The Future of the Internet

Index 339 for other limitations, 112; public vs. RFC 1135, “The Helminthiasis of the In- private behavior, 212–16; and reputa- ternet,” 39 tion, 216 –21, 228 –29; search and seizure, 112; sensitivity identified with, robots, spam messages from, 207–8 202; and third-party storage, 185 – 88; robot signaling, 223 and ubiquitous surveillance, 109 –10, robots.txt, 223 –25, 227, 243 206, 209 –16; on Web sites, 203, 226 Rosen, Jeffrey, 216 privacy “tags,” 227 RSS (really simple syndication), 56 procrastination principle: and Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 119 –20; Saltzer, Jerry, 31 in generative systems, 152, 164, 180, Samuelson, Pamela, 225–26 242, 245; in Internet design, 33, 34; Sanger, Larry, 133, 142–43, 145 and Morris worm, 39 – 40; in net- Sapphire/Slammer worm, 47 works, 31, 33, 99, 164; in operating satellite TV, 181, 182 systems, 69; and Wikipedia, 134, 135; Saudi Arabia, information control in, in XO, 237, 240 Prodigy, 7, 23, 24, 81, 157 113, 180 proprietary rights thickets, 188 – 92 Scherf, Steve, 145–46 protocol layer, 39, 67– 69 search engines, 220–21, 223, 226, 227; punch card system, 11 creation of, 224; user rankings, 217 QTel, 157 Second Amendment, 117 quasi-contracts, 184 SEC v. Jerry T. O’Brien, Inc., 185, 188 Seigenthaler, John, Sr., 138, 141, 145 Radin, Margaret, 233 semiotic democracy, 147 radio broadcasts, jamming of, 106 Sender ID, 193 –94 radio frequency identifiers (RFIDs), 203 sensors: cheap, 206, 208–9, 210, 221; Radio Shack, 75-in-1 Electronic Project ubiquitous, 212–13 Kit, 14, 73 September 11 attacks and PATRIOT Act, Rand, Ayn, 143 Raymond, Eric, 137 186 – 87 “Realtime Blackhole List,” 169 SETI@home, 90 reCAPTCHA, 208, 227 ShotSpotter, 314n43 Reed, David, 31 signal neutrality, 182 Reidenberg, Joel, 104 Simpson, Jessica, 53 reputation bankruptcy, 228 –29 Skype, 56 – 57, 58, 59, 60, 102, 113, 178, reputationdefender.com, 230 reputation systems, 216 –21; buddy lists, 180, 182 Slashdot, 217 219–20; correcting or identifying mis- smoking bans, 118 takes on, 220; identity systems, 220; snopes.com, 230 search engines, 217, 220 –21; user sobig.f virus, 47 rankings, 146, 217–18, 221; whole- social layer, 67 person ratings, 218 –19 sock puppetry, 136, 228 software: BBS, 25; collaboration, 96; copylefted, 309n75; cross-licensing of, 190; and cyberlaw, 104–7; and data portability, 177; flexible, 15–16; free,

340 Index software (continued ) on privacy, 185, 188; on search and 77, 94, 131– 32, 189, 191– 92; instal- seizure, 188 lation of, 14, 16, 18; interoperability surveillance: and censorship, 113; cheap of, 176, 184; patents of, 190; poor de- cameras, 206; and false positives, 116– cisions about, 55; programmers of, 14, 17; and government power, 117–19, 15, 16; of proprietary networks, 82, 175, 187; by law enforcement officers, 189; reconfigurability of, 14; source 4 – 5, 109 –10, 113, 117, 118, 209– code of, 189, 192; and statute of limi- 10, 215 –16; “mass dataveillance,” 208; tations, 191; trusted systems, 105; un- mistakes locked in, 116–17; by mobile bundled from hardware, 12, 14; up- phones, 4, 110, 117, 210–14; and dates of, 176; user-written, 85; written PATRIOT Act, 186–87; in tethered by amateurs, 89; written by third par- appliances, 109–10, 116, 117; and ties, 14, 16 –17, 18, 180, 183, 192– 93 third-party storage, 186–88; at traffic lights, 116 –17; ubiquitous, 109–10, Solove, Daniel, 210 206, 209 –16 Sony, Mylo, 58 Sutton, Willie, 55 Spafford, Gene, 37, 240 Swiss Army knife, 72, 73 spam, 99, 130, 137, 166; anonymous, Symantec Corp., 46, 159 194; from automated robots, 207– 8; tabulation, punch card system of, 11 blocks of, 111, 194; filters, 46; and link TamTam (and XO project), 237 farms, 207; MAPS vs., 168 –70; Nige- Tattam, Peter, 29, 85 rian “419,” 240; ORBS vs., 169; and technical protection measures, 105 viruses, 170 –73 technology: and automation, 92; cheap specific injunction, 108 – 9 speech: anonymous, 213; freedom of, networks, 205–6, 210, 214, 216, 221; 114, 230; “more speech” approach, cheap processors, 205, 210, 216, 221; 230; and prior restraints, 122 cheap sensors, 206, 208–9, 210, 216, speed bumps, 108 221; expansion of, 34, 150; facial spreadsheets, 15, 88 recognition, 214–15; functionality of, spyware, 53, 130, 172 105; image recognition, 215–16; in- Stallman, Richard, 77, 131– 32, 190 ternational exportation of, 5; Moore’s “Star Wars Kid,” 211–12, 213, 234 Law in, 205; participatory, 206; peer State Department, U.S., computer virus production, 206–16; pressure for spread in, 47 change in, 175; regulators of, 4, 8, 35, statutes of limitations, 191 105, 175; security vs. freedom in, 3–5, Sterling, Bruce, 239 155; social liberalization and progress StopBadware.org, 52, 159, 170 –72 in, 113 –14; user ID, 32, 195; virtual- storage: miniaturization of, 155 – 56; ization, 155, 156. See also generative third-party, 185 – 88 technology Stored Communications Act, 186 telephone industry: 7, 304–5n28. See Strahilevitz, Lior, 118, 219, 220 also AT&T Stuntz, William, 112, 117 Texas Instruments TI-99/4A, 13 subsidiarity, 143 theories of the commons, 78–79 Sunstein, Cass, 213 Ticketmaster.com, 207 Supreme Court, U.S.: on gag order, 116;

Index 341 Timex/Sinclair Z-1000, 13 video games: emergence of, 15; as infor- TiVo, 59, 64, 71, 77, 101, 123, 162, 184; mation appliances, 20, 57, 58, 101; li- censing of, 58, 177; remote updating and preemption, 108; and regulator of, 176; third-party code for, 183; control, 107; and surveillance, 109 Xbox, 3 – 4, 184 TiVo v. EchoStar, 103 – 4, 107, 108 tolerated uses, 119 –22, 190 – 91 video rental industry, 121, 202 traffic lights: cameras at, 116 –17; and virtual machine technology, 155, 156 verkeersbordvrij, 127–28 virtual worlds, 47 tragedies of the commons, 158 viruses. See worms and viruses transclusion, use of term, 226 –27 VisiCalc, 2 transferability, 73 Vixie, Paul, 168–69, 172, 173 transmission speed, irregularity of, 32 VNC, 54 trial and error, learning by, 236 Von Ahn, Luis, 206–7 Trumpet Winsock, 29 trust: assumptions of, 20 –21, 30 – 32, Wales, Jimbo: and Bomis search engine, 39–40, 134, 135, 147; trade-offs with, 133, 289n19; and Essjay, 141; and 33 MyWikiBiz, 140; and Nupedia, 133; trusted systems, 105 and Wikia, 141; and Wikipedia, 133, Tushman, Michael, 24 136, 138, 139, 142, 145, 147–48 Twain, Mark (Samuel Clemens), 212, 213 two-factor authentication, 53 Warhol, Andy, 214 typewriters, “smart,” 15, 19, 20, 34 warranty, law of, 162 Warshak v. United States, 188 unitary rights holder, 189 Web 2.0: bottom-up tagging on, 214; de- United States v. Am. Library Ass’n, 282– cision-making control ceded to, 167; 83n62 and end of generativity, 123–26; and Unix operating system, 39, 132, 190 peer production, 206–16; usability of U.S. Census, 11 older versions with, 125; use of term, user-generated content, 146, 147 102, 123 user ID, 32, 195 webcams, 158, 210–12 U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO), Web sites: accessibility of, 4; blacklists of, 114 –15; fake “link farms,” 207; and 38 – 39 information appliances, 102; and pri- U.S. government, research funding from, vacy, 177, 203, 226; and spam, 170– 72; surveillance of, 109 27, 28 Weinberger, David, 214 U.S. Telecommunications Act (1996), Westlaw, 89 whistleblowers, 118 304– 5n28 wi-fi access points, 69, 179–80, 194 Wikipedia, 74, 130, 226; barnstar values, 79 awards, 136, 145; biographies of living VCRs, 121 persons in, 138; blocks of, 136, 140; verkeersbordvrij (“free of traffic signs” ex- “Bureaucrats” of, 135–36; as central- ized service, 157; community-devel- periment), 127–28, 130; lessons of, oped standards of, 139, 143, 146–48, 128, 211, 228; “unsafe as safe” experi- ment, 129; Wikipedia experiment with, 133 – 34, 144, 146

342 Index Wikipedia (continued ) word salad, 207 160– 61, 168, 198 – 99, 241; consen- World Community Grid, 272n58 sus on, 141, 144, 147; and copyright World Summit on the Information Soci- infringement, 143, 168, 189, 195; Counter-Vandalism Unit of, 137; De- ety, 242 fender of the Wiki Barnstar, 137; dis- World Wide Web, development of, 29, cussion page of, 134; editors of, 134, 144, 151, 154; foreign-language ver- 30 sions of, 136, 143 – 44; founding of, worms and viruses: antivirus software vs., 95–96, 133, 142– 43; generativity at content layer, 123, 137–38, 144, 145, 45, 50, 53, 59–60; appliancization vs., 147, 151, 243, 245; and identity to- 57– 61; basic security problem of, 51, kens, 228; influence of, 139; lessons of, 130; botnets created by, 45–47; dam- 160; licensed content of, 144 – 45, 178; age inflicted by, 44–49; databases of, locks in, 135; and netizenship, 142– 53; death of a thousand cuts, 51, 53– 48; neutrality of, 144; nominations for 54; Funcade, 54; generative dilemma deletion from, 140; open development of, 51, 54 – 57, 99; hacker ethos, 43, model of, 147; and Postel’s Law, 134; 45, 53; information clearinghouse for, price of success for, 137–41; principle 39; instant communicability of, 51; of trust in, 134, 135, 147; procrastina- intelligent design of, 44; legislative tion principle in, 134, 135; quality control of, 38; level of disclosure, 54; variations in, 137; rise of, 131– 37; Lovebug, 44; media stories about, 38; school uses of, 244; self-governance Michelangelo, 44; mild reactions to, of, 143, 151, 168; shills on, 140; sub- 38 – 40; Morris worm, 36–43, 44, 45, sidiarity of, 143; success story of, 141– 52, 53, 60; Mydoom, 44; naming 42, 146; three-revert rule of, 135, 139; scheme of, 50; payloads of, 43; Sap- user identities on, 141; vandalism on, phire/Slammer worm, 47; sobig.f 138– 39, 150, 151, 168, 217, 241; ver- virus, 47; and spam, 170–73; spread keersbordvrij of, 133 – 34, 144, 146; of, 45, 46 – 50, 137; as valuable proper- wheel wars on, 290n31; as work in ties, 47; watershed scenario for, 51, 52, progress, 142 53 Wu, Tim, 21, 82, 119, 182 Wikipedia Foundation, 136, 143 wikis: easy recovery on, 155; invention of, Xbox 360 video game console, 3 – 4, 184 95–96, 133, 151; power of, 88, 95–96 Wikiscanner, 151 XO project, 235–41, 244 Wile E. Coyote, 87 Windows. See Microsoft Windows Yahoo!, 27, 45 – 46, 198 WordPerfect, 176, 184 Yelp.com, 146, 147 word processors, 88; dedicated, 15, 34; YouTube, 120, 210 networked, 20; software for, 17 zombie computers, 46, 52, 54, 57, 166 Zune music player, 108