Aerospace & Defense Technology May 2020

www.aerodefensetech.com May 2020 Implementing Counter-UAS Technology Robotic Combat Vehicles Drone Swarms From the Publishers of

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Aerospace & Defense Technology Contents FEATURES ________________________________________ 25 Validation of Architecture Models for Coordination of Unmanned Air and Ground Vehicles via Experimentation Robotics 6 Connectors Lighten the SWaP Burden in UAV/MUMT Aircraft 27 Assessing the Effectiveness of a Combat UGV Swarm in Urban Operations Electronics DEPARTMENTS ___________________________________ UAV Countermeasures 10 Playing Defense – Uncertain Regulations Stall Counter-UAS 29 Application Briefs 34 New Products Technology in the US 40 Advertisers Index Unmanned Aircraft Systems ON THE COVER ___________________________________ 14 Drone Swarms An artist's rendering of the protective AI-enabled Unmanned Ground Vehicles SkyDome counter-UAV system being used over a stadi- 18 Robotic Combat Vehicles um in Jakarta, Indonesia. Cutting-edge technology is already available to protect facilities and large public TECH BRIEFS _____________________________________ gatherings from drone intrusions and attacks, but legal issues often prevent it from being implemented. To 22 Effectiveness of Inter-Vehicle Communications and On-Board learn more, read the feature article on page 10. Processing for Close Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle Flight (Image courtesy of Fortem Technologies) Formations 23 Systems Engineering Approach to Develop Guidance, Navigation and Control Algorithms for Unmanned Ground Vehicle 4 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-731 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

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Connectors Lighten the SWaP Burden in UAV/MUMT Aircraft Electronics Combat is being transformed by Manned- Modern-day electronic devices may be lighter Unmanned Teaming (MUMT) and Un- than the javelins and bazookas that burdened sol- manned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) technolo- diers in ancient Rome and World War II. But gies that improve a warrior’s situational today, all the batteries, GPS, smartphones, tablets, awareness. When a multi-platform communica- weapon optics, and night-vision and imaging de- tions system is employed, operators get the big vices can add up to 20 pounds to the “Nett War- picture of the entire fight as it unfolds. The time rior’s” field gear. between sensors detecting threats and operators making decisions is dramatically slashed. Traditional MIL-SPEC connectors contribute to the weight burden. While well-known MIL-DTL- With MUMT, an immense amount of informa- 38999 circular connectors are still used in many tion, including video, and intelligence, surveil- applications, they are relatively large, heavy, and lance, and reconnaissance (ISR) data—obtained not suited for embedded high-speed systems. To from high-bandwidth sensors—is rapidly routed reduce the load, smaller, more conformal fitting, between manned and unmanned airborne plat- and lighter weight connectors and assemblies are forms, satellites, ground radar, remote command now available. and control centers, and integrated tactical net- works (ITNs). Compact electronics employing ad- For example, compared to common aluminum vanced connectors with reduced SWaP profiles 38999 connector shells, shell designs that use make today’s UAV innovations possible. composite materials—such as Polyetheretherke- tone (PEEK), Polyetherimide (PEI), or Liquid Crys- Solving SWaP Challenges from the Ground Up tal Polymer (LCP)—can cut connector weight by With all the advantages of having multiple eyes as much as 30%. Another example: Miniature cir- cular connector designs in micro D- or nano D- in the sky, there’s an age-old disadvantage: the type styles derived from MIL-DTL-38999 are size, weight, and power (SWaP) of electronic gear. nearly 50% shorter, 33% smaller in diameter, and Weight limits mobility, and mission endurance is 300% lighter while increasing contact density for a perennial problem for aircraft and for infantry. higher throughput. 6 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

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Robotics Higher-Level SWaP Challenges in 0.984 0.75 UAV/MUMT Applications 0.30 (Push-Pull) Employing advanced connectors to re- 0.35 (Threaded) duce SWaP in electronic combat gear is important; in UAV and MUMT systems, CeeLok FAS-X CeeLok FAS-T CeeLok FAS-T it’s critical. Optimizing SWaP in UAVs Connector Connector Nano Connector improves the fuel-to-weight ratio, which Size 11 Shell Size 8 Shell enables longer flight and surveillance pe- riods and potentially smaller aircraft. In Figure 1. Small circular connectors support high speeds for end-to-end connectivity in cramped applica- addition, minimizing thermal and elec- tions. (Courtesy TE Connectivity) tromagnetic interference (EMI) signa- tures is essential to reduce the chances of can be carried on a soldier’s utility belt. level connector solution is presented being detected and shot down. Nano UASs are even smaller, hand-sized below. units using microelectromechanical sys- UAVs—also described as small un- tems (MEMS) such as miniaturized ac- Solutions to Connector SWaP manned air systems (UAS) or micro air celerometers and gyroscopes. Challenges vehicles—can be classified by size: Nano-UAS, micro-UAS, or larger tactical Onboard sensors and intelligence can To optimize SWaP in UAV/MUMT ap- UAVs. Each platform employs electron- be used for obstacle-avoidance and tar- plications, designers can work with a ics at different scales that impose get-following capabilities. Small embed- wide variety of connectivity options: unique SWaP challenges for connectors. ded computing can support artificial in- • For “micro” circular connectors based telligence for adaptive formation flying, Connector SWaP Challenges in Tactical self-healing, collective decision-making, on MIL-DTL-38999 Series 3: Micro cir- UAVs and encrypted network communications. cular connectors such as the DEUTSCH Micro-drone swarms are useful in intelli- Wildcat Micro connector offer a signif- Aligning with the miniaturization gence, surveillance, and reconnaissance icantly reduced shell size with two trend in military equipment design, (ISR), but they are often considered ex- housing sizes and four layouts accom- UAVs are getting smaller and more pow- pendable. If one goes down, just send up modating 3, 5, or 9 contacts. erful. Tactical UAVs are not only less vis- another. In these applications, designers • For small, micro- and nano-minia- ible than larger conventional drones, may employ compact, commercial off- ture connectors: Compact rectangu- they provide increased surveillance and the-shelf (COTS) and COTS+ connectors. lar, coax, and sealed circular connec- reconnaissance capabilities. Payloads tors offer extreme weight and space may include multiple cameras and sen- Connector SWaP Challenges in MUMTs savings. Small form factor rectangular sors for infrared, thermal, and visible At the opposite end of the nanoscale, connectors (369 series) are fully light, as well as sophisticated embedded sealed and accommodate blind mat- computing and storage devices. MUMT architectures involve multiple ing. Smaller scale connectors, like UAV platforms covering an entire bat- Nanonics connectors, are designed to Along with lightweight connectors to tlefield formation and networked over fit micro miniature D, subminiature reduce weight to extend flight time, ro- an airborne data link system. MUMT and ultra-miniature coaxial needs. bust board and backplane connectors systems empower warriors with a tacti- The circular 8-position CeeLok FAS-T are needed to handle the required band- cal control system (TCS). That provides Nano connector features a 0.30-inch width. For example, the Gorgon Stare several levels of UAV interaction, from (7.6 mm) diameter and supports 10 airborne surveillance platform can receiving and transmitting imagery and Gigabit Ethernet. cover a 100 km2 area with an ARGUS data to full function and control of UAV • For compact fiber connectivity: ARINC imaging system. The system’s 368 5- payloads, take offs, and landings. 845-compliant EB termini (EB16) megapixel cameras can generate 1.8-bil- combine high performance and non- lion-pixel images and video at 12 Consequently, advanced connectivity contact vibration resistance in mini frames per second. Several terabytes of solutions are needed to support a wide sizes for single-mode and multimode data are generated per minute. To han- range of bandwidth-hungry applica- fiber. Advanced transceiver modules dle the bandwidth, a VPX backplane is tions that can include: sensor data from like ParaByte feature a small thermal needed that employs advanced board- multiple airborne platforms, IP-enabled signature and support up to 12.5 Gb/s level optical and RF connectivity. network-centric operations, multi-band transmission rates per channel. antennae, data link subsystem proces- • For less bulky cabling: Cross-linked in- Connector SWaP Challenges in Micro sors, Digital Video Recorder (DVR) stor- sulation in Raychem cabling is me- UASs age, and full motion video (FMV) to the chanically tough, thermally stable, tactical edge. A high-bandwidth board- Micro-UAS can operate in swarms al- lowing a cluster of individual units to communicate and function as a team. Reducing SWaP is critical for micro UASs. Some weigh less than three pounds and 8 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Robotics Figure 2. The extremely small profiles of Microdot and Nanonics connectors Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-734 9 (top) and Nano CeeLok FAS-T connectors (bottom) are well-suited for tight spaces. (Courtesy TE Connectivity) and much lighter compared to thick-walled soft-polymer in- sulation in conventional cables. • For compact power distribution: Advanced high-voltage KILOVAC relays allow smaller wire gauges to be used to cre- ate lighter, smaller harnesses. • For space-efficient board-to-board & box-to-box connectiv- ity: Light, next-generation high-speed backplane connectors, such as the MULTIGIG RT 3 connector, that comply with the VITA 46 VPX standard are available with reliable quad-redun- dant contacts and support for data speeds up to 25+ Gb/s. To meet demanding SWaP requirements, designers can consult with experts in the many advanced standard-compli- ant connectors now available — along with COTS and COTS+ options — to facilitate UAV and MUMT innovations. This article was written by Matt McAlonis, Engineering Fellow, TE Connectivity (TE) (Berwyn, PA). For more information, visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-503. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Playing Defense Uncertain Regulations Stall the Implementation of Counter-UAS Technology in The U.S. In early September 2019, a radical environmentalist group called “Heathrow Pause” threatened to shut down Heathrow Airport in the UK by flying drones within the airport’s no-fly zone to call attention to climate change. Some Heathrow Pause members were arrested the day before their previ- ously announced fly-date (9/13) and on the day itself their drones were unable to take off, electronically jammed by the authorities. The protest represents a new wrinkle in the fast-moving world of unmanned aircraft sys- tems (UAS) use and integration. As previ- ous drone-induced airport disruptions at Heathrow and Gatwick in the UK and at Newark Airport, New Jer- sey in the U.S. demonstrate, society will need to prevent as well as facilitate drone use in daily life. The recognition has kick-started a counter-UAS (CUAS) indus- try that’s now trying to market itself to civilian A rendering showing potential SkyDome AI protection of the city of Dubai, facilitated by Fortem’s networked TrueView radar. (Fortem Technologies) 10 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

clients. A raft of companies have emerged to provide CUAS services but their growth has been hampered by limited real-world experience and technical approaches constrained by civil oversight authority and U.S. laws. Finding and Stopping Drones Most experts agree that a layered drone defense is the best protection for critical infrastructure and other entities. That’s an assessment embraced by firms like Utah-based Fortem Technologies. Formed in 2016 and backed by investment from Boeing’s venture capital arm (Horizon X), Fortem offers complete detection and mitigation solutions to potential customers. The company refers to its inte- grated system approach as “Security Elevated”, in essence tak- ing site security above and beyond the fence line. Preventing unwanted drone flight into an area – whether airport, football stadium, nuclear reac- tor or government building – is a two-part problem. First, the drone(s) must be de- A head-on view of the Drone Hunter interceptor drone with its low power FMCW TrueView radar mounted above two net guns for capturing rogue drones. (Fortem Technologies) Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 11

UAV Countermeasures tected and its location/flight path de- miniaturized, low power FM continu- termined. Second, it must be ous wave radar in a small package stopped, diverted or destroyed. In the that can be placed on a drone or at CUAS business these problems are ground locations around a protected called “detection” and “mitigation”. site (potentially even a city). Net- You can further break detection worked together, the small radars can down into passive and active meth- provide airspace awareness both at ods. The most basic approach is vi- the perimeter and in a complete arc, sual, using cameras, scopes and eye- or “dome”, above the site. Combined balls to detect approaching drones. with other sensor input and AI, the Visual detection i s p a s sive, gener- company says TrueView offers aware- ally avoiding interference with other ness beyond simple drone detection. systems or people. “That’s why SkyDome was created, But small drones are hard to see. That to maintain a persistent view of has led to development of other passive An artist’s rendering of the protective AI-enabled SkyDome what’s happening in an airspace for approaches including acoustic, infrared over a stadium in Jakarta, Indonesia. SkyDome offers 180- all kinds of drones,” says Fortem CEO, and RF monitoring systems. The latter ef- degree horizon-to-horizon detection around the entirety of Timothy Bean. He adds that non- fectively ‘listen’ for radio signals from a the facility. (Fortem Technologies) emitting drones are detected as well. drone’s pilot (via a controller) to the “In a criminal situation, there’s often drone. They may also eventually take data may leave drones to fly uncontrolled. no RF to detect. Our system uses physics from an FAA-approved database system Defeating encryption puts the impetus to detect everything in the airspace.” called “Remote Identification” which could (and responsibility) for drone control on require small UAS to broadcast ID data from the CUAS provider. Geofencing may re- The Authority Bottleneck an onboard transponder or transmit in real- strict legitimate commercial or civil serv- Measuring the effectiveness of layered time to an internet network. ice activity. Legal limitations impact de- systems like SkyDome is difficult in the With Remote ID yet to be realized tection and mitigation systems as well. U.S. aside from test scenarios because as and physical limits on the effective Fortem’s layered drone defense is of late 2019, only the federal government range of many passive systems, there’s a brought together in its SkyDome sys- is permitted to employ CUAS systems. place for active methods too, princi- tem, an adaptable AI platform that fuses The 2018 Federal Aviation Administra- pally radar. Though it can be affected by the company’s TrueView® radar and tion Reauthorization Act gave the Depart- line-of-sight issues, radar can effectively other sensors (optical, thermal) to au- ment of Homeland Security and Justice spot small drones including those tonomously monitor an environment in Department the right to “disrupt,” “exer- which may be partially autonomous or three dimensions. The use of AI to clas- cise control of” or “seize or otherwise non-emitting – the sort malicious actors sify objects and patterns in its airspace confiscate” drones deemed a “credible might use. However, distinguishing a allows clients to dismiss many targets threat” without a warrant. Those provi- small UAS from a bird with radar alone (including drones) which don’t present sions will likely face legal challenges and is difficult. That problem can be over- a threat, reducing the false-positive they do little to clarify the commercial come by pairing radar with artificial in- problem common to CUAS systems. market where shooting down or dis- telligence (AI) enabled software. When the system detects and antici- abling drones remains illegal. There is no Mitigation can be kinetic or non-ki- pates a threat, it can alert personnel or liability framework for such operations. netic. The former generally means shoot- launch one of the company’s Drone- Likewise, there is no CUAS certification ing down the drone with a gun or laser, Hunter® interceptors to neutralize danger- regime and thus no standard against or capturing it with a net. Non-kinetic ous or malicious drones. Fortem can con- which to measure the relative perform- methods include jamming (breaking the figure DroneHunter on a variety of drone ance of the systems now offered. link between controller and drone), cyber platforms depending on the interceptor “The biggest thing we need is regula- manipulation (breaking drone encryp- performance the customer requires. When tory clarity,” Fortem CTO, Adam Robert- tion and taking control) or geofencing launched, the interceptor leverages son affirms. “What are the issues with (designating areas into which cooperative Fortem’s TrueView radar to autonomously collateral damage? If you light up an RF drones are programmed not to fly). detect, pursue and capture the offending countermeasure in an airport environ- Kinetic and non-kinetic mitigation drone(s) with its onboard net-capture ef- ment for example, are you going to do approaches come with undesirable side fector. Firing a net, rather than destroying more harm than good? Does a govern- effects. Shooting a drone down may or diverting the malicious drone, allows ment guy have to press the button? cause collateral damage as it falls, or for forensic analysis of the craft. Could a contractor operate [a CUAS sys- from missing the target. Jamming Though other CUAS providers offer tem] in a proxy situation? Could we drones can disable other nearby systems radar-based detection, Fortem’s net- have counter UAS-as-a-service?” from mobile phones to radio communi- worked radar departs from typical single Even passive detection systems could cations and radar. Breaking control links location radar arrays. TrueView is a run afoul of American law. The federal 12 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

UAV Countermeasures Wiretap Act prevents law enforcement With the Department of Justice yet to Fortem also offers the tantalizing departments from intercepting “wire, clarify what RF information commercial prospect of using its networked True- oral or electronic” communications with- CUAS detection firms may gather, the View radars in cities to facilitate the air out a court order. The pen register law company is being careful. traffic management necessary for un- prevents the use of pen register or “trap manned urban air mobility (UAM). and trace” devices that trace telephone “We aren’t going inside the [RF] links While that’s a longer term possibility, calls, including cellular and, putatively, and de-crypting,” Pitsky explains. “There the threat from the seven million drone communications. The restrictions are other [commercial] systems that do drones the FAA predicts will be in the apply to law enforcement, but the code is that which is a more overt violation of air by 2020 cannot be ignored – a lesson silent on private CUAS operators, creat- the [pen register laws] than just capturing that Gatwick airport operators learned ing confusion and potential liability. back addresses transmitted in the clear.” in 2018. “That’s still in the legal court of de- Dedrone’s VP agrees with Fortem’s CTO “They hadn’t digitized the airspace di- bate,” Phil Pitsky, VP of US Federal Oper- that the delay in crafting clear CUAS reg- rectly overhead to have a persistent view ations for Virginia-based CUAS provider, ulations has the industry on pause. That of a drone,” Timothy Bean asserts. “You Dedrone acknowledges. Dedrone differs pause affects potential collateral revenue really need that, especially if it’s going to from Fortem in that it principally pro- as well. The detection technologies and be replaced by another in 20 minutes.” vides detection solutions, leaving miti- forensics touted by CUAS providers could gation to its partners. The company also be rich sources of business intelligence. Counter UAS regulations may be on sticks primarily to passive detection, hold but there will be no pause in the pairing AI with RF detection. Pitsky em- “We expect this data to be extremely threat from drones. phasizes that Dedrone monitors the RF valuable,” Fortem’s Adam Robertson al- environment at the “unclassified level”, lows. Robertson points to extant open This article was written by Eric Tegler, scooping signal data but not personal source business intelligence gathering Freelance Technical Writer, Fortem Tech- identifiable information (PII). like hedge funds using satellite imagery nologies (Pleasant Grove, UT). For more in- to detect corporate employment levels, formation, visit http://info.hotims.com/ traffic, and more as precedent. 76503-500. <($562)(1*,1((5,1*62/87,216 umoѴ7Ĺmmoˆ-ঞm]m7†v|u‹\"bm1;ƐѶƖƔ $_;umoѴ7v|ou‹0;]-m 3&$0.\"¥
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Drone Swarms A Transformational Technology Back in 2016, hundreds of Intel drones flew over natural disasters, delivery of emergency the skies at Disney World, choreographed to supplies and everyday packages, fire sup- music as part of a holiday show titled “Starbright pression, search and rescue missions, space Holidays.” Intel’s drones also performed behind exploration, weather monitoring and forecast- Lady Gaga during the Super Bowl in 2017. And earlier this ing, patrolling borders and wildlife preserves, and year, China celebrated Chinese New Year with a massive mapping on land and underwater are just some of the many drone show. Although these displays are impressive and examples of applications for this incredible technology. are certainly a technological achievement, they are pre- scripted and do not demonstrate the transformational po- The potential for deployment of a revolutionary set of tential of swarms of autonomous drones that can respond battlefield tactics is driving the US military to prioritize to, and act on, their environment. Choreographed drone development of this critical technology as a means to re- shows represent just the tip of the iceberg in terms of the duce risk to our warfighters. Obvious contributions are full capabilities of swarm systems. drone swarms that monitor the threat environment and defend military assets against enemy attacks. Swarms of Any quick search of recent literature will spotlight appli- drones, each relatively low in cost and collectively diffi- cations already being tested, along with many other envi- cult to thwart, could replace expensive systems and plat- sioned future applications that are far more demanding than forms that are vulnerable to attack in various missions, drone shows. Reconnaissance missions in areas of conflict or such as those involving intelligence, surveillance, and re- 14 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

connaissance omy and human-swarm teaming, the program seeks to en- (ISR). In other able rapid development and deployment of breakthrough settings, large capabilities.” numbers of drones could overwhelm an What makes a swarm of drones superior to past technol- adversary’s ability to at- ogy is the fact that the drones communicate with one an- tack our military personnel, allowing other to adjust the behavior of the entire swarm in re- them to complete their mission unim- sponse to real-time information collected from sensors on peded. the drones in the swarm. As new information is gathered, The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency the swarm can maneuver or otherwise adjust its behavior. (DARPA) describes one such application: “DARPA’s OFFen- sive Swarm-Enabled Tactics (OFFSET) program envisions Response decisions can be programmed into the swarm’s future small-unit infantry forces using swarms comprising control system or a single operator can manage the swarm upwards of 250 unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) and/or as an entity. To make the swarm less vulnerable to disrup- unmanned ground systems (UGSs) to accomplish diverse tion, all the members of the swarm can be programmed to missions in complex urban environments. By leveraging take on “leadership roles,” or swarm-level behavior can be and combining emerging technologies in swarm auton- designed to emerge from the independent, minimally co- ordinated contributions of each drone, foregoing a tradi- tional leadership role. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 15

Unmanned Aircraft Systems Autonomous air and ground vehicles head out for a run during the DARPA OFFSET program’s second field ment of the control environment in experiment in Fort Benning, Georgia. Charles River Analytics is a multi-track performer on OFFSET. (Photo many applications. Not all of the infor- Credit: DARPA) mation that the swarm collects can be anticipated, and in some applications, Drone swarms are, in every sense, a Autonomous Operations the interface between the swarm and transformational technology. They can Autonomous operations are critical to the controller becomes essential. replace humans in dangerous or hostile environments. In sufficient numbers, the success of swarms because coordi- Human-swarm interfaces that sup- they can collect information from mul- nated movement and action is their port interactions with swarms must be tiple locations and directions, integrat- fundamental contribution. Intel’s enter- efficient and effective and recognize ing it to form insights not otherwise tainment programs mentioned earlier that some applications in conflict and available. That information can inform have coordinated up to 500 individual disaster settings require near-instanta- decision makers who cannot enter the drones, and reports suggest that China neous decision making. An important environment nor capture information has successfully tested swarms of 2,000 challenge is the design of both the in- from multiple angles and perspectives. drones, about the number used in their terface through which data is collected Drones can operate in environments— New Year’s celebration. However, these and disseminated among the swarm’s space, underwater, fires, battlefields— applications depend on pre-established members, and the processing system that are otherwise impossible or too choreography that specifies the swarm’s that translates that data into meaning- risky for humans or alternative tech- formations. The DARPA OFFSET pro- ful and relevant decision-support in- nologies. And drones can leverage ad- gram involves autonomous swarms of formation. vances in many technologies, such as 250 or more drones to enable real-time smart sensors, applying them in other- information-based decisions about how There is clearly a balancing act be- wise impossible applications. to best achieve the objectives by the tween the need for autonomy and the swarm, independent of direct guidance importance of management by an oper- Successful widespread implementation by operators. ator. Swarms must be able to perform of drone swarm technology will require well-defined behaviors without central continued advances in a number of areas. Although autonomy is essential, at controllers, and in some cases should be Progress has already occurred to the point the same time the swarm must be man- capable of completing a mission on that testing is underway by many organ- aged. The tacticians in command of a their own. In other situations, it is es- izations, but there is significant room for swarm must be able to understand the sential that unexpected information be further advances. The following capabili- swarm’s assignment, progress, and recognized and trigger an appropriate ties will eventually define the success of health without being directly responsi- reaction in a timely fashion from a drone swarm technology and the applica- ble for the activity of each vehicle in the human operator. tions to which it can contribute. swarm. This is not only relevant in the design phase, but is also a crucial ele- Safety Safety is another factor critical to many applications. The most significant con- cern with not having an operator directly piloting each drone is the apparent loss of positive control over the vehicles. This factor is relevant not just because of the environments in which drone swarms might be operating (e.g., battlefields, dis- aster settings), but also because there is the potential for things to go wrong. Individual drones could fail because of mechanical issues, environmental fac- tors, or counterattacks. Communications within the swarm could be disrupted if a “leader drone” simply malfunctions or an adversary takes aggressive hostile action (e.g., jamming, etc.). Addressing swarm safety and resiliency is often application specific, requiring insights into situa- tional challenges beyond those that are omnipresent in standard theaters of oper- ation. Creating control systems to ensure safety via real-time responses to threats is a critical challenge for any application. 16 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Unmanned Aircraft Systems A drone swarm expediting the search for a lost child along a mountain path before nightfall. Drone swarms are a transformational technology that can keep human opera- Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-736 17 tors out of harm’s way. Continued advances in drone swarm autonomy will cre- ate more successful human-machine teams. In summary, swarms of drones have enormous potential across a broad spectrum of applications. Although implemen- tation by the military is already a priority, significant opportu- nities also exist in the civilian domain. Advancements in the field have been swift, with the recent introduction of prototype systems designed for applications that could hardly have been imagined a decade ago. Progress will continue in the future, with key challenges involving the balancing act between autonomy and control and the need to develop situation-specific assurances that the swarm can be managed safely, avoiding problems due to either malfunction or hostile action. The likelihood is great that these challenges can be met and that swarms of drones will become a wide- spread phenomenon. This article was written by Dr. Spencer Lynn, Senior Scientist; David Koelle, Principal Software Engineer; and Rich Wronski, Vice President of the Sensing, Perception, and Applied Robotics Division; at Charles River Analytics (Cambridge, MA). For more informa- tion, visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-502. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Robotic Combat Vehicles Putting the Brains Behind the Brawn Anew era of Robotic Combat Vehicles (RCV) is cameras to provide 360-degree situational awareness sup- about to begin. The U.S. Army is getting ready port, Ripsaw M5 can also carry a smaller “marsupial-style” to evaluate competing candidates to meet re- UGV that can disembark from the host RCV via a ramp. It quirements for light and medium versions of a can also carry drones, like the R80D Skyraider quadcopter. new class of modular unmanned ground vehicle (UGV). When configured for route clearing/breaching, the Ripsaw Designed to be controlled in the field via remote control, can deploy an IED detection version of the marsupial UGV, and in the future, autonomously, these new robot tanks as well as provide ground penetrating radar and additional have the potential to revolutionize ground warfare. We mine clearing and IED mitigating capabilities. Ripsaw can witnessed the debut of this emerging class of “robo-tank” also be configured with an array of weapon systems, in- when the Ripsaw M5 was unveiled by the team of Textron cluding, for example, a medium caliber cannon, and a Systems, Howe & Howe, and FLIR Systems at the Associa- CROWS-J remote controlled missile launcher that supports tion of the U.S. Army (AUSA) Conference, in October 2019. Javelin anti-tank missiles. A couple months later, in January, the Army announced contracts to buy eight experimental RCVs for use in With the emergence of next-generation UGV platforms, wargame tests next year. QinetiQ North America, along like the Ripsaw M5 shown at AUSA, demand is growing for with its partner Pratt & Miller, was selected to provide four open architecture, modular processing and networking so- of their EMAV robots (Expeditionary Modular Au- lutions able to adapt to these varying missions, while min- tonomous Vehicles). Textron was tapped to provide four of imizing size, weight and power (SWaP) demands on fuel the Ripsaw M5s. and battery power. Low-SWaP COTS-based mission com- puters and network switch subsystems can deliver the re- Textron’s booth at a recent AUSA (Association of the quired performance today, while minimizing the impact United States Army) trade show, just a couple booths away on the UGV’s mission duration or distance. Another de- from our own, gave us a good look at their electric-diesel sign consideration for this new class of ground vehicle is hybrid motor-powered Ripsaw M5 prototype. The Ripsaw the Army’s VICTORY initiative, which is based on two embraces a ground-breaking scalable approach that uses ubiquitous networks, CANbus and Ethernet. Use of the common components and common drive systems. This VICTORY architecture helps these platforms reduce SWaP, enables the same RCV platform to be configured as needed eliminate vetronics redundancy, foster interoperability, to satisfy a wide range of mission requirements, with op- and deploy new capabilities. tions such as different payloads and suspension packages. This modular approach enables the RCV to address real- Ideal for deployment on these RCVs are newly emerging time situational awareness, route clearing/breaching and rugged ultra-small form factor (USFF) subsystems that pro- weapon system applications. vide mission computer functionality and the network switch/routing backbones for onboard electronics to com- In addition to hosting integrated FLIR sensor technol- municate with each other. Mature, high technology readi- ogy, including electro-optical and infrared night vision ness-level (TRL) super compact COTS-based mission com- 18 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

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Unmanned Ground Vehicles puters can eliminate design risk for The Ripsaw M5 robotic combat vehicle (RCV) developed by Textron Systems, Howe & Howe, and FLIR RCVs if they are pre-validated through Systems. (Photo: Textron Systems) extensive environmental, power, and EMI compliance testing per demanding The Expeditionary Modular Autonomous Vehicle (EMAV) designed, developed, and built by Pratt Miller standards including MIL-STD-810, MIL- Defense. (Photo: Pratt Miller Defense) STD-461, and MIL-STD-1275. dated to meet the MIL-STD- Curtiss-Wright’s COTS-based miniature mission com- 810G, MIL-STD-461F, Parvus DuraCOR puters can also offer UGV system de- MIL-STD-1275D, 311 mission computer signers a variety of processor types MIL-STD-704F from which to choose. For example, and RTCA/DO- RCV system integrators can choose 160G standards. from a 64-bit multi-core Intel-based mission computer that weighs less The DuraCOR than 1.5 lb and takes less than 40 cubic 311 is powered by inches of space, or a lower-power ARM- an Intel Atom based NVIDIA Jetson processor that processor that features in- provides native support for TensorRT, tegrated Intel HD graphics. It NVIDIA’s popular deep learning/artifi- comes with a full complement of stan- cial intelligence (AI) inference design dard I/O interfaces (including USB, Eth- kit. Support for AI processing cores is ernet, serial, DIO, video, and audio) sure to grow in importance as on-plat- and supports I/O expansion via three form sensor systems are used for such applications as threat monitoring, ob- ject detection, predictive analytics and pattern recognition in a battlefield en- vironment. Open architecture line replaceable units (LRU) often feature built in modu- larity, enabling an RCV system designer to adapt the mission computer’s I/O with different mixes of add-on Ether- net, video, and serial modules to meet the platform’s specific interface require- ments. Support for the popular deter- ministic vetronics network, CANbus, can also be integrated via a small mezza- nine card if it’s not already resident on the processor module. Examples of rugged USFF mission computers and network switch/routers well-suited for use on this new class of SWaP-constrained UGV, represented by the Ripsaw M5, include Curtiss- Wright’s Parvus DuraCOR 311 and Du- raCOR 312 mission computers and the DuraNET 20-11 switch, one of the in- dustry’s smallest and lightest Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) switch subsystems. With previous experience providing COTS DuraCORs and DuraNET hard- ware to an autonomous system supplier to upgrade a multi-platform auto- nomous vehicle program, these fully rugged LRUs can perform optimally in the harsh deployed environments in which UGVs are built to operate. These electronics are fully tested and vali- 20 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Unmanned Ground Vehicles Curtiss-Wright’s The Parvus DuraCOR 312 Fast Track mission computer to VPX Deployment Mini-PCIe expan- sion slots for the broad ecosystem of rugged COTS Mini-PCIe mod- ules (including MIL-STD-1553, CANbus and ARINC 429 databus interfaces). The DuraCOR 311 also features MIL-performance circular connectors and a fully dust and wa- terproof chassis. In addition to an internal mSATA SSD slot, the system offers a removable 2.5\" SATA SSD storage option for high capacity storage and information assurance requirements. Soft- ware support includes pre-loaded Linux or Windows operating systems. The unit’s Intel processor supports HD-class video ac- celeration, including OpenGL, OpenCL, and OpenVG. The Parvus DuraCOR 312, a powerful and flexible USFF mis- sion computer, is powered by NVIDIA’s industrial Jetson TX2i module, which combines six power- Curtiss-Wright’s DuraNET efficient ARMv8 processor cores 20-11 Gigabit Ethernet and a 256-core CUDA- (GbE) switch compatible NVIDIA GPU (for GPU-accelerated parallel process- ing). The mission computer’s soft- ware support in- DK3 3U VPX Development Platform cludes pre-loaded Reduce time to deployment with the DK3 and DK6 NVIDIA Linux for VPX development platforms that take you quickly JVSQHIZIPSTQIRXWXVEMKLXXLVSYKLXSXLIƼREP Tegra (L4T) based application hardware. on Ubuntu, which Work with LCR to design your rugged deployment- ready chassis including our custom high speed supports common VPX backplane design and integrated system payloads from our industry-best partners. APIs and NVIDIA development tool chain for Deep AI learning. Designed to provide the network connectivity to support a UGV’s VICTORY architecture, the Parvus DuraNET 20-11 is one of the smallest and lightest rugged 8-Port GbE switches available. This fully managed Layer 2+ switch uses an innova- tive combination of high-density PCB layout and system-on-a- chip (SOC) technology to deliver advanced network switching in an unprecedented tiny form factor. Weighing less than 0.50 lb, this cost-effective LRU requires <10 cubic inches of volume and consumes <8.0 Watts of power. With the advent of modular, next-generation UGVs, sys- tem designers will increasingly seek to add more processing and networking capabilities on smaller, more densely inte- grated platforms. These vetronics subsystems will have to be affordable, truly rugged, designed with open architectures and optimized to put the least possible burden on the plat- lcrembeddedsystems.com (800) 747-5972 form’s power or fuel supply. The good news is that trusted SERVING CRITICAL DEFENSE PROGRAMS FOR OVER 30 YEARS and proven COTS-based solutions for these applications are already available. This article was written by Mike Southworth, Senior Product Manager, Curtiss-Wright Defense Solutions (Ashburn, VA). For more information, visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-501. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-737 21

Tech Briefs Effectiveness of Inter-Vehicle Communications and On-Board Processing for Close Unmanned Autonomous Vehicle Flight Formations Developing an effective cooperative communication system for unmanned aerial vehicles can increase their autonomy, reduce manpower requirements, and improve mission capabilities. Air Force Institute of Technology, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio Since World War II the military has The information shared may be a variety • How to integrate commercial off-the- invested in research and develop- of data, such as navigation parameters; shelf (COTS) on-board processing for ment of vehicles that can be operated location information; or Intelligence, cooperative control; by remote control or Artificial Intelli- Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). gence (AI), taking the pilot out of po- The capability to cooperatively navigate • Performance improvement for air- tentially dangerous situations. These ve- presents an opportunity to increase au- borne onboard processing versus hicles are also known as Unmanned tonomy in UAVs. Autonomy in UAVs en- ground-based processing; and Aircraft Systems (UAS), Unmanned Air- ables them to process data on-board borne Vehicles (UAV), Unmanned while they are airborne in order to com- • Which new applications are possible Ground Vehicles (UGVs), and Drones, municate with one another without the for low-cost airborne autonomy. among other names. need to relay information through a The Unmanned Systems Integrated ground station. Industry has also recognized the im- Roadmap FY2011-2036 has a vision portance these vehicles have for military The ability for several UAVs to work which encourages the use of COTS to and commercial implementation and together in an autonomous manner avoid stove-piped and proprietary solu- has done a great deal to advance the using cooperative communication has a tions which are expensive; it suggests technology. Educational institutions myriad of military applications, includ- that inexpensive open-source COTS have also come to understand the signif- ing enemy or target detection, confu- components can foster creativity and icance of this major work and commit- sion effect, resource balancing, duty re- innovation. This Roadmap’s executive ted time, money, and intellectual re- lief, and centralized information. The summary identifies autonomy as the sources into UAS development. Recent demand for UAVs has exploded since second highest challenge facing the De- technology improvements and compo- they were first introduced; however, partment of Defense (DoD) with regards nent miniaturization have increased the there is still a lack of understanding and to unmanned systems and confirms technical capabilities of small UAS. knowledge regarding: that today’s technology requires a high • Which open source components can level of human interaction. Cooperative communication in UAVs is the ability to send information be- be integrated to achieve airborne co- The United States Air Force Un- tween multiple UAVs in the air working operative control for military applica- manned Aircraft Systems Flight Plan together for a unified purpose or mission. tions; 2009-2047 mentions a plan to develop a UAS pilot career in order to relieve the Cooperative Communication UAS manpower burden. The goal is to Proposed Configuration have a single pilot control one, two, or even a swarm of autonomous UAS vehi- On-board processing cles. One solution is developing the ca- pability for cooperative communication Leader to control multiple UAVs and reduce the number of operators required to execute Follower UAS missions. Use of open- source COTS components to realize this capability Delay Current Configuration presents a low-cost and flexible solution. Delay The ultimate purpose of this research Telemetry Data was to enable two UAVs to use coopera- tive communication directly from one Delay UAS Ground Station UAV to the other UAV, using the ground UAS Ground Station station only as a monitoring link, but not as the main relay for communica- UAS Ground Station tion. Another purpose was to streamline the equipment required and thus re- Cooperative Communication Proposed Configuration duce communication latency and im- prove responsiveness; responsiveness is important in dynamic environments. 22 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Tech Briefs The figure displays in black lines the one GCS to control at least two UAVs in nical Support Package (free white current configuration that requires one flight formation. paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp Ground Control Station (GCS) per UAV under the Machinery & Automation deployed. The proposed configuration This work was done by Lidia Toscano for category. AFRL-0290 is shown in red lines and consists of the Air Force Institute of Technology. For more information, download the Tech- Systems Engineering Approach to Develop Guidance, Navigation and Control Algorithms for Unmanned Ground Vehicle This research explores the development of a UGV capable of operating autonomously in a densely cluttered environment such as the tropical jungles or plantation estates commonly found in Asia. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California Despite the growing popularity of un- ground vehicles (UGV) focused largely methods for the development of a UGV manned systems being deployed in on operations in continental environ- that would be capable of operating au- the military domain, limited research ments, places where vegetation is rela- tonomously in a densely cluttered envi- efforts have been dedicated to the tively sparse compared to a tropical jun- ronment such as that found in Asia. progress of ground system develop- gle or plantation estate commonly ments. Dedicated efforts for unmanned found in Asia. This research explores The development of unmanned sys- tems as a force multiplier in the armed Whether in the heat of battle or going through extreme environments, Omnetics' connectors are proven to be highly reliable and are ruggedized to handle any situation. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-738 23

Tech Briefs forces has been gaining traction in re- immediate effect on the UGV to accu- The last algorithm employed in this cent years. This is largely attributed to rately maneuver through a user-desig- research was the use of feature recogni- the urgent need for reducing the opera- nated route. Any inaccurate tuning of tion through image processing, which tional risks faced by troops in a multi- the parameters resulted in the UGV ex- gave the UGV the capabilities to iden- tude of situations located within the hibiting instability in its maneuver, tify potential targets in its operational various theaters of war. The pace for the often causing the system to veer off environment. Similarly, parameters re- development and deployment of un- course or, even failing to reach its des- quiring adjustment for the system to manned ground vehicles (UGV) was, ignated position. recognize the designated targets under however, not keeping up with that of varying light conditions and target pro- the other assets deployed in the aerial As part of its autonomous capabili- file exposure were also noted. and naval realms of the military. ties, the UGV was designed to possess obstacle avoidance capabilities with the This research was based on a Pioneer This research focuses on imple- use of the vector field histogram algo- 3AT robot platform equipped with light menting a systems engineering ap- rithm. Parameters governing the detec- detecting and ranging (LIDAR) sensor, proach for the rapid development of tion and avoidance of obstacles were orientation sensor, image camera and UGVs by exploring the requirements, tuned in order for the system to per- an onboard mainframe computer as its available technologies, and the salient form adequately through the desig- primary hardware to detect, process and points on the development and tun- nated test route. These parameters in- execute the autonomous behavior of ing of the algorithm parameters that cluded the detection limits of its sensor the UGV. Software programs such as govern the guidance, navigation, con- suite and the certainty thresholds of Ubuntu, MATLAB and Robotic Operat- trol and target identification efficacy the algorithm to properly perceive the ing System (ROS) were also used in sup- of the system. presence or discard the possibility of an port of the system architecture to com- obstacle within its path. pute all variables for UGV operations. Though platform specific, various tuning parameters were adjusted such The implementation of the two al- Development and testing of the UGV as the linear velocity, angular velocity gorithms – the pure pursuit method prototype was conducted within a lab and look-ahead distance within the and the vector field histogram algo- environment. This resulted in a verifica- pure pursuit method, which was imple- rithm – allowed the system to maneu- tion set-up where the efficacy of the sys- mented for the UGV’s path following ver efficiently through the user de- tem was tested through varying light the algorithm. These parameters had an fined test route. conditions and obstacle positioning to 0 To Conduct Autonomous Navigation 1 2 3 4 5 6 To Maneuver To Monitor Self Status To Communicate To Sense Environment To Analyse Sensor To Provide Electrical Externally Information Power 1.1 2.1 3.1 4.1 5.1 6.1 To Provide To Conduct Built-In To Receive Wireless To Measure Bearing To Receive All To Store Power Propulsion Tests (BIT) Transmission Travelled Sensor Information 1.2 2.2 3.2 4.2 5.2 6.2 To Provide Steering To Monitor Internal To Process Wireless To Measure Distance To Process and Fuse To Distribute Power Sensor Information Kinematics Temperature Transmission Travelled 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 To Sense for 5.3 To Provide Braking To Monitor To Transmit Wireless Presence of To Calculate Power Obstacles Reading Encoders Transmission Required Trajectory 4.4 2.4 3.4 To Determine Range 5.4 To Transmit and To Provide On-board To Determine Display Statuses of Obstacles User Interface Current Position 5.5 To Archive Data Functional Decomposition to Perform Autonomous Navigation. 5.6 To Execute 24 www.aerodefensetech.com Navigational Instructions Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Tech Briefs understand the performance and limita- noted. This will allow for future itera- information, download the Technical tions associated with the respective tions and development of the system to Support Package (free white paper) at methodologies applied in the system be carried out with relative ease using www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under comprehensively. Pertinent behavioral similar methodologies. the Machinery & Automation cate- changes associated with adjustments gory. NPS-0008 made to the tuning parameters were This work was done by Eng Soon Lim for the Naval Postgraduate School. For more Validation of Architecture Models for Coordination of Unmanned Air and Ground Vehicles via Experimentation Using the relationship of system architecture products and model-based systems engineering analysis to quantify system performance highlights the feasibility of a UAV-UGV team collaboratively conduct- ing the structured, rudimentary tasks necessary to find a person in distress. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California The role of unmanned systems contin- main such as air, land, sea. However, the employing architecture in system ues to be defined and refined within future of the military is progressing to- analysis (MBSE MEASA) to design and the scope of military operations. Cur- wards cross-domain operations. analyze architectures for cross-do- rently, unmanned systems are most often main collaborative unmanned sys- associated with operations in a single do- This research uses a model-based tems conducting the fundamental systems engineering methodology for Custom cases. Constant innovation. Our hard case solutions are made-to-order to meet your specifications. Proven to perform in the most demanding environments, Gemstar customized hard cases reflect an on-going commitment to advancing product quality and design. Our enhanced technology delivers solutions that ensure Gemstar cases meet or exceed rigorous specifications and standards for the military, aerospace and OEM electronics industries. Find out more about Gemstar’s superior, next-generation hard case solutions. 1.800.533.3631 • gemstarmfg.com ©Copyright 2020 Gemstar Manufacturing 25 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-739

Tech Briefs the system architec- ture domain. The system analysis GPS domain consists of the following stages: Model Definition (Stage Four) and Model Analysis The Impossible City (Stage Five). Within the system analysis do- UAV main, a model for the system is constructed and then analyzed, re- Command & Control Wireless UGV LEGEND sulting in the assess- Comms ments of technical fea- Onboard Sensors sibility and operational effectiveness of the sys- tem being highlighted. The model definition Wireless Communications (Stage Four) was a vali- dation exercise which consisted of the un- GPS link manned vehicles con- ducting a collabora- High-Level Operational Concept Graphic depicting the environment in which a UAV and UGV could be operating. tive task of HA/DR. In this study, the original tasks necessary to find a person in dis- The requirements of the system de- computer-based modeling of Stage Four tress (PID). fined the functions of the system, was replaced with a validation exercise. The MBSE MEASA is a methodology which led to the development of the The cross-domain vehicles worked to- that integrates system architecture and functional architecture (Stage Two). gether autonomously to identify, locate, the system analysis domains and main- The top-level functions of the cross- and provide assistance to a PID. Both tains traceability, both forwards and domain collaborative system was unmanned vehicles used their onboard backwards, from the system require- sense, navigate, communicate, and sensors to navigate and locate the PID ments to the system performance re- move and control. The unmanned ve- in a post- disaster environment. Stage sults. The MBSE MEASA is a five-stage hicles must have the capability to Four provided the traceability of the process that identifies the connection navigate the area of operation au- system’s architecture to the system’s between the system’s architecture and tonomously in order to search the en- analysis. the system’s analysis. vironment and locate the PID. The After the validation exercise was ex- The system architecture domain functional architectures identified all ecuted, the system’s architecture and composition consists of the following the system’s functions and how the requirements were analyzed (Stage stages: Requirement Analysis (Stage function will operate together in Five). The functions and physical com- One), Functional Architecture (Stage order to meet the system’s require- ponents were analyzed to ensure the Two), and Physical Architecture (Stage ments. Once the system’s functions operational activities of the system Three). were clearly stated, the physical com- were efficiently met. This qualitative The requirement analysis (Stage ponents capable of executing such analysis resulted in a refined func- One) defined what conditions must be tasks were generated. tional and physical architecture being met in order to deem the system oper- The physical architecture (Stage generated. It also produced specified ational. The system requirements for Three) identifies the physical elements operational requirements that enabled conducting humanitarian assistance of the system that will conduct the the system with better capabilities and disaster relief (HA/DR) were deter- functions depicted in the functional than before. mined by the Chief of Naval Opera- architecture. The physical compo- This work was done by Wyatt T. Middle- tions instruction (OPNAV) 3500.38B. nents of this system consisted of one ton for the Naval Postgraduate School. For This instruction served as the stake- unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) and more information, download the Tech- holder inputs and provided the condi- one unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). nical Support Package (free white tions of how the system must operate The UGV and UAV were equipped paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp in order to comply with international with sensors capable of performing the under the Machinery & Automation and civil laws pertaining to humanitar- functions listed in the functional ar- category. NPS-0009 ian assistance. chitecture. These three stages make up 26 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Tech Briefs Assessing the Effectiveness of a Combat UGV Swarm in Urban Operations Fighting in urban areas is extremely complex and challenging due to multi-story structures, new engagement conditions, and the consideration of civilian-military relations, but recent technological advancements could enable the military to employ robotic platforms in swarms to help overcome operational challenges in an urban environment. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California The global trend of urbanization that awareness, equipment, and training to the capability to deal with improvised began after World War II continues overcome these challenges. explosive devices. It is evident that full to grow rapidly. In 2014, 54 percent of autonomy for an unmanned combat the world’s population resided in urban Technological advancements in re- ground vehicle such as the MM-UGV is areas, compared to only 30 percent in cent years have equipped armed forces a far-term capability anticipated by the 1950, and the United Nations estimates to meet these challenging demands. U.S. Army. that by 2050, that number will reach 66 Such advancements include military ro- percent. This global trend necessarily botic platforms, which are now fre- To meet the future capabilities re- contributes to a shift in the characteris- quently employed by troops for explo- quirement as identified in the U.S. tics of any future potential conflicts, and sive ordinance disposal, loading and Army UGV campaign plan, unmanned as a result, in the way urban warfare carrying heavy items, and repairing ground vehicles require further techno- would be conducted. ground conditions under fire. Further- logical advancement. For the micro- more, according to the 2011 unmanned and nano-bots depicted in the figure, Fighting in urban areas is extremely ground systems roadmap report by the swarming is considered to be one of the complex and challenging. The third di- Robotic Systems Joint Project Office (RS most promising capabilities to be devel- mension in urban areas, such as subter- JPO) of the United States Department of oped. Swarm intelligence is an artificial ranean and multi-story structures, af- Defense (DoD), there are plans to de- intelligence discipline that consists of a fects the line of sight and engagement velop armed unmanned ground vehi- multi-agent system that takes inspira- conditions, thus increasing the com- cles (UGV) with combat abilities within tion from the behavior of colonies of so- plexity of the environment. In addition, the next 25 years. The figure shows a va- cial insects and animal societies, such as the presence of civilians introduces con- riety of the UGVs being developed. flocks of birds or schools of fish. The straints, such as reduced air or artillery word “swarm” is an appropriate word support for ground troops, to minimize One of the emerging concepts that because it has special characteristics not non-combatant causalities and collat- the RS JPO is actively tracking is the found in related terms such as “group.” eral damage. The complexity of the en- Multi- Mission Unmanned Ground Ve- vironment requires better situational hicle (MM-UGV). MM-UGVs possess The three key special characteristics armed unmanned capability as well as of a swarm are decentralized control, lack of synchronicity, and the simplicity Soldier Transportable Vehicle Transportable Self Transportable Applique´ and homogeneity of the swarm; addi- Remote Operation tionally, the swarm’s algorithms run in Crew Mounted Soldier Follower – IBCT an asynchronous and decentralized Served Bot or Towed Husky fashion. Squad Missiion Mounted Small Bot Man Equiptment Detection This research explores the area of Transportable Transport (HMDS) POR UGV autonomy, investigating the ef- Small Robot Systems (SMET) CDD fects of kinematics inputs (e.g. move- Unmanned (MTRS) POR ment behavior, swarm size, detection range) and engagement inputs (e.g. sen- Ground Medium Wingman – SBCT Supervised Autonomy sors and weapon range) with an assump- Vehicle tion that the hardware and software ca- (SUGV) CDD Multi-Mission Convoy pabilities requirements mentioned Unmanned Active previously are met. Ground Safety Vehicle (MM- Technology This work was done by Boon Hong Aaron UGV) CDD (CAST) Teow for the Naval Postgraduate School. For CDD more information, download the Tech- Heavy Wingman – HBCT nical Support Package (free white Micro Bot Armed Full Autonomy paper) at www.aerodefensetech.com/tsp under the Machinery & Automation Combat category. NPS-0010 Autonomous Mobility System (CAMS) JCTD Nano Bot Humanoid Squad Member Exoskeleton Battlefield Exoskeleton (XOS) CDD Extraction Assist Robot (BEAR) Initiative DoD Army UGV campaign plan. (Source: U.S. Department of Defense) Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 27

Upcoming... Webinars Eyes in the Sky: Drone Technology Tuesday, May 19, 2020 at noon U.S. EDT This Webinar examines some of the cutting-edge technologies being designed into modern unmanned air vehicles (UAVs), from those being used by the military for surveillance and reconnaissance missions to those being applied in civil, agricultural, and commercial applications. This 60-minute Webinar also provides information on the benefits of LiDAR sensors and insight on the cost drivers and considerations to engineer optical filters for multispectral analyzers used in commercial UAV applications. Speakers: Mark Ziter David Erisman Senior Electro-Optical Engineer, Founder and CTO, Mark Treiber Omega Optical Inc. Erisys LLC Product Manager, Compact Lidar, Teledyne Optech Please visit www.techbriefs.com/webinar034 Webinars on Demand! How Single Pair Ethernet Streamlines Aircraft Networks This 60-minute Webinar explores how the adoption of Ethernet technology is evolving to support the SWaP and performance needs of modern aircraft cabin networks. This Webinar’s expert speaker panel will dis- cuss the origin of the Mini-ETH single pair Ethernet solution and how it transitions from autos to aircraft, as well as the technical advantages of Mini-ETH. Speakers: Clint Schlosser Robert Moore David Procter Product Manager, Global Specialist and Product Manager, Russ Graves TE Connectivity Principal Engineer, TE Connectivity Global Aerospace High-Speed Aerospace, Business Development TE Connectivity Manager, TE Connectivity Please visit www.techbriefs.com/webinar027 Model-Based Measurement Data Management Aims High for Aerospace and Defense When it comes to aerospace and defense technology, the demands for maintaining conformance and optimizing processes are high. This Webinar includes an expert view on best practices to implement an end-to-end model-based data management system for the aerospace and defense industries. Speaker: Peter Rau CMM Senior Applications Engineer, Mitutoyo America Corp. Please visit www.techbriefs.com/webinar679

Application Briefs Counter-Drone Technology 72 hours for most drones and less than 4 weeks for the most complex drone signals. The use of AI, deepnets and adaptive Citadel Defense countermeasures provide Titan with scalable force protection National City, CA that can address the needs of the small unit, a large base, or 619-271-9040 even a mobile vehicle. www.dronecitadel.com “Our AI approach allows us to quickly address new threats Malicious use of small drones continues to impact military, without the risks or uncertainty that comes with hacking the government, and commercial operations. After exten- drone link,” explained Christopher Williams, CEO of Citadel sive testing, evaluation, and operational assessments from Defense. “Citadel is able to reliably keep customers ahead of more than two dozen customer groups, Citadel Defense has the ever-evolving threat faster than other solutions in the received $9.2M in orders for their industry-proven C-UAS ca- market.” pabilities since the beginning of the year. Citadel’s Titan C- UAS technology will be used to protect high-value assets in The company’s Titan system is now being effectively inte- urban, rural, and maritime environments. In austere and un- grated into layered solutions that combine radar, optics, and certain environments, Citadel’s autonomous, full-spectrum kinetic countermeasures to help customers detect, identify, protection can accurately detect and defeat small UAS targets track, defeat, and report on sUAS threats. before they become a threat. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-460 Titan is an autonomous, artificial intelligence-enabled counter drone solution that forces drones to safely land with- out disrupting nearby communications or electronics. The sys- tem can be set up in less than five minutes with a hemisphere of protection beyond 3 km horizontally and 1,000 ft vertically. Titan has also been engineered for fixed, mobile, and dis- mounted operation, and has been tested to meet MIL-STD 461/810 requirements. The system successfully detects con- troller, video, and WiFi links for individual drones and swarms. The key to success in this market is keeping abreast of new technology. As new drones are released to the market, Titan systems receive new software to address the new threats. If Titan’s AI algorithms do not detect the threat right away, the company claims that it can deliver an end-to-end capability in Towed Array Sonar System DSIT Solutions Ltd. Givat Shmuel, Israel +972-3-531-3333 https://dsit.co.il/ DSIT Solutions Ltd. (DSIT) – one of the world’s pioneers in Designed to operate with the medium frequency of both underwater defense and security solutions based on ad- the BlackFish™ HMS and Bow Mounted Sonar (BMS) in littoral vanced sonar and acoustics technologies for naval missions – and deep-water ASW operations, the low-frequency SwordFish recently launched its SwordFish™ Towed Array Sonar (TAS) TAS is the latest solution to join the family. The SwordFish system. Towed by the vessel, the SwordFish™ complements TAS system is connected to the vessel’s stern via a light winch, DSIT’s BlackFish™ HMS (Hull Mounted Sonar) system for use the cable length of which is determined according to the mis- at various sea depths and for different mission types. When used close to the shoreline as a standalone solution, all DSIT's sonar systems can be operated via one onshore con- trol station. DSIT’s Fish™ anti-submarine warfare (ASW) family is capa- ble of underwater target search, detection, tracking and clas- sification in passive, active and parallel modes. Each sonar system includes machine learning technologies for automa- tion algorithms, reducing operator workload and required ex- pertise. Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 29

Application Briefs sion type and requirements. The lightweight TAS system, with Among the other defensive solutions DSIT manufactures its low deck signature, is suitable for Frigates, Corvettes, OPVs are the SeaShield™ Underwater Coastal Surveillance System, a of various sizes, and even small vessels such as Fast Patrol long-range underwater passive and active detection system Crafts (FPC). warning against underwater and above water targets includ- ing submarines, semi-submersible vehicles and surface ships; “We identified the operational need to locate and track sub- AquaShield™, an advanced Diver Detection Sonar (DDS) sys- marines at various depths and in different mission environ- tem; and PointShield™, a portable and/or stationary PDDS for ments, including when using small vessels for either offshore medium-range ship or asset protection. or green waters missions,” says Hanan Marom, VP Business Development & Marketing of DSIT. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-461 Anti-Drone Remote Weapon System General Robotics Ltd. Beit Nehemia, Israel +972 (0) 77 512 1020 www.glrobotics.com General Robotics Ltd., a company that specializes in de- Weighing just 11 kg, DOGO is already in use by special veloping, manufacturing and marketing advanced ro- forces, SWAT teams and infantry around the world. Stan- botic systems for defense and homeland security applica- dard pistols can be quickly attached to the robot and easily tions, has unveiled a new anti-drone remote-controlled operated via Point & Shoot™ technology. DOGO can also weapon station. The Pitbull-3 is an ultra-lightweight RCWS be integrated with non-lethal modules. The robot includes that delivers Point & Shoot technology, is highly accurate eight video cameras that provide 360° live video and bore- and highly reliable, and provides a workable solution for sight views and can communicate in hostage situations. detecting and tracking all types of drones during flight, en- The DOGO is being sent into fatal funnels to provide situ- abling their neutralization and downing. ational awareness and remote engagement capabilities to increase the survivability of the fighting forces. Weighing only 70 kg, the Pitbull-3 anti-drone station provides a complete solution in one compact and mobile Each General Robotics system is equipped with propri- system that can be easily installed on any manned or un- etary technology, providing real-time, 360° situational manned ground, air or maritime platform, including ultra- awareness. Point & Shoot™ technology enables fast reac- light vehicles such as ATVs, and fixed stations. tion and pinpoint accuracy, thereby improving decision- making and reducing collateral damage, and all General “While hard-kill solutions are inevitably needed to stop Robotics systems come with a unique anti-terror warranty advanced drones and drone swarms, there is a strong focus which covers damage caused by terrorists engaging the on soft-kill capabilities,” explained Shahar Gal, CEO of Gen- systems. eral Robotics Ltd., noting that the Pitbull-3 enables both. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-462 The system’s complete solution against drones enables three key courses of action to be taken: • Detection of drones by different kinds of radar integrated within the system, with a drone detection range of up to 5 km. • A soft-kill via an integrated jammer which can induce si- multaneous disruption of all of the drones’ communica- tion frequencies - command, video and GPS - thereby forcing the drone to stop, land, or return to base. • A hard-kill whereby an advanced prediction algorithm enables moving drones to be shot down from 500 meters, and hovering drones from 800 meters. In addition to Pitbull, General Robotics also recently de- buted its new, DOGO Mark II anti-terror robot with ad- vanced capabilities that include a faster Point & Shoot™ in- terface, enabling accurate designation of lethal or non-lethal means simply by clicking on the screen; non- lethal pepper spray and non-lethal dazzling light module attachments; and front extenders, for overcoming various obstacles. 30 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Application Briefs Underwater Connectors Northrop Grumman Corporation Falls Church, VA 703-280-2900 www.northropgrumman.com Northrop Grumman Corporation has signed its first non-ex- derwater connectors between electricity and water attempt to ex- clusive agreement to manufacture niobium-based connec- clude water from their contacts by using expensive, less reliable tors (NiobiCon™) specifically designed for harsh environments. rubber seals, oil or moving parts. NiobiCon™ inverts this para- digm and can be used while submerged or anywhere there is a NiobiCon™ is a new way of making electrical connections un- wet, corrosive environment. derwater that enables power transfer and data exchange without using seals, oil or moving parts. This technology was developed Collaboration with cross-functional teams was essential for the to address the inefficient recharging of unmanned vehicles in un- development of NiobiCon™. Initially, a team of three worked on derwater environments. When the niobium connector enters in the proof of concept: the two inventors and a technician to con- contact with the water, it creates its own thin isolating layer, struct the test device. Their team eventually grew as they devel- which gets scraped off when the connection is made. Once dis- oped the design and more people were invited to lend their skills connected, the layer instantly regenerates. in finite element analysis, intellectual property (IP) licensing, business development and funding. The technology was invented by a team of Northrop Grum- man engineers who set out to create a safe, reliable and affordable Northrop Grumman entered into an agreement with iCONN way to connect electric currents in a wet or corrosive environ- Systems LLC, which specializes in the manufacture of connectors ment and keep the power surging. Systems Engineer Jim for harsh environments, as their first non-exclusive licensee. Windgassen and Northrop Grumman Fellow Harvey Hack were They will work with potential customers to develop more reliable each working on connector technology for different reasons but interconnects for both commercial and defense applications. with the same goal — to extend the relatively inefficient battery recharging of unmanned underwater vehicles while submerged. Northrop Grumman promotes innovation in its employees through its SPARK program, a company-wide crowdsourcing Windgassen had been taking a different but related approach platform for employees to propose new, innovative ideas and col- to the underwater connector problem when he learned that Hack laborate with colleagues from across the enterprise. By allowing used a metal called niobium for its corrosion resistance. This Hack and Windgassen the freedom and resources to develop their sparked Windgassen to think about how to apply fundamental unique concept, what began as a SPARK project became a unique principles of tantalum capacitors to make underwater connec- solution to combine electricity and water for which two U.S. tors. Niobium and tantalum are similar metals, and it made patents have since been granted. Windgassen consider how a tantalum capacitor works in the first place, thus becoming the genesis of NiobiCon™. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-463 NiobiCon™ is a revolutionary self-insulating wet-mate electri- cal connector that can be mated and de-mated while fully ex- posed to water — a first of its kind. Contacts will not corrode, and electronics will not short out. This new connector technology has the potential to be less expensive, smaller, lighter, more reli- able and safer than current wet-mate connectors. Typically, un- UAV Fuel Management System Valcor Engineering Springfield, NJ 973-467-8400 www.valcor.com The last time you flew on a commercial/regional/business jet, did the pilot or flight attendant ask you and other passengers to change your seat prior to takeoff, due to improper aircraft bal- ance caused by more passengers seated on one side (or front/back) of the aircraft? The repositioning of people is some- times necessary to maintain the aircraft’s balance. This process es- tablishes the proper center of gravity (CG) for the aircraft to facil- Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 31

Application Briefs itate a safe takeoff. During the flight, the aircraft’s fuel manage- pre-defined space, since space aboard any aircraft is tight. Before ment system selects the specific fuel tank that fuel is drawn from, the Valcor Engineering team could begin designing the new fuel so that the aircraft’s CG is always maintained. management system, they needed to know how many fuel tanks were in the UAV, how the fuel would be consumed, and how to With an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), there is no flight at- interface with the UAV control system. Also needed were the end tendant or pilot to help balance the change in fuel weight and its connections and locations for the fuel lines, as well as operating effect on the maneuverability of the aircraft. UAVs usually have pressure and required flow rates. two or more tanks to hold fuel. As the tanks are depleted, the bal- ance on the vehicle can change, which would result in a poten- Valcor utilized an existing solenoid valve design as the basis for tially unstable aircraft. A sophisticated system composed of the valving components. The solenoid valves were mounted in pumps, valves, temperature and pressure sensors can be used to custom manifolds to save space and weight. This also made final automate the balancing of fuel prior to, and during flight. assembly easier. Third party components included off-the-shelf pressure and temperature sensors and fuel pump. The final de- Fuel levels can vary based on atmospheric pressure, radiant heat sign included two pairs of fuel supply valves: one each for supply transfer, and of course, consumption by the engine. In addition, to the engine, the other for fuel return to the in-service tank. A the fuel temperature can be controlled to maintain relatively con- dump valve was also incorporated into the design in case fuel has stant viscosity at varying altitudes and temperatures. The dynam- to be discharged from the UAV. In service, the fuel management ics of flying for extended periods at extremely high altitudes, with system draws fuel from one tank at a time, but switches from one sudden drops in altitude for surveillance, necessitate a responsive tank to the other to minimize the imbalance of the UAV due to and accurate system to control fuel flow from the wing tanks in fuel consumption in flight. The control system monitors the fuel order to maintain the correct CG and vehicle stability. consumption and actuates the appropriate valve pair based on the fuel levels in the tanks. Valcor Engineering was tasked by a long-time customer to cre- ate a turn-key fuel management system for a new UAV. The ob- For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-466 jective was to create a manifold assembly that would fit into a Rebar Tying Robot poured or when laborers walk on top of it during the process of installation. SkyMul Atlanta, GA Moving the rebar during any of the above processes makes the [email protected] building less strong than it was designed to be. https://skymul.com There are currently over 600,000 bridges in the USA and a large SkyMul, a Comcast incubated company founded by Georgia number are aging and will require replacement in the next few Tech Robotics Institute alumni and supported by a Small years. SkyMul founders believe that their SkyTy solution can help Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from various federal speed up the construction of the more than 22,000 bridges that government agencies, is getting a lot of attention in the construc- will need to be replaced in the next 10 years. tion industry with their new invention called SkyTy, a swarm of drones that perform the back-breaking physical work of rebar Rodbusters who do this work, usually with metal wire and a tying for concrete flatwork and other slabs at construction sites. plier-like tool or, in some cases, a rebar tying gun, currently have the highest rate of soft tissue damage (10x more than The process of making structures from concrete is to first place other industrial trades) and take significantly more time to re- rebar, tie it, pour the concrete, and wait for it to set. The rebar has cover for each injury. It is estimated that rodbusters will spend to be tied so that it doesn’t move around when the concrete is more than 2000 man-years over the next few years solely tying rebar to fix the 22,000 bridges that need to be fixed in the US. SkyMul believes it has a robotic solution to solve that problem. SkyTy consists of a control station and a swarm of drones. The swarm size can be varied with the size of the jobs and the sched- ule for completion. The technician manning the system identi- fies the rebar installation area that needs tying. A divided section of the work area is assigned to each drone. After the technician selects the percentage of ties (50%,75%,100%) and the pattern for tying, multiple drones from the SkyTy swarm are deployed. The drones fly over the rebar and identify rebar intersections without using CAD files or programming utilizing computer vi- sion technology. They identify the untied intersection, land, tie it with metal wire, and takeoff towards the next intersection. Each drone, which operates independently of the others and is easily replaceable, then comes back to the landing station for spool and battery replacement. After the completion of tying, SkyTy’s control station provides a report of the successful ties for quality control 32 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Application Briefs Rod Ends and Spherical and archival. The SkyTy system enables a trained techni- cian to perform the tying job done by multiple rodbusters, Bearings designed freeing up the rodbusters to do other critical tasks for rebar and manufactured to installation. Aurora’s exacting For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-465 standards for quality UAS Interceptor System and durability. RAFAEL Advanced Defense Systems LTD. Registered and Certified Haifa, Israel to ISO_9001 and AS9100. +972 73 335 4444 From economy commercial www.rafael.co.il to aerospace approved, we’ve got it all! In a recent demo conducted in Israel, RAFAEL's Drone Dome C- UAS system performed interceptions of multiple drones, in-  cluding maneuvering targets, using its hard-kill LASER BEAM di- rector. The system achieved 100% success in all test scenarios. Aurora Bearing Company The stages of the interceptions included target detection, identi- 901 Aucutt Road fication, and interception with a high-power LASER beam. Montgomery IL. 60538 complete library of CAD drawings and 3D models available at: Drone Dome is an innovative end-to-end C-UAS (counter un- manned aerial system) solution for securing air space from hos- w w w. a u r o r a b e a r i n g . c o m tile drones. Fully operational and deployed globally, Drone Dome offers a modular and robust infrastructure, comprised of elec- Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-742 tronic jammers and sensors, allowing effective detection, full identification and neutralization of multiple micro- and mini-
linx® Fiber Optic Cables UAV threats employing its unique algorithms. Fiber Optic Tether and Avionics Solutions One of Drone Dome’s unique capabilities is integrating laser for MANNED and technology for hard-kill capabilities. When the C4I performs a positive identification, the system allocates the target to the UNMANNED VEHICLES laser effector, which locks and tracks the target and performs a hard-kill. Light Weight High Strength Drone Dome is designed to address threats posed by hostile High Reliability drones both in military and civilian sites, offering advanced solu- Wide Temperature Performance tions for maneuvering forces and military facilities, critical border protection, as well as the protection of civilian targets such as air- www.ofsoptics.com ports, public facilities, or any other sites that might be vulnerable to the increasing threat of both terror and criminal drones. Drone Dome is a member of RAFAEL’s family of active air and missile defense technologies, which includes the operational and combat-proven Iron Dome, David’s Sling, and the SPYDER fam- ily. All together they make up a suite of multi-layered solutions against a variety of aerial threats. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-464 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-743 33

New Products RTK/GNSS Receiver Turbine Rotor Assembly Systems ACEINNA (Andover, MA) announced the RPI UK (Bath, UK) has installed the first availability of the new ACEINNA Open- of two integrated rotor measurement and RTK330L, a low-cost, state-of-the-art, assembly platforms (iMAPs) at a major high-performance triple-band RTK/GNSS aero engine maintenance, repair and receiver with built-in triple redundant overhaul (MRO) facility. RPI’s iMAP tech- inertial sensors. ACEINNA’s OpenRTK330L nology is used by the MRO facility after includes a triple-band RTK/GNSS receiver coupled the engines are dismantled, to inspect each individual section of with redundant inertial sensor arrays to provide cm-level ac- the engine for cracks, wear and distortion. Measurements are curacy, enhanced reliability, and superior performance during taken by AccuScan to check that component geometry meets GNSS outages. The OpenRTK330L integrates a very precise 2 original and regional board specifications. Once the components Degree/Hour IMU to offer ten to thirty seconds of high accu- have been approved, repaired or replaced, the iMAP is used for racy localization during full GNSS denial. engine assembly to ensure alignment and concentricity. The multi-band GNSS receiver can monitor all global con- iMAP’s data acquisition software, AccuScan, enables meas- stellations (GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS, NAVIC, urement of up to 4,000 data points on up to eight surfaces si- SBAS) and simultaneously track up to 80 channels. The mod- multaneously per revolution, thereby reducing process times ule has RF and baseband support for the L1, L2, and L5 GPS to just two minutes. This inspection data is then used by the bands and their international constellation signal equiva- Rotor Stacking software to solve the mathematical problem of lents. The inertial measurement unit and dead reckoning how to best assemble a multi-stage rotor to achieve minimum function contains a total of 9 accelerometer and 9 rate gyro runout or unbalance of the finished rotor. channels based on ACEINNA’s unique triple redundant 6-Axis IMU array. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-485 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-482 High-Frequency Waveguides Pasternack (Irvine, CA), an Infinite Elec- Aluminum Electrolytic Snap-in Capacitors tronics brand, has launched a new series of waveguide straight sections, bends and twists Cornell Dubilier Electronics, Inc. that are commonly used in satellite communi- (CDE) (Liberty, SC) recently introduced cation, radar and airport security system applications. These new its 381LL series of long-life snap-in alu- waveguide transmission components feature high frequency minum electrolytic capacitors. The se- ranges from 90 GHz to 220 GHz in 3 waveguide bands, with wave- ries is designated with an expected life guide sizes including WR-8, WR-6 and WR-5 and UG-387/U mod of 8,000 hours at full-rated conditions. Capacitance values round cover style flanges. The waveguide straights are available in range from 740μF to 100,000μF at working voltages of 16 to 1\", 3\", 6\", 9\" and 12\" lengths; the waveguide bends are available in 250 WVDC with ripple current ratings up to 10 Amps @ 105 90° E-plane and 90° H-plane configurations; and the waveguide °C. The snap-in series is available in two pin configurations twists are available in 90°, 45° right-hand and 45° left-hand con- in the smaller diameters with 4 and 5 pin options in the figurations. Additionally, all new high-frequency waveguide larger diameters. components feature low VSWR performance of 1.15:1 typical. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-483 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-486 SSD NAND, 3D XPoint Test Sockets RF Beamformer ICs Ironwood Electronics (Eagan, MN) Renesas Electronics Corporation has a complete line of NAND, con- (Tokyo, Japan) recently expanded its troller, and buffer sockets used in portfolio of mmWave solutions with solid state drives, cards and modules. the introduction of two new IC fam- The Zero Foot Print (Grypper) sockets ilies for satellite communications are available for the NAND and Open NAND Flash Interface (Satcom), radar, and phased array applications: the F65xx trans- (ONFi) Standard and includes sockets for the new 3D XPoint mit active beamforming ICs and F692x low-noise amplifiers devices. The socket is surface mounted using standard soldering (LNAs). Featuring a combination of low power consumption, methods to the same location on the PCB. The Grypper re- high gain, and compact size, the new solutions deliver a perform- quires no lid, the device simply snaps into the socket. ance boost for antennas used in Satcom and radar systems. Because the Grypper contacts are only 1.5 to 2.2 mm long, The F65xx and F692x devices address the thermal and integra- the electrical performance is superior with S21 @ -1bd to 40 tion challenges designers face as they transition from bulky me- GHz. Grypper sockets are the same size as the device, allowing chanically scanned antennas to lower weight and profile active you to fit it into any of the SSD form factors; PCI, SATA, mSATA, electronically scanned array antennas (AESAs). The two new fam- M.2, U.2 etc., Its electrical performance is suitable for higher ilies support Satcom, radar and point-to-point communications speed interfaces such as NVMe over PCI Express and 3d XPoint. applications in the Ku, Ka, and CDL frequency bands. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-484 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-487 34 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

New Products CUSTOM ENGINEERED LINEAR MOTION FOR THE AEROSPACE & DEFENSE INDUSTRY Velocity Control ICs AS9100D and Performance Motion Devices, Inc. (PMD) ISO 9001:2015 Certified (Westford, MA) announced Juno® Velocity Linear Slides Control ICs, providing advanced velocity Ball & Crossed Roller control of 3-phase Brushless DC and DC Brush motors. Juno Velocity Control ICs offer features • Ball and Crossed Roller Slides Custom Engineered such as PI (proportional, integral) velocity loop control, program- Linear Slides mable velocity estimation, dual biquad filtering, shunt regulation, manufactured right here in the USA. deadband filtering, FOC (Field Oriented Control), and more. www.deltron.com • Quick deliveries! Juno Velocity Control ICs are suitable for a wide variety of • Standard Products or Custom Designed applications including spindle control, centrifuges, peristaltic pumps, laboratory automation, packaging automation and to meet your specific requirements. more. They are available in a 64-pin TQFP package measuring 12 × 12 mm and operate at 3.3V. 800.245.5013 • For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-470 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-744 Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes www.hunterproducts.com Goodfellow (Coraopo- MICRO-METALLIZER PLATING PENS MIL & QQ lis, PA) announced the Standards GOLD 14K, 18K, 24K, SILVER, RHODIUM, availability of multi- PALLADIUM, NICKEL, COPPER, TIN, BLACK walled carbon nanotubes NICKEL, AND CHROME COLOR PENS AVAILABLE. (MWCNTs) in three dif- ferent forms: regular pow- Environmentally friendly, these low-cost disposable applicators der, “chunky” powder, and free-standing “carpets.” Carbon Nan- permit instantaneous selection from a variety of plating otubes are tube-shaped materials composed of carbon atoms covalently bonded in hexagonal network, having a nanometric di- possibilities without the preparation of solutions. Specially ameter. All three forms are produced by means of a catalytic formulated compounds and can be used for contact repair, chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) process. prototype development work, electronic instrument repair, Regular powder is available in research quantities of several grams up to economical mass production quantities of several medical instrument repair etc. kilos. “Chunky” powder is safer and easily dispersed via sonica- tion into a polymer matrix. Free-standing, vertically aligned MW- Hunter Products, Inc. CNTs arrays, called “carpets” or “forests,” are distinguished by their unique anisotropic properties. . 36 Madison Ave For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-471 Flemington, NJ 08822 ‡)D[ UAV’s Flight Control Solutions [email protected] UAV Navigation (Los Reyes, Spain) Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-745 35 announced that its flight control solu- tions for Remotely Piloted Air Sys- tems/Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (RPAS/UAVs) are compatible with the Trimble® UAS1, a high-precision Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) re- ceiver. The core benefits of Trimble’s GNSS solution include cen- timeter-level precision and easy integration. Most UAV missions demand precision in subsystems. The Trimble UAS1 receiver meets these requirements and includes a 336-channel high-precision GNSS engine. It tracks L1/L2 fre- quencies from the GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou constel- lations. The Trimble UAS1 supports OmniSTAR and Trimble CenterPoint® RTX GNSS corrections, which enable precise and robust positioning without the use of a base station via a sub- scription service. The receiver also offers an industry-standard camera hotshoe interface and a wide DC voltage range to work in a broad range of UAVs. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-476 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

New Products Scalable Sensor Networking Platform Heavy Fuel (HF) Engine Pleora Technologies (Ot- The new HF engine from Sky tawa, Canada) introduced a Power (Bad Homburg, Ger- ruggedized sensor networking many) runs on a kerosene-oil platform that helps manufac- mix of 50:1 using JET A, JET A1 turers and system integrators or JP-8. As part of the develop- reduce cognitive burden and ment of the engine, Sky Power increase mission-effectiveness has taken a new approach to HF for end-users while meeting technology. The goal was to interoperability and scalability demands in size, weight, heat up the fuel mixture in a reliable and controlled man- power and cost (SWaP-C) sensitive real-time military imag- ner to achieve better starting properties. The new HF con- ing applications. cept can also be applied as an upgrade to all injection en- gines of the SP-210 series. When configuring a propulsion The RuggedCONNECT NVPU converts sensor data from system, customers have a choice of generators, starter-gen- multiple sources into a standardized feed that is transmit- erators, power-supplies and complete hybrid configura- ted over a low latency, multicast Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) tions, and can now choose between different fuel types, to network to endpoints. With the scalable, modular Rugged- meet the application’s needs. CONNECT platform, manufacturers can design straightfor- ward camera-to-display systems and evolve to fully net- The newly developed KHU 100 manages the start-process worked architectures integrating different sensor and jointly with the engine management unit ECU030. Both display types, switching, processing, and recording units. systems communicate through the CAN-Bus Interface. The The RuggedCONNECT platform meets video performance temperature is controlled by sensors, installed in the drive requirements outlined in Def Stan 00-082 (VIVOE), unit. Engines with the twin-spark (TS) system also run at a STANAG 4697 (PLEVID), and MISB ST 1608 to enable the lower idle. Safety and reliability increase in both single- design of vehicle electronics platforms that comply with and multiple-cylinder engines, and multiple-cylinder sys- STANAG 4754 (NGVA), Def Stan 23-009 (GVA), and VIC- tems benefit from active redundancy of two independent TORY guidelines. ignition systems. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-492 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-472 Rugged Mini PCIe I/O Module Portable Memory Tokens Acromag (Wixom, MI) ATEK Access Technologies (Eden has added another mili- Prairie, MN) announced the launch of tary-grade measurement its new Datakey CryptoAuthentica- and control module to tion™ memory token line that gives their AcroPack series of embedded systems designers a rugged ruggedized mini PCIe I/O and secure portable memory device modules. The new AP730 for authentication applications. The multi-function I/O module line of removable memory devices uti- performs analog input, analog output, discrete I/O and lizes Microchip’s CryptoAuthentica- counter/timer functions. A variety of carrier cards can host tion family of high-security hardware authentication ICs, en- up to four modules and are available in PCIe, VPX, XMC, abling embedded applications like: secure storage and transfer CompactPCI-Serial, and mini-ITX embedded computing of keys, certificates and passwords; secure credential with a platforms. These boards are designed for commercial off- unique, read-only serial number; and secure Crypto Ignition the-shelf (COTS) applications in defense, aerospace, and Key (CIK). industrial systems. The new Datakey IAT4.5Kb and IAX4.5Kb CryptoAuthen- Each AP730 module features a high-density mix of 28 I/O tication memory tokens utilize Microchip’s ATSHA204A channels and 32-bit counter/timers in a 30 ¥ 70 mm card. CryptoAuthentication IC and contain 4.5 kilobits of pro- Eight differential analog inputs (0-10V, ±10V ranges) feed a grammable memory, consisting of a 512-bit one-time pro- 16-bit A/D converter capable of sampling at nearly 800 grammable zone and a 4096-bit data zone that is divided up KHz. Four analog output channels have individual 16-bit into sixteen 256-bit slots. Each slot can be configured for D/A converters with a 7.5μS settling time. Programmable read-only or read/write access in either clear or encrypted I/O ranges, sequencing, interrupts, memory allocation, and modes. The Datakey IAT10.5Kb and IAX10.5Kb tokens uti- other controls are supported, as well as external triggering. lize Microchip’s ATECC608A CryptoAuthentication IC. It The bi-directional digital I/O is configured as two 8-chan- has similar capabilities to the ATSHA204A, but has a 9664- nel groups with TTL-compatible thresholds and program- bit data zone and provides hardware support for asymmet- mable change-of-state or level interrupts. ric encryption algorithms. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-496 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-473 36 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

New Products ADS-B Transponder Optical FPGA Mezzanine Cards (FMC) uAvionix (Bigfork, MT) intro- TECHWAY (Villebon-sur-Yvette) has duced a new ADS-B transponder to announced a new family of optical FPGA its General Aviation (GA) and Mezzanine Cards (FMC). Optical FMCs Urban Air Mobility (UAM) lineup. have been specially designed for the pur- tailBeaconX, the new Mode S Ex- pose of supporting highly advanced tended Squitter (ES) ADS-B OUT communications as required by Xilinx 6 transponder is intended to address global air traffic surveillance Series, 7 Series, UltraScale and UltraScale+ FPGA families. system requirements for current and future ADS-B mandates. Integration with the uAvionix AV-20-E and AV-30-E Electronic Available in industrial or rugged versions, TigerFMC and Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) introduces transponder con- WildcatFMC product lines are based on two advanced optical trol into the popular multi-function displays. technologies to meet two levels of ruggedization. Based on RADIALL D-Lightsys® technology, WildcatFMCs are Mil-Aero- tailBeaconX is a LED rear position light replacement that oriented and meet the following standards: 4 full duplex incorporates a 1090 MHz Mode S ES ADS-B OUT transpon- channels @ 12 Gbps, VITA 57.1; 24 Received channels @ 12 der, Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS) Global Po- Gbps, VITA 57.4; 12 full duplex channels @ 12 Gbps, VITA sitioning System (GPS) position source, and dipole antenna. 57.4; 24 Transmitted channels @ 12 Gbps, VITA 57.4; 24 full tailBeaconX weighs only 90 grams, takes no critical volume duplex channels @ 12 Gbps, VITA 57.4. from an internal avionics bay, incorporates its own anten- nas, and draws only 3 watts of power. Based on SAMTEC FireFly™ technology, TigerFMCs are dedi- cated to industrial environments. The new TigerFMC-4_25 pro- uAvionix has implemented transponder control function- vides 4 full duplex links @ 25 Gbps – a cumulative throughput of ality into the uAvionix AV-30-E Electronic Flight Instrument 200 Gbps – and meets the following standards: 4 full duplex System (EFIS) and AV-20-E Multi-Function Displays, offering channels @ 12 Gbps, VITA 57.1; 4 full duplex channels @ 25 a cockpit retrofit upgrade which maximizes cockpit panel Gbps, VITA 57.4; 12 full duplex channels @ 14 Gbps, VITA 57.4. real estate and includes additional functionality such as At- titude Indicator (AI), Directional Gyro (DG), Angle of Attack For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-477 (AoA), bus voltage, and others. Epoxy Meets For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-478 Demanding COTS-Based Radiation-Tolerant Ethernet Transceiver FAR Microchip Technology Inc. 25.853(a) (Chandler, AZ) has announced the industry’s first space-quali- STANDARD fied Ethernet transceiver – a ra- diation-tolerant device based EP93AOFR on a commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) solution. In addition Passes Vertical Burn Test to Microchip’s new VSC8541RT radiation-tolerant Ethernet for Flame Retardancy transceiver sampling, the company received final qualifica- tion for the new SAM3X8ERT radiation-tolerant microcon- Service temperature range troller, its latest Arm® Cortex®-M3 core processor and embed- -80°F to +300°F ded Ethernet controller. The VSC8541RT transceiver is a single-port Gigabit Ether- Thermal conductivity, 75°F net copper PHY with GMII, RGMII, MII and RMII interfaces. 0.5-0.6 W/(m•K) Radiation performances have been verified and documented in detailed reporting. The VSC8541RT is latch-up immune Volume resistivity, 75°F up to 78 Mev; TID has been tested up to 100 Krad. With the >1014 ohm-cm same rad-tolerant die and package, a 100 MB limited bitrate performance VSC8540RT is also available in plastic and ce- Hackensack, NJ 07601, USA ∙ +1.201.343.8983 ∙ [email protected] ramic qualified versions. The SAM3X8ERT radiation-tolerant MCU implements on a www.masterbond.com System on Chip (SoC) with the Arm® Cortex®-M3 core proces- sor, delivering 100 DMIPS benefits from the same ecosystem as the industrial variant. This microcontroller embeds up to 512 Kbytes Dual Bank Flash, 100 Kbytes SRAM, ADC & DAC and dual CAN controller on top of Ethernet capability. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-480 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-746 37

New Products Integrated Air Bearings Heat Pipes In today’s manufacturing environ- Advanced Thermal Solutions, Inc. ment, moving machinery to optimize (ATS) (Norwood, MA) has expanded its floor space, flex for lean manufacturing, line of flat and round copper heat pipes or position for optimum productivity is for electronics thermal management. imperative. Embedding air bearings on ATS heat pipes transfer component OEM machinery provides manufacturers heat with minimal temperature differ- with the ultimate capability to adapt and flex to ever-chang- ence to dispense heat efficiently across heat spreaders. Liquid in ing manufacturing configurations. Embedded air bearings can the heat pipe turns to vapor by absorbing heat and removing now be designed into the OEM equipment via an online thermal energy from hot component surfaces. The vapor travels toolkit available from AeroGo (Seattle, WA). to the cold end of the pipe, releases latent heat and condenses back to liquid. The liquid returns to the hot interface along an in- Air bearing systems utilize compressed air to lift and float ternal copper wick to provide continuous thermal management. heavy machines, structures and tooling within their own foot- print. Air bearing technology works similar to a puck on an air Every ATS heat pipe consists of a sealed copper tube, inter- hockey table, in that it eliminates friction – making heavy nal copper wick structure, and distilled water as its working loads easy to move – and it floats on the surface without dam- fluid. Round profile heat pipes come in lengths from 200-300 aging the floor. This material handling method is inherently mm and diameters from 4.0-8.0 mm. Flat profile heat pipes safe to operators due to very low lift height and reduced fric- range in length from 100-250 mm, widths from 8.2-10.5 mm, tion/low chance of strain. The embedded air bearing system is and heights from 2.5-4.5 mm. Weights range from 8-33 permanently integrated into the tool, machine, or structure. grams. They are effective in temperatures ranging from 30- Wheeled casters, footers or bases are fitted with air bearing 120°C. Other fluids and sizes can be accommodated with cus- modules and a control console for adjustable air control. tom heat pipe designs by ATS. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-488 For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-491 Graphics XMC Abaco Systems (Huntsville, AL) recently expanded its grow- ing range of video/graphics solutions with the launch of the rugged, high bandwidth NVP2102A XMC Graphics and GPGPU Card. Designed to complement the recently-announced NVP2102, the NVP2102A offers additional support for legacy interfaces and peripherals. Based on the NVIDIA® Quadro® Pascal™ (GP107) P2000 GPU architecture and provid- ing up to 2.3 TeraFLOPS of peak performance, target applications for the new board in- clude those that require very high-end graphics capabilities or CUDA® support when performing general purpose processing, and that require raw video capture and display. The NVP2102A is competitively advantaged by its provision of four 3G-SDI inputs – twice the number typically found. It also provides two NTSC/PAL video inputs as well as supporting two audio inputs. Video output is via two 3G-SDI and two DVI or Display- Port™ interfaces. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-490 Compact, Directional Coupler KRYTAR, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) has announced a new direc- tional coupler operating in the frequency range of 6.0 to 40.0 GHz offering nominal coupling of 20 dB in a compact package. Directional coupler, Model 106040020, provides so- lutions for many applications covering microwave fre- quency bands from L through K-Band including electronic warfare (EW), commercial wireless, SATCOM, radar, signal monitoring and measure- ment, antenna beam forming, and EMC testing environments. The new directional coupler delivers nominal coupling (with respect to output) of 20 dB, ±1.0 dB, and frequency sensitivity of ±0.50 dB. The directional coupler exhibits Insertion Loss (including coupled power) of less than 1.2 dB, directivity of greater than 12 dB, maximum VSWR (any port) is 1.6. Input power rating is 20W average and 3 kW peak. Operating temperature is -54°C to +85°C. The unit comes in a compact package measuring just 1.40 inches (L) ¥ 0.45 inches (W) ¥ 0.69 inches (H), it weighs only 1.2 ounces, and includes 2.4 mm female connectors. For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-474 Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-748 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

Product Spotlight New Products MULTIPHYSICS MODELING AND 1U AC/DC Programmable Power Supplies SIMULATION TDK Corporation (Neptune, NJ) introduced the TDK- APPLICATIONS Lambda 1U Full-Rack GENESYS™ 1.7kW AC/DC pro- COMSOL Multiphysics® is a soft- grammable power supply series. This platform provides ware environment for creating the user with a choice of ten different models, ranging physics-based models and simu- from 10V-170A to 600V-2.8A. Built into a lightweight lation applications. Add-on 1U high, 19\" (483 mm) wide rack-mountable chassis, products provide tools for electromagnetics, structur- the GENESYS 1.7kW power supply series offers five embedded front panel setup al, acoustics, fluid flow, heat transfer, and chemical sim- menus that address Digital Communication, Protective Functions, Operating Con- ulations. Interfacing products offer a unified workflow figuration, System Configuration, and System Triggering. These embedded menus with all major technical computing and CAD tools. offer user-selectable functions including Internal Resistance simulation and Slew- COMSOL Compiler™ and COMSOL Server™ are used Rate control of output voltage/current and have the capability to generate, store, for deploying simulation applications to colleagues recall and activate up to four on-board arbitrary waveform profiles. and customers. https://www.comsol.com/products All models can operate in Constant-Current (CC), Constant-Voltage (CV) as COMSOL, Inc. well as the newly offered Constant-Power (CP) limit and have conversion effi- ciencies up to 90%. Operation from a wide-range single-phase AC input (85 VAC Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-749 to 265 VAC) is standard along with built-in Power Factor Correction (0.99 typi- cal) and cooling fan speed control. POLAMCO INTERCONNECTS For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-494 FROM TE CONNECTIVITY Wideband RF Signal Analyzer/Streaming Recorder Tektronix, Inc. (Beaverton, OR) announced the TE Connectivity’s (TE) POLAMCO line offers high-performance RSA7100B wideband RF signal analyzer and streaming connectors, backshells and accessories for rugged recorder for engineers working on the latest wideband applications. Included in ICC’s POLAMCO portfolio designs in communications, radar, and electronic war- are filtered, fiber optic, high-temperature and her- fare. The solution offers more than 2.5 hours of stream- metic connectors, as well as TXR Tinel-Lock back- ing RF storage at 800 MHz real-time bandwidth and its 16 kHz to 26.5 GHz fre- shells for MIL-DTL-38999 Series III and IV connec- quency range covers a broad range of analysis needs. tors. Call 800-422-3911 or visit www.connecticc.com In military range tests, field operations, and design of wideband radar/elec- for more information. tronic warfare systems, the RSA7100B reduces the cost of wideband signal cap- ture, recording, and analysis while increasing the likelihood of capturing wide- Interstate Connecting band signal transients. The instrument can trigger on and measure signals of Components just 229 ns duration in the frequency domain in real time, while offering in- depth signal analysis with SignalVu-PC RF and vector analysis software. To- Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-750 gether with the RSA7100B’s live monitoring of recording events, users can en- sure they are capturing the data they need from time-consuming test scenarios. OPTICALLY For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-495 CLEAR ADHESIVE, Mission Computing Systems SEALANT AND Elma Electronic Inc. (Fremont, CA) has expanded COATING its line of Cisco-based mission computing systems Master Bond EP29LPSP used in rugged and harsh environments. Based on is a two component, low viscosity epoxy system for modular building blocks, the new ComSys-536x bonding, sealing and coating. This epoxy not only family of Type 6 COM Express-based systems can be functions at temperatures as low as 4K, but also with- configured using a choice of Intel CPUs, from Atom stands cryogenic shocks. Additionally, it meets NASA to Xeon to provide optimum power-to-performance in a compact, SWaP-opti- low outgassing requirements. EP29LPSP provides mized platform. Other ways the ComSys-536x systems are easily adapted to a superior physical strength, high chemical resistance user’s requirements is via expandable high-capacity SATA storage, upgradeable and outstanding optical clarity. https://www. master- as mission requirements change. bond.com/tds/ep29lpsp A host of I/O configurations spans from Gigabit Ethernet, CANbus and WiFi Master Bond to Serial I/O, ARINC-429 and MIL-STD-1553 providing fast reconfiguration as applications evolve and mandate enhancements to the I/O. All Elma ComSys Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-751 platforms include the Cisco 5921 embedded services router (ESR) with Mobile Ready Net capabilities. The 5921 is agnostic and designed for small, low-power, A WORLD OF FIBER OPTIC Linux-based platforms, making it highly adaptable for a range of custom sys- SOLUTIONS tems that need high-performance, SWaP-optimized embedded computing. • T1/E1 & T3/E3 Modems, WAN For Free Info Visit http://info.hotims.com/76503-481 • RS-232/422/485 Modems and Multiplexers • Profibus-DP, Modbus • Ethernet LANs • Video/Audio/Hubs/Repeaters • USB Modem and Hub • Highly shielded Ethernet, USB (Tempest Case) • ISO-9001 http://www.sitech-bitdriver.com S.I. Tech Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-752 Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020 www.aerodefensetech.com 39

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A/R Credit & Collection Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Crystal Ortiz May 2020, Volume 5, Number 5 Office Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Alfredo Vasquez ADVERTISING ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES MA, NH, ME, VT, RI, Eastern Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ed Marecki (401) 351-0274 CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Stan Greenfield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(203) 938-2418 NJ, PA, DE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .John Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4685 Southeast, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ray Tompkins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(281) 313-1004 NY, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ryan Beckman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(973) 409-4687 MI, IN, WI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 498-4520 ext. 3008 MN, ND, SD, IL, KY, MO, KS, IA, NE, Central Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Bob Casey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(847) 223-5225 Northwest, N. Calif., Western Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Twyla Sulesky (408) 779-0005 S. Calif., AZ, NM, Rocky Mountain States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tim Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(908) 892-2838 Europe — Central & Eastern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sven Anacker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-202-27169-11 Joseph Heeg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49-621-841-5702 Europe — Western . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Chris Shaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44-1270-522130 Integrated Media Consultants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Patrick Harvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (973) 409-4686 Angelo Danza (973) 874-0271 Scott Williams (973) 545-2464 Rick Rosenberg (973) 545-2565 Todd Holtz (973) 545-2566 Christian DeLalla (973) 841-6035 Casey Hanson (973) 841-6040 Reprints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jill Kaletha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(219) 878-6068 40 www.aerodefensetech.com Aerospace & Defense Technology, May 2020

M I C R O H Y D R AU L I C S. MACRO CAPABILITIES. REDUCING THE SIZE AND WEIGHT OF FLUID CONTROL. Designing hydraulic systems to perform flawlessly under less-than-ideal conditions is hard enough. But factor in the need to keep components as small and light as possible, and you’ve got a real challenge. Fortunately, you’ve got a real solution. The Lee Company. For more than 70 years, we’ve been engineering state- of-the-art microhydraulic components with diameters as small as 0.10 in. and weighing as little as 0.1g, but able to withstand pressures up to 8,000 psi. And because every one of our designs originates out of an application need, and is scrutinized with 100% testing and inspection, we’re found in just about every mission-critical fluid control challenge you could imagine – from miles above the earth in satellite positioning systems, to miles below in downhole drilling. Plus many applications in between. If you require precise fluid control, and absolute reliability, go with the experts. Contact The Lee Company. Innovation in Miniature 2 Pettipaug Rd, Westbrook CT 06498-0424 860-399-6281 | Fax: 860-399-2270 | 1-800-LEE PLUG | www.TheLeeCo.com The Lee Company WESTBROOK•LONDON•PARIS•FRANKFURT•MILAN•STOCKHOLM Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-753

Autonomous vehicles require batteries with lasting power. Visualization of the temperature profile in a liquid-cooled Li-ion battery pack. The stage of the load cycle, potential, local concentration, temperature, and direction of the current all affect the aging and degradation of a battery cell. This is important to consider when developing autonomous vehicles (AVs), which rely on a large number of electronic components to function. When designing long-lasting batteries that are powerful enough to keep up with energy demands, engineers can turn to simulation. The COMSOL Multiphysics® software is used for simulating designs, devices, and processes in all fields of engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research. See how you can apply it to optimizing battery designs for self-driving cars. comsol.blog/autonomous-vehicle-batteries Free Info at http://info.hotims.com/76503-754