MAp 602 5-6

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2 M.A.(Psy) EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY Course Code: MAP 602 Semester: First SLM Unit : 5-6 E-Lesson: 3 https://images.app.goo.gl/9CPsqxZKHBVPZKH38 www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY OBJECTIVES INTRODUCTION 33 After studying this unit, you will be able to: The gustatory system is the sensory system Explain the sensory processes of Gustatory and responsible for the perception of taste and Kinesthetic Flavour. Discuss kinesthesis and learning styles All perception involves processing of the electrical signals that reaches to central Discuss perceptual process nervous system from body and organizing that information to give Elaborate process of perception meaning to our external world . www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 M(AMPA6P02602) INASlTl ITriUgThEt OarFeDrIeSsTeArNvCeEd AwNitDh OCNUL-IIDNOE LLEARNING

Topics to be covered > Gustatory 4 > Functional Structure > Structure and Function of Gustatory > Kinesthesis and Learning Styles EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY > The Concept of Perception > Types of Perception > Difference between Perception and Sensation https://images.app.goo.gl/EQmGYCUfLc3u8Mtm8 www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

GUSTATORY 5 • Taste, gustatory perception, or gustation (Adjectival form: gustatory) is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gustatory system. • Taste is the sensation produced or stimulated when a substance in the mouth reacts chemically with taste receptor cells located on taste buds in the oral cavity, mostly on the tongue. • Taste, along with smell (olfaction) and trigeminal nerve stimulation (registering texture, pain, and temperature), determines flavors of food and/or other substances. • Have taste receptors on taste buds (gustatory calyculi) and other areas including the upper surface of the tongue and the epiglottis. • The basic tastes contribute only partially to the sensation and flavor of food in the mouth other factors include smell, detected by the olfactory epithelium of the nose; texture, detected through a variety of mechanoreceptors, muscle nerves, etc.; temperature, detected by thermo-receptors; and \"coolness\" www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Functional Structure Taste buds and papillae of the tongue 6 In the human body a stimulus refers to a form of energy which elicits a physiological or psychological action or response. Sensory receptors are the structures in the body which change the stimulus from one form of energy to another. This can mean changing the presence of a chemical, sound wave, source of heat, or touch to the skin into an electrical action potential which can be understood by the brain, the body's control center Sweetness Sweetness is produced by the presence of sugars, some proteins, and other substances such as alcohols like anethol, glycerol and propylene glycol, saponins such as glycyrrhizin, artificial sweeteners (organic compounds with a variety of structures), www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Sourness 7 Sourness is acidity, and, like salt, it is a taste sensed using ion channels. Undissociated acid diffuses across the plasma membrane of a presynaptic cell, where it dissociates in accordance with Le Chatelier's principle. Bitterness Research has shown that TAS2Rs (taste receptors, type 2, also known as T2Rs) such as TAS2R38 are responsible for the human ability to taste bitter substances. Savoriness The amino acid glutamic acid is responsible for savoriness, but some nucleotides (inosinic acid and guanylic acid) can act as complements, enhancing the taste. Pungency Substances such as ethanol and capsaicin cause a burning sensation by inducing a trigeminal nerve reaction together with normal taste reception. Coolness Some substances activate cold trigeminal receptors even when not at low temperatures www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Structure and Function of 8 Gustatory The gustatory cortex is located in cerebral cortex, which is the outer part of the brain. The gustatory cortex is made up of two small substructures that are found in two different lobes of the brain. These substructures are the anterior insula, located on the insular lobe, and the frontal operculum, on the frontal lobe. The gustatory cortex functions to give a person the perception of taste. The gustatory cortex works with the taste buds to create the taste sensation. The tongue is covered with taste buds, and taste buds in different areas of the tongue sense different types of flavors. For example, the taste buds for sweet tastes are located mostly near the tip of the tongue, while taste buds for bitter tastes are located near the back of the tongue. There are a total of five different types of flavors, or tastes such as Sweet, Salty, Bitter, Sour, Savory, or umani. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Kinesthesis and Learning Styles 9 …  Kinesthesis relates to one of the three major learning of styles in Fleming VAK model. www.slideshare.com According to the theories of learning styles, people learn best if the www.cuidol.in instruction is offered according to their learning preferences.  An individual with a kinesthetic learning style would learn best by doing, or actually performing an action While the concept of learning styles is enormously popular, particularly in the field of education, most research has found that there is little evidence supporting the idea that instructing students according to their preferred learning style has any difference on educational outcomes However, if you are a person who prefers learning by doing, as kinesthetic learners often do, you can perhaps take advantage of this knowledge when you are trying to learn something new. Rather than bore yourself with reading instruction manuals or listening to lectures, look for ways that you can gain hands-on experience. Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Concept of Perception 10 Perception is considered to be an intellectual process which involves in transforming sensory stimuli to meaningful information. Perception is the process of interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind. What we see and hear is later used to judge and give a judgment on a situation, person, group, thing etc. Meaning of Perception The word \"perception\" comes from the Latin words perceptio, percipio, which means \"receiving, collecting, and action of taking possession, apprehension with the mind or senses.\" “Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information”. Definition According to professors Schiffman and Kanuk, “Perception is the process by which an individual selects organizes and interprets stimuli into meaningful and coherent picture of the world”. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Types of Perception 11 Perception is divided into six types which include: 1. Perception of sound: It is considered to be the ability to receive sound by identifying different vibrations. 2. Perception of speech: It is the competence of interpreting and understanding the sounds of language which is heard. 3. Perception of Touch: It includes identifying objects and things through patterns of its surface by touching it and feeling them. 4. Perception of Taste: It is the ability to receive flavor of substances by tasting it through sensory organs known as taste buds. 5. Perception of other senses: They help in approving the perception through body, which includes balance, acceleration, pain, time, sensation felt in throat and lungs etc. 6. Perception of the social world: It permits people to understand other individuals and groups of their social world. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PERCEPTION 12 AND SENSATION • Sensation is the response of a physical sensory organ. The physical senses are touch, vision, hearing, smell and taste. These senses are affected by stimuli continuously. • The stimuli may be both internal and external to the human body and reaction in particular sense organ take s place because of these. Examples of sensation may be reaction of eye to color, ear to sound and so on. • Sensory abilities are measure by the absolute threshold, which the weakest level of stimulus that can be accurately detected. For humans, this could be a candle seen 30 miles away on dark, clear night or the scent of a drop of perfume in a large room. The stimuli come from receptors in our bodies which are located in our eyes, ears, nose, skin muscles and even in the certain parts of our digestive tract. • These receptors are designed to detect certain types of physical energy, such as light and sound waves . Stimulation is then converted to electrochemical signals called neural impulses, which the nervous system transmits to the different regions of the brain’s cortex. • The different regions of the cortex translate different neural impulses into different psychological experiences www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Key Words/Abbreviations 13  The gustatory system - The gustatory system is the sensory system responsible for the perception of tas te and flavour.  Gustatory perception - gustatory perception is one of the five traditional senses that belongs to the gust atory system  Taste buds and papillae of the tongue - In the human body a stimulus refers to a form of energy which elicits a physiological or psychological action or response.  Sweetness - Sweetness is produced by the presence of sugars  Bitterness - TAS2R38 are responsible for the human ability to taste bitter substances  Perceiver - When an individual looks at the object and attempts to interpret the same.  Perceptual Organization - Perceptual organization is the process of grouping visual elements together. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Learning Activity 14 1. You are required to prepare a live project report on “The Gustatory System of Human Body”. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 2. You are suggested to identify the elements related to the structure and function of gustatory. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 3. You are required to prepare a live project on “Perception of Speech” with respect to psychology. _________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________ 4 You are suggested to identify the types of Perception and their link for experimental psychology. _________________________________________________________________ www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

SUMMARY 15 The gustatory system is the sensory system responsible for the perception of taste and flavour. In humans, the gustatory system is comprised of taste cells in the mouth (which sense the five taste modalities: salty, sweet, bitter, sour and umami), several cranial nerves, and the gustatory cortex. Kinesthesis refers to sensory input that occurs within the body. Postural and movement information are communicated via sensory systems by tension and compression of muscles in the body. Even when the body remains stationary, the kinesthetic sense can monitor its position. Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in turn result from physical stimulation of the sense organs. Perceptual mechanism consists of three sub-processes, viz., selection organization and interpretation. Once the sense organs detect a stimulus in the environment, a person selects organizes and interprets it through perceptual selectivity, perceptual organization and perceptual interpretation. Put together, these are known as perceptual mechanisms. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Frequently Asked Questions 16 1. What is gustatory system? (For more information see SLM) Ans: The gustatory system is the sensory system responsible for the perception of taste and flavour. 2. How can be kinesthesis referred? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Kinesthesis refers to sensory input that occurs within the body. Postural and movement information are communicated via sensory systems by tension and compression of muscles in the body. 3. What the process of perception? (For more information see SLM) Ans: Perception is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of the environment by organizing and interpreting sensory information. 4. Name the three sub process of perpec tual mechanism. (For more information see SLM) Ans: Perceptual mechanism consists of three sub-processes, viz., selection, organization and interpretation www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 17 1. Which of the following is located in cerebral cortex, which is the outer part of the brain? (a) The gustatory cortex (b) The Kinesthetic (c) The kinesthetic sense (d) All the above 2. The ability to assess the weight of an object is another function of………… (a) Kinesthesia (b) The gustatory cortex (c) The kinesthetic sense (d) All the above 3. Which of the following is not the element of Perception? (a) Sensation (b) Absolute Threshold (c) Subliminal Perception (d) Olfactory System Answers: 1.(a) 2.(a) 3. (d) Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

REFERENCES 18 “References of this unit have been given at the end of the book”. www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

19 THANK YOU www.cuidol.in Unit-5-6 MAP602 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL