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Index Page numbers in italics refer to photographs or figures. ‘fn’ after a page number refers to the footnote. Entries are presented in word-by-word format. For example, ‘‘semantic variables’’ appears before ‘‘semantics’’ as the first word is taken into account in the filing order. A-bar chains 157, 161–162 see also bees; birds; rhesus monkeys; abduction 22, 35–37 tamarins and language acquisition 254, 293 Anleitung (Trubetzkoy) 14 abstraction 397–398, 408 anthropological linguistics 23 Achillea, epigenetics 100 aphasia 282 acoustic perception 336 apple and box experiment 307–308 acteme 320 Aquinas, Thomas 312 action vs. omission 322–323 argumental semantics 157 Action Principle 312–313 arguments vs. adjuncts 138, 141, 210 adaptation in evolution 46 Aristotelian laws vs. Galilean adaptive landscape 300 laws 195–196 adjacency-cost 114 Arthur, Wallace 46 Adjacency Rule 112 Artificial Grammar III 189 adjectives Aspects of the Theory of Syntax acting as sentence adverbials 146 (Chomsky) 25, 256, 406 squashiness 219–220 atomic concepts 140 adjunction as a feature of syntax 126 Atoms of Language (Baker) 23, 198, 340 adjuncts 137–138, 141, 210 attention manipulation 244 adverbial modification 151–152 auditory language comprehension model adverbs, hierarchy 141 354 aesthetic theory 293 axons, optimality 110 agranular cortex (BA 6) 186 algebraic spaces 132fn BA 6 (agranular cortex) 186 ambiguities in language 20–22, 28 Baker, Mark 23, 106, 168, 198, 340, 385 analogue magnitude system 77, 79–80 Baldwin, Dare 244 Analysis by Synthesis (AxS) 286–294 Barner, D. et al 78, 307 animacy, assessing 227 Barriers (Chomsky) 262 animals basal ganglia (BG) 366 cognition 61, 69–71, 174, 302–308 Basic Grouping and Copy 48 locomotion patterns 301–302 Basque (language) 169–171

444 index Bednekoff, P. A. and Balda, R. 64 Brain and Behavioral Sciences bees 34–35, 64–68, 70–73 (Striedter) 30–31 behavioral sciences 341 branching structures 182, 213, 214 in 1950s 13–16 Brannon, E. M. et al 63–64 Bejan, A. and Marden, J. H. 118, 301 Breitenstein, C. et al 346 Belfast English 160, 162 bridge verbs 205 belief states 249–250, 399 Brodmann, Korbinian 185 Berwick, Bob 407 Broca, Paul 352 Bever, Tom 55–56, 219–220 Broca’s area 185, 186–191, 339–340, bilateral representation of 353–354, 356–359 language 282–283 music processing 193–194 bilinguals 347–348 binary bifurcation, analogy with Caenorhabditis elegans (roundworm), language 118–119 nervous system 111–112, 113, 114 biolinguistics 23–25, 294–295 Cage, John 316, 318 etymology 13 Canonical Form Constraint (CFC) perspective 16, 18–20, 24 279–280, 289–290, 292 biological interactions 87 canonical sentence forms 56, 287 birds 68, 71–72 Cantor’s proof 236 jays 61–64, 391 card identification tasks 194 pigeons 63–64 caretaker speech 240, 241 starlings 84, 192, 391 Carey, Sue 37, 253 blame and intentionality 324 Carroll, Sean 24 blank slate 398 Cartesian dualism 59, 60 mind as 94–95 cartographic approach 216–217, 220 at single cell stage 90–91 Case 168–172, 178, 182 Bloomfield, L. 342 categorical imperative 320–321 body plan in animals 89 categorical perception (CP) 84, Boeckx, Cedric 96, 151, 272, 280, 393 334–335 bottom up approach 25–26, 31 categories of syntax 135 boundary conditions 294–295 category theory 402 brain 17–18, 332 cats, cerebral cortex 114 activity 187, 346–347 causal principles 225 cats 114 causal skeleton of the world 18 cost efficiency 114 Cayo Santiago (island) 305, 307 damage 321, 352, 365, 371 CC see corpus callosum evolution 41, 186 cells 101 human and macaque 185 design 116–117 left hemisphere 281–282, 353, 355–365 evolution of 38–39 optimization of wiring 109–119 cerebral asymmetries 281–282 positioning 111 cerebral cortex structure 116 cats 114 tractograms 190 granularity 185

index 445 nervous system 118 clitics 200–201 phylogenetic age 188, 191 Closure Positive Shift (CPS) 367, 373 CFC see Canonical Form Constraint coconut experiment 305–307 chains 157–159, 166 cognitive psychology, advent of 59 Chamorro (Austronesian language), cognoscitive powers 27, 381–382 wh-agreement 160, 165–166 Collins, C. 135fn chance in evolution 46 combinatorial semantics 148, 322 change-blindness manipulation 210 combined violation 376 Chee, M. W. L. et al 347 communication and shared cognoscitive Cherniak, Chris 380 powers 27 Chierchia, Gennaro 150 comparative analysis of genes and chimpanzees, similarity to behavior 302 humans 302–303 comparative syntax 212–213 Chinese, morphological marking of complement clauses and structural plurals 82–83 Case 170 Chomsky, Noam Complementizer Phrases (CPs) 129 adjectives 219–220 complex concept 124 apes 322 complex predicates 151–152 biolinguistics 44–46 complicated syntax 183 ConditionsonTransformations 197,404 component placement optimization 111, EPP 55–56 116 FSG / PSG 131, 191–193 compositional language 129 island constraints 159, 163 compositionality 142–145 language acquisition model 256–257, compression problem 175–176 270 computation of syntactic-semantic Merge 52–55, 132–133 objects 33 P&P approach 212 computational system 26–28, 31, 304, poverty of the stimulus 262 387 recursion 181–182, 341–343 vs. communication device 303 SMT 126–127 of syntax 128 Christianity and moral judgment computers, advent in language studies 14 314–315 Concatenate and Copy 48, 51 chromatin 99 concatenation 51–52 Chung, Sandra 160, 164–166 concept acquisition problem 253 Church’s thesis 389 Concepts and Consequences C-I see Conceptual-Intentional systems (Chomsky) 262 Cinque, G. 138fn, 164–165, 218–219 conceptual evolution 76 Clark, Robin 258–259, 271 conceptual information vs. intentional classical molecular genetics 98 information 124 clauses, uniformity of 167 Conceptual-Intentional (C-I) systems Clayton, N., Yu, K. S., and 126–127, 134–135, 137–138 Dickinson, A. 61–63, 69 conceptual interface 140 see also Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. conceptual representations, linguistic 82

446 index conceptual structures 226 Deacon, Terrence 408 conceptual system vs. vocal imitation in dead reckoning 65 monkeys 308 Decade of the Brain 17 concreteness in lexical acquisition declarative sentences 56 241–242 degeneracy 92–93 Conditions on Transformations dendrites, optimality 110 (Chomsky) 197, 404 derivational processes 286 configurationality parameters 215–216 Descartes, R. 59, 60, 124–125 connectivity matrix 114 Descartes’ Problem 44–45 Connolly, T. and Zeelemberg, M. 322 The Descent of Man (Darwin) 45 consciousness 88, 92 designated minimal elements 131 consequences vs. intentionality 323 Determiner Phrases (DPs) 129 consonant intervals vs. dissonant determiners in L2 351 intervals 317, 327 diffusion tensor imaging Contact Principle 312–313 technique 190 context-free grammars 390–391 dimension in simple sentence context sensitivity 238 structure 173 copying operation 48, 52–53 disambiguation 245 core domains 226–231, 381, 384–385 Discours (Descartes) 124–125 vs. ‘‘hell on wheels’’ 383 discourse and syntax 130 core mechanisms 302 discrete infinity core proteins 99 language as a system of 34 corpus callosum (CC) 369–371 and recursion 387 damage 376–377 dissonant intervals vs. consonant counting vs. labeling 231–232 intervals 317, 327 CP (categorical perception) 84, 334–335 distinctive feature theory 396 CPs (Complementizer Phrases) 129 diversity vs. unity in language CPS (Closure Positive Shift) 367, 373 evolution 23–24 Crain, S. and Thornton, R. 160–161 DNA 98–99 credal verb interpretation 249 methylation 100, 102 Crick, Francis 89 doctrine of double effect 312 criterial heads 158 domains 225–230 critical period 283–284 Donati, Caterina 53, 55 for L2 acquisition 344 Dornhaus, Anna 72 ‘‘crossed’’ hemisphere 375 double violation condition 362–363 cytoarchitectonics of Broca’s area 194 Dover, G 38–40, 102–105, 302, 397–398 Dally, J. M. et al 64 DPs (Determiner Phrases) 129 Damasio, Antonio 320–321 Drosophila, neuronal behavior 92 Darwin, Charles 23–24, 40 dual conceptions 242–245 Darwin’s Problem 45, 46–47 dual perceptions 243 Dative Case 171–172 duality of semantic interpretation 127 Davidson, D. 153–154 dysgranular area (BA 44) 186

index 447 E-languages and I-languages 276, of cells 38–39 408–409 from single variant 301 E-position 152–154 of language 19, 22–25, 29–30, 41, E-universals and I-universals 196–197 46, 75 early left anterior negativity (ELAN) evolutionary psychology 45 360–365, 364, 374–375 Exceptional Case Marking (ECM) 393 Eccles, Sir John 60–61 executive systems 130 ECM (Exceptional Case Marking) 393 explanatory adequacy 19, 25 ECP (Empty Category Principle) 42fn extended argument system 138 edge features 161–162, 181, 183 Extended Projection Principle (EPP) Eimas, P. D. et al 334 see EPP Einstein, Albert 35 Extended Standard Theory 211–212 electroencephalography (EEG) 354, 359 External-Agent principles 224 Elman, Jeffrey 392 external argument 53–54 ellipsis, grammatically determined 274 external Merge 28, 156 EM see evaluation measure externalism 152 Emery, N. J. and Clayton, N. 64 externalization 386 Emonds, Joseph 156 mechanisms for 308 emotional prosody 371–372 extraction 165–166 empiricist epistemology 58 eye-tracking 373 Empty Category Principle (ECP) 42fn eyes, evolution 39 empty set 32 empty verbs 145 false belief and true belief 249–250 endocentricity 47–48 familial left-handers (FLH) 282–284, entailments and events 137 375 epigenetics 98–103 fasciculus longitudinalis superior 190 vs. genetics 102 fast mapping of new words 255 episodic memory, in jays 61–63 feedback in birds and bees 71–72 epistasis 104 Felser, C. 160 Epstein, S. D. and Seeley, T. D. 279 filtering generalizations 294 EPP (Extended Projection Principle) finite automata 15, 390–392 278–280, 285 finite-state grammar (FSG, Grammar I) idiosyncratically English 55–56 174, 184, 186, 193, 337 Ernst, T. B. 137 vs. local dependency 192 ‘‘escape hatches’’ for movement 159 vs. phrase structure grammar ethology 45 186–187, 338 evaluation measure (EM) 257, 262, 268 first person phenomenon 93 event-denoting semantic units 129 Fisher, C. et al 246 event-related brain potential (ERP) Fitch, Tecumseh 75, 173, 184 359–365 and Hauser, M. D. 338 events and entailments 137 FLB/FLN 47, 50, 83, 101, 102, 193, evo-devo theory 41, 106 197, 303 evolution 85–86 Flege, Jim 351

448 index FLH (familial left-handers) 282–284, music 327–328 375 natural numbers 181–182 floodlight quality in human reasoning 70 representation 71 flow optimization 111 see also Hartnett, P. and Gelman, R.; Fodor, Janet 105–107, 324–325, 355, Massey, C. M. and Gelman, R. 375, 385–387, 393–394, 408 general cognitive strategies 56 Fodor, Jerry 151, 381, 396, 409 generation of language 387 foraging in bees 72–73 generative grammar 19–20, 25, 196, 285 force-directed placement algorithm 112 origin 14 foundational abstractions and generative principle in semantics 123, non-human behavior 61 128 frameworks for animate and inanimate generic quantifier 147 objects 224 genes, seven stripes of activity 88 Frank, R. and Kapur, S. 276 genetic algorithm 112 Frazier, Lynn 355 genetic analysis 38–40 free will, biological basis 93 genetic drift 86 Frege 149 genetic mechanisms, ancient 301 French genetic modules, shared 89 inversion of subject 159 genetics vs. epigenetics 102 past participle agreement 160 genomes Friederici, A. D. et al 339 ‘‘bottleneck’’ 116 frontal operculum (FOP) 187, 190, 191, encoding 108 340, 356, 358, 365–367, 376 Gentner, T. Q. et al 339, 391 frozen accidents 89 Georgiades, M. S. and Harris, J. P. 244 FSG see finite-state grammar German functional heads 157–158 repeated interrogatives 160 fundamental structure-building operation as a scramble language 358 156 gestalt model of learning 293 fusiform gyrus 346 gestural imitation 322 Gibson, E. and Wexler, K. 259–260, 273 Galilean laws vs. Aristotelian Gilovitch, T. and Kahneman, D. 322 laws 195–196 Gleitman, Lila 56, 324–325, 373, 385, Gallistel, Randy 394–395, 402–403 animal behavior 27, 173–174, 304, see also Landau, B. and Gleitman, L. R. 391 Golestani, N. et al 347 and Kant 381 Gopnik, A. 253 recursion 180 Gordon, Peter 207–211 ganglion-level connectivity map 113 Gould, Stephen Jay 46, 49 garden path sentence 384 Government and Binding Theory 131 Gehring, W. J. 39 Grammar I see finite-state grammar Gelman, R. Grammar II see phrase structure core domains 380–381, 383–384 grammar language acquisition 94–95 Grammar III (Hierarchical PSG) 189, 192

index 449 grammar lattice 106, 264–266, 268–270, hierarchical agreement 168 272 Hierarchical Phrase Structure Grammar grammar switching hypothesis 260 III 189, 192 grammars 187, 189 hierarchical structure of language 47–48 artificial 191 hierarchy of Case features 169 context-free 390–391 Higginbotham, James 401–402 disconfirmed 267 behavioral science 340–341 enumeration 263–265, 268 generative grammar 379 variation between languages 212 Merge 33 grammatical form vs. logical form 146 moral judgment 319, 321 grammatical sentences vs. ungrammatical nouns 53, 82–83 sentences 338 numbers 235–236 grammatical strings 387–388 speech compression 173, 175–176 granular area (BA 45) 186 word order 219 granularity of the cortex 185 Hinzen, Wolfram 146, 152–153, 182 ‘‘great leap forward’’ in language hippocampus 347 evolution 31 Hobbes, Thomas 381 Greenberg, Joseph 24, 196, 218 homologies and homoplasies 75 Greenspan, Ralph 92 Honderich, Ted 93 grey-matter density in L2 learners 346 horizontal language behavior 286 Hox gene system 301 habituation effects 208 Hsp90 104 Hale, Ken 53–54 Huang, C. T. J. 129 and Keyser, S. J. 169 et al 369 Halle, Morris 342 hugging and giving experiment 207–211 Handbook of Mathematical Psychology human exceptionalism 59 (Miller & Chomsky) 391 human reasoning, floodlight quality 70 handedness 375 Humboldt’s Problem 44 harmonic principles 327 Hume, David 20, 148, 382–383 Harris, Zellig 13–14 Hund-Georgiadis, M. et al 375 Hartnett, P. and Gelman, R. 234 Hutton, J. T. et al 282 Hauser, M. D. 69–70, 118, 173, 184, 379–380, 383–384 I-languages and E-languages 276, et al 280, 335 408–409 head, status of 54 I-universals and E-universals 196–197 head-XP 52, 54 illusion of biological variation 300 headedness 50 imitation in language acquisition 331 ‘‘hell on wheels’’ (HoW) 226, 234, 235, immunity to allergens 101 383, 397 impenetrability, concept of 162–163 hemoglobin thalassemias 105 incremental learning 266–267 Henry, Alison 160 indirect questions, extractable Herburger, Elena 70 elements 163, 164 Heschl gyrus 348 individuality as an abstraction 90–91

450 index inferior frontal dipole 365 internalism 152–154 inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) 191, 352, 356 internalist direction of semantics 138 lesions 365 interrogatives, repeated 160–161 inferior parietal cortex 346 intervention, concept of 162–166 information theory 15 intonational phrase boundaries 368, 374 inheritance, combinatorial system 322 intuition in moral judgment 310 Innards-Agent principles 224 inversion 160, 162 innate/acquired distinction 94 and negation 72 innate knowledge 203 of subject in French 159 innately specified parameters 101–102 island conditions 21, 28, 159, 164 innateness 330–332, 335 Italian, absence of to 150 hypothesis 108, 206 iteration and recursion 176 and specificity 333–334 input data 230 Jackendoff, Ray 145 instinct, abductive 36 Jacob, Franc¸ois 23, 30, 49 insula 347 Jakobson, R. 400 integrated-map hypothesis 66, 67 Japanese The Integrative Action of the Nervous branching structure 213 System (Sherrington) 60 scrambling 275 Intention Principle 312–313, 315 jays 391 intentional dimension of language 137 episodic memory 61–63 intentional information vs. conceptual and intentionality 64 information 124 Jespersen, Otto 149 intentional interface 140 Joos, Martin 14 intentionality 320 judgment of truth 124 in birds 64 and blame 324 Kamm, Frances 320 vs. consequences 323 Kant, Emmanuel 59, 319 intended vs. foreseen 319 Karmilov-Smith, A. and Inhelder, B. 292 in rhesus monkeys 306 Kayne, R. 180, 212 interface between syntax and and Pollock, J. Y. 159 semantics 142–145, 151 Kirschner, Mark 300 interface conditions 133 Knobe, Joshua 323 interfaces in standard model 126 Knowledge of Language (Chomsky) 333 interhemispheric communication 369 Kohler, Ivo 391 see also corpus callosum (CC) Korean (language) 145 internal coherence 169 Kuhl, P. K. and Miller, J. D. 334 internal computation 74, 308 Kuna Indians, moral judgment 315 internal energy, children’s awareness of 225 L2 acquisition 283, 344–351 internal generative system 29 labeling vs. counting 231–232 internal language 20–21, 28 Laka, Itziar 50, 82, 140, 167, 193, 376 internal Merge 28, 32, 53, 55, 156 Landau, B. and Gleitman, L. R. 207

index 451 Language (Bloomfield) 342 lexical explosion, impossible in language and morality 309 non-human primates 308 language acquisition 19–20, 46, lexical semantics 150 160–161, 281, 288–295, 373–374 Liberman, A. M. et al 334 and abduction 254 Lightfoot, David 405 and AxS 288–292 Linear Correspondence Axiom biolinguistic approach 22 (LCA) 180, 182 in a blind child 207 local dependency vs. finite-state and capacity for unbounded grammar 192 Merge 29–30 local phrase structure building 191 critical period 283–284 locality principles 404 and Extended Standard Locke, J. 58, 381–382 Theory 211–212 ‘‘Locke’s suggestion’’ 17 innateness 330–332 logical form vs. grammatical form 146 lexical acquisition 239–242 logical positivism 342 mental verbs 247–251 Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory parametric model 257–258 (LSLT) (Chomsky) 14–15, 392 perceptual strategies 291–292 Long-Distance Anaphor parameters 216 principles and parameters (P&P) Luria, Salvador 30, 282 approach 23, 25, 91, 200, 258, 407 universals in 199–203, 206 macaque monkeys 305 language behavior, horizontal 286 macroparameters 198, 215 language instinct 45 Madrid, existence of 397 language universals (LU) 196–198, 206 magical number seven 391 Merge as 213 magnetoencephalography (MEG) 354, laser-beam intelligence in animals 70 365 Lashley, Karl 15, 332 major word-order parameters 274 lattice, grammar 106, 264–266, ‘‘many’’ as an XP 54 268–270, 272 Manzini, R. and Wexler, K. 269, 276 ‘‘laws of form’’ 86–87 mapping problem 253 LCA (Linear Correspondence Marcus, G. F. 262 Axiom) 180, 182 markedness, syntactic 204–205 ‘‘learning on the fly’’ 228 Markovian sources 15 LeBlanc, David 271 marmosets, musical preference 317–319 Lectures on Government and Binding Martian puppet experiment 245–246 (Chomsky) 212 mass-count distinction 80–81, 82–83 left hemisphere 281–282, 353, 355–365 Massey, C. M. and Gelman, R. 225 Lenneberg, E. H. 46 mathematical linguistics 390–391 levels of representation 336 matryoshka-structures of sentences 337 Lewin, Kurt 195 McDermott, Josh 317 Lewontin, Richard 100–101, 102 Mechelli, A. et al 345–347 lexical acquisition 239–242 MEG (magnetoencephalography) lexical decision task 372 354, 365

452 index Meltzoff, A. N. and Printz, W. 331 minimal spanning tree 119 memory 406 minimalism in music 316 memory drawers 228 minimalist hypothesis 150, 319, 331 memory tasks 194 minimalist program 25, 131, 169, Menomini Morphophonemics 197–198 (Bloomfield) 342 and EPP 279 mental processes 395 The Minimalist Program (Chomsky) 34 mental states, unobservable 251 minimax concept 91, 107, 385–386, 407 mental structures 228, 229 mirror neurons 305–306, 408 in children 226 mismatch negativity 349, 374 mental verbs 247–251 modifier strings 218–219 mentalism 152 modularity 86–87 Menzel, R. et al 67 Mokhtarzada, Zekeria 108fn Merge 25–26, 28, 32–33, 47–49, 128, molecular drive 86 130–139, 393 monkeys and concatenation 52 rhesus 77–78, 80–81, 305–308 decomposing 50–51 traveling salesman problem 69 external 28, 156 Monod, Jacques 36fn hierarchy 134 Montague’s Intensional Logic 146 internal 28, 32, 53, 55, 156 moral judgment 309–315, 321 as language universals (LU) 213 nature of 20 movement as 155–157 permissibility 319–320 as one-dimensional 132–133 Moral Sense Test (MST) 310 and ontology 136 Morgenbesser, Sidney 154 parameters 217 Moro, A. 129 unbounded 26, 29, 52, 54 morpho-lexical parameters 150 ‘‘mesh of springs’’ algorithm 112, 114 morphology 177–179, 181, 183 metamorphosis problem 304–305 motivation in language acquisition 293 methodological individualism 154 Mountcastle, Vernon 17 Methods of Structural Linguistics Move 213, 217 (Harris) 13–14 see also Internal Merge Michelson-Morley experiment 36 movement Mikhail, John 320 from basic order 218 Miller, G. et al 292 chains 157–159, 166 Miller, George 20, 391 first encounters in children 201–202 mind as Merge 155–157 as blank slate 94–95 parameters 213–215 in humans and non-humans 59 in Polish 205 mind-body problem 17–18 Snowballing 219–220 mind-independent entity 27 stepwise 159–165, 167, 219 mind-internal linguistic computations 75 unitary approach 164–165 minimal computation 400 multi-layered architecture 136 minimal search 34 multiple cues 247

index 453 multiple discrete final states 101 novelty 49 musical preference 315–319, 326–327 in evolution 300 Musso, M. et al 339 Nowak, Martin 408–409 nucleosomes 99–100 N400 359–363, 368–372, 376–377 null-subject languages 55–56, 215, natural interpretation 21–22 257–259 natural language 383 number, reasoning in birds 63–64 displacement in 31 numbering system and language, variation in 211 parallels 32–33 natural numbers 26, 182 numbers, natural 26, 182 arithmetic 227, 231, 233–234 arithmetic 227, 231, 233–234 and recursion 181 and recursion 181 natural sciences 18 numerical discrimination 79 natural selection 86 numerical quantification in rhesus nature-nurture 398 monkeys 77–78 negation and inversion 72 numerals vs. quantifiers 234, 237–238 Negative Island Condition 34 nurture, in modular biology 90–91 nematode ganglia, minimum wiring 112 neonates, preference for speech 326–327 object concepts in early speech 240–241 nesting 389–391 object-denoting semantic units 129 network optimization theory 109 object file system 77 networks 91 object terms 251 Neubildung 49 octonions 132fn neural optimization paradigm 115 O’Donnell, T. J. et al 337, 340 Neurath, Otto 382 omission vs. action 322–323 neurological processes 332 On Aims and Methods of Ethology neuron arbor junction 110 (Tinbergen) 45 neuron arbor optimization 109–110, OnGrowthandForm(Thompson) 88,109 116, 118 ontogeny 79, 87, 90 The New Science of Evo Devo ontological commitments 82 (Carroll) 24 ontology 83, 132, 153 Newport, Elissa and Johnson, intuitive vs. physical 139 Jacqueline 350–351 of natural language 136 No-Tampering condition 26, 28 operator-variable construction 21–22 Nominative Island Constraint 34 optimal computation 400 non-core domains 226, 229–230 optimal foraging 407 see also core domains optimality 72, 110 non-genomic nativism 108, 116 optimization of brain wiring 109–119 non-human primates and musical prefer- Origin of Species (Darwin) 23–24 ences 316–319 Otsu, Y. 275 nonlinguistic quantificational systems 77 overgeneralization of rules in language nonsense words 249 acquisition 204 norms of reaction 100–101, 102 overspecified view of UG 95

454 index P600 component 360, 362–365, 369, vs. finite-state grammar 186–187, 338 374–375 Hierarchical (Grammar III) 189 Panini 341, 379 tamarins 84, 173–174, 178, 184, 186, parallel computation 33 338 parallel individuation system 77, 79–80, and Universal Grammar (UG) 339 81 phrase structure violation 376 parameter settings 23 Piaget 407–408 theory 284–285 Piattelli-Palmarini, Massimo 407–409 parameters 198, 217, 385–386, 404–405 adverbs 141 choosing 276 bees 72 on movement 213–215 biolinguistics 13 in universal grammar (UG) 212 Case agreement 168 value 271 E- and I- languages 276 parametric ambiguity 258 EPP 54–57 parametric decoding 261–262 language acquisition 94–95, 106–107, parametric model 257–258 350 parametric triggers 259 moral judgment 322–323 parental genes 90 morphology 150 parsing mechanism 261 numbers 32, 237 partial irreversibility 101 pigeons, number reasoning 63–64 Passive 156, 206 Pinker, Steven 203, 242, 264 past participle agreement 160 and Jackendoff, R. 303 PDA (push-down automata) 175, 177, pitch (F0) contour 366 390 placement order 234–235 PDAþ 178 planum temporal (PT) 366 Peano axioms 236 plastic behaviors 70 Peirce, Charles Sanders see abduction plasticity 98, 100–101, 103 Penn, D. C. et al 134 Plato 380 perceptual change, between /b/ and /d/ Plato’s Problem 44, 46–47 334 plural-plural systems 79 perceptual mechanism 336 Polish language acquisition 205 perceptual strategies, in language acquisi- PONS 262 tion 291–292 POPS 262 perspective verbs 247 Port Royal Grammar 341 Petrides, M. and Pandya, D. 185 Post, Emil 389 Pertinovich, Lewis 325 Postal, Paul 394 phase impenetrability 163–164 posterior portion of STG 191 phenotypes 105, 397 poverty of stimulus (POS) 24, 46, 210, phonological distinction, non-native 290 347–348 positive and negative 262 phonological learning 283, 336 predicate composition 126 phrase structure grammar (PSG, Grammar predicates in language acquisition 149 II) 131, 186, 189, 191, 389–390 prefrontal cortex 189

index 455 prepositions as predicates 145 realism 152 present perfect 149–150 and anti-realism 153 Priestley, Joseph 17 reconstruction 21, 95 principle of graduation 186 recursion 174–175, 193, 286, 340–341 Principle of Ontological Commitment and discrete infinity 387 396 and iteration 176 principles, moral 312–313 and natural numbers 181 principles and parameters (P&P) recursion only hypothesis 303–304 approach 215, 340 and starlings 339 to language acquisition 23, 25, 91, tail and embedded 180–181, 182 200, 258, 407 redundancy 87 and universals 197 referential calls 308 proactive vs. reactive bees 72 reflective equilibrium 384 probabilistic hierarchical grammar 188 relativity theory 35 processing stage in left hemisphere 355 relativized minimality 165, 166 prominence 404 religious background and moral propositional attitude verbs 252 judgment 313–315 propositions 136 representational capacity 71 prosodic information processing 355, resultative constructions 144 366–369, 371–373, 375–377 retrenchment 266–267 prosody mismatch effect 370 rhesus monkeys 77–78, 80–81, 305–308 PSG see phrase structure grammar rhythm detection 335 psychic continuity 382 rhythmic processing 84 psychogrammar 285 richness of the stimulus 210 PT (planum temporal) 366 right hemisphere (RH) 355, 366–369 push-down automata (PDA) 175, 177, see also left hemisphere 390 Rizzi, Luigi 26, 33, 68–69, 95, 194, 220, PDAþ 178 274, 374, 400, 403–405 Putnam, Hilary 397 Rizzolatti, Giacomo 305, 408 Rodin 248 quantification in animals 70–71 Rodriguez-Esteban, R. and quantifiers vs. numerals 234, 237–238 Cherniak, C. 113 Quine, W. V. O. 154, 388, 396, 398 rolandic operculum (ROP) 366 Ross, J. R. 159, 197 Rachels, James 323 roundworm, nervous system 111–112, radar technology 67 113, 114 radical model of architecture 127 Royaumont Debate 330, 333, 407 random optimization of wiring 115 Russell, Bertrand 18 rational morphology 89 rational numbers 234–235 Salaburu, Pello 409 rationalist epistemology 59 Sanides, F. 186 Rawls, John (Jack) 20, 309, 384 Santos, Laurie 71–72 reaction-diffusion models 88 Schiffer, Steve 143

456 index scientific psychology 60 signal transduction 73 scope-discourse properties 157–158, 168 silenced chromatin 99 scrambling, in Japanese 275 similarity scale experiment 223–224 Searle, John 93 Simple Defaults Model 276 Searls, David 181 simultaneous bilinguals 350 Sebastia ´n-Galle ´s, Nu ´ria 385 singular-plural distinction 78–80 second language (L2) acquisition 283, Size Law 113–115 344–351 Skinner, B. F. 40, 329 segmentation in body forms 301 S-M (sensorimotor) systems 28, 126 selective attention 228 Smiley, P. and Huttenlocher, J. 241 self-correction 229, 231 Smith, E. C. and Lewicki, M. S. 326 self-paced reading 373 SMT (strong minimalist thesis) 26, 28, semantic bootstrapping 242 31, 109, 126–127, 139 semantic constructs and syntactic Snedeker, J. and Gleitman, L. 249 categories 135 snowballing movement 219–220 semantic field theory 394–395 snowflake analogy 109 semantic heads 145 solar ephemeris, knowledge in bees 65 semantic objects and syntactic songbirds 304 objects 130 see also jays; starlings semantic processing 357 source-to-goal interpretations 245–246 semantic schema 290 SP (Subset Principle) 262–263, 266, 276 semantic systems, independent 129 Spanish, null-subject 257–258 semantic variables 21 Spanish-Catalan bilinguals 348 semantic violation stimuli 355–356, 360, spatial navigation 76 361, 362–363 species-specificity 338 semantics specificity and innateness 333 combinatorial 148, 322 speech, preference in babies 326 of events 149 Spell-out 215, 217 lexical 150 Stabler, E. 175fn and prosody 371–372 stack 180 and systematic beliefs 147–148 stack alphabet 175fn semi-groups 33 standard minimalist architecture sensorimotor (S-M) systems 28, 126 125–126 sensory optimization 115, 117–118 standard minimalist syntax 138 sentence meanings, structure of 128 Starke, M. 165, 166 sentence processing 286, 291 starlings 84, 192, 339, 391 sententialism 143 Steiner trees 118–119 sequential computation 33 stepwise movement 159–165, 167, 219 set-based quantification system 79–80 STG see superior temporal gyrus set theory 32 stochasticity in evolutionary processes 89 Sherrington, Sir Charles 60–61 stress pattern deviants 374 Ship of Theseus 382 Striedter, George 30–31, 41 sign language 29, 377 strong generation 390

index 457 strong minimalist thesis (SMT) 26, 28, syntactic processing 357 31, 109, 126 syntactic-semantic objects 33 structural constraints 46 Syntactic Structures (Chomsky) 15, see also third-factor principles 332–333, 336–337 structural neuroanatomy 189 syntactic systems, hierarchies 136, 139 Structural Triggers Learners 261, 271, 273 syntactic violation stimuli 355–356, 360, structure-aided learning 242 361, 362–363, 374 structure-building 134, 373 syntactic zoom lens 246 structure-mapping 230–231 syntax The Structure of Evolutionary Theory acquisition 289, 292 (Gould) 46 comparative 212–213 Structure Preservation Hypothesis 156 complicated 183 Stylistic Inversion in French 159 computational system 128 Subjacency 215 and concepts 140–141 subjectivity 93 critical period for learning 283–284 subliminal attention manipulation 244 and discourse 130 subprocesses in left hemisphere 359 and mental verbs 250–251 Subset Principle (SP) 262–263, 266, 276 and prosody 377 successive cyclic movement 160–161, as skeletons 129 166 systematic beliefs 147–148 successor function 132 successor principle 234 tamarins superior temporal gyrus (STG) 190, 191, musical preference 317–319 353, 356, 357, 365 phrase structure grammar 84, Superiority Conditions 34 173–174, 178, 184, 186, 338 suprasegmental prosodic information 367 telic pair formation 144 synaptic transmission 60 tempo, musical preference in syntactic analysis 287 primates 318 syntactic bootstrapping solution Tensarama 114 241–242, 247 Tense Phrases (TPs) 129 syntactic categories and semantic Terrace, H. S. 134 constructs 135 Thai, modifier strings 218 syntactic complexity and human thematic hierarchy 169 thought 128 Theory of Justice (Rawls) 20, 309 syntactic constraint 279 theory of mind 59–60 syntactic environments 249–250 theta-theory 52, 54 syntactic hierarchy 359 The Thinker (Rodin) 248 syntactic markedness 204–205 thinking 253 syntactic objects in young children 248 abstract algebraic 133 third-factor principles 33–34 and semantic objects 130 Thompson, D’Arcy W. 16, 88, 109 syntactic processes in generative time, reasoning in birds 61–63, 68 models 286 Tinbergen, N. 45

458 index tokenizers 176–177 in language acquisition 204 topicalization 267, 270 and language variation 211 TOTE model 292 and Merge 26 Tower of Babel 350 overspecified view of 95 TPs (Tense Phrases) 129 and third-factor principles 33 transcendental idealism 153 universal minimalist program 302 transformational grammar 31 universals 196, 202 transposable elements 179fn of core domains 228 traveling salesman problem in in language acquisition 199–203, 206 monkeys 69 moral 325 tree structures 142–143 ur-body plan 89 binary bifurcation 118 Uriagereka,Juan 30,51,70–71,83,123fn, triggering 259–260 237–238, 343, 399, 405–406 ambiguity 270–273 utilitarianism 311 trolley problem 311–312, 324 Trubetzkoy, N. S. 14 variation true belief and false belief 249–250 in animal song 304 Trueswell, J. C. and Tanenhaus, M. K. 373 in evolution 301 truth, natural understanding 124 Variational Model 273 truth-evaluated thoughts 139 Veblen, Thorstein 387–388 Turing, Alan 16, 39, 41, 88, 109 verb guesses, cues 252 Turing machine 392 verb interpretation 249 two-thirds power law 104 verb pairs 242–244 type/token distinction 173–174 Verb Second 213 Verbal Behavior (Skinner) 329, 332–333 Ullmann, Stephen 394 verbs, unobservable acts and events 247 Umbildung 49 Vercelli, Donata 385 unbounded Merge 26, 29, 52, 54 Vergnaud, Jean-Roger 400 unconstrained variability 102 vertical hierarchies 135 undershoot errors 266 vertical sentence processing 286 underspecification view 95–96 virtual conceptual necessity 127 unidimensional Merge 138 virus analogy 181 uninterpretable Case features 182 Vlastos, Gregory 380 uninterpretable morphology 177, 179, vocal imitation 304, 308, 321–322 181, 183 Von Frisch, Karl 64 unitary approach to movement 164–165 Vouloumanos, Athena 326 unity vs. diversity in language vowel distinction experiment 348–349 evolution 23–24 universal genes 105 waggle dance 64–65, 67, 70 universal grammar (UG) 19, 24–25, 196, Wallace’s Paradox 33 212, 329–343 water molecules, liquidity 87 approaches 197 Watson and Crick 98 bottom up approach 31 weak generation 390

index 459 Weatherall, David 105 Wood, Justin 305 Weber-Fox, C. M. and Neville, H. 351 Wood, W. B. 111 Weber ratios 77 word-object relation 27 well-formedness 15 word-to-world pairing 247, 251, 255 Werker, J. F. and Tees 336 Wright, Anthony 328 Wernicke, Carl 353 Wright, Sewell 300 Wernicke’s area 354 Wynn, Karen 80–81 West, Rebecca 388 wh-agreement 160 X-bar theory 131 wh-movement 202, 205, 261 XP-YP structures 53 wh-reduplication 160–161 white matter volume 347–348 Y-tree cost-minimization in the brain 110 windows of opportunity 101 Yang, C. D. 260, 272–273 wire-minimization 109, 112 Wittgenstein 399 Zur, Oznat 233–234