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Super Worm Hotel

Published by Fong Siau Qi, 2020-08-25 08:46:51

Description: This E-manual is to teach you on the knowledges on vermicomposting and encourage you to make your own worm bin with us! If you are wondering on what is ‘vermicomposting’, we believe that this E-manual can give you the answer. Don’t worry that this E-manual is boring, inside there are variety of attractive and cute images for you to understand this book easily.

Had you wondered on how to choose a right earthworm or what to feed them? In this book, you would get know on these interesting facts in a clear and easy manner, through form of pictures and even some cute cartoons!

No matter you are a kid, a teenager or even an adult, you’re welcomed to read this E-manual! As long as you are interested to built a connection with the nature, this book may helps. So, what do you waiting for? Let’s get started to read through this book!

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SUPER WORM HHOOTTEELL Prepared by Wenhui , Fong , Weikee , Huishan Edited by Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin

Copyright © 2020 Universiti Malaya No part of publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means ‒ for example, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission from Universiti Malaya. DISCLAIMER: The views and opinions expressed in this E-manual are solely those of the authors and do not represent the views of the Universiti Malaya.

SUPER WORM HHOOTTEELL Prepared by Wenhui , Fong , Weikee , Huishan Edited by Ati Rosemary Mohd Ariffin & Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin

About Authors FONG SIAU QI LEE HUI SHAN LIM WEI KEE LIM WEN HUI - Born in Dungun, - Born in Pulau Pinang, - Born in Batu Pahat, Johor, - Born in Tapah Road, Terengganu, Malaysia. Malaysia. Perak, Malaysia. - Student for Bachelor of Malaysia. Science in Architecture, - Student for Bachelor of - Student for Bachelor of - Student for Bachelor of Science in Architecture, Science in Architecture, University Malaya. Science in Architecture, University Malaya. University Malaya. - Hobbies: Drawing University Malaya. - Hobbies: Crafting and - Hobbies: Painting, Watching watching drama Watching shows - Hobbies: Drawing, Watching dramas or anime Sleeping dramas

Editors ATI ROSEMARY BINTI MOHD ARIFFIN Senior Lecturer, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Built Environment, University of Malaya. ADI AINURZAMAN BIN JAMALUDIN Senior Lecturer, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya.

PREFACE This E-manual is to teach you on the knowledges on vermicomposting and encourage you to make your own worm bin with us! If you are wondering on what is ‘vermicomposting’, we believe that this E-manual can give you the answer. Don’t worry that this E-manual is boring, inside there are variety of attractive and cute images for you to understand this book easily. Had you wondered on how to choose a right earthworm or what to feed them? In this book, you would get know on these interesting facts in a clear and easy manner, through form of pictures and even some cute cartoons! No matter you are a kid, a teenager or even an adult, you’re welcomed to read this E-manual! As long as you are interested to built a connection with the nature, this book may helps. So, what do you waiting for? Let’s get started to read through this book!

This e-manual is dedicated to those who are passionate and willing to help us to obtain information through interview and surveys.

Let’s start our worm journey now! Hooray!!!

Contents Introduction to Vermicomposting ………………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Type of vermicompost…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3 Which Worms Are Best For Vermicomposting? ................................................ 5 How Does A Vermicompost Bin Work? ............................................................................. 7 How to Choose the Right Earthworm in Market? …………….…………………..….. 9 How Many Earthworms Do You Need to Start Your Vermicompost Bin? ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15 Pros Of Doing Vermicomposting …………………………………………………………………………………….. 17 Materials and Apparatus to Start a Vermicompost Bin ……………...…… 19 Steps to DIY a Vermicompost Bin …………………………………………………………….………………..… 21 What to Feed? ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 25 What Not to Feed? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….. 26 Ways to Take Care of the Vermicompost Bin ………………………………...……….. 27 When to Harvest? …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 29 Challenges or issues faced …………………………………………………………………………………………….……… 31 Notes to Parents and Teachers …………………………………………………………………………………….. 33

Introduction to Vermicomposting Mum, do you know what is composting? Sure, Let me explained it. Composting is a complex interaction between the waste and the microorganisms. In this process, the microorganisms such as bacteria,, fungi and actinomycetes will break down the organic matter. Then, how about the meaning of vermicomposting? Vermicomposting is a process of using worms and microorganisms to turn the organic matter, specially food waste into black, earthy-smelling and nutrient-rich humus which is known as vermicompost. GLOSSARY Interaction - interaksi 1

If you want to create your vermicompost bin, do follow the A.D.A.M principle as shown below. A Living organisms such as microbes, fungi, worms and other creatures are needed by the compost to break down the ALIVENESS food waste to release minerals and nutrients for production of rich-soil like compost. D A variety of ingredients such as food waste which are riched in nitrogen and garden waste are added into the DIVERSITY worm bin. After all, variety is the spice of life! However, you should remember that organic waste that is too acidic A is not suitable for vermicomposting. The compost is aerated regularly to prevent it from AERATION become smelly. M As all living things need water, make sure the compost is not too wet or too dry. MOISTURE GLOSSARY Aerated - Diudarakan Creature - Makhluk 2

Types of Vermicompost Mum, why there are Generally, there are three types of some vermicomposting vermicomposting systems and each of done in one layer and them are categorised by how the some are done in worms move to the source of new multilayers? And why food either vertically or horizontally. some of the worm bins are set up vertically and some are set up horizontally? 1. Non-continuous How is the look of non-continuous vermicomposting system? Look at the diagram on your left, if it is non-continuous, it only consists of one container. Therefore, the worms cannot move to another “layer”. 3

2. Continuous, vertical flow Ventilation holes Lid Third working This vermicomposting system can be used easily. tray Earthworms will move vertically towards the new Second working food source. For example, Wormtopia and Can O tray Worms Systems. First working tray Collector tray 3. Continuous, horizontal flow Tap SCREENED COMPOST COMPOST In this vermicomposting system, earthworms will move horizontally to the new food source. It is usually placed outdoor without any restriction as shown in the windrow system on your right. BULKING AGENT FAN 4

Which Worms Are Best for Compositing? Dear, do u know what As vermicomposting is a process of turning makes the leading role in organic waste into high quality compost soil and vermicomposting? fertilising liquid using earthworms, EARTHWORMS would be the leading role in Ermm… creating a worm farm. Mum, can I use any types of worms to make a worm farm? Yes, you can. But there are some species which are good for vermicomposting. In vermicomposting, earthworms speed up the composting process, aerate the organic material in the bin, and enhance the finished compost with nutrients and enzymes from their digestive tracts. What are the best The best kind of earthworms to be used are red kind of earthworms worms which are also known as red wigglers and to be used for manure worms. vermicomposting? These worms thrive in decomposing organic matter such as leaf piles, compost heaps and old manure piles. GLOSSARY Thrive - Membiak Enhance - Meningkatkan 5

The common type of earthworms used are Dear, come. This is the night crawlers. Compared to red worms, they common type of earthworm. are larger in size. They are usually found on the soil surfaces and are important as they bring nutrients from deep soil onto the surface. Why red worms are better Redworms are extremely prolific. It takes than night crawlers? about three weeks for fertilized eggs to develop in a cocoon from which two or more This is due to red worms have young worms can hatch. In three months the higher speed of reproduction worms become sexually mature and will start compared to nightcrawlers. breeding. Besides red worms and night crawlers, another type of Hi, I am Perionyx earthworms which can be used for vermicomposting excavatus. are Perionyx excavatus, a type of commercially produced earthworms. GLOSSARY Prolific - Subur 6

How Does A Vermicompost Bin Work? In fact, 8000 to 12 000 worms can process 2.27 to 3.63 kg of food per week. Hi everyone, do you know how I work? Some shredded newspaper is placed on bottom as bedding. Then, food scraps and worms are added. Almost all food scraps of this layer are composted. When all foods are eaten, worms will migrate towards new scraps. 7

Worm castings and moisture are left behind when worms CASTINGS move towards new scraps. The castings are harvestable WORM TEA and the moisture are collected in bottom reservoir. Now, you can grab a handful of this nutritious 8 compost and place hungry plants! The dark liquid collected at the bottom, the “worm tea” is a very nutritious natural fertiliser. It can be used to feed your baby fruits and vegetables in the farm. GLOSSARY Harvestable - Boleh dituai atau dikumpulkan

How to Choose the Right Earthworm in Market? When you are going to choose and buy the earthworms for certain purposes, you should ask yourself a few questions: 1. What is your goal? 2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the goal? 3. Will the earthworm thrives and survives in the area that you have selected? 1. What is your goal? Generally, people start vermicomposting for many reasons. They are ● Produce castings for gardening ● Produce worms as bait for fishing ● Reduce waste ● Make money with worms ot to increase their income 9

2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the goal? Before selecting the earthworms which are suitable for you to make a worm bin, you have to know that earthworm can be divided into two types which are burrowing types and non-burrowing types. The characteristics for these two types of earthworm are shown in the table below. (Source: Extract from Nagavaliemma et al., 2004.) 10

After understanding the characteristics of the burrowing earthworms and non-burrowing earthworms, you should learn the six species of earthworms which are commonly used for vermicomposting. a. Red Wigglers (Eisenia foetida) Photos from Red wiggler, also known as Tigger worm, Garlic Capt (Rtd) Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik worm, Manure worm and Branding worm is the most commonly used composting earthworm. It can compost a large amount of organic matter and can eat it’s body weight in a day under ideal condition. It has a rapid reproduction rate with great tolerance in any growing conditions. b. Red Worms (Lumbricus rubellus) Retrieved from Red worm, also known as Blood worm and Red wiggler https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicomposting- (always get confused but in fact is different from worm-composting/worm-species/ Eisenia foetida) is good composting worm as it can consume a large amount of organic material although less than red wigglers. It is very effective at aerating and mixing the soil. It is very active in sunlight and is always found in decomposing animal manure and compost piles. c. Red Tiger (Eisenia andrei) Red Tiger, also known as Tigger worm and Red 11 Tiger Hybrid is an excellent composting worm which is very active in sunlight. Due to its ability to exude coelomic fluid which can attract fish, it is often used as a bait. Retrieved from 1.https://www.wormshed.com.au/our-produ cts/worms 2.https://alchetron.com/Eisenia-andrei

d. Blue Worms (Perionyx excavatus) Retrieved from Blue worm, in other names Indian Blue and https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicom Malaysian Blue, is becoming popular as composting posting-worm-composting/worm-sp earthworm in recent years. It performs well in ecies/ warm climates but dislike the cold. Unlike red wigglers, it is very sensitive to changes in growing condition although it can eat large amount of organic matters and reproduces rapidly. When there is slightly change in bin, it will leave the bin. Retrieved from e. African Nightcrawlers (Eudrilus eugeniae) https://plus2vers.com/en/vermicompos African Nightcrawler which is also known as giant night ting-worm-composting/worm-species/ crawler is a good composting worm but is very sensitive to changes in environment. If the growing conditions are not prefered by this earthworm, it will move out of the bin in less than one day. It can perform better in warmer climate but not good in area with temperature less than 10˚C. In addition, it cannot eat much organic matter as Red Wiggler, Red Worm and Red Tiger. 12

f. Nightcrawlers (Lumbricus terristris) Retrieved from Nightcrawler is a type of earthworm which is the most 1. https://cardiovasculardreamte commonly found in yard and garden. It is not particularly am.weebly.com/nightcrawler-l good in vermicomposting as it prefers undisturbed umbricus-terrestris.html burrows and likes to eat things on top of soil. Instead, it is 2. Book from Adi Ainurzaman popular bait earthworm due to its large size and can be Jamaludin placed onto fish hook easily. It is also easy to be raised and has a great tolerance in various growing conditions. g. White Worms (Enchytraeids) Retrieved from White Worm which is also known as Potworm is often https://www.thefishguide.com/white-wo mistook as baby worm due to its tiny size (6.35 mm to rms-enchytraeids-live-fish-food// 12.70mm in size). It will not harm the composting worms. Instead, it helps in eating and decomposing the organic materials in vermicomposting although it has no enzyme to digest the organic materials ingested. It feeds primarily on soil bacteria and fungi. However, it also feed on dead organic materials and small faeces. It prefers acid soils. If there is a large number of white worms, this indicates that your soil is very acidic. 13

2. What are the types of earthworms to achieve the Hi, I’m Red I’m Indian Blue! goal? Wiggler! I’m African nightcrawler! If your goal is environmental friendly where you want to reduce waste using earthworms, the earthworms commonly used: are: ● Red Worms (Lumbricus Rubellus) Hi, I’m Red ● Tiger Worms (Eisenia Foetida) Worm!! ● Malayan Blue (Perionyx Excavatus) ● African Nightcrawler (Eudrilus Eugeniae) 3. Will the earthworm thrives and survives in the area that you have selected? Although Red Wiggler is a universal suggestion for vermicomposting, there are many situation where the earthworms will work differently. Hence, what you need to do is to taking into consideration the environmental condition of the area in order to choose the right and the most suitable earthworms for vermicomposting. 14

How Many Worms Do You Need to Start Your Vermicompost Bin? Vermicomposting is the use of earthworms to produce beneficial castings by composting organic matter. In this case, the number of earthworms play an essential role in determining the amount of vermicast produced. I would like to create A good rule of thumb for the number of earthworms a worm farm. But, required is how many worms do I need? 0.45 kg of earthworms per 0.093 m2of bins being used. Besides that, it can also be calculated as 0.45 kg of earthworms per 0.45 kg of food waste where there are about 1000 earthworms in one pound. However, there are a lot of things to be considered when deciding on the number of earthworms used for vermicomposting. 1 POUND (0.45KG) : 1FT² (0.093M²) Firstly, the size of bins. The general rule followed is 0.45kg of earthworms per 0.093 m2 of bins. However, there are two caveats to this approach: 1. Earthworms can reproduce very quickly. You have 15 to get ready to transplant some of them to the other bins so that you will not overpopulate them. 2. Make sure that the amount of food supplied is enough to meet the feeding demands.

Secondly, it would be the QUANTITY OF FOOD WASTE. You can purchase worms based on the amount of food scraps. In fact, red wigglers can eat about half their weight of food per day. This means that if you have 4 pounds of food waste, you will need 2 pounds of worm. Is it easier to be understood? HOW IF THERE ARE TOO MANY WORMS IN COMPOST? It is important to get the right number of worms when starting out a worm bin. Why? YESSS! It’s to avoid overfeeding or lead to the situation of not having enough food for them to eat. When there are too many worms, there will be not enough food and even space for the worms. For red wigglers, when there is insufficient food, they will slow down their reproduction and the adult worms will start to die off to produce space for their babies. *Hence, when you suspect and realise that there are too many of worms in your bin, you can 16 transplant some of them or either move all of them into a bigger, BIGGER bin!

Pros of Doing Vermicomposting Dear children, do you know that The first benefit would be the use of vermicompost as if you create your own worm fertiliser. It is easier to be absorbed by plants compared to farm, there will be a lot of advantages not only for you, but chemical fertiliser due to worm mucus that are not easy to also for your family, for your be flushed away friends, for your teachers, for your country, for the environment and even for the world? Next, with the vermicompost, healthier plants can be produced. Compost are enriched with bacteria and microbes as it passing through worms body. They are disease resistance and repel pests. 17

Worm farm also bring the advantage in water retention. Vermicompost is colloid and can hold up much water that it evaporates slower while still being available to the plants even in drought. It also improves soil structure, texture, aeration and water holding capacity to prevent soil erosion. The product of worm farm, vermicompost is 100% organic. It can be created with the natural elements without any harmful chemicals. As a result, vermicompost formed are usually free from pathogens, toxic elements, etc. Besides that, there is no issue on over fertilize. Vermicompost will not harm the plant if you give abundant organic fertilizer to it.. Vermicompost produced from worm farm can be used to prevent nutrient losses. The nutrients are held in place and released slowly to the plants whenever they need over a prolonged period. GLOSSARY Water retention - Pengekalan air 18

Materials And Apparatus to Start A Vermicompost Bin Today. I am going to tell you the Let us prepare these materials and apparatus together! things that you need in creating your worm farm. Are you What you need are: excited? Do you feel happy? 1. Worms: 2. Plastic bins Red wigglers or nightcrawlers with solid colour 19

3. Cardboard or shredded newspaper 4. A drill 5. Gunny sack cloth 6. Fine mesh 7. Food waste (example of foods: Apple, banana, potatoes, carrots, egg shells, etc) 20

Steps to DIY A Vermicompost Bin To create your own worm bin, there are many steps to be followed. Firstly, select the location for worm bin in order to build a home for your worms. The place should be cool, moist and shade with the temperature of 18-25°C and optimum moisture level of 30-40% to protect it from excessive heat. COOL SHADE Secondly, drill holes in your Bin 1 (Pink colour). Drill holes into the sides too. [Note: Make sure that it is done with the help from parent or teacher.] 21

Next, cover all the holes with mesh and tape to prevent the entry of bugs. After that, prepare the bedding for your worms. For bedding, banana tree’s trunk or cow and goat dung would be the best materials. However, you can also fill your Bin 1 with shredded newspaper, straw or dry grass as the source of fiber for the worms as well as to keep the bin well-ventilated. [Note: Make sure that it is damp and is spread evenly.] 22

Sprinkle a handful of outdoor or potting soil on top of bin 1 and moisture thoroughly. This can bring in beneficial microorganisms and aid the digestive process of worms. Add egg shells and tea grounds/ tea bags on the soil. Then, choose the worms and place them gently on top of bedding in bin 11. [Note: Digging earthworms from your backyard is not recommended as they may not hang around if you drop into an open bin. They’ll probably just wriggle to the bottom and dig into the earth. In addition, if they’re trapped inside a tumbler, they will die.] GLOSSARY Sprinkle - Menaburi 23

Put Bin 1 (Pinkcolour) into Bin 2 (Yellow colour). When the bedding starts to resemble dark and crumbly soil, move the contents to one side of the worm bed. Add new dampened bedding to the empty side and place the food scraps on it. Remember, the amount of food scraps should be half the weight of the worms! 24

What to Feed? In order to make sure the worms in worm bin stay healthy and produce compost, you should provide them steady diet of food. Do feed them sufficient amount of foods following the instructions as shown below. Mom, I’m hungry. Dear, let us Worms eat nitrogen-rich green waste such as vegetable move towards waste, fruit waste, tea bags, egg shells, coffee grounds your favourite and filters. They also feed on carbon-rich brown waste food ! like coco-coir, cardboard, paper, aged-horse manure, finished compost, newsprint and leaves. Newsprint Coffee Grounds Organic waste Cardboard 25

What Not to Feed? Dear all, remember, do not feed your worms with the foods as follows: Meat YUCKY !! ● Oily and greasy food ● Human or pet waste Oily and greasy food ● Non-degradable items ● Yard trimmings with pesticides ● Meat, bones and fats ● Poisonous and hardy plants ● Onions and onion skins ● Potatoes and potato peels Pesticides Non-degradable items Poisonous plants 26

Ways to Take Care of Vermicompost Bin How often should I water my worm bin? Answer: Sprinkle the surface with water every other day. This is because worms are capable of escaping from almost anything,but if you keep them damp, they will not try to escape. How can I take care of my baby worm bin? 27

Where should I locate my worm -5°C bin? What are the other steps to take Answer: care of my worm bin? The worm bin should be kept in an environment with a fairly constant temperature that is neither too hot nor too cold. Remember, never place your worm bin in an area that receives direct sun exposure, and never locate it in the area with the temperature below 5 degree celsius. Answer: Add more cardboard, shredded newspaper, hay or other fibrous material once a month or as needed. Lifting it into the worm compost to bring in more additional oxygen. 28

Mom, when can I harvest When to Harvest? the compost ? Generally, there are 4 signs that show your compost is finished and ready to be use. They are 1. Deep, dark brown colour In this stage, the majority of your vermicompost has deep, rich colour. 2. Uniform texture The vermicompost to be harvested have uniform texture. Notes: After 3 to 5 days, vermicompost can be collected at the top layer depending on the worm species that you have selected to create your worm bin. 29

4. Small worm size When there is inadequate condition for growth and reproduction, the actual biomass of worm will shrink. 5. Flat, felt-like surface The top layer of vermicompost with black appearance or brown billiards table indicates the bin is ready to be fed, fluffed, or changed together. GLOSSARY Inadequate - Tidak mencukupi Fluffed - Meremangkan 30

Challenges or Issues Faced There are a few challenges or issues those you might face while conducting your own vermicomposting. However, they can be prevented and solved if you know them well. The most challenging issue would be the badly smell of the compost. Why it happens and how to solve? Answer: There are three factors which cause smelly compost. They are: ● Food are too wet ● Insufficient of air circulation ● Too much food are fed As preventive measures or ways to solve the issue, you should: ● Stir in dry leaves, soil or mulch ● Turn the food to add more air ● Add shredded paper to the bin 31

Next, it would be the unwelcome visitors. Who are the unwelcome visitors? What are the ways to solve this issue? Answer: In fact, worm bin dislike and hate certain visitors. To know who are the visitors, please refer the list below. ● Cockroaches ● Soldier fly larvae ● Rats As preventive measures or ways to solve the issue, you should: ● Make sure the food is stirred well and cover it with garden waste ● Add some lime and stir ● Keep away the meat from the compost [ cockroach, soldier fly larvae and rat ] 32

Notes to Parents and Teachers There are many precautionary steps to be taken while creating your own worm farm. Please take note yaa~ ● The beddings and vermicompost should be protected from direct sunlight. ● The worms should be protected from birds, termites, rats and ants. ● The bedding should not be covered with plastic sheet because it may trap heat and gases. ● The vermicompost heaps should not be overloaded to avoid high temperature. ● Optimum moisture levels should be maintained as stagnant water or lack of moisture could kill the worms. ● Addition of high quantities of acid rich substance such as tomatoes and citrus wastes should be avoided. ● Organic materials used should be freed from non-degradable materials such as plastics and bulbs. 33

REFERENCES Brown, P. (2020). Vermicomposting: How Many Worms Are Needed?. Retrieved from https://thrivingyard.com/how-many-worms/ Star2. (2017, Oct 5). How to make your own worm farm. Retrieved from https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/living/2017/10/05/worms-organic-fertiliser Moran, M. (2020, May 25). How to Make a Worm Compost System. Retrieved from https://www.wikihow.com/Make-a-Worm-Compost-System What to Feed Worms in a Wormery Display Posters. Retrieved from https://www.twinkl.com/resource/t-tp-395-what-to-feed-worms-in-a-wormery-display-posters Bove, F. (2013, May 23). How To Build a Worm Farm. Retrieved from https://modernfarmer.com/2013/05/how-to-build-a-worm-farm/ WordPress. Types of vermicomposting system. Retrieved from http://www.tararaedesigns.com/got-worms/types-of-vermicomposting-systems/#:~:text=A%20continous%2C%20vertical%20migr ation%20vermicomposting,in%20the%20windrow%20system%20below. Department of Parks and Recreation. How to Vermicompost at Home or Work. Retrieved from https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Environmental%20Assistance%20and%20Customer%20Service/NC%20Green%20Travel%20D ocuments/small%20scale%20vermicomposting.pdf

REFERENCES Alexander Louis, (2020, August 4). Online interview with Tay, K.Y. Ahamad Fadhlullah Ahmad Sukri. (2020, July 29 ). Online interview with Ting, Z.K. Adi Ainurzaman Jamaludin. (2020, August 17). Online interview with Fong,S.Q. Dian Abdullah. (2020, August 1). Personal interview with Tan,E.S. Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik. (2020, July 29). Online interview with Anis Maisarah.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, we would like to express our sincere gratitude our advisor lecturer Madam Ati Rosemary for her patience, motivation, enthusiasm and helpful advice. She helped us all the time when needed and gave us the right direction towards the completion of this e-manual. Secondly, we would express our special thanks of gratitude to one of the editors of our e-manual, Dr Adi Ainurzaman Bin Jamaludin for his valuable advices, comments and suggestions that bring to the completion and success of this e-manual. Thirdly, we would like to express our deepest thanks to our coordinator of social engagement course, Dr Hazreena Hussein for giving us the opportunity to participate in this such meaningful project. She also gave us her guidance and support throughout the whole project. Furthermore, we would like to thank Capt (Rtd) Kamarul Zaman Hj Bachik, Ms Dian Abdullah, Mr Ahmad Fadhlullah Ahmad Sukri and Mr Alexander Louis as the special advisors in writing this e-manual. Without their immense and valuable suggestions and sharing on vermicomposting, we might not able to complete this e-manual. Besides, we also wish to thank our fellow teammates for stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines and for giving each other words of encouragement. Last but not least, we are also grateful for the spiritual support given by our family members.

SUPER WORM HOTEL S U “ WORMS TURN P YOUR TRASH E R TO TREASURE. ” W © UNIVERSITI MALAYA O R M H O T E L


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