anticipation of the increased connectivity demands that internet technologies afforded, came together to develop an industry standard for messaging. The resulting messages were to be managed and updated by the newly created OpenTravel Alliance (the first OpenTravel messages were published in 2001). Coincidentally, in the same year, five of the six major airlines joined, still on some apparent mission of cooperation, joined forces to create their own online travel agency. Despite protests of unfair competition and potential collusion brought forth by the existing online travel agencies and GDSs, Orbitz was launched. Advanced discovery As the growth of the Internet accelerated and the demise of the first dot com era subsided, new opportunities emerged to provide travelers with more information about the hotels they were booking in increasing numbers online. Though travel forums and bulletin boards were around, there was no one forum that could provide the depth and recommendations on hotels that consumers were looking for. In 2004, TripAdvisor launched in the hope of filling that gap. In addition to providing consumers with access to reviews and recommendations, it became apparent that consumers were shopping across multiple websites looking for deals on airline fares. Kayak, whose co-founders had previously worked at Orbitz and Expedia, allowed customers to find airline pricing results across multiple sites with one search. The model, which has remained relatively unchanged, is known today as the metasearch model and is one of the fastest growing search models for airfare and now hotel bookings. The mid-2000s was also a time for lesser known segments of the travel industry to begin their climb out of obscurity. The vacation rental market, led by Home away in 2004, has become one of the fast growing segments of the travel market, helped in many ways by the ubiquity of the web. As managed data centres and dedicated servers were replaced with virtual private servers and cloud hosting, more and more traditionally desktop applications were moved online. 9 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Software as a service businesses like Rezgo, TourCMS, and Guestcentric launched with the promise of helping small businesses such as long tail operators and boutique hotels manage their services and open up new sources or supply without the capital expenditures traditionally associated with dedicated reservation services. Continued advancements in internet connectivity also meant greater access to web content on mobile devices. For years the travel industry had been toying with technologies like WAP and cHTML, creating websites that were compatible with early smartphone technologies like those from Blackberry and Nokia. 2008 marked a major milestone is the long awaited mobile revolution. Apple, after the very successful launch of it’s first iPhone the previous year, made the iOS SDK available for third party developers. The move would prove to be a pivotal point in the history of mobile development, allowing travel companies to create dedicated applications designed specifically for the mobile consumer. 2008 also marked the first of a new trend of websites that would shake up the existing travel landscape and cause local governments around the world to take a second look at their housing policies. Airbnb, the first of many \"Peer-to-Peer\" marketplaces launched providing home-owners (and renters) with a place to list and rent out their spare rooms to strangers. Although other similar marketplaces, such as Couch surfing, had already been around for a few years, they tended to be focused on niche markets such as the backpacker or budget traveler. As with any new platform, it is not unusual to see many existing travel businesses develop mobile applications in order to take advantage of the marketing opportunities. Often times, though, it takes a bit of time for companies to form that are dedicated entirely to the platform. One such company, Hotel Tonight, launched in 2010 around a last-minute mobile only model. The company raised $35 million shortly after its launch proving that a mobile-only focus could attract significant funding. The belief is that many more mobile only business models will emerge over the next few years, though Hotel Tonight is viewed as one of the most successful to date. In 2011, the internet was abuzz with controversy surrounding the proposed acquisition of ITA Software by Google. Fair search, a group made up of online travel agencies, metasearch companies, and competing airline reservation systems, looked to block the acquisition citing anti-trust concerns and unfair competition. 10 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Surprisingly, the airlines were not part of this protest since they stood to gain from the direct booking links that Google intended to include in their Google Flights service. Though the flights project has failed to have any \"material impact\" on the original members of the Fair search, Google’s forays into both flight and hotel search have been closely scrutinized by both competitors and government agencies. Of course, a discussion on travel technology would not be complete without some mention of the impact of social media on travel. In 2012 Facebook reached one billion active monthly users marking a major milestone for the eight year old company. Recent studies have shown however, that traffic from social networks is quite small, so the influence of these networks is still quantitatively unknown. Going forward ....... Personalization When we look at the history of travel technology and review the trends in the types of technologies created during the four key stages, we see a shift from supplier centric technologies to consumer centric technologies. In the beginning, the goal was to make supply available. Once available, the goal was to get it that availability in the hands of those who controlled access to customers, the travel agents. When the internet arrived, the consumer direct access provided a new kind of travel agent to use the network effect to access a wider customer base But it has also allowed suppliers to connect directly to those same customers providing them with both direct and non-direct booking options. Abundance of choice drove the creation of advanced discovery tools like meta-search, review websites, and alternative marketplaces. The advent of mobile has triggered new business models that, although still rely on the same availability and general underlying infrastructure, take advantage of new and quite different consumer behaviours. The next stage will be driven by personalization technologies and the ability for travelers to book travel components that best meet a combination of their location and preferences. This next stage will also be driven by infrastructure changes including the adoption of lightweight messaging standards for the purposes of pushing traditionally heavy availability messages to smaller devices. We are already seeing more and more suppliers and aggregators providing access to XML and JSON connectors instead of SOAP based APIs. 11 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Efficient messaging will make it possible to send data to wearable devices, like Google Glass or the highly anticipated iWatch. These devices will provide travelers with the ability to search and find local businesses, directions, and recommendations in situ. Eventually, the ability to connect to supplier and aggregation systems means travelers will be able to book handsfree on location in real-time using their voice and a digital wallet or mobile payment system. Booking services will change as well as we see multimodal systems complete with one step booking capabilities become mainstream. Imagine planning your cross Europe trip and being able to book everything from your airport transfer, ferry tickets, rail pass, and airfare with a single click, heralding the continued march towards simplification of complex travel paths. Travelers through their various online profiles will have the ability to share certain elements of their profiles with travel providers. The use of this data, controlled by the traveler, will include sanitized travel history, preferences, and other profile building data that when combined with high end analysis of millions of travel profiles will provide the traveller with recommendations on travel components that best meet the traveler’s needs. For example, a business traveler who flies out of a specific home airport and prefers morning flights and has a brand affinity will generally be provided with recommendations that meet these requirements without having to explicitly identify them each time a search is made. Airlines, hotels, and other suppliers will be able to build custom offerings and deals specifically based on customer profiles by intelligently combining offerings together. 1.2 MEANING OF TRAVEL TECHNOLOGY Technology has become an integral part of our lives, completely changing how we work, shop, eat and spend our leisure time. With just a few simple taps on our smartphone, we can order food, purchase home appliances, make dinner reservations, and much more. Constant technological advances have even made their way into the travel industry. We can now book hotel rooms, flights, sightseeing tours, and other activities, and plan our entire trips – all from a mobile device. Technology has revolutionized the way we travel, making our travel adventures more convenient and fun. This massive change in the tourism industry is what we now call travel technology. Let’s take a look at some of these travel industry facts and see how you can benefit from them. 12 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

What Is Travel Technology? In simplest terms, travel technology means using tech to plan trips. It helps travel agencies book trips for their customers, together with airline tickets, hotel accommodation, car rentals, and many other travel-related activities. Thanks to computerized reservation systems (CRSs) provided by their hotel and airline partners, they can handle everything travel-related in a matter of minutes. Every reservation system stores and retrieves real-time data, so each travel agent can streamline communication with all the relevant parties. Travel technology automates bookings, payments, and back-office tasks for travel agencies and enables consumers to make their online bookings without a travel agent. Hotelmize and similar technology-driven companies and startups are helping the tourist industry implement travel technology. This has been welcomed with open arms. Travel Tech Definition Travel tech is the use of IT in the travel, tourism, and hospitality industry. It is the application of IT and e-commerce solutions in tourism, travel, and hospitality with the goal of automating travel, saving time, reducing costs, and creating a seamless travel experience for consumers, including before, during, and after a trip. How Is Technology Used in Travel? We’ve touched upon some general applications of travel technology to help you understand what this game-changer in tourism is. Now, let’s dig deeper into how tech is used in travel. Here are some of the latest travel technology trends worth mentioning. Smartphone as a Travel Buddy Using your smartphone, you can plan a trip completely hassle-free. More importantly, your mobile device can be your tour guide wherever you are You can use it to get real-time updates regarding your flight, check in and out of a hotel, and find your way around your travel destination. It can be your map and compass, instantly locating nearby cafes, restaurants, museums, and anything else you need. Thanks to voice search and virtual assistants like Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, and Cortana, your journey can be even more convenient and exciting. 13 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

AI and Chatbots More and more online travel agencies and hotels are leveraging AI-powered solutions to automate bookings and provide personalized service. One example is chatbots. Not only can they provide 24/7 customer support, but they can also make bookings, provide instant answers to FAQs, process payments, and carry intelligent, human-like conversations. They can be an ideal travel companion. Thanks to machine learning, AI tools also provide insights into consumer behavior, interests, and preferences regarding travel destinations, hotels, amenities, airlines, car rental companies, pricing, and more. Armed with such insights, OTAs and hotels can display or send relevant offers to customers. AR and VR VR (virtual reality) in travel enables you to transport yourself to another location virtually. You can take a virtual tour of a hotel before booking a room or a restaurant before making a dinner reservation. You can “teleport” yourself into the Louvre, stand on Times Square, cross the Grand Canyon, or marvel at the breathtaking views from Mount Everest. You could watch a hundred videos on YouTube, but VR will make you feel as if you were there. With AR (augmented reality), you can also take room tours and engage in various hotel facilities. You can take a peek inside an airplane, make sure your carry-on luggage is the right size, access public transportation schedules, overcome language barriers, and much more. Internet of Things Internet of Things (IoT) in travel helps personalize and streamline the travel experience. For instance, hotels that embrace IoT allow guests to control various internet-enabled devices inside their room with their smartphones. They can control the lights, thermostats, TVs, and more. Real-Life Examples of Technology Used in Travel 14 Some of the most notable real-life examples of travel technology include: Hotelmize Trawex CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Amadeus TravelCarma Expedia Skift TechnoHeaven Hotelmize (mentioned in the What Is Travel Technology? section) is the first on this list. They use capital market trading strategies and financial technologies, as well as travel industry experience, to help profit optimization efforts. Trawex is a travel software development company that offers global B2B travel technology solutions. Its Trawex APIs seamlessly integrate with any travel portal and enable travelers to make seamless bookings and payments. Amadeus is a travel technology company that provides solutions to everyone in the travel industry for improving travel experiences. Several years ago, it unveiled Navitaire, a VR travel search, and booking experience. TravelCarma offers a suite of travel tech solutions for aggregation, distribution, data integration, and custom UI/UX development. It provides travel agency ERP, travel APIs, B2C/B2B booking engines, CRSs, back office, and more. Expedia is an online travel company where you can book flights, hotels, car rentals, cruises, vacation packages, and plan entire trips. It also has a chatbot for booking that works on Facebook Messenger, and an Amazon Alexa app with AI voice recognition. There’s also Expedia Travelocity, which has a price-match guarantee. Skift is yet another great example of travel tech, except it’s a media company. It uses industry intelligence to research and define travel trends worldwide. It’s your go-to source for daily news and insights on travel tech. Technoheaven is travel technology company that provides travel technology solutions for travel and tourism business to help them manage day-to-day operations and increase business efficiency. These solutions include travel agency software, tour operator software, B2B/B2C Booking Engine, XML API Integration and more. Impact of Technology in the Tourism Industry: Numbers and Stats According to FCM Travels, 39% of hotel bookings are made on smartphones. The same study found that smartphones are go-to devices for 22% of flight bookings. 15 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Condor Ferries published some very interesting stats on online travel bookings: 70% of travelers use smartphones for travel research 33% of travelers plan their trips with the help of a virtual travel assistant 82% of 2018 travel bookings were made without a travel agent 66% of all travelers make their bookings online 83% of consumers in the US prefer making their travel bookings online 80% of travelers rely on reviews on TripAdvisor before making bookings 72% of consumers won’t make a booking before reading online reviews Travel technology is definitely on the rise, and the OTA market share confirms that we are slowly going towards a fully-digital future. How Has Technology Changed the Travel Industry? Technology has made travel automation possible, making trip planning less time-consuming and exciting for travelers and travel agencies. You can plan a trip in minutes and easily book accommodation, tickets, flights, and much more. You can have your travel itinerary in the palm of your hand, with your mobile device as the perfect travel buddy You can stay connected wherever you are, break down language barriers, and even improve your packing routine with tech such as AR. You can have a personalized experience that makes every trip unforgettable. 1.3 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN TRAVEL TECHNOLOGIES Tourism defined as “ the activities of persons traveling to and staying in place outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purpose” (UNWTO) Four different perspectives of tourism can be identified: The tourist: The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experience and satisfactions. The nature of these will largely determine the destinations chosen and the activities enjoyed. The business providing tourist goods and services: Business people see tourism as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the tourist markets demand. 16 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The government of the host community or area: politicians view tourism as a wealth factor in terms of foreign exchange/ multiplier effect etc in the economy of their jurisdiction. Their perspective is related to the income their citizens can earn from this business. The government can lay an important role in tourism policy, development, promotion and implementation. The host community: Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This effect may be beneficial or harmful, or both. Tourism can be divided by four category: International tourism Inbound tourism: Visits to a country by nonresidents Outbound tourism: Visits by residents of a country to another country Internal tourism : Visits by resident and non residents of the country of reference Domestic tourism : Visits by residents of a country to their own country National tourism : Internal tourism plus outbound tourism As seasons changed and animals migrated, people travelled to survive. Earlier travel was essentially to seek food or to escape danger. These early travellers moved on foot, they were limited to quite small geographical areas. In this time , travel may remained a localized experience, but people by nature are interested. As civilization became established and spread geographically, travel become necessity. Different tourism experts categorized development of tourism into 6 stages/ eras, and these are as under: The Empire Era (BC to 5th century ) The Middle age Era (5th to 14th century) The Renaissance Era (14th to 16th century) 4.The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785 A.D) 5.The Mobility Era (1800 to 1944 ) 6. The Modern Era (1945 to present ) 17 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The Empire Era (BC to 5th century ) The Empire Era are started from the time of the Egyptians to the Greek and finally came to an end with the fall of the roman empire. During the time , people began travelling in large numbers for governmental , commercial, , educational and religious purposes. Factors that influence people to travel during the Empire era : Affluent population with time and money to travel. Safe and easy travel. Widely accepted currencies. Widely used language. Legal system which protects personal safety. The Middle age and Renaissance Era (5th to 14th century) Travel almost disappeared during the Middle Ages where travel became dangerous and sporadic. The travel situation during the middle Ages : Transportation and Safety declined Less acceptance of currencies and less knowledge of common languages Some travel by crusaders to Holy Lands Macro polo’ s historic travel in the late 13th century The rebirth in travel emerged slowly during the Renaissance Era (14th to 16th century) Trade routes slowly began to reopen ,as commercial activities grew and the merchants ventured into new territories Increased interest in travel for commerce and pleasure The Grand Tour Era (1613 to 1785 A.D) 18 Trend of luxurious travel started by Wealthy English. Developed as a status symbol and spread throughout Europe. Goal was to experience the “Civilized World” and study the arts and sciences. These travel often lasted for several years. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Growth in travel for business reasons. The Mobility Era (1800 to 1944 ) Growing economic activity. Increase in systems, modes, and speeds of travel (roads, railroads, steamships) Thomas Cook ( Father of Tourism) developed tour packages for mass travel. Invention of automobile and airplane expanded freedom to travel. In 1841, Thomas Cook organized the first tour for a group of 570 to attend a temperance rally in Leicester, England. The Modern Era (1945 to present) Paid vacations introduced in the early 1990s made leisure travel possible for working and middle classes. Millions of people were introduced to international travel during world war II. Advent of Jet travel shortened travel time. Time, money, safety and interest in travel led to unparalleled growth of tourism. Development of mass tourism. Pertaining to delivering quality service in the hospitality industry can be a major challenge facing hospitality managers in the opening years of the next millennium. It will be an essential condition for success in the emerging, keenly competitive, global hospitality markets. While the future importance of delivering quality hospitality service is easy to discern and to agree on, doing so presents some difficult and intriguing management issues. Since the delivery of hospitality service always involves people, these issues center on the management of people, and in particular on the interactions between guests and staff, interactions that are called service encounters. In the eyes of our guests, our hospitality businesses will succeed or fail depending on the cumulative impact of the service encounters in which they have participated. Hospitality industry would include hotels, restaurant and other related tourism organizations. This means that the tourists have to encounter with staffs, therefore the industries have to 19 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

have good customer representative that can communicate with their guest and help them resolve their issues. There are three elements in the hospitality which motels. Includes restaurant that provide beverages and food entertainment by the theatre and accommodation provide by the industrial service. In the service delivery in the hospitality industry and service delivery in other businesses there are little are no differences because they both have good customer service which is very important in both industries, they both provide quality service to increase their revenue and to ensure that they satisfy their customer needs and want in the industry. The significant impact on the development of technology in travel and tourism industry Technology in travel and tourism industry in today world control and deliver swiftness and power your need to achieve your business ambitions. It is also delivers effective solution to meet their customers precise business needs increasing profit and work rate improving customer relation and decreasing cost. However you can depend on technology with the travel and tourism industry to improve the communication process. When communicating with technology you save time and money wisely and disengage from computer frequently to communication in person and help people to keep in touch with co-workers and traders in need of information. therefore technology in the industry improve the communication process, poorly design are in appropriately use technology can inner communication with workers more than it helps and it can be used in the industry to find explore analysis to exchange and present information responsively without discrimination, it also increase internationally and has speed up the process of globalization. According to Rosendo, New Technology and media has changed the way of tourism. Travelers turn to the internet to research on potential destinations and do bookings online. They even include sharing their experiences of the trips they go to. The executive director of Ctrip.com said that consumers know more about the industry and travel businesses cannot make money from the information gap anymore. The past ten years has empowered consumers greatly. A great majority of travelers do their search online for bookings, travel guides and visas. According to John Liu, the executive vice-president and head of Greater China at Google, 85% of travelers do their research on the net and the average traveler does 55 online searches before a booking. Comparing and looking for information is very easy now and all kinds of information are available on the internet. 20 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Pertaining to Keith Evans, (Evans, 1999-2012) with the explosion of technological advancements in the mid and late 20th century, tourists discovered increasing access to a growing array of destinations. From promoting destinations and attracting traveler attention to enabling instant reservations and payment collection, communication technology continues to exhibit a significant impact on the tourism industry and travel in general. Communication technology plays a considerable role in travel and tourism, as much of modern tourism revolves around the ability of tourist destinations to communicate their benefits to potential visitors and the ability of those visitors to reach out to points of interest at the destination. Advantages and disadvantages of technology in the travel and tourism industry According to leelingz, (leelingz, 2011) nowadays, technology has advanced in tremendous leaps and bounds. We cannot imagine the world without technological advances such as computer, televisions, and machines and so on. However there are some advantages and disadvantages of technology. First of all, technologies play a very important role in society because it makes life easier to live on and less time consuming. Technology has the ability to create shortcuts in working. People do not have to do all the hard labor anymore. People use technology to plan their trip which makes it more convenient and easy. They can research destination to their own pace, shop around for the best fares and hotel deals, and make reservations right from your computer. On the contrary, technology also brings harm to our society. The booming of industrialization and development causes pollutions to our world. For example, the smoke from the vehicles and machines affects the quality of air and destroy the ozone layer. In addition, technologies also create financial problems in families because most of the technologies are expensive like computers. People that cannot afford to buy this kind of technology will live in a stressful life. On my views the important of technology in the travel and tourism industry is to get information through research, help to increase the organization revenue, to get information across to their customers and other related organizations, delivers great speed, reach audience that is physically separated from the sender and increase access ability and openness in an organization and bad part about technology is that it can create tension and conflict, easy to be over used, often lack privacy and can seriously drain employment productivity. But in my case without technology the industry could not keep up their infrastructure to keep attracting the visitor and keep the place in order. Community base tourism 21 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

According to (oikos, 2009) Community based tourism is tourism in which local residents (often rural, poor and economically marginalized) invite tourists to visit their communities with the provision of overnight accommodation. Community based tourism enables tourists to discover local habitats and wildlife, and celebrates and Respects traditional cultures, rituals and wisdom. The community will be aware of the commercial and social value placed on their natural and cultural heritage through tourism, and this will foster community based conservation of these resources. Community-based tourism affords travelers with rare opportunities to experience local communities first hand. It’s distinctive in that it provides an alternative to development that’s not sustainable, giving rural and poor communities an additional source of income. In supporting community-based tourism, you can immerse yourself in the day-to-day lives of local and indigenous people while helping them to preserve their environment and cultural heritage. The residents earn income as land managers, entrepreneurs, service and produce providers, and employees. At least part of the tourist income is set aside for projects which provide benefits to the community as a whole. Tourists will spend time near areas that are rich in culture and biodiversity, and, at the same time, will get to know the locals at the grassroots level. Many successful experiences in development countries prove that tourism can become a leading sector for the people who conserve natural resources and live on it. Local people of these countries jointly cooperate in Community Based Tourism and this gives not only economic benefits for them but also becomes an example of community involved decision making. A community by definition implies individuals with some kind of collective responsibility, and the ability to make decisions by representative bodies. Local participation, traditional culture, cross-cultural issues and raise of local income are basic principles of tourism and it is fundamental to get more in depth for development countries where tourism is dominantly operate by great foreign companies. Usually families‚ interviews make obvious that locals are interested to take part in tourism activities but they dont know how. 22 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Often the creation of Community Based Tourism is the best solution for local people or at least a great help for them for example in these countries where the main income is from livestock and the desertification, the spread of unproductive land deprived of vegetation, is one of the main concerns. Community Based Tourism is the jointly planned and managed tourism activities of local group: this new business never can be the main or only income source of the communities and cooperatives but can be additional income possibility. Issues like generating additional incomes for locals and reducing impacts on environment are included in the government policy about tourism, but there has been little implementation and no integrated policy at the national level. The pros and cons of community base tourism Base on the information of (mozer, 1995-2012)Advantage -depending upon implementation some of these can turn into disadvantages. Employment- (1 emp/1000 tourist) labor intensive, few administrative positions, little upward mobility. Infrastructure development -roads, water, electricity, telecom and cybercom, but not necessarily local priorities. Cultural preservation- economic incentives to preserve food, fashion, festivals and physical history, but these tend to be superficial elements of a culture. Environmental protection- econ incentives to preserve nature, wildlife and urban cleanliness. Foreign exchange .generates resources to import food, pharmaceuticals, technology, consumer goods. Development of health care services -those these aren’t always available to local people. Disadvantages -depending upon implementation some of these can turn into advantages. Cultural destruction-(modernization world mono-culture), freezes culture as performers, loss: language, religion, rituals, material culture. primary products- sun, sand, surf, safari, suds, ski, sex (little value added, neo-colonialism) 23 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Environmental destruction -game drives, resorts: golf, ski, beach, desert, world as playground, SUV. Marginal employment -low skill, low wage, menial services, prostitution, drug trade, gambling, hustlers. Low benefits -no job security, no health care, no organizing, and no work safety rules or environment standards. Development of illegal and/or destructive economic activities- markets for drugs, endangered species, etc. Outside hiring- skilled middle and senior management recruited out of the area and transferred in. Concentration employment -walled resort enclaves. seasonal employment Outside decision making-decisions made outside of the area, corporate dollars corrupt government. Unrealistic expectations-divert young people from school and brighter futures. anti-democratic collusion- industry support of repressive governments Land controlled by the elite -people relocated, agriculture eliminated, prohibited from N.P. negative lifestyle’s (STD’s- substance abuse, begging, hustling diverted and concentrated development -airport, roads, water, electricity to tourist destinations, development not accessible to locals little forex stays in country -airplanes, vehicles, booze, hot air balloons, generally have foreign owners package programs Cruises -eat and sleep on board so the economic benefit to the ports-of-call is very thin and limited. Unstable market -fickle, affected by local and world events, generally highly elastic. Health tourism -traveling to get medical procedure at lower cost has its own set of unique challenges, which include: Determining the credential, skills and quality of the facility and personnel. Language communication challenges on topics requiring a lot of details, 24 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

sometimes even when both parties seemingly speak the same language. Different cultural issues and expectations around health care and the body. Post-treatment complications, after the “tourist” has left the facility. 1.4 SUMMARY  Travel and tourism is rapidly growing industry in today’s sophisticated market. People in today’s world are very smart and enthusiastic to the work as well as to the adventures.  Tourism is the part of luxurious services provided by different organisation all over the world. Tourism is the big segment of market various industries and organisation is keep providing is best services in diversified manner in order to catch high amount of business out of the market.  Tourism in the short could be described as a travel for pleasure and includes many services like accommodation, travel services food safety management, hotel room’s occupation, amusement arrangement and further more.  Thomas cook was the first person who started his business in this field and made historical changes.  Travel and tourism is rapidly growing industry in today’s sophisticated market. People in today’s world are very smart and enthusiastic to the work as well as to the adventures. Tourism is the part of luxurious services provided by different organisation all over the world.  Travel and tourism industry has grown rapidly with the change of human behaviour and their expectation. There was a time structured with the data approximately from 1945 when growth in the tourism industry was seen. People like to spend their time to the different places those from others where they have been already.  The change in the human behaviour and their expectation from this industry has made possible for tourism to keep phase with other industry. Since in the starting of growth tourism only includes travelling and transportation of goods. Now a day’s tourism includes not only traveling but also those areas which are ancillary to the comfort of clients 25 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.5 KEYWORD  Information technology: Information technology (IT) is the use of computers to create, process, store, retrieve, and exchange all kinds of data[1] and information. IT is typically used within the context of business operations as opposed to personal or entertainment technologies.  Information and communications technology: Information and communications technology (ICT) is an extensional term for information technology (IT) that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals) and computers, as well as necessary enterprise software, middleware, storage and audio visual, that enable users to access, store, transmit, understand and manipulate information.  Travel: Travel is the movement of people between distant geographical locations. Travel can be done by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, boat, bus, airplane, ship or other means, with or without luggage, and can be one way or round trip.  Tourism: Tourism is travel for pleasure or business; also the theory and practice of touring, the business of attracting, accommodating, and entertaining tourists, and the business of operating tours.  Hospitality industry: The hospitality industry is a broad category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, food and drink service, event planning, theme parks, travel and tourism. It includes hotels, tourism agencies, restaurants and bars 1.6 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define technology ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2. State the meaning of travelling ___________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________ 26 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.7 UNIT END QUESTIONS 27 A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions 1. What Is Travel Technology? 2. What are the 6 types of technology? 3. Why is technology important in tourism? 4. Why is technology important in transportation? 5. How has technology improved transportation? Long Questions 1. How does technology positively impact the tourism industry? 2. What is technology used for? 3. How technology has improved our lives? 4. How might travel in the future be changed by new technologies? 5. What is transportation technology development? B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. A country is mainly benefited from tourism by the --------------------- a. Tourist expenditure b. Tourist travel c. Accommodation d. None of these. 2. Which is the most important economic benefit of tourism a. Increase in employment b. Increase in production c. Foreign exchange d. None of these. CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

3. a visitor who stays in the country visited for at least one night is known as --------- a. Visitor b. Resident c. Tourist d. None of these. 4. Which of the following is not a major component of tourism. a. Transport b. Accommodation c. Tour operators d. Shops 5. Which of the following is a secondary component of tourism. a. Hawkers b. Catering c. Transport d. Tour operators Answers 1-a, 2-c, 3-a. 4-d, 5-a 28 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1.8 REFERENCES References book  Benckendorff, Pierre J.; Sheldon, P.J.; Fesenmaier, D.R. (2014). Tourism Information Technology (Second ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. ISBN 978-1-7806-4185-0.  Buhalis, Dimitrios (2003). Etourism: Information Technology for Strategic Tourism Management. Harlow, England: Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-582-35740- 2.  Cantoni, Lorenzo; Xiang, Zheng (2013). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2013. Berlin – Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-642-36309-2.  Egger, Roman (2005). Grundlagen Des Etourism: Informations- Und Kommunikationstechnologien Im Tourismus (in German). Aachen: Shaker. ISBN 978-3- 8322-3663-2.  Egger, Roman; Buhalis, Dimitrios (2008). Etourism Case Studies: Management and Marketing Issues. Amsterdam [etc.]: Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-7506-8667-9.  Fesenmaier, Daniel R.; Wober, Karl W.; Werthner, H. (2006). Destination Recommendation Systems: Behavioural Foundations and Applications. Wallingford, UK: CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-023-1.  Maurer, Ed (2003). Internet for the Retail Travel Industry. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-4071-3.  Tesone, Dana V. (2005). Hospitality Information Systems and E-Commerce. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-471-47849-2.  Werthner, Hannes; Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism. A Challenging Relationship. Vienna: Springer. ISBN 978-3-211-83274-5.  Zhou, Zongqing (2004). E-commerce and Information Technology in Hospitality and Tourism. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-4140-6. 29 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 2 ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM-I STRUCTURE 2.0 Learning Objectives 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Meaning and scope of Electronic Technology 2.3 Electronic technology for data processing 2.4 Electronic technology for communication – Strategic 2.5 Summary 2.6 Keywords 2.7 Learning Activity 2.8 Unit End Questions 2.9 References 2.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Describe meaning of technology  Identify scope of electronic technology  State the need and importance of data processing  List the functions strategic communication 2.1 INTRODUCTION Electronics, science and technology based on and concerned with the controlled flow of electrons or other carriers of electric charge, especially in semiconductor devices. It is one of the principal branches of electrical engineering. The invention of the transistor, announced in 1948, and the subsequent development of integrated circuits have brought about revolutionary changes in electronics, which was previously based on the technology of the electron tube. The miniaturization and savings in power brought about by these developments 30 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

have allowed electronic circuits to be packaged more densely, making possible compact computers, advanced radar and navigation systems, and other devices that use very large numbers of components (see microelectronics). It has also brought to the consumer such items as smaller and more reliable radio and television receivers, advanced sound- and video- recording and reproducing systems, microwave ovens, cellular telephones, and powerful yet inexpensive personal computers. The consumer electronics industry—which began in 1920 when radio broadcasting started in the United States—accounts for annual sales of close to $50 billion in the United States alone. Because of advances in electronics manufacturing technology, the cost of electronic products often decreases even as quality and reliability increase. Power requirements are continually reduced, allowing greater portability. 2.2 MEANING AND SCOPE OF ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY Electronics is an applied form of science that deals with electrons. It handles electric circuits containing active elements, passive elements and other underlying techniques making it as an important part of engineering. The world is growing at a fast rate and it is relevant for the technology enthusiast to upgrade with latest changes happening in the society. Moreover, it is difficult to spend few hours without electronics gadgets and they had become an important part of our everyday routine. Need of Electronics We are living in an electronic era where machine robots are capable to do human work with more ease and high efficiency. Capsules and tablets contain wireless sensors that collect information from the body to diagnose. Transparent smartphones will exist in the coming days, we can see through them and they may lead to the use of windows or mirrors in our home to be used as PC screens and TV monitors. Sensors are placed on the plants to detect the shortage of water and alert the farmers. Not only above applications, there are numerous electronic applications that change our daily lives in the nearby future. Electronic devices are made up of active and passive elements and smaller IC memories. The ICs, diodes, and transistor are made of semiconductor materials and their working is dependent on current flow through them. History of Electronics Vacuum Diode – Invented by John Ambrose Fleming Electronics era came into existence with the invention of vacuum diode in the year 1897. Vacuum tube essentially consists two electrode plates i.e. anode and cathode. This allows current direction in one direction. But this diode is not able to control the current flow. In 31 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

1906 Lee De Forest modified and named it as Vacuum Triode. The Triode has 3 terminals. Anode, Cathode and Grid terminal. Grid electrode controls the current flow from anode to cathode. This feature could boost the power of electrical signals. Likewise, Tetrode and Pentode had evolved. Transistor – Invented by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley The real development started with the invention of the transistor in 1948 in Bell Laboratories. Large Bulky Vacuum diodes are replaced with junction transistor. Transistors are initially made with germanium material, later on, silicon BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor) are grown up. Most of the devices developed today are made up of silicon only due to its low cost. IC (Integrated Circuit) – Jack Kilby To reduce the size and cost of the entire circuit Jack Kilby introduced a new concept. This idea entirely changed the world. The complete interconnected circuit is placed on a single chip commonly called VLSI (Very Large Scale Integrated). Computer processors used today are made up of billions of transistors integrated on a single IC. What is Electronics? “Electronics”, as the name implies relating to electrons. The word electronics arrived from electron mechanics (Behaviour of the electron when it is subjected to externally applied fields). The definition of electronics technically says “Electronics is an engineering branch that concerns with the flow of current through semiconductor, gas or any form of matter. Applications of Electronics Consumer Electronics Application of Electronics - Consumer Electronics This industry is most applicable to the common people. Consumer Electronics are devices and equipment meant for everyday use. This is again categorized as: Office Gadgets such as calculators, Personal computers, Scanners and Printers, FAX machine, Front Projector etc. Home appliances such as Washing Machine, Refrigerator, Air Conditioner, Microwave Oven, Vacuum Cleaner etc. 32 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Audio and Video Systems such as Headphone, VCRs, DVD players, Color TVs, Microphone and Loudspeaker, Video game consoles. Advanced Consumer Devices such as Setup Box, ATM, Dishwasher, Smart Phones, PDA (personal digital assistant), Barcode Scanners, POS terminals. Storage Devices for optical playback and taping, and portable infotainment. Examples are DVDs, HDD jukebox, Portable MP3 player. Industrial Electronics Electronics Applications - Industrial Electronics This industry is powerful in making real-time automation. This include: Industrial automation and motion control, Machine learning, motor drive control, Mechatronics and robotics, Power converting technologies, Photo voltaic systems, Renewable energy applications, Power electronics, and Biomechanics. Smart grid systems Smart electric systems collect information from the communication technology and react accordingly based on power consumption. It is an application of intelligence, computing, and networked electricity systems. Example: Smart Meters Features of smart grid Digital system based on two-way communication Interactive Sensors Self-monitoring and Debugging Valid Distribution of electricity Industrial automation and motion control Machines are replacing humans these days with increased productivity, time and cost. Moreover, safety is also considered for unmanageable works. Hence to delegate the human’s, automation has become the preferable choice for industries. Image processing 3D world has been evolved from a single or multiple 2D images. Various algorithms are developed to extract 3D information from 2D patterns. 33 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Moreover, image processing has involved in computer graphics, Artificial intelligence, Robotics for navigation, Inspection and Assembly, Computer Vision for Face and gesture recognition, Virtual reality, medical analysis. Medical applications Electronics - Medical Applications Advanced sophisticated instruments are being developed for data recording and physiological analysis. They are proven to be more useful in diagnosing diseases and for healing purpose. Some of the medical devices and equipment used are: Stethoscope to listen inner sounds happening inside the human or animal body Respiration Monitors for knowing the patient condition due to change in body temperature, pulse, respiration and blood flow. Defibrillator causes electrical shock to heart muscles and brings backs the heart to the normal working condition. Glucose meter for measuring sugar levels in the blood. Pace Maker for reducing and increasing the count of the heart beat. Meteorological and Oceanographic Environmental monitoring is done through various sensors and Automatic weather stations. Some of them are: Electronics Applications - Weather Station Barometer for predicting the weather is good or bad. It gives atmospheric pressure level as an indication. If pressure level is high weather is good and if pressure is low it means the weather is bad. Anemometer measures the wind speed and wind direction Tipping Bucket Rain gauge for measuring the rainfall periodically stored in the Automatic weather station such as Datalogger. Hygrometer measuring Humidity Drifter Buoy measures current, temperature, and pressure levels in the ocean Electronics Applications - Ocean Seiosmometer Data logger for storing the data collected from various sensors like humidity, temperature, wind speed and direction, solar radiation, Rain scale. Defence and Aerospace 34 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Electronics Applications - Defence Electronics Defence and Aeronautical applications include: Missile Launching systems Rocket Launchers for space Aircraft systems Cockpit controllers Military Radars Boom barrier for military applications Automotive (Automobiles) Automotive Electronics Source: Hughes Telematics, Inc Anti-collision unit Infotainment console Anti-lock braking system Cruise control Traction control Window regulators Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Airbag control Electronics is having a great scope and without electronic gadgets, our daily lives cannot happen. Technology is advancing quickly in the field of semiconductors and upgraded electronic applications will shape the world. 2.3 ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY FOR DATA PROCESSING What is Electronic Data Processing Electronic data processing, also known as EDP, is a frequently used term for automatic information processing. It uses the computers to manipulate, record, classification and to summarize data. If someone asks what is electronic data processing, then EPD meaning can be described as the processing of data using electronic means such as computers, calculators, servers and other similar electronic equipment. A computer is the best example of an 35 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

electronic data processing machine. Electronic data processing is an accurate and rapid method of data processing. Methods of Electronic Data Processing (EDP) There are various methods of data processing but there are some very popular methods when it comes to “electronic data processing”. These methods are widely adopted in almost every industry. Depending on the nature of requirement of data processing, some of the most popular methods of electronic data processing are explained below: Time-sharing Real-time processing Online processing Multiprocessing Multitasking Interactive processing Batch processing Distributed processing Electronic Data Processing Time- Sharing: In this processing method, many nodes connected to a CPU accessed central computer. A multi-user processing system controls the time allocation to each user. Each user can allocate the time slice in a sequence of the Central Processing Unit. The user should complete the task during the assigned time slice. If the user cannot finish the task, then the user can complete the task during another allocated time slice. Real-Time Processing: Providing accurate and up-to-date information is the primary aim of real-time processing. It is possible when the computer process the incoming data. It will give the immediate response what may happen. It would affect the upcoming events. Making a reservation for train and airline seats are the best example for real-time processing. If the seats are reserved, then the reservation system updates the reservation file. The real- time processing is almost an immediate process to get the output of the information. This method saves the maximum time for getting output. Online Processing: In this processing method, the data is processed instantly it is received. A communication link helps to connect the computer to the data input unit directly. The data input may include a network terminal or online input device. Online processing is mostly used for information research and recording. 36 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Multiprocessing: Multiprocessing is processing of more than one task that uses the different processors at the same time of the same computer. It is possible in network servers and mainframes. In this process, a computer may consist of more than one independent CPU. This makes data processing much faster. There is a possibility to made coordination in a multiprocessing system. In this process, the different processors share the same memory. The processor gets the information from a different part of one program or various programs. Multitasking: It is an essential feature of data processing. Working with different processors at the same time is called multitasking. In this process, the various tasks share the same processing resource. The operating systems in the multitasking process are time-sharing systems. Interactive Processing: This method includes three types of functions. The following are the types of function Batch Processing: Batch processing is a method of the process the organized data into divided groups. In this method, the processing data can be divided as a group over a required time period. The batch processing method allows the computer to perform different priorities for an interaction. This method is very unique and useful to process. Distributed Processing: This method is usually used for remote workstations, since the remote workstations are connected to a big workstation. The customers get the better services from this process. In this process, the firms can distribute the use of geographical computers. The best example for this distributed processing method is ATMs. ATMs are connected to the banking system. Elements of Electronic Data Processing Hardware, Software, procedure, personnel is the basic elements of electronic data processing. In the hardware section, scanners, barcode scanners, cash registers, personal computers, medical device, servers, video and audio equipment are the elements of electronic data processing. In the software section, accounting software, data entry, scheduling software, analytics, and software are the elements of electronic data processing. In the procedure section, sorting, analysis, reporting, conversion, data collection, aggregation be the elements of EDP. In personnel, the programmer uses the electronic data processing to create the components and spreadsheets. The data entry specialists use to scan the barcodes. The importance of data processing is now understood by all the fields. Each industry now focuses on what works best for them and how to achieve greater profits. Electronic Data Processing Analysis 37 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Stages of Electronic Data Processing A collection is the first stage of electronic data processing. It is a very crucial part. In an EDP system, this process ensures that accurate data gathering. Census, sample survey, and administrative by-product are some types of data collection. Preparation is the second stage of electronic data processing. Preparation is used to analyze the data processing. Input is the third stage in electronic data processing. Data entry is done by the use of a scanner, keyboard, and digitizer. The fourth stage is processing. It has various methods. The last stage is storage. Every computer has the use to store the file. Advantages of Electronic Data Processing The system of electronic data processing is once created then the cost of the managing data will be reduced. Documents can be protected as an extreme data sensitive. Because of the documents should be treated as a primary asset. When all the information is collected by the papers are the challenging one. The management of document is costly. So, electronic data processing reduces the cost of the paperwork. The electronic data processing provides the documentation controls. With the help of electronic data processing, you can easily automate the PDF publishing process. In electronic data processing, there is a facility to search a document in the system. It will reduce the time loss. The electronic data processing has the benefit to improve the internal and external collaboration. The electronic data processing helps to improve the better submissions. The electronic data processing also fast up the complete structure to make the generation of documents. The famous software product such as Ms. Office is using the electronic data processing concept. The EDP has the facility to reduce the duplication of effort and repeated entries. The EDP has the capability to make the decisions. An electronic data processing has the ability to store the enormous amounts of data and this data can then be further utilised for data presentation and analysis. Disadvantages of Electronic Data Processing When the computer hackers make the strike on the computer, then the processing of data will make the insecurity. Then the data will be the loss. The fault in a equipment will harm all the equipment in the office. The security of the computer would be the big problem. In a coding process, a computer not recognizes the same individuals. When a small number of digit codes are compared with a large number code then, it occupies the computer storage less. The alphabetic codes can be descriptive. 38 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Examples of EDP: It is used in a telecom company to format bills and to calculate the usage- based charges. In schools, they use EDP to maintain student records. In supermarkets, used for recording whereas hospitals use it to monitor the progress of patients. Further, the electronic data processing is used for hotel reservations. It can be used in learning institutions. The EDP is also used in banks to monitor the transactions. In the departments such as police, cybercrime, and chemical the electronic data processing is used to note the entries. It enables larger organizations to collect the information and process the data. The electronic data processing can also be used as video and audio equipment. It can be used as a barcode scanner. 2.4 ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY FOR COMMUNICATION – STRATEGIC In ancient days, the communication can be done using Morse code in the telegraphs. These telegraphs use Morse code for long-distance communication over wires. Afterward, the wired telephone, the TV & the wireless radio was invented by the electronic industry. But at present, the information can be shared easily with each other at any place and anytime using e-communication. The communication is mandatory in different fields for processing, controlling, making decisions, and planning. The different fields are finance, accounting, establishment, personal, market, sales, purchase, production, etc. This article discusses what is electronic-communication, types, protocols, and electronic communication applications. What is an Electronic Communication? Electronic communication can be defined as, the communication which uses electronic media to transmit the information or message using computers, e-mail, telephone, video calling, FAX machine, etc. This type of communication can be developed by sharing data like images, graphics, sound, pictures, maps, software, and many things. Because of this e-communication, there is a lot of changes have occurred in work areas, society, etc. Thus, people can simply access global communication with no physical movement. Please refer to this link to know about – Electronic Communication Protocols Types of Electronic Communication Electronic communication can be classified into different types like messaging, voice call, e- mail, social media, etc. We know that e-communication has changed due to the way public interact and communicate with each other for different purposes like personal or business. By using this, it is very simple to communicate with the world. 39 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

E-Mai E-Mail or electronic mail is the most used type of electronic communication. By using this communication, one can send a message to another person through a mail immediately. For that, we need to create an account to send an e-mail, media files, photos, documents, etc. This type of communication has replaced many conventional types of communication due to many benefits. e-mail So this type of communication is more suitable for different methods of communication. The benefits of this communication are ease of usage, completely free, etc. Additionally, this type of electronic communication doesn’t affect the surroundings. Messaging This type of communication allows people to interact with others who are far away from us. This is possible only due to technology as well as usage of the internet. There are different types of messengers are available like Skype, Windows Live, Gmail, etc. These messengers help in chatting or sending messages to our beloved ones or friends. There are many benefits by using this kind of communication like the message which we sent & the response are immediate. But in some cases, some files include nil although bug can stop the functioning of your computer by giving you lots of trouble. Blogging At present, blogging is the most preferable communication method. This is a type of online journaling, which can be updated daily, or many times a day. It covers all the information or a particular topic. By using such blogs, one can share, follow, or even post comments. This kind of communication is extremely suitable. This is the reason why people utilize blogs very often. Additionally, by using the internet, people can access, read & follow it worldwide. 40 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Video Chat This type of communication can be done by adding web cameras for video calling application. By using this application, one can communicate with others and also they can observe with whom they are speaking. The webcam can be connected to the computer externally and also we need to use applications like Skype, Hangouts, etc. There are many benefits to using video chatting. We can contact anybody immediately. We can communicate with more than one person at a time by using the feature like business conference feature. Also, we can share PPTs, data sheets online. Social Networking Social media is one kind of communication between people, which is used with their general advantage otherwise for relationships. In this, mostly Facebook, as well as LinkedIn, give places for people to work together, sometimes in real-time. There is a Micro-blogging service namely Twitter, which allows the short message of more than 140 characters to be transmitted to a huge audience. social_media Not like text messages, it sends to simply tiny groups. The posts like Microblog are intended to be seen by all the followers and users can repost texts that they desire to share with their followers. Therefore, a microblog post can reach rapidly and a viral post is s message which reports widely. Telex This is a significant device for current electronic communication. This system uses a teleprinter to communicate from one position to another using a machine. It includes mainly two parts like keyboard transmitter as well as a receiver. telex Whenever a text is to be sent, then the user presses a push-button, and stays for the call tone, calls the number preferred & enters the massage on a tiny paper strip at the end of receiver end because it is entered within the creating office. This method is the quickest & most exact methods for exchanging written posts. 41 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Fax The Fax machine is a kind of communications and use of this is increasing gradually to transmit materials which are visual like illustrations, diagrams, picture, etc. Here, this machine can be connected using a telephonic. The transmitted document can be fed throughout the machine, after that it is scanned electronically & signals are broadcasted to the end of receiver wherever an equal document copy is replicated on a plain paper sheet using the receiving machine. fax This machine has made it achievable to send important documents copies which include testimonials, certificates, degrees, contracts, agreements from one location to another in a telephone call speed. Because of this reason, it is a commonly used technique for communication. Multimedia The multimedia is one kind of communication system and it is an excellent innovation to improve the communication system. This is a blend of several media which bring mutually to transmit messages. The multimedia mainly includes a photo, graphics, voice, music, animation, and message. Whenever all these media are located jointly otherwise computer screen then becomes multimedia. This can be used efficiently for marketing and advertising campaigns. This type of communication is extremely powerful. multimedia Thus, this is all about electronic communication principles which include immediate messaging, websites, social networking voicemail, e-mail, and text messaging. This communication has changed completely the way people communicate with each other. This can be used for personal, business, etc. By using this, it is extremely simple to communicate with the entire world.Using technology in communication has become a necessity, it’s now part of our lives. People communicate through emails, faxes, Mobile phones, texting services, video conferences, video chat rooms and social media channels. As time goes on, more emerging technologies will change the way we communicate and it will be up to us to embrace them or not. Let’s look at the impact or use of technology in communication both to individuals and businesses. Because technology has completely changed how these two parties are communicating? 42 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The impact of technology in communication to a business: Today, every business uses technology in its own way to reach the media and targeted consumers. Also, businesses have embraced technology by easing communication within companies and among investors and suppliers. Below are a few uses of technology in communication to a business. Easy Product Launch: During the past, companies and small business used to face a lot difficulty in informing their consumers about a new product. A company had to pay for expensive door to door marketing which could even take a lot of time to yield results. Nowadays, things have become simple, through email subscriptions, companies will have data for most consumers, so if they introduce a new item or service. The company will draft one email with details about a new service or product and that message will be delivered to all consumers in a minute. Now their companies online specializing in this type of communication. A good example is ‘.’MailChimp’’’. With their massive mail submission, all your clients will receive the same message in a minute via email. Product or service surveys: Before the invention of the internet, it was so difficult to conduct a survey, most companies would pay money to magazines and place survey forms and offer gifts to users who filled those surveys and mailed them back to the company. Taking a survey is very important to a business because that is how you will know what your clients want and know areas of improvement. Nowadays, a business can conduct a survey using social networks and provide users with incentives like ‘’gift cards’’. This produces a quick response and saves the company money and time. Social interaction with consumers: With the recent invention of social networks like facebook and twitter, a business can create business pages then get followers for these pages. The process is so simple and free. For some business, they set a budget for building a fun base for their pages, so they use these pages to update and communicate with their followers. A good example is ‘’Nordstrom’’ this is one of the largest fashion retail businesses in America. Nordstrom used its facebook page to update followers about new items and discounts. As of today, its facebook page has over 1,667,162 likes. See page facebook.com/Nordstrom Video Conferencing: Gone are the days when you had to wait for your boss to be in the meeting to start a presentation. New technology enables your boss to be in the business meeting while in a hotel in Hawaii preparing for a partnership or investors meeting. This has been made possible by the invention of video conferencing. Use of digital networks – ‘’Phones and printers are all digitized, not like before when communication was hindered by telephone lines. During bad weather, most the lines would go off. Now with satellite and broadband transmissions, you can communicate with anyone at work or off work via their mobile phones. You can also send a file to a printer while you are at home and someone in the office gets the printout. 43 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

The impact of technology in communication to individuals. Technology has changed the way we interact and communicate with other. With the increased use of social based networks, people can create new relationships and also discover old friends. With technology, parents can communicate and keep track of their children. So communication has become easier and cheaper. Below are a few uses of technology towards individuals. Text messaging services: Keeping in touch with friends is very important, so text messaging services have solved this problem by creating mobile phone apps, which enable you to text your buddies on instant for free. A good example is ebuddy. The buddy chat service will allow you to chat with your close friends via text for free. Social networking platforms: These social interaction networks have helped individuals discover old school friends and also get new friends based on interests and region. Before this technology, it would be next to impossible for you to find all your old friends and interact with them on an instant, share life and your past on instant. It would even be difficult to get new friends from other countries. But now that barrier has been removed by social networks like facebook.com Parental security apps: Gone are the days when you had to lie your parents about your location. Now with GPS tracking mobile apps, your parent will install this GPS-enabled app, and they can see where you are. These apps, also have maps which indicate red zones, so you can tell if your child is in that area. When something wrong is detected, the App will notify the parent that their child might be in danger. See an example of such App. SecuraTrac Free internet calls: Friends can call each other for free using free internet call centers. A good example is SKYPE. With skype software installed on my laptop, I can communicate with my friends for free if they also have skype on their laptops. This software can also be installed on smartphones. Get this software from skype Use of emails: Even though social networks are trying to replace email communication; there is certain information which users can not exchange via social networks. So email services like yahoo mail, Hotmail, and Gmail. Have eased communication. It’s now very rare to find a person writing a letter because that will involve posting it to a postal office and paying delivery fees, which is not the case when you use electronic mail. In conclusion, technology has transformed the way we communicate, it has created a big impact in how businesses interact with consumers and how friends interact with each other. 44 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

2.5 SUMMARY  Electrical technology is the application of scientific principles and theories in the production, design, testing, installation, use, control, and service of electronic and electrical parts, systems, and equipment.  Electrical technology is the fact that it is used in a variety of industries. These industries include residential, industrial, and even commercial industries. Essentially, electrical technology is the study of equipment, systems, technology, and machines that can produce electricity, which is why it is such a crucial field across many industries.  Electronics encompasses an exceptionally broad range of technology. The term originally was applied to the study of electron behaviour and movement, particularly as observed in the first electron tubes. It came to be used in its broader sense with advances in knowledge about the fundamental nature of electrons and about the way in which the motion of these particles could be utilized.  Today many scientific and technical disciplines deal with different aspects of electronics. Research in these fields has led to the development of such key devices as transistors, integrated circuits, lasers, and optical fibres. These in turn have made it possible to manufacture a wide array of electronic consumer, industrial, and military products.  Indeed, it can be said that the world is in the midst of an electronic revolution at least as significant as the industrial revolution of the 19th century. 2.6 KEYWORDS  Electronics: Electronics is the study of electricity (the flow of electrons) and how to use that to build things like computers. It uses circuits that are made with parts called components and connecting wires to do useful things. The science behind Electronics comes from the study of physics and gets applied in real-life ways through the field of electrical engineering.  Electronic system: A electronic system that is powered by electricity, and it processes information, data, or any raw material from input into a desired output for further usage in life. 45 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

 Tourism: E-tourism is the analysis, design, implementation and application of IT and e-commerce solutions in the travel and tourism industry; as well as the analysis of the respective economic processes and market structures and customer relationship management.  Teleconferencing: Teleconferencing is a type of telecommunications that allows users to communicate with each other using audio only. Teleconferencing can be used for personal or business purposes.  Fax machine: The fax machine was once the primary method of sending documents electronically. A fax machine is a machine that uses a telephone line to send and receive documents. 2.7 LEARNING ACTIVITY 1. Define Electronic technology ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.State the importance of electronic technology ___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________ 2.8 UNIT END QUESTIONS A. Descriptive Questions Short Questions: 1. Give the meaning of electronic technology 2. State the significance of technology in electronic world 3. Explain Data processing technology 4. Explain use of technology in communication 5. What is strategic communication? 46 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

Long Questions: 1. State the impact of technology in communication to individuals. 2. Explain the impact of technology in communication to a business 3. List some advantages and disadvantages of EDP 4. Explain in detail types of electronic communication 5. Give some information on history of Electronics B. Multiple Choice Questions 1. Electronic Business referred to a. The conduct of business with the assistance of telecommunications and telecommunications-based tools b. The conduct of commerce in goods and services, with the assistance of telecommunications and telecommunications-based tools c. It refers to means whereby sellers can communicate their offerings to potential buyers. d. None of these 2. In computer terminology, information means ________________ a. Alphanumeric data b. Program c. Data in more useful or intelligible form d. Raw data 3. Quantitative data mainly deals with ______. a. Audio data b. Images data c. Numeric data d. Videos 47 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

4.ICR stands for______. a. Magnetic Ink Chart Receipt b. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition c. Magnetic Ink Chart Recognition d. Magnetic Ink capacitor Reverse 5. Normally communication is ___, wherein the information or message is transferred from one person to another. a. impersonal b. interpersonal c. personal d. important Answers 1-a, 2-c, 3-c, 4-b, 5-b 2.9 REFERENCES References book:  Fesenmaier, Daniel R.; Wober, Karl W.; Werthner, H. (2006). Destination Recommendation Systems: Behavioural Foundations and Applications. Wallingford, UK: CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-023-1.  Maurer, Ed (2003). Internet for the Retail Travel Industry. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-4071-3.  Tesone, Dana V. (2005). Hospitality Information Systems and E-Commerce. New York: John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-0-471-47849-2.  Werthner, Hannes; Klein, S. (1999). Information Technology and Tourism. A Challenging Relationship. Vienna: Springer. ISBN 978-3-211-83274-5.  Zhou, Zongqing (2004). E-commerce and Information Technology in Hospitality and Tourism. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar Learning. ISBN 978-0-7668-4140-6. 48 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

UNIT – 3MELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY IN TOURISM-II STRUCTURE 3.0 Learning Objectives 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Meaning and scope of IT 3.3 Tactical and operational use of IT in Tourism 3.4 Summary 3.5 Keywords 3.6 Learning Activity 3.7 Unit End Questions 3.8 References 3.0 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this unit, you will be able to:  Understand meaning of IT  Identify scope of IT in Tourism  State the need and importance of IT  List the uses of IT in tourism 3.1 INTRODUCTION The terms \"information technology\" and \"IT\" are widely used in business and the field of computing. People use the terms generically when referring to various kinds of computer- related work, which sometimes confuses their meaning. 49 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)

What Is Information Technology? A 1958 article in Harvard Business Review referred to information technology as consisting of three basic parts: computational data processing, decision support, and business software. This time period marked the beginning of IT as an officially defined area of business; in fact, this article probably coined the term. Over the ensuing decades, many corporations created so-called \"IT departments\" to manage the computer technologies related to their business. Whatever these departments worked on became the de facto definition of Information Technology, one that has evolved over time. Today, IT departments have responsibilities in areas like computer tech support, business computer network and database administration, business software deployment, and information security. Especially during the dot-com boom of the 1990s, Information Technology also became associated with aspects of computing beyond those owned by IT departments. This broader definition of IT includes areas like software development, computer systems architecture, and project management Information Technology Jobs and Careers Job posting sites commonly use IT as a category in their databases. The category includes a wide range of jobs across architecture, engineering, and administration functions. People with jobs in these areas typically have college degrees in computer science and/or information systems. They may also possess related industry certifications. Short courses in IT basics can be also be found online and are especially useful for those who want to get some exposure to the field before committing to it as a career. A career in Information Technology can involve working in or leading IT departments, product development teams, or research groups. Having success in this job field requires a combination of both technical and business skills. Network Cables in Server Room Issues and Challenges in Information Technology As computing systems and capabilities continue expanding worldwide, \"data overload\" has become an increasingly critical issue for many IT professionals. Efficiently processing huge amounts of data to produce useful business intelligence requires large amounts of processing power, sophisticated software, and human analytic skills. Teamwork and communication skills have also become essential for most businesses to manage the complexity of IT systems. Many IT professionals are responsible for providing service to business users who are not trained in computer networking or other information 50 CU IDOL SELF LEARNING MATERIAL (SLM)