["th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong th\u1eddi gian cho ph\u00e9p hay kh\u00f4ng? Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u1eddi gian, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hay kh\u00f4ng? Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hay c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng? D\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc? B\u01b0\u1edbc 2. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho d\u1ef1 \u00e1n - Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1eabu phi\u1ebfu theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh: + \u0110\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eabu phi\u1ebfu theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c thi bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i: Phi\u1ebfu h\u1ecdc sinh (Phi\u1ebfu 1A); Phi\u1ebfu ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n (Phi\u1ebfu 1B); Phi\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\/b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 (Phi\u1ebfu 1); K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (theo m\u1eabu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u00e8m theo Phi\u1ebfu 1A); B\u00e1o c\u00e1o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; + Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, c\u1ea7n th\u00eam lo\u1ea1i: Phi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; Phi\u1ebfu x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh; Phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro; Phi\u1ebfu d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c; Phi\u1ebfu tham gia c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; Phi\u1ebfu cho ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng tin; Phi\u1ebfu nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng; Phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ee7i ro ch\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m; Phi\u1ebfu s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt. - L\u1eadp s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc: + M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c trong ghi ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3. + \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n l\u00e0 l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc. Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 s\u1ebd ghi l\u1ea1i tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. S\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m (kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o). Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 ghi l\u1ea1i nh\u1eadt k\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c trang gi\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m c\u00e1c trang t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung: + Ph\u1ea7n 1: B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i. 59","+ Ph\u1ea7n 2: Nh\u1eadt k\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan, vi\u1ebft t\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n, ng\u00e0y gi\u1edd \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t trang m\u1edbi; danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra; ghi ch\u00fa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u00e0 ta s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n khi vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o to\u00e0n v\u0103n. + Ph\u1ea7n 3: Ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u0129 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. + Ph\u1ea7n 4: Ghi ch\u00e9p c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, ghi nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Sau khi ghi l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n vi\u1ebft th\u00eam \\\"th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn\\\" ho\u1eb7c \\\"gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch\\\" tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi vi\u1ebft k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. - Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb khi kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m; s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n trong su\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. B\u01b0\u1edbc 3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan - N\u01a1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. Th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, b\u00e1o, s\u00e1ch v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed... M\u1ed7i th\u00f4ng tin s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. - C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n trong th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed7i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc. - Internet l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho h\u1ecdc sinh l\u00e0m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm tr\u00ean internet, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n th\u00f4ng tin \u0111ang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1ng s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n sao c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ta \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 trang m\u1ea1ng. - C\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. 60","B\u01b0\u1edbc 4. \u0110\u01b0a ra gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau - Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc: + C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. C\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f4i khi d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra. - \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau: + M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u01b0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c k\u0129 thu\u1eadt. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u1edbi, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh. B\u01b0\u1edbc 5. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u - R\u00e0 so\u00e1t l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n k\u0129 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 m\u00e1y t\u00ednh. - Khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 ra? Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m? S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? B\u01b0\u1edbc 6. Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u - Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ghi ch\u00fa v\u00e0 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc. - Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: + T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 trang thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi c\u1ea7n. Ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian bi\u1ec3u h\u1ee3p l\u00ed. + X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. 61","+ B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y nh\u00e1p sao cho ti\u1ec7n d\u1ee5ng. Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 ta mu\u1ed1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. + B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y quay tr\u00ean v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y quay n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y quay \u0111\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. + Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu xin c\u1ea5p gi\u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1eabu \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u m\u1eabu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft theo quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. - B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m: + Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p \u0111o \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u00e0 ghi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1n s\u1ed5 tay khoa h\u1ecdc. + L\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. + D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. B\u01b0\u1edbc 7. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m - T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 quy lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 v\u1ebd bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. - Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c: x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c sai s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. B\u01b0\u1edbc 8. T\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn - Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh xem x\u00e9t, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ea7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: D\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a? C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thu th\u1eadp th\u00eam d\u1eef li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng? \u0110\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch ch\u01b0a? Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t? C\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c? Li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd? C\u00f3 quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o trong b\u1ea3ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 hai m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng? Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa hay kh\u00f4ng? 62","- C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebft th\u00fac d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. - L\u01b0u \u00fd: Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f4i khi c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ta cho l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. B\u01b0\u1edbc 9. Vi\u1ebft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o - B\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 quan t\u00e2m. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00ean ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ecdi th\u00f4ng tin thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, d\u1eef li\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. - C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc: + Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. Trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00ed v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ri\u00eang v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng quan. B\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ea7n phong ph\u00fa, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. + Lo\u1ea1i th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u1ea7n ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o c\u1ea7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. - C\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 s\u00fac t\u00edch. B\u01b0\u1edbc 10. Vi\u1ebft t\u00f3m t\u1eaft b\u00e1o c\u00e1o - B\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft sau khi d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng g\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. - Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. H\u00e3y l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft khoa h\u1ecdc. 63","- M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft bao g\u1ed3m: (1) M\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hay n\u00eau gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft. (2) Thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p. (3) M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3. (4) K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn. - N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng gian, vi\u1ebft th\u00eam \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. - K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn n\u00ean bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n n\u00eau r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan ho\u1eb7c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. B\u01b0\u1edbc 11. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb Poster v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n - C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb tr\u00ean poster c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a quan tr\u1ecdng thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb n\u00ean k\u00edch th\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft th\u00eam v\u1ec1 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n. Poster c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, \u0111\u1ed3 h\u1ecda v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng bi\u1ec3u c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n s\u00fac t\u00edch. Ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3. - L\u01b0u \u00fd: M\u1ed9t poster b\u1eaft m\u1eaft gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. B\u01b0\u1edbc 12. Thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh - Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc sinh, cha m\u1eb9 h\u1ecdc sinh, gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1m kh\u1ea3o. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n: T\u1eeb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ban \u0111\u1ea7u, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ho\u1eb7c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft, thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. 64"]
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