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Dressing 51 • Some people think men in England wear suits and bowler hats, but it is very unusual these days to see anyone wearing a bowler hat. • An English National Costume group are trying to make England's national dress be the clothes worn by the Anglo Saxons during the 7th century. The Anglo-Saxons were warrior-farmers and came from north-western Europe. They began to invade Britain during 450 A.D. • A far better choice for an English national dress would be to choose from our many customs and traditions we have in England. There are a wide variety of costumes from the spectacular ceremonies associated with monarchy to the traditional costumes worn by morris dancers and others at English country fairs. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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Wor 53 k • About 3.7 million businesses in the UK. • About 75% of British jobs are in service industries - hotels, restaurants, travel, shopping, and computer and finances. It is our fastest growing business and employs over twenty million people. • The usual working day starts at 9am and finishes by 5pm. Most people work a five-day week. • British employers must give their workers 24 days paid holiday a year. • The main rate for workers aged 22 and over increased on 1 October 2007 to £5.52 an hour from £5.35 an hour in 2006. • The report shows that anyone earning less than £6.25 an hour in London is at or below the poverty level, after taking tax credits and benefits into account, because of the higher cost of living in the capital. • Children are not legally allowed to work until they are 13. Under-15s can work up to five hours on Saturdays (and weekdays in the summer holidays), to a maximum of 25 hours a week during school holidays. They can only work two hours maximum on schooldays and Sundays. Over-15s can work eight hours maximum on Saturdays and school holiday weekdays, and up to 35 hours a week during the holidays. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Dating and Marriage Customs in 54 Britain Dating • Dating usually starts in the teenage years, although some kids at primary school age are now having boy and girl friends from the age of 8 years and upwards. • Traditionally, girls used to wait for the lads to make the first move, but these days equality rules. Marriage • In England and Wales people cannot marry if they are aged 16 or 17 and do not have parental consent. • In Scotland both parties must be at least 16 years of age (parental consent is not required). • A marriage can take place in:-a Register Office • a church of the Church of England, Church in Wales, Church of Ireland, Presbyterian or Roman Catholic Church in N. Ireland • a synagogue or any other private place if both partners are Jewish • any other religious building provided that the person marrying the couple is www.cuidol.in registered by the Registrar General Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Cont.. 55 • The trend nowadays is to marry later. Many couples are living together first for all sorts of reasons such as finance. • Brides have 'Hen' nights and bridegrooms have 'Stag' parties (similar to bachelor/bachelorette parties). • For couples getting married in a church, 'banns' announcing the proposed wedding are read aloud in the church three Sundays before the wedding. • The groom chooses a Best Man who will look after the couple rings during the wedding ceremony. The Wedding Day • It is unlucky for the groom to see the bride on the wedding day before the service. • Traditionally the bride wears a white dress and the groom wears a suit (top hat and tails). • The groom and the bride say their vows. • They give each other rings After the wedding ceremony www.cuidol.in • After the wedding ceremony guests arUeniitn1v(BitTeTd10to3) attend a meal and furtheArll right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Festivals and /Special Days by Season 56 January May November • New Year • May Day (1st) • Bonfire Night (5th) • Rochester Sweeps Festival • Remembrance Day (11th) February • Whistun • St Andrew's Day (30th) • Advent • Candlemas Day (1st) June • St Valentines Day (14th) December • Trooping of the Colour March • Fathers' Day • Advent • Wimbledon Tennis • Christmas (25th) • St David's Day (1st) (Wales) • Boxing Day (26th) • St Patrick's Day (17th) (Ireland) Championship • Shrove Tuesday (Pancake Day) • Lent August • Mothering Sunday • Edinburgh Festival (UK Mothers Day) • Notting Hill Carnival • Easter September April • Harvest Festival • April Fool's Day (1st) • St George's Day (23rd) October (England) • Halloween (31st) www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

General 57 Superstitions Good Luck • Lucky to meet a black cat. Black Cats are featured on many good luck greetings cards and birthday cards in England. • Lucky to touch wood. We touch; knock on wood, to make something come true. • Lucky to find a clover plant with four leaves. • White heather is lucky. • A horseshoe over the door brings good luck. But the horseshoe needs to be the right way up. The luck runs out of the horseshoe if it is upside down. • Horseshoes are generally a sign of good luck and feature on many good luck cards. • On the first day of the month it is lucky to say \"white rabbits, white rabbits white rabbits,\" before uttering your first word of the day. • Catch falling leaves in Autumn and you will have good luck. Every leaf means a lucky month next year. • Cut your hair when the moon is waxing and you will have good luck. • Putting money in the pocket of new clothes brings good luck. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Cont.. 58 Bad Luck • Unlucky to walk underneath a ladder. • Seven years bad luck to break a mirror. The superstition is supposed to have originated in ancient times, when mirrors were considered to be tools of the gods. • Unlucky to see one magpie, lucky to see two, etc.. • Unlucky to spill salt. If you do, you must throw it over your shoulder to counteract the bad luck. • Unlucky to open an umbrella in doors. • The number thirteen is unlucky. Friday the thirteenth is a very unlucky day. Friday is considered to be an unlucky day because Jesus was crucified on a Friday. • Unlucky to put new shoes on the table. • Unlucky to pass someone on the stairs. Reference: http://projectbritain.com Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

sport 59 s • Sports play an important part in the life in Britain and is a popular leisure activity • Many of the world's famous sports began in Britain, including cricket, football, lawn tennis, golf and rugby • England's national sport is cricket www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Hofstede's 60 model www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

THANK YOU 61 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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Early Britain 63 ▪ NEOLITHIC (2900-2200 BC): STONEHENGE, possible burial ground ▪ IRON AGE (800 BC-AD 100): CELTIC POPULATION www.cuidol.in (BRITONS) Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Roman Times (AD 43-410) 64 Hadrian’s Wall (AD 122): defensive fortification built in northern Britain (Britannia) to separate the Romans from the barbarians. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Middle Ages 65 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL ▪ i5hnthv-6atsiAcoennnsgtulor(i-GeSsea:rxmoannic tribes). Native Britons move westwards. ▪ h7Ttwoceinntfulruye:nc.Cesh: rCisetlitaicni(znaotirothn- west) and Roman (south- east). ▪ (8hEt acsetntuArnyg: litah,e ‘7 Kingdoms’ Essex, Kent, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, Wessex). Unit 1(BTT 103) www.cuidol.in

The Middle Ages 66 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL ▪ 9th century: Viking invasions. The Danelaw: rule of the Danes over the Anglo-Saxons. Battle of Stamford Bridge: the English defeat the vikings. ▪ h1K0int gdceonmt‘us7’ryf:ormUEnnifgilcaantdio).n (the Three weeks later… ▪ 1066: Norman Conquest. Battle of Hastings: the Norman-French defeat the English. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103)

The Norman Conquest 67 ▪ 1066: Battle of Hastings. The Norman- French, led by William ‘the Conqueror’, defeated the English, led by King Harold II, which brought about the Norman domination of England. ▪ Bilingualism: French (upper classes) / English (lower classes). www.cuidol.in Bayeux Tapestry: a 70 metre-long All right are reserved with CU-IDOL embroidered tapestry depicting the events of the Norman Conquest Unit 1(BTT 103)

House of Plantagenet 68 ▪ 1154-1485: House of Plantagenet, with kings like Henry II and Richard ‘the Lionheart’ (and his Third Crusade to conquer the Holy Land). ▪ The Magna Carta (1215) is the first document that limits the ‘divine’ powers of the King and establishes the powers of the Parliament. ▪ The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge were also created during this period. ▪ 1337-1453: Hundred Years’ War (over the control of the French throne). It was a dynastic war and marked the beginning of English and French nationalism. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

House of Tudor 69 All right are reserved with CU-IDOL ▪ 1455-1485: Wars of the Roses. Dynastic wars between the houses of Lancaster and York for the throne of England, with the victory of Henry Tudor over Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As a result, the House of Tudor ruled for over a century (1485-1603). ▪ Henry VIII (1509-1547): six m(Caartrhiaegriense of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr) and separation of the Church of England from the Roman Catholic Church. ▪ Elizabeth I (1158-1603), called V‘Tihrgein Queen’, had a long, peaceful and prosperous reign (Elizabethan era) after centuries of turmoil. Her troops defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103)

The Civil War and the Restoration 70 ▪ The English Civil War (1642-1651): confrontation between the King (Charles I and Charles II, Stuart kings who overestimated the power of the monarchy) and the Parliament (led by Oliver Cromwell). Victory of the Parliament (e‘xCeocumtimononowf eCahltahr’l)e,s I and exile of Charles ▪ II. Also economic and religious reasons: ▪ the Parliamentarians were mainly Puritans and urban traders. ▪ the Royalists had the support of the Church of England and ▪ Aftreurraal Plarnodt-eocwtonreartse. (1653-1659) under Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell, the monarchy was restored with Charles II in 1660 and later James II (‘the Restoration’). ▪ King James’s attempt to reintroduce Roman Catholicism in England led to his deposition in the ‘Glorious Revolution’ (1688), led by William of Orange. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Industrial Revolution and the British Emp 71 ▪ Acts of Union of 1707: Kingdom of Great Britain (England and Scotland). Queen Anne became the new Queen and the Parliament of Great Britain was created. ▪ This time is also the beginning of the British Empire (overseas colonies and territories ruled by the United Kingdom), the Industrial Revolution (machinery, textile, metallurgy, steam power, transportation, better living and work conditions, wealth), and the Independence of the USA (1776), which led to several British-American wars. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The Victorian Era 72 ▪ The Victorian era was a period ruled by Queen Victoria (1837-1901). ▪ Highest point of the British Empire and the Industrial Revolution. ▪ The UnitedKingdom expanded its borders into America, Africa, Asia and Oceania to become the first economic and political world power. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The British Empire 73 «the empire on which the sun never sets» www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

74 English Weather www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The British climate is notorious for rain, wind and 75 low temperatures. But this is often not true. During the Summer, the temperature is often above 30 degrees, and in the Winter, snow and ice cover parts of England and Scotland. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

It´s grim up North. 76 Northern England and Scotland are always much colder than the rest of Britain. In Southern England, places like Southampton (where Joe lived), Brighton and Cornwall. The coldest, wettest city in England is Manchester. \"I didn't like the food, the weather or the city,\" Jordi Cruyff, former Barcelona player, when asked what his impressions of Manchester where. More recently, Gerard Pique was asked if missed Manchester weather. His reply was simple: \"No.\" www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Describing rain 77 It´s not often in English than we describe the weather as just ´Rainy´. We use different expressions to describe how heavy the rain is. It´s raining cats and dogs. It´s pissing it down. - Heavy storms It´s pouring down. It´s spitting. - Light rain It´s drizzling. Just a bit of drizzle. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

During the summer 78 In Spain, during the summer, the weather is very warm and people can lay out on the beach all day. In the UK, when it´s a ´nice day´, people still go to the seaside. But do different things. People sunbathe if the weather´s warm enough, but also Children take donkey rides on the beach, people go on rollarcoasters and eat seaside rock. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Describing the sun 79 Instead using ´sunny´ to describe hot weather, we use different expressions. It´s scorching hot/it´s - Very hot scorching It´s boiling hot/it´s weather boiling - a period of very hot It´s sizzling weather A heat wave www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

It's hot enough to melt hell. 80 It's stifling.I can't hardly All right are reserved with CU-IDOL breathe. I can't bear the heat. I am sweating like a pig. You could fry eggs on the pavement. It´s raining fire. It's too hot to think. Today is a thermometer breaker It's hot with a capital \"H\". It's not just hot, it's Africa hot. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103)

During the winter 81 Winter in the UK is a beautiful thing. Snow covers cities as people get ready for Christmas. In the snow, children go sledging, have snowball fights and build snowmen. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Describing cold weather 82 •It´s freezing. A - Very cold. blizzard It´s - A snow storm bitter It´s cool - A little bit cold •It´s brisk It´s chilly It´s nippy www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Autumn 83 Autumn in England is when the leaves change colour and fall to the ground. Often this is the time of year with most rain and wind. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Describing the wind 84 It´s gushing. It´s going to blow me off my fAeet. - means weak wind breeze Gusty Like a torrent Tornado Windy www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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Basic Facts 86 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Royal coat of arms 87 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Capital: London Official language: English (de facto) 88 Recognised regional languages: Irish, Ulster Scots, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Cornish Ethnic groups: 92.1% White 4.0% South Asian 2.0% Black 1.2% Mixed 0.4% Chinese 0.4% Other Area: 244,820 km2 Population: 61,113,205 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Government: Parliamentary democracy 89 and constitutional monarchy Monarch: Queen Elizabeth II Prime Minister: David Cameron Legislature: Parliament Upper House: House of Lords Lower House: House of Commons Formation: • Magna Carta • Petition of Rights • Bill of Right Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL www.cuidol.in

• The United Kingdom of Great 90 Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or as Britain) is a • nItoirsthna-oensaroisstvlthaeen-rnwdrepceiaogsruttnneotfrsryItnrEaeinucltacerolnuodadlp,osinatecgna.:odtGfmercedaoantonyBftsrfimintaateihnlln,eistthlaaelnds. • The UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea. • The largest island, Great Britain, is linked to France by the Channel Tunnel. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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• The UK has fourteen overseas territories 92 • All remnants of the British Empire, which at its height in 1922 encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface, the largest empire in history. • British influence can continue to be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

The UK is a developed country, with the Sixth 93 largest economy. It was the world's first industrialised country The decline of its empire in the latter half of the 20th century diminished its leading role in global affairs. The UK remains a major power with strong economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence. It is a nuclear power. It is a Member State of the European Union. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

Geography of the UK 94 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

• The physical geography of the UK varies 95 greatly. • •The geography of England consists of lowland terrain, with mountainous terrain north-west of the Tees-Exe line. • •The geography of Scotland is distinguished by the very lar mountainous regions in the north and lowlands in the south. • Most of Scotland’s population lives in the south. •The geography of Wales is mostly mountainous. The geography o • Ireland is also mostly mountainous. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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Rivers of the UK 97 www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

River Thames 98 The River Thames flows through southern England It is the second largest river in the UK Best known river in the UK – Flows directly through London Total length: 346 km Been a major source of life for all civilizations that have lived in Britian. www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL

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River Severn 100 Largest River in the UK – 354 kilometers Flows from Wales to Britain. – Ends in the Bristol Channel www.cuidol.in Unit 1(BTT 103) All right are reserved with CU-IDOL