Hãy trả lời em tại sao? Tập 11

["45 \u0110i\u1ec1u b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8n b\u00e0n s\u00e1ng l\u00ean khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd C\u00f4ng t\u1eafc \u0110i\u1ec7n: trong ph\u00f2ng t\u1ed1i, b\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f4ng t\u1eafc b\u1eadt \u0111\u00e8n! V\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng, b\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o tr\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e8n s\u00e1ng l\u00ean. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y cho ra m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch nh\u1ecf ph\u1ee7 kh\u1eafp b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e8n, d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e8n gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Khi b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e8n, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i m\u1ea1ch v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n - l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u - v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u00e8n c\u1ea3m \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i: m\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1eaft v\u00e0 t\u1eaft th\u00e0nh m\u1edf khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o. 50","46 T\u1ea1i sao n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf khi \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi 40C trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c co l\u1ea1i? S\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u201cb\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecb n\u1ed5 trong m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng, khi n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 b\u00ean trong ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00edn ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00e1c, n\u01b0\u1edbc co l\u1ea1i khi b\u1ecb l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0ng khi \u1edf trong kho\u1ea3ng 40C ch\u00fang b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ec gi\u00e3n n\u1edf t\u1eeb t\u1eeb v\u00e0 khi r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n 00C th\u00ec t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhanh. D\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 l\u1ea1i co l\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf k\u00ec l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc: vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00f3ng ch\u00fang l\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean (c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea5p m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t mi\u1ebfng s\u1eaft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ef1c c\u0103ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 glycerol. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u00e1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft hydro y\u1ebfu b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc d\u1ea1ng ch\u1eef V, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i l\u1ecfng. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba chi\u1ec1u do s\u00e1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp th\u00e0nh. Trong khi c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ra, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac s\u00e1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00ec qu\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc. 51","B\u00cd \u1ea8N C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG V\u00c0 C\u00c1I CH\u1ebeT 47 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i khi th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 l\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh? D\u00f9 cho t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1537 trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a King Henry VIII), d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi virus c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cho ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp: Khi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi l\u1ea1nh ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian \u1edf trong nh\u00e0 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi virus t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. 52","Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ronald Eccles, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m C\u1ea3m L\u1ea1nh Th\u00f4ng Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Cardiff \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn thu h\u1eb9p kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ch m\u00e1u trong l\u1ed7 m\u0169i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00ec h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1edfi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf khi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbt. 48 C\u00e1c vi\u00ean k\u1ebdm c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng? Trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u0103ng kh\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c virus bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhanh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u. Do m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n: c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng r\u00e3nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c virus c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh \u00edt b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u00e3nh ph\u00e2n t\u1eed n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u01a1n c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebdm gluconat. Qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ee9a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m 53","th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u1eebng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn n\u00e0o cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ec7nh c\u1ea3m l\u1ea1nh trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i bao l\u00e2u. 49 M\u1ea5t bao l\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau khi u\u1ed1ng say? L\u00e2u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ngh\u0129, th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 \u0111\u1ec3 u\u1ed1ng say m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat trong bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ng h\u00f4m sau v\u1eabn v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n khi l\u00e1i xe. C\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian l\u00ean m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 say m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, tr\u00ean n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n trong m\u00e1u (BCA). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng trung b\u00ecnh 70 kg c\u1ea7n 3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sau khi u\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda l\u00edt bia m\u1ea1nh v\u1eeba (3,5% \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n). \u1ede m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3, b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ai v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng u\u1ed1ng g\u1ea5p ba l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u trong m\u00e1u trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m gi\u1edd cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau. V\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb vu\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed3n cho ph\u00e9p khi l\u00e1i xe \u0111i l\u00e0m v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m sau. 54","Do BCA t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed3n trong m\u00e1u, n\u00ean n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i th\u00ec c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o. B\u1edfi v\u00ec trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi to l\u1edbn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 pha lo\u00e3ng c\u1ed3n. N\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eb7ng 90kg s\u1ebd t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o l\u1ea1i nhanh h\u01a1n kho\u1ea3ng m\u01b0\u1eddi hai ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eb7ng 70kg u\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e2u t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n nam gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng b\u1eb1ng nam gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 pha lo\u00e3ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ed3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng. Th\u1ee9 hai, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 enzyme ADH th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i enzyme c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u1ed3n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng trung b\u00ecnh kho\u1ea3ng 55kg s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ec9nh t\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sau khi u\u1ed1ng n\u1eeda l\u00edt bia (t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng hai ly r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 sinh h\u00f3a n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i g\u1ee3i \u00fd th\u00fa v\u1ecb cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1eedu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u00e0o. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam kho\u1ea3ng 15%. N\u00ean, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1eb7ng 55kg mu\u1ed1n g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n trai m\u1edbi n\u1eb7ng 70kg c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1eedu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4 v\u1edbi anh ta th\u00ec c\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi anh \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0103n u\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng c\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 20kg. 55","50 \u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o b\u1ecb \u0111au kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111au \u1edf kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi anh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u00fai qu\u1ea7n b\u00ean ph\u1ea3i, g\u1ea7n k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i \u0111\u00f3. Tuy anh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng xem \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt y khoa, nh\u01b0ng anh v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t ra c\u00e1c vi s\u00f3ng ngay c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00fang \u0111ang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang cho tr\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng c\u01a1 s\u1edf g\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t. Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Michael Clark c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Qu\u1ed1c gia x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i di \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t k\u00edch th\u00edch r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh xung quanh kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i. Do v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i trong t\u00fai kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Clark khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129. Li\u1ec7u ph\u00e9p ch\u1eefa vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 51 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng? \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ph\u00e9p ch\u1eefa vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n (b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ed7i \u0111au t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1\u201d) c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n 56","2.500 n\u0103m theo nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc Hippocrates, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t do m\u1ed9t c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh sinh ra v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00eam v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt\u201d. N\u00f3i n\u00f4m na \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p \u201cl\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9c tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c\u201d, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thu\u1ed1c c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb \u0111i\u00ean r\u1ed3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng. G\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc - \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 18 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Samuel Hahnemann - t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m. Hahnemann tin r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c k\u00ed ninh, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1t r\u00e9t r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u00edch t\u1eeb v\u1ecf c\u00e2y canh-ki-na. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Hednemann v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e1 cao s\u1ebd g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0 l\u1eafc c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t tr\u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00e2y canh-ki-na v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u00e9p ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, do \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng dung m\u00f4i c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, thu\u1ed1c c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u nghi\u1ec7m. Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd m\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a dung m\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n do ch\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch ra c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i. Trong khi gi\u1edbi khoa h\u1ecdc nghi ng\u1edd hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 dung m\u00f4i v\u00e0 than th\u1edf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd g\u00ec ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: li\u1ec7u ph\u00e9p ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng? 57","Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay, hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 k\u0129 thu\u1eadt g\u00e2y m\u00ea v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o b\u00e1c b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00fang khi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng giai tho\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00edt: c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u y khoa. \u0110\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ec c\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c do th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00f9 k\u00e9p\u201d (c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ai l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd). C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, h\u1ecd th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 2003, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong Annals of Internal Medicine k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a li\u1ec7u ph\u00e1p vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eabn xem x\u00e9t d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 ch\u1eefa cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 d\u1ecb \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u1ea3y \u1edf tr\u1ebb em, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. N\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00e9p ch\u1eefa vi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0103n 58","r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng phe \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00e0 phe ho\u00e0i nghi c\u00f2n tranh lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i d\u00e0i. 52 Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh di\u1ec7t tr\u1eeb vi khu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110a s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi vi khu\u1ea9n v\u00e0 n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 penicillin v\u00e0 d\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb n\u1ea5m Penicil- lium, v\u00e0 tetracycline \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb vi khu\u1ea9n Streptomyces. Thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng vi khu\u1ea9n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh ch\u1ee9a penicil- lin xen v\u00e0o c\u00e1c protein li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a vi khu\u1ea9n, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang y\u1ebfu \u0111i. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh kh\u00e1c g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c protein thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu b\u00ean trong vi khu\u1ea9n, ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o gen. Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c kh\u00e1ng sinh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, lo\u1ea1i vi khu\u1ea9n r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 Staphylococcus t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i enzyme ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n penicillin ch\u1ec9 trong v\u00f2ng b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau khi \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c k\u00ec di\u1ec7u\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra. 59","53 T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 l\u00ean c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fac tr\u0103ng tr\u00f2n? M\u1ed1t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 l\u00ean c\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y kh\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe t\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. 54 C\u00e1i g\u00ec g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng khi ch\u1ea1y? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u00f3 l\u00e0 C\u01a1n \u0111au c\u01a1 b\u1ee5ng tho\u00e1ng qua li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp (ETAP), t\u00ean g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb r\u1ea5t \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n. C\u00e1c s\u00e1ch v\u1edf y khoa c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng quy c\u00e1c c\u01a1n \u0111au do s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu m\u00e1u c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9 \u1edf l\u1ee5c ph\u1ee7 ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng - \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00e1u c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 \u1edf ng\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ee5ng trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh luy\u1ec7n t\u1eadp ch\u01b0a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p - nh\u01b0ng l\u00fd do c\u0103ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1ng trong v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n. 60","M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t t\u1edbi v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh, v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111au x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n tr\u00ean. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Otago ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng u\u1ed1ng 0,7 l\u00edt n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea1y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng k\u00e9o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a l\u1ee5c ph\u1ee7 ng\u0169 t\u1ea1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng vui cho nh\u1eefng v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1n kinh c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng dai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng t\u00ecm ra v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng: u\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong khi l\u00e0m c\u0103ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 b\u1ee5ng, l\u00e0m c\u0103ng th\u1eaft l\u01b0ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00edm ch\u1eb7t m\u00f4i v\u00e0 th\u1edf th\u1eadt s\u00e2u. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb x\u00f3c h\u00f4ng. 55 \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra v\u1edbi th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1? \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft c\u00e1c vi sinh v\u1eadt nguy h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 100 n\u0103m nay. Hi\u1ec7n nay, kho\u1ea3ng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng tia b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4m cua v\u00e0 gia c\u1ea7m. 61","H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Y T\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o. \u1ede Anh, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00ean b\u1ea3y danh m\u1ee5c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o tr\u00ean c\u00e1c k\u1ec7 h\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c si\u00eau th\u1ecb \u1edf Anh, b\u1edfi v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf Anh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea5y ph\u00e9p c\u1ea7n cho th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gia v\u1ecb. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m mang m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda Chernobyl v\u00e0 Hiroshima. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n vui v\u1ebb mua th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7y b\u00e1n l\u1ebb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ecf \u1edf Chicago \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1n tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u1ea1nh nhau c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u ghi r\u00f5 v\u00e0 l\u1eddi qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, v\u00e0 t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ef1\u01a1c chi\u1ebfu b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ra v\u1edbi so v\u1edbi tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 9:1. 56 T\u1ea1i sao mu\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh AIDS? Do mu\u1ed7i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi virus nh\u01b0 b\u1ec7nh s\u1ed1t v\u00e0ng da v\u00e0 s\u1ed1t xu\u1ea5t huy\u1ebft, \u00fd ngh\u0129 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m 62","lan r\u1ed9ng b\u1ec7nh HIV h\u1ee3p l\u00fd kinh kh\u1ee7ng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi k\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch AIDS, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed7i g\u00e2y l\u00e2y lan AIDS trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1edf nam Florida. R\u1ea5t may, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u00ec virus HIV n\u00e0o c\u00f3 trong b\u1eefa \u0103n b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c enzyme ti\u00eau h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua tuy\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecdt c\u1ee7a mu\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00edch v\u00e0o n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao h\u01a1n hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch HIV, s\u1ef1 lan r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0103n b\u1ec7nh kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n b\u1ec7nh do mu\u1ed7i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng n\u00e0o. 57 T\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u01b0\u1ee3u pha tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nhau th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c b\u1ecb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1eb7ng sau khi u\u1ed1ng? D\u01b0 v\u1ecb kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc k\u00e9p. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ed3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ra t\u1eeb hormone ch\u1ed1ng \u0111i ti\u1ec3u vasopressin, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea1n \u0111i v\u1ec7 sinh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. C\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ly r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n 63","2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u \u0111\u00f3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9a trong r\u01b0\u1ee3u (ethanol). Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdn\u201d nh\u01b0 methanol sinh ra trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o cho th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng m\u00f9i, v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Cho n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i, r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u00f3 m\u00e0u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1i th\u00ec c\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ecdn\u201d \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng g\u00e2y \u0111au khi u\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 cognac, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 r\u01b0\u1ee3u vang \u0111\u1ecf, rum, whisky, vang tr\u1eafng, gin v\u00e0 vodka. L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean tr\u1ed9n r\u01b0\u1ee3u nho v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u l\u00e0m t\u1eeb l\u00faa m\u1ea1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang: ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed7i th\u1ee9 r\u01b0\u1ee3u s\u1ea9m m\u00e0u tr\u00ean c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 n\u1eb7ng r\u1ed3i, h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u00e9o v\u00e0 g\u00e2y \u0111au nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t. Sau khi u\u1ed1ng r\u01b0\u1ee3u, th\u00ec thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3m \u0111au c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111au. Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00e1nh d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u00e0m \u0111au n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y lo\u00e9t bao t\u1eed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng vitamin B6 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecb say \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. C\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y 58 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ng\u1edb ng\u1ea9n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 64","ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay c\u00f3 \u0103n c\u00e1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1ng hamburger b\u00e9o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0103n th\u1ecbt g\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 d\u1ecbch t\u1ec5 h\u1ecdc lu\u00f4n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc t\u1edbi kinh ng\u1ea1c: ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u1eb7n, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch. M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u00ec th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong 12 n\u0103m tr\u00ean g\u1ea7n 2.000 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay b\u1edfi Trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ung th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c (German Cancer Research Centre) ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t ch\u1ebft do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda so v\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m t\u1edbi hai ph\u1ea7n ba v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n hai cho m\u1ed7i b\u1ec7nh. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay nh\u00ecn chung th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n: h\u1ecd \u00edt h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c h\u01a1n, \u00edt say x\u1ec9n h\u01a1n, \u00edt ng\u1ed3i l\u00ec h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n m\u1eb7n. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc, nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n th\u1ecbt cho t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf 65","li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u1ea1i quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00ed do sinh h\u00f3a r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n chay l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n chay c\u00f3 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ed1t ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u00edt \u0103n cholesterol h\u01a1n, ch\u1ea5t g\u00e2y ngh\u1ebdn m\u1ea1ch trong c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n chay c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t antioxidant cao h\u01a1n, gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng gen c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ung th\u01b0. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho l\u00ed thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 v\u1ebb h\u1ee3p l\u00fd n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng: v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed1i nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0103n chay. 59 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng? C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt th\u1eadt m\u1ea1nh l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nguy hi\u1ec3m t\u1edbi t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng - \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c sinh con hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n cho b\u00e0 m\u1eb9. 66","60 Vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n sau m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o g\u00e2y x\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c bi k\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ph\u00f3ng vi\u00ean \u1ea3m \u0111\u1ea1m ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cC\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n\u201d. V\u1eady vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch? V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed y khoa Lancet \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u0103ng m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Amsterdam, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0 so\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ra sao sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u201ctrong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i\u201d, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y s\u1eafp t\u1edbi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea5t k\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2003, b\u00e1c s\u0129 Suzanna Rose v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n t\u00e2m l\u00fd Berkshire \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ca t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n sau ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd (c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng). H\u1ecd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ba th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u1ee3i \u00edch, s\u00e1u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 hai th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f2n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m sau c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 quan s\u00e1t n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t. V\u1eady li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ca t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i? 67","Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nghi ng\u1edd l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ca t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb \u00e1m th\u1ecb v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee9 cho r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong khi ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n sau ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n. 61 Th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m b\u00e9o c\u00f3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 b\u1ecb g\u00e2y ra do c\u00e1c hormone (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 testosterone) k\u00edch th\u00edch qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u1ee7a da, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 ch\u00e2n l\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o trong th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m m\u1ee5n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng carbonhydrate nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o. \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t carbonhy- drate tinh ch\u1ebf (nh\u01b0 b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00e0 ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c) d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng cao c\u1ee7a insulin v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c hormone g\u00e2y ra m\u1ee5n. C\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho 68","m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa m\u1ee5n v\u00e0 carbonhydrate \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc bang Colorado. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh da c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 carbonhydrate th\u1ea5p \u1edf Papua New Guinea v\u00e0 Paraquay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ca m\u1ee5n tr\u1ee9ng c\u00e1 n\u00e0o \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 carbonhydrate th\u1ea5p, trong khi g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eefa \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u00ean 25 tu\u1ed5i \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb m\u1ee5n. 62 C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi sau khi \u0111i m\u00e1y bay l\u00e0 g\u00ec? M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i bay 100 ng\u00e0n km m\u1ed7i n\u0103m v\u00e0 anh \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea5t melatonin, m\u1ed9t hormone \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng b\u1edfi tuy\u1ebfn t\u00f9ng, gi\u00fap c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u1edd n\u00e0o trong ng\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch u\u1ed1ng melatonin trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y sau chuy\u1ebfn bay, anh \u1ea5y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u1eb3n l\u00ean v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadt \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Theo c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2003 tr\u00ean t\u1edd b\u00e1o y khoa British Medical Journal c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c s\u0129 Andrew Herxheimer t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m Cochrane v\u00e0 b\u00e1c s\u0129 Jim Waterhouse t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Liverpool John Moores, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n gi\u1edd h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng u\u1ed1ng 2 - 5mg melatonin v\u00e0o gi\u1edd ng\u1ee7 t\u1ed1i sau chuy\u1ebfn bay l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ta n\u00ean ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i li\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong hai t\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y n\u1eefa. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng may, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 melatonin c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua 69","trong si\u00eau th\u1ecb t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 mua n\u00f3 t\u1ea1i Anh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ea toa b\u1edfi b\u00e1c s\u0129. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi do v\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00fai gi\u1edd hay kh\u00f4ng. Herxheimer v\u00e0 Waterhouse \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. Sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y, h\u1ecd khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ta h\u00e3y r\u00e1ng th\u1ee9c trong ban ng\u00e0y, ng\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea5c ng\u1eafn n\u1ebfu th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ta s\u1ebd ng\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u00e2u sau khi tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1i. Sau m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng, h\u1ecd khuy\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ta n\u00ean th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y tr\u00e1nh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1ea1nh bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng s\u1edbm v\u00e0 ra ngo\u00e0i tr\u1eddi th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0a. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u00ec chuy\u1ebfn bay n\u00e0o, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean \u0103n nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e0u ch\u1ea5t x\u01a1, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00e1o v\u00e0 h\u00e3y u\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecdc hay n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y thay v\u00ec tr\u00e0 hay c\u00e0 ph\u00ea. Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ebfn bay v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 m\u00fai gi\u1edd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o sau khi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i. Bay v\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0110\u00f4ng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u00edt m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi h\u01a1n h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. Khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1edd bay, h\u00e3y lu\u00f4n ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 10 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ebfn 1 gi\u1edd khuya 70","hay t\u1edbi n\u01a1i v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb 8 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 12 gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 g\u00e2y m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. Gi\u1edd t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 8 gi\u1edd s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn 12 gi\u1edd tr\u01b0a c\u00f2n gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i l\u00e0 t\u1eeb 6 gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn 10 gi\u1edd t\u1ed1i. 63 T\u1ea1i sao d\u1ecbch d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y? N\u1ebfu cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. D\u1ea1 d\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng hydrochloric acid kh\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng vi khu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n v\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea7y ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n acid t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu l\u1edbp m\u00e0ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n - h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft l\u00e0 do tr\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ng acid Helicobacter pylori - d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ecb vi\u00eam, k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft lo\u00e9t trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7ng d\u1ea1 d\u00e0y. 64 C\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c v\u1ebft b\u1ea7m c\u00f3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? Sau khi m\u00f4 m\u1ec1m b\u1ecb va ch\u1ea1m m\u1ea1nh, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ecf l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i tr\u1edf n\u00ean xanh \u0111en v\u00e0 t\u00edm. Sau m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, 71","ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u00e0u n\u00e2u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n n\u1eeda th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ebft b\u1ea7m bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. M\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u00e1u t\u01b0\u01a1i gi\u00e0u oxygen b\u1ecb r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng mao m\u1ea1ch b\u1ecb nghi\u1ec1n v\u1ee1. Sau kho\u1ea3ng 48 gi\u1edd, m\u00e1u b\u1ecb \u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxygen n\u1eefa v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u1eabm m\u00e0u h\u01a1n, v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edm, xanh d\u01b0\u01a1ng hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u0111en n\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e1u \u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1edbn. Trong v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo, khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u00e1u \u1ee9 \u0111\u1ecdng, m\u00e0u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e0u xanh l\u00e1 hay v\u00e0ng. Sau \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ebft b\u1ea7m b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edd \u0111i. 65 \u0110\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng? M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eddi th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1i sao. V\u00ec \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb v\u1eabn \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng cho t\u1edbi t\u1eadn ba tu\u1ed5i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 72","s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng gi\u1edd d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh \u0111\u00e8n n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tai h\u1ea1i n\u00e0o t\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng y\u1ebfu l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb. 66 C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u1ed3i nh\u00f4m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf th\u1ecf: th\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eam c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t nh\u00f4m s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac r\u1ed1i trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, khi c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 b\u1ecb ch\u1ebft do b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f4m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh r\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u1ea5u \u0103n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5t b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 nh\u00e0 b\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng nh\u00f4m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111i. 73","Hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 n\u1ed3i n\u1ea5u \u0103n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00ed do x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng. C\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t gi\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00f4m th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u1ea5p thu v\u00e0o. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00f4m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao (qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c) \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh Alzheimer. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ed7i s\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t l\u00ed do \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc n\u1ed3i c\u0169 b\u00e1m r\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u00eac n\u1ed3i th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng r\u1ec9 xinh x\u1eafn. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y 67 calori khi \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch \u0111i l\u00e0m kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Th\u1eadt may m\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y calori nhanh h\u01a1n \u0111i b\u1ed9, ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh l\u00e0: li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea1y cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 gi\u00fap tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n hay kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi 74","n\u1eb7ng 60 kg ch\u1ea1y \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 10 km\/gi\u1edd s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y kho\u1ea3ng 11 kilocalori\/ph\u00fat, t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y g\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng ba l\u1ea7n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i 3 km\/ gi\u1edd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ea1y \u1edf t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i nhanh h\u01a1n ba l\u1ea7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 calori b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, d\u00f9 b\u1ea1n ch\u1ea1y hay b\u1ea1n \u0111i. N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean th\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ebbo dai sung s\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u0111i b\u1ed9 s\u1ebd \u00edt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi kh\u1edbp h\u01a1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eafm l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thi, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea1n n\u00ean \u0111i b\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eebng ch\u1ea1y. 68 M\u00f3n \u0103n n\u00e0o l\u00e0m b\u1ea1n t\u1ed1n nhi\u1ec1u calori h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p? Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb calo c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed carbon, hydrogen v\u00e0 oxygen m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a. Theo quy lu\u1eadt chung, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m nhi\u1ec1u calori c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec1u carbon v\u00e0 hydrogen 75","h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi oxygen, cho ch\u00fang nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi oxygen m\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o, v\u1edbi t\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 carbon v\u00e0 hydro- gen tr\u00ean oxygen t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u calori h\u01a1n c\u00e1c carbonhydrate \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n \u201ccalori \u00e2m\u201d, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p \u00edt calori h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u00f3. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng calori n\u00e0o: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a oxygen, carbon v\u00e0 hydrogen, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng calori hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 calori \u00e2m, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat m\u1eb9o v\u1eb7t. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, v\u00ec c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 ch\u00fang. Cellulose l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady: m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i carbonhydrate ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua ru\u1ed9t v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng calori to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00ed do t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i rau nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n t\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1eafp c\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng calori th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb 10 t\u1edbi 20 kilocalori trong 100 gram: ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh calori \u00e2m n\u1ebfu n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau h\u00f3a ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhai m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y c\u1ea7n t\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhai l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf; \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u0103ng 76","l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a - \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1ee9c \u0103n. C\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t b\u1eefa \u0103n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y kho\u1ea3ng 50 t\u1edbi 60 kilocalori, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00f4 x\u00e0 l\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p calori \u00e2m; v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho ta \u00edt h\u01a1n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng calori tr\u00ean. Nhi\u1ec1u calori \u00e2m h\u01a1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1ng mi\u1ec7ng v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u201c\u0103n ki\u00eang\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ng\u1ecdt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u1ecdt c\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 cho m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n u\u1ed1ng - do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a v\u00e0i calori trong m\u1ed9t lon. C\u00f2n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi ta \u0111\u00e3 u\u1ed1ng n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng 10 kilocalori \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u1ea5m ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. V\u00ec th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9a kho\u1ea3ng 3 kilocalori, vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng n\u00f3 s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p kho\u1ea3ng 7 kilocalori \u00e2m. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0 tin bu\u1ed3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3m c\u00e2n: l\u01b0\u1ee3ng calori \u00e2m m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00ed th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c, trong khi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1n 3.500 kilocalori \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1t h\u1ebft n\u1eeda kg ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m calori \u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh b\u00e9o ph\u00ec. 69 U\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ly pha l\u00ea c\u00f3 ch\u00ec c\u00f3 nguy hi\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng? Pha l\u00ea ch\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u1ee7y tinh b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m cho l\u1ea5p l\u00e1nh h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam v\u00e0o 20% t\u1edbi 30% ch\u00ec oxide. 77","T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u k\u0129 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng, th\u1eadt may l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1ng lo. N\u0103m 1991, t\u1edd b\u00e1o y h\u1ecdc Lancet \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Colombia, New York, cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ec9 ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh r\u01b0\u1ee3u pha l\u00ea, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n trong r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c ch\u00ec \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi u\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ca thi\u1ebfc, th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a t\u1eeb 10% t\u1edbi 20% ch\u00ec. 70 B\u1ec7nh phong c\u00f3 l\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng? B\u1ec7nh phong do tr\u1ef1c khu\u1ea9n Mycobacterium leprae g\u00e2y n\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u1edf lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Vi tr\u00f9ng phong ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u1ec7nh phong c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, do h\u00edt ph\u1ea3i vi khu\u1ea9n phong, ho\u1eb7c qua c\u00e1c v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb m\u0169i hay mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh phong. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p d\u1ea1ng phong u, d\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n \u1edf da; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, d\u1ea1ng phong c\u1ee7 th\u00ec \u00edt l\u00e2y h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ec hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n \u1edf da h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng may m\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed9 5% trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh phong. 78","C\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n phong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i th\u00ec m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. Vi khu\u1ea9n b\u1ec7nh phong sinh s\u1ea3n r\u1ea5t ch\u1eadm v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u1eddi gian k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec5m vi tr\u00f9ng phong cho t\u1edbi khi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh th\u1eeb\u01a1ng c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u1ebfn 5-10-20 n\u0103m. V\u1eady m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y, b\u1ec7nh phong c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129. V\u00ec v\u1eady cho n\u00ean trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ea1i phong c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 v\u00e0 y t\u00e1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m b\u1ec7nh. 71 C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t cho m\u1eaft kh\u00f4ng? Th\u1ecf ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb v\u00ec m\u00f3n \u01b0a th\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t! C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ec9? Th\u1eadt ra th\u1ecf c\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1eadn th\u1ecb hay kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3... th\u1ecf m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a m\u1eaft. M\u00e0u cam c\u1ee7a c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng beta-carotene t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t hydrocarbon m\u00e0 khi v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n 79","\u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh vitamin A, r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1eaft th\u00edch nghi v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o m\u1eaft kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng vitamin A b\u1ed5 sung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00eam v\u00e0 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m h\u1eb3n nguy c\u01a1 tho\u00e1i h\u00f3a ho\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec3m (\u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0ng trong m\u1eaft), b\u1ec7nh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1eafc n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng beta-carotene cao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0103n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n: b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0103n h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng. Cho n\u00ean m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t cho th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eebng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft tinh nh\u01b0 m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea1i b\u00e0ng sau khi \u0103n c\u00e0 r\u1ed1t. 72 Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i d\u1ea1ng ung th\u01b0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e2y lan n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 khi c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng g\u00e0 m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi m\u00f4 c\u1ee7a chim b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh b\u1ea1ch huy\u1ebft c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a virus v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ecb tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c virus g\u00e2y ung th\u01b0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (Francis Peyton Rous, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i ti\u00ean phong trong 80","l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1966 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i Nobel, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 87). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, kho\u1ea3ng 15% lo\u1ea1i ung th\u01b0 \u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi virus v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00e2y nhi\u1ec5m; con s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi 30%. Hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do sau khi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m virus; ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i virus g\u00e2y u nh\u00fa \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi (HPV) m\u1ed7i n\u0103m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u01a1n 1.000 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh b\u1eb1ng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 c\u1ed5 t\u1eed cung. C\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m HPV, khi\u1ebfn cho b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 c\u1ed5 t\u1eed cung tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh l\u00e2y truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh. 73 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng \u0111eo tay b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay v\u00f2ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n? V\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay v\u00f2ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c r\u00e0 t\u00ecm v\u00e0o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960, v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e3 cho ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ee3i \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t xa \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u00dac tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1976, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 81","nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111eo nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3. C\u00e1c \u0111o \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00edt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng v\u00e0o trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng trong vi\u00eam kh\u1edbp d\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5p. Nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e1c s\u0129 s\u1ebd lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eafn \u0111o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0o v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c (hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00ecnh u\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 th\u1eadt trong khi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd, t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ebfn 30% b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n). Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u00f2ng t\u1eeb t\u00ednh, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh v\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 200 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh vi\u00eam x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edbp \u1edf h\u00f4ng hay \u0111\u1ea7u g\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i so v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1ee3c (\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc v\u00f2ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng). 82","74 Khi \u0111ang \u1edf trong xe h\u01a1i, v\u1edbi c\u1eeda k\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3ng, b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00e1m n\u1eafng hay kh\u00f4ng? Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c r\u00e1m n\u1eafng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang \u1edf m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 do m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i tia t\u1eed ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ng\u1eafn, tia UV B. Nh\u1eefng tia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i qua th\u1ee7y tinh. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3i cho th\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1eadt ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, b\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00e1m n\u1eafng qua m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp c\u1eeda k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a xe h\u01a1i. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng tia c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f3ng d\u00e0i h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 UV A th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i k\u00ednh m\u00e1t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng). Nh\u1eefng tia nh\u01b0 v\u1eady tuy kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra ung th\u01b0 da ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ecf da t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u0103n da v\u00e0 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a s\u1edbm. \u1ede nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u tia UV, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 da th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u00e1n c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m phim \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 tia UV A l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng da v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. 83","NH\u1eeeNG NI\u1ec0M TIN V\u00c0 \u0110I\u1ec0U TH\u1ea6N B\u00cd 75 C\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai kh\u00f4ng? L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong h\u1ec7 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Ph\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ea1o Hindu, \u0111\u1ea1o Sikh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u thai. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn th\u00ec kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e1ng tin cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 khi \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 21, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u201cJoan d\u2019Arc\u201d (n\u1eef anh h\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh, c\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Ch\u00faa). M\u1ed9t ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Ian Stevenson c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Virginia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i m\u1ea5y n\u0103m qua \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u thai kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stevenson \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em ra c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng 84","kinh ng\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ea7u thai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua s\u00e1ch b\u00e1o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen bi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 mang c\u00e1c t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u1ebft b\u1edbt ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c chi b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u1edf tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f3a th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd khi l\u1edbn l\u00ean. T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng trong h\u01a1n 500 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia trong h\u01a1n 1.000 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stevenson \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t - m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft s\u1eb9o t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u thai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c. Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stevenson \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao\u201d trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m kho\u1ea3ng v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 tr\u00ed nh\u1edb c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfp tr\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hai gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd li\u00ean l\u1ea1c 85","v\u1edbi nhau, do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 - gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Stevenson ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 - m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00f3c b\u00faa n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xoay sang nh\u1edd v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u201cdao c\u1ea1o Occam\u201d (William of Occam, m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7y tu - nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ec9 14, cho r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c h\u00e3y \u201cc\u1ea1o\u201d s\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1eeba th\u1ea3i, \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1eb1ng to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1eabn ta \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n th\u00f4i. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho r\u1eb1ng (v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00fd), tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u thai s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn hay kh\u00f4ng. 86","76 C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y ra kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed3n r\u1eeda ch\u00e9n theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 khi \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u? Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn l\u01b0u ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed3n r\u1eeda ch\u00e9n hay b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm s\u1ebd xo\u00e1y v\u00e0o l\u1ed7 tho\u00e1t n\u01b0\u1edbc theo chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 khi \u0111ang \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i khi \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do l\u1ef1c Coriolis, l\u1ef1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 v\u1eadt g\u00ec ch\u1ea1y ngang b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 \u0111ang t\u1ef1 xoay - ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang t\u1ef1 xoay. L\u1ef1c Coriolis c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n b\u1ecb n\u00e9n v\u00e0 b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 xo\u00e1y theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 khi \u0111i \u0111i qua ph\u00eda b\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 gia t\u1ed1c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a qua m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u01b0\u1edbc tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm, l\u1ef1c Coriolis t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t gia t\u1ed1c y\u1ebfu h\u01a1n tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c m\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb che khu\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eang r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a b\u1ed3n t\u1eafm. N\u0103m 1961, t\u1edd b\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc Nature b\u00e1o c\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng 87","ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Asher Shaprio \u1edf Massachusetts \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Coriolis trong c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ef1c k\u00ec c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, cho th\u1ea5y n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a r\u1ed9ng 2m. N\u0103m 1965, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Sydney, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Lloyd Trefethen, \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf ph\u00eda nam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 xo\u00e1y ra ngo\u00e0i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1c Coriolis c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang \u0111i t\u1ea3n b\u1ed9 - \u00edt nh\u1ea5t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 do l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. T\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i b\u1ed9 kho\u1ea3ng 1,2 km tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb k\u00e9o l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng kho\u1ea3ng 160m. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ebfu con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 b\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng xoay c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng - c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u1ee5y t\u1ea1o - chim c\u00e1nh c\u1ee5t \u1edf Nam c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb xoay tr\u00f2n v\u1ec1 b\u00ean tr\u00e1i: chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u kim \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3). 77 C\u00e1c ca s\u0129 opera c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ly r\u01b0\u1ee3u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e9t l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ? Ca s\u0129 gi\u1ecdng n\u1eef cao \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m Dame Nellie Melba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1917, nh\u00e0 l\u00e0m b\u0103ng cassette Memorex \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch 88","qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng quanh vi\u1ec7c Ella Fitzgerald l\u00e0m v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ly th\u1ee7y tinh trong khi h\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2u l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean b\u0103ng cassette (m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y v\u1eabn gi\u1eef v\u1eefng cho t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay). Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 tin ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n dao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc ly th\u1ee7y tinh r\u1eafn. L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh phi th\u01b0\u1eddng: s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng. Theo \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i y\u1ebfu c\u0169ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u00ec di\u1ec7u n\u1ebfu h\u00f2a theo t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfc x\u00edch \u0111u: ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn l\u00ean cao nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1edbi v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ly r\u01b0\u1ee3u, m\u1eb9o l\u00e0 do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee7y tinh t\u1ed1t (c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eafn ch\u1eafc), g\u00f5 l\u00ean n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1 rung t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u1ed1t \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean. N\u1ebfu gi\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ca s\u0129 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eefng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u00f3ng \u00e2m c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0nh ly m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 ly. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00edch th\u00edch ta t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n trong kinh C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng Jericho, b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 s\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a t\u00f9 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi 89","gi\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra: c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1i quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 \u00e2m thanh David Lubman c\u1ee7a Webminster, California g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eadp v\u1ee1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e1 \u1edf Jericho hay l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ea1ch, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e2m thanh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec7u l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n h\u00f9ng h\u1eadu c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00f9 v\u00e0. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 t\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00e2m thanh, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i trong khi l\u00e0m ho\u1ea3ng s\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. 78 C\u00e1c c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 c\u0169 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y d\u00e0y h\u01a1n v\u00ec th\u1ee7y tinh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea3y gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 si r\u00f4? Th\u1ee7y tinh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng r\u1eafn\u201d, c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 si r\u00f4 nguy\u00ean ch\u1ea5t c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c, cho n\u00ean c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y tinh c\u0169 s\u1ebd l\u00fan xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c khung c\u1eeda k\u00ednh d\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i l\u00e0, th\u1ee7y tinh 90","ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ch\u1ea3y cho l\u1eafm: theo c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n trong cu\u1ed1n Proceedings of the Royal Society, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1999 b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Yvonne Strokes c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Adelaide, ta s\u1ebd t\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng 10 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khung c\u1eeda k\u00ednh d\u00e0y l\u00ean \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y ch\u1ec9 5%. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c khung c\u1eeda k\u00ednh c\u1ed5 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 d\u00e0y h\u01a1n \u1edf ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1y. M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 l\u1eafp k\u00ednh th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m k\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ph\u1eb3ng n\u00ean khi l\u1eafp ch\u00fang v\u00e0o khung c\u1eeda th\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n d\u00e0y h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m k\u00ednh xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ed1 cho khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 ai th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng 79 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u1eeb sau c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 Franken- stein. Ch\u00e0ng sinh vi\u00ean Frankenstein \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t sinh v\u1eadt m\u1edbi t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kinh d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng. V\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 2002, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Michael Travisano \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Houston \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m 91","men, lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u01a1n b\u00e0o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00ec kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh r\u01b0\u1ee3u. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 lai \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n, d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng lo\u00e0i th\u1eadt, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh s\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1n b\u1ed1n tu\u1ea7n, k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. 80 C\u00f3 th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c \u201cn\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d n\u00e0o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 100% kh\u00f4ng? \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u k\u00ec di\u1ec7u ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, k\u00edch th\u00edch ham mu\u1ed1n hay \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ra s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb b\u1ecf \u0111i, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, sodium pentothal, \u0111\u1ec3 moi th\u00f4ng tin t\u1eeb Abu Zubaydah, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u01b0ng t\u00ean l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng al- Qaeda (m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 h\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1. C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u00ec th\u00f4ng tin n\u00e0o moi m\u00f3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. 92","Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1931, khi t\u1edd b\u00e1o American Journal of Police Science \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t scopolamine, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng: khi d\u00f9ng cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m c\u01a1n \u0111au do sinh con, thu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 scopolamine \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng cho hai t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u1eed th\u00e1ch h\u1ecd. C\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 can c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o m\u1ed9t logic kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt - v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a scopolamine \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c barbiturate \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ea3m, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 k\u00edch th\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn, c\u00f2n Brevital, sodium amytal v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 sodium pentothal t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed1c n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n the Psychology of Interrogations, Confessions and Tes- timony (Wiley, 1992) c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 Gisli Gudjonsson c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc, London, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c 93","lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u00ednh n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u00d4ng th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng: \u201cC\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y do t\u00ednh chuy\u1ec7n phi\u1ebfm, \u00fd ngh\u0129 k\u00ec qu\u1eb7c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1m th\u1ecb b\u1ecb t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u1edf c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d. 81 Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng? H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 len l\u1ecfi v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c n\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1957 khi C\u00f4ng ty Subliminal Projection c\u00f3 tr\u1ee5 s\u1edf \u1edf New York tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng doanh s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e8n nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o. Trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i th\u00f4ng c\u00e1o b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1ea1i r\u1ea1p chi\u1ebfu phim \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201cU\u1ed1ng Coca\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0102n b\u1eafp rang\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chen v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 phim, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ng\u00e0n gi\u00e2y. Theo c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai ch\u00fa \u00fd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ch\u00e8n n\u00e0y, doanh s\u1ed1 Coca \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng 18% v\u00e0 doanh s\u1ed1 b\u1eafp rang \u0111\u00e3 n\u1edf bung h\u01a1n 50%. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh 94","c\u1ea5m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y. \u1ede Anh, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m trong \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a British Broadcasting Act n\u0103m 1990. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ng\u00f3c \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y t\u1edbi l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c. N\u0103m 2000 trong chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tranh c\u1eed t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, \u0110\u1ea3ng C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u00e8n t\u1eeb \u201cchu\u1ed9t\u201d trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o tr\u00ean TV \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Al Gore (h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1c quan ch\u1ee9c\u201d). B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i gi\u1eadn v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh) t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o ti\u1ec1m th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng. Trong khi b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p qu\u00e1 nhanh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qua v\u00f9ng t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf. 82 C\u00e1c b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u201c\u0111\u1ea7u teo\u201d (shrunken head) nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Trong r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0111\u1ed3 k\u00ec l\u1ea1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o Pitt Rivers t\u1ea1i Oxford, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u teo hay tsantsas (ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a trong h\u1ed9p c\u00e1c d\u00e1n nh\u00e3n Treament of Dead Enemies - \u201cc\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u1edbi k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft\u201d). Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c 95","kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngu\u1ed3n Amazon, v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u0111i v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ed9 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ebft h\u1ecd. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ea7u teo kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u1edbp da b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i; x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ecd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1ed9 da \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee5ng s\u01a1 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ed3i s\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u00e1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Sau khi l\u00e0m \u0111en b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t nhu\u1ed9m th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 kh\u00e2u cho \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft v\u00e0 mi\u1ec7ng \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea7u teo \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y. Theo vi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o t\u00e0ng Pitt Rivers, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u teo v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c cho t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1960 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Amazon. 83 C\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Internet l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4n ngoan khi \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u01b0a b\u00e3o s\u1ea5m s\u00e9t? Nh\u00ecn chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh, n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec7n khi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n b\u00e3o l\u1edbn \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn (v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1nh xa khi b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ec3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb s\u00e9t \u0111\u00e1nh khi ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u00e1y). Tuy 96","nhi\u00ean, m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh c\u00f3 n\u1ed1i Internet th\u00ec l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 v\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1eaft c\u00e1p m\u1ea1ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 s\u00e9t truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi m\u00e1y. 84 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u1ed9t h\u01a1n ch\u00e2n tr\u00e1i kh\u00f4ng? V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 h\u1ecd m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a 46 n\u1eef sinh vi\u00ean t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u1ed9t h\u01a1n ch\u00e2n kia - v\u00e0 \u1edf h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i n\u0103m 1998 b\u1edfi hai nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Stirling, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i: m\u1ed9t que nylon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2m ngang v\u00e0o g\u00f3t ch\u00e2n ba l\u1ea7n, m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n c\u00e1ch nhau 1 gi\u00e2y. Sau khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 v\u1edbi 34 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1ea7m hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfn xa h\u01a1n khi ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nam gi\u1edbi d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u1ed9t h\u01a1n n\u1eef gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ra l\u00e0 97","b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u n\u00e3o tr\u00e1i - n\u01a1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u00edch th\u00edch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i - \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn l\u1eafm, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u00edch th\u00fa khi l\u00e0m c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. 85 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u201cm\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t\u201d gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 tinh tinh ch\u01b0a? Kh\u00f4ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. H\u00f3a th\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 DNA \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfm h\u1ecda v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Darwin, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u c\u1ee7a tinh tinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean. C\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y kho\u1ea3ng 5 t\u1edbi 7 tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a theo nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00f2n vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean chung n\u00e0y tr\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. 98","86 C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i ki\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai sinh \u0111\u00f4i c\u00f9ng tr\u1ee9ng hay kh\u00f4ng? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c giai tho\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00e2m l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi song sinh, c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng tr\u1ee9ng. Khi Ross McWhirter b\u1ecb b\u1eafn ch\u1ebft b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tay s\u00fang IRA v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1975, ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em c\u00f9ng tr\u1ee9ng t\u00ean Norris c\u1ee7a anh \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee5c ng\u00e3 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a anh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 50km; gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a anh ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng anh b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n \u0111au tim. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Guy Lyon thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Twins: the Psychic connection-telepathy\u2019s special case (Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh \u0111\u00f4i: c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, Vega, 2002), c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea7n giao c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p h\u01a1n g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi song sinh so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i song sinh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u1eb7p song sinh \u0111\u00e3 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u01a1n \u0111au \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m\u201d. C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f2 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p. N\u0103m 1993, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1eadn t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Susan Blackmore ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p song sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ebd b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed h\u1ecd th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh gi\u1ed1ng nhau h\u01a1n, g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi c\u1eb7p 99"]