ICOMM_ Interpersonal Concepts and Competencies_ Foundations of Interpersonal Communication

428 NO T ES 75. Sexual harassment. (2009, March 11). U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commis- sion. Retrieved from www.eeoc.gov/types/sexual_harassment.html. 76. Schindehette, S., Sellinger, M., & Margery, B. K. (2000, April 17). Tarnished brass. People, 53(15), 75–77. 77. Nayak, M. B., Byrne, C. A., Martin, M. K., & Abraham, A. G. (2003, October). At- titudes toward violence against women: A cross-nation study. Sex Roles, 49(7/8), 333–343. 78. Male survivors of sexual violence. (n.d.). Michigan Resource Center on Domestic and Sexual Violence. Retrieved from www.michigan.gov/documents/datingviolence/DHS-Dating Violence-MaleSurvivors_198439_7.pdf. 79. Rentoul, L., & Appleboom, N. (2003). Understanding the psychological impact of rape and serious sexual assault of men: A literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 4(4), 267–274. 80. Male victims of sexual abuse, rape, incest, and sex-base offenses. (2007, January 22). Aard- varc. Retrieved from www.aardvarc.org/rape/about/men.shtml. 81. Ibid. 82. Morin, R. (1992). Harassment consensus grows. Washington Post, p. A–22. 83. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. (2009, February 17). The U.S. Equal Employ- ment Opportunity Commission. Retrieved from eeoc.gov/policy/vii.html. 84. Based on the writings of Rebecca L. Ray. See for example, Ray, R. L. (1993, January). Bridging both worlds: The communication consultant in corporate America. Lanham, MD: Uni- versity Press of America. 85. House, A., Dallinger, J. M., & Kilgallen, D. (1998). Androgyny and rhetorical sensitivity: The connection of gender and communicator style. Communication Reports, 11(1), 11–20.

Index action-reaction principle, 27 communication anxiety, 52–64; causes of, affirmations, 332 58; culture, as influencer of, 58; dealing analytical thinking, 350–351 with, 60; defined, 52; effects of, 59; androgenic communication, 131 privately absent people, 56; publicly anger: dealing with 250–252; defined, 243; anxious people, 56 role of, in conflict, 243–247 communication noise, 9–13; cultural noise, apologizing, 247, 345–348 12; dealing with, 12–13; defined, 9; approval seeking behaviors, 335–337 environmental noise, 9; organizational argot: African-American, 109–110; defined, noise, 11; physiological-impairment noise, 9–10; psychological noise, 12; semantic 109; gay, 109 noise, 11; syntactical noise, 11 Asian-American dialect, 122–123 assertion, 257–264 compliance gaining, 224–228, 337–339 attitudes, 40 compressed speech, 71 conflict: analysis model of, 239–240; anger, bad news, delivery of, 353–354 Behavioral Kinesiology, 169–170 role of, in, 243–247; apologizing, role beliefs, 40 of, in, 247; approaches to dealing with, blogging, 321–322 252–257; assertion, role of, in, 257–264; defined, 239; fair fighting, role of, in, cell phones, 305; etiquette, in use of, 305– 251–252; levels of, 241–243; sources of, 306 247–249; types of, 244 conflict resolution, 237–269, 341 Choice Theory, 41–42 connotative words, 111–112 chunking of information, 138 contact cultures, 58 cognitive dissonance, 40 conversational skills, 347–351 cognitive modification, 61 creativity, 354–361; analytical breakdown of, cognitive processing, 40–41 359–360; manipulating details, 360–361; collectivism, 91, 219 removing barriers to, 356–361 commitment phobia, 192 criticism, 345 communication: basis for, 13–16; defined, culture: characteristics of, 19–20; conflict, as affected by, 240–242; defined, 18; 2–5; interactional model of, 7; linear diversity in the workplace, as affected model of, 6; role of ethics in, 22–25; by, 390–391; family, as affected by, 276; transactional model of, 8 429

430 I ND E X interpersonal communication, as affected in, 290–293; culture, role of, in, 276; by, 18–22; listening, as affected by, 88– defined, 274; healthy communication 92; nonverbal communication, as affected in, 294–297; healthy versus unhealthy by, 140–142; relationships, as affected communication in, 287–290; images, role by, 179–180, 198–200, 206; space, as of, in, 278; improving communication in, affected by, 158–160; time, as affected 297–300; matrix of, 278–284; physical by, 164–167; touch, as affected by, 158 aggression in, 294; stress, role of, in, 283– cultural-negative language, 115–117 284; systems approach to understanding cyber addiction, 311–314 of, 285–287; themes of, in, 278; verbal cyber bullying, 315–316 aggression in, 293 cyberdating, 212–214 family communication, 273–298; defined, 74 cybernetic process, 105; figure of, 105 flaming, 314 cyber stalking, 316–317 gender, 126–127; defined, 126; role of in the deception/lying, 385–388 workplace, 391–392 denotative words, 111–112 dialects, 117–125; nonstandard, 117; global/linear thinking/listening, 75–76, 77–78 standard, 117 direction giving, 351–352 guilty conscience, 40–41 doublespeak, 115 harassment, 393–395 Ebonics/Black English, 119–121 holistic thinking, 350 Economic Model of Relationships, 200–201 human communication: components of, 5–9 Economic Theory of Costs and Rewards, idealized self, 42 233 I-messages/statements, 182, 334–335 electronically mediated communication impression management, 380–381 individualism, 91, 122, 219 (EMC), 303–326; blogging, 321–322; interactional model of communication, 7 cell phones, 305–306; cyber addiction, intercultural communication. See culture 311–314; cyber bulling, 315–316; Internet, 306–320; negative use of, 310–317; cyber stalking, 316–317; defined, 304; Facebook, 322–324; flaming, 314; positive use of, 308–310 Internet 306–320; My Space, 324; interpersonal communication: concepts of, personal relationship, developing of, on, 317–318; sexting, 314–315; social 25–29; defined, 17; role of culture in, networks, 322–326; Twitter, 324; You 18–22 Tube, 325 interviewing, 376–378 ethics, 22–25; defined, 22; ethical intrapersonal communication, 16–17, 34; communicators, 24–25; ethical value defined, 16, 34 system, 22–24 ethnocentrism, 20–22, 390–391; defined, Johari window, 49–51 290 Ethnographic Theory of Needs, 13–16 kinesics, 146–155 Knapp Relationship Escalationship Model, Facebook, 322–324 Facebook addiction, 323–324 232 fair fighting, 251–252, 341–344 Knapp Termination Model of Relationships, families: biosocial attitudes in, 280–283; 232–233 boundaries, role of, in, 278–279; configurations of, 274–276; conflict language: characteristics of, 110–113; defined, 103; inarticulates, use of, in, 119; origins of, 103–104; role of

IN DEX 431 distortion in, 113–115; role of symbols walk, stance, role of, in, 154; proxemics, in, 104–110 157–160; smell, role of, in, 167–169; language distortion, 113 spatial distances, role of, in, 158–160; Language Explosion Theory, 106 substituting relationship, role of, in, 142– lie detectors, 143 143; taste, role of, in, 170; time, role of, linear model of communication, 6 in,163–167; touch, role of, in, 150–154 linguistics, 110 note taking, 83, 370–371 listener anxiety, 59 listening, 67–96; apprehension, role of, in, ordering of information, 38–39 92–93; assigning meaning, role of, in, 75; concentration, role of, in, 71–72; paraphrasing, 72 conversational, 350–351; culture, role of, paravocalics, 160–162 in, 88–92; defined, 68, 69; evaluation, perception, 92, 249 role of, in, 76–79; feedback, role of, in, person-first language, 124–125 80; improving of, 93–96; influences of, power, 340–341; defined, 340; workplace 80–81; paraphrasing, role of, in, 72; perception, role of, in, 72–75; process of, communication, as affected by, 384–385 68–76; purposes of, 82–85; response, role probing/question asking, 352–353 of, in, 79; response styles of, 86–88 proxemics, 157–160 psychological vultures, 35–37 male/masculine-female/feminine public self, 44 communication, 126–131 pupilometrics, 146–147 mnenonics, 40 real self, 42–43 relational communication: principles of, Native American languages, 123–124 negotiation, 264–270 175–200 neurolinguistic program (NLP), 147–148 relationship(s): beginning phases of, 207– non-contact cultures, 58 nonstandard English: effects of the use of, on 209; commitment, role of, in, 195–196; culture, role of, in, 179–180, 198–200, speakers, 124 206; cyberdating, as a factor in, 212–214; nonverbal communication, 135–170; defined, 175, 206; development of, 207–232; Economic Theory of Costs and accenting relationship, role of, in, Rewards, 200–201, 233; ending of, 229– 143–144; aesthetics, role of, in, 169–170; 232; goals for, 184–186; intimacy, role artifacts, role of, in, 154–155; basis of, of, in, 187–188, 196; Knapp Escalation 140–141; characteristics of, 138–140; Model of, 232; Knapp Termination classifications of, 145–170; clusters, role Model of, 232–233; maintaining of a, of, in, 138; color, role of, in, 169–171; 219–228; matchmaking, as a factor in, complementing relationship, role of, in, 214, 215; meeting potential partners 143; concepts of, 144–145; congruency, for a, 211–219; on-line development role of, in, 138–140; culture, role of, in, of, 317–318; principles of, 175–179; 140–142; defined, 136; emblems, 150; principles of positive, 180–184; relational emotions, role of, in, 142; eye accessing coaching, as a factor in, 215–216; cues, 147–148; eyes, role of, in, 147–148; resources, role of in, 200; right brain/left face, role of, in, 146; gestures, role of, in, brain thinking, role of, in, 224–229; rules 148–149; height, role of, in, 156–157; for, 190–193; speed dating, as a factor innate neurological programs, role of, in, in, 214; structure of, 188–190; systems 140; kinesics, 146–155; music, role of, approach to, 193–194; types of, 177–179 in, 169; paravocalics, 160–162; physical reordering of information, 39 characteristics, role of, in, 156; posture, right brain/left brain thinking, 224–229

432 I ND E X Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, 107–110, 121 taste, as a factor in communication, 170 self-concept, 41–52, 332–337; defined, 41, Theory of Love/Like, 194–195 touch, as a factor in communication, 332; self-love, as a factor in, 332; theories of, 44–48 158; contact cultures, 158; noncontact self-disclosure, 222–223, 333 cultures, 158 self-esteem, 41 transactional model of communication, self-fulfilling prophecy, 36, 62 18 self-talk, 35–38; defined, 35 semantics, 112–113 values, 40 sex, 126–127; defined, 126 verbal language, 101–131 sexting, 314–315 short-term memory, 70 web. See Internet should self, 43–44 workplace communication, 365–394; shyness. See communication anxiety Significant-Other Theory, 106 communication boundaries, role of, in, slang, 109–118; types of, 118 385; deception, role of, in, 385–388; small talk, 347 disagreement, in, 388–390; diversity, smell, as a factor in communication, 167–169 role of, in, 390; group collaboration, Social Construct of Reality Theory, 107 role of, in, 372; harassment, role of, Social Interaction Theory, 51–52 in, 393–295; interviewing, role of, social networking, 322 in, 376–378; leadership, role of, in, social networks, 324–325; Facebook 322– 372–374; meeting efficiency, as factor 324; My Space, 324; Twitter, 324; You in, 374–376; networking, role of, in, Tube, 325 370–372; nonverbal communication, social reality, 35, 102 use of, in, 381–384; organizational Spanglish, 121–122 climate, as a factor in, 368–370; spatial distances, 158–160 organizational culture, as a factor in, speed dating, 214 367–368; organizational hierarchy, as a Standard American English, 118 factor in, 369–370; power, as a factor in, systematic desensitization, 61 384–385; rhetorical sensitivity, role of, in, 379–380

About the Authors Dr. Roy Berko is the former Associate Director of the National Communication As- sociation. He has authored or coauthored over twenty-five communication textbooks and numerous professional articles and studies. His academic work in both the fields of communication and counseling offer a unique perspective on interpersonal com- munication. He has been a professor (Lorain County Community College, Towson University, George Washington University, University of Maryland, and Notre Dame College of Ohio), a mental health counselor in private practice, a crisis counselor, and a communication trainer. Dr. Joan E. Aitken is a professor of communication at Park University. Her research has focused on communication and technology. She has taught at the University of Missouri, Kansas City; University of Louisiana, Lafayette; and University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. A former editor of the National Communication Association’s Commu- nication Teacher, Aitken has published seven books and more than fifty articles and book chapters. Dr. Andrew Wolvin, a professor of communication at the University of Maryland, is an internationally recognized expert in listening behavior. Identified as one of the top-ranked active researchers in communication, he has published widely in the field. Director of the basic communication course at Maryland, he also has extensive expe- rience as a listening and communication consultant in federal agencies and private corporations. 433