`‡nkm{μw 51 ]q¥m\\w \\ºqXncn `‡nkm{μamb hcnIfneqsS aebmfnsb Cuizc ssNX\\yØneqsS \\bn®, FgpØ—s‚ ]n∂mse tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ BflobXbpsS shfn®hpambn IS∂ph∂ IhnbmWv ]q¥m\\w \\ºqXncn. AIvk A∂ _n\\p ae∏pdsØ ]q¥m\\w C√Øv 1547emWv ]q¥m\\w ¢mkv 7 \\ºqXncn P\\n®sX∂v IW°m°p∂p. Ct±lw C√ t∏cn¬ Adnbs∏´ncp∂XpsIm≠pXs∂ bYm¿∞ t]cv hy‡a√. Zo¿L\\mƒ \\o≠p\\n∂ A\\]Xy ZpJØns\\Sphn¬ DÆn ]nd∂t∏mƒ C√Øv kt¥mjhpw im¥nbpw IfnbmSn. F∂m¬ A∂ {]mi\\ Zn\\Øn¬ B Ip™v acn®tXmsS ]q¥m\\w Xs‚ PohnXw `KhZvNn¥Iƒ°mbn a‰nsh®p. DÆnIrjvW≥ a\\ n¬ Ifn°ptºmƒ a°fmbn a‰pÆnIƒ ths≠∂psh°p tºmƒ `‡ns°m∏w ]nXr`mhhpw sXfn ™p B IhnXbn¬. At±lw P\\n®Xpw Pohn®Xpw a≤ytIcf Ønse ]gb h≈ph\\mSv Xmeq °n¬ s\\t∑\\n AwiØn¬ ]q¥m \\w F∂ C√Øv F∂v hnizkn° s∏Sp∂p.
\\o¿amXfw ]qØt∏mƒ 52 am[hn°p´n AΩtbmSv Ieln® _meyw; ]Xn\\©mw hb n¬ hnhmlw; Xpd∂ FgpØneqsS Aºc∏n® hm¿≤Iy tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ Ønse {]Wbw; aXwam‰w... am[hn°p´n F∂p ]dbptºmƒ \\o¿amXfw Fs∂m AanX ss_Pp cp _nw_w AXv ImWmØhcpsSt]mepw D≈nte°v ¢mkv 9 CSn®pIbdpw... \\o¿amXfK‘sØ temIØn\\p apgph≥ ]cnNnXam°nb Iae am[hn°p´n BbXpw Iaem Zmkv BbXpw Iaem kpcø BbXpw aebmf Øns‚ aÆn¬ thcq∂nsIm≠v Bbncp∂p. \\o¿am XfØns‚ kpK‘Øns\\m∏w \\„s∏´ \\oemw_cn F∂ t\\mhpw XWpØpd™ s\\bv]mbkØnse AΩbpsS K‘hpw am[hn°p´n aebmfØn\\p ]I¿ ∂p. kz¥w A£c߃ Ah¿°p \\nizmkhmbp Bbncp∂p. h¿≤IyØn¬ tIcf Øns‚ ]cnkcw aSpØ am[hn°p´n A\\y\\m´nte°v t]mbn. ]p∂bq¿ IpfsØ Xs‚ kz]v\\`qan tIcf kmlnXy A°mZan°v C„Zm\\w \\¬In. kz]v\\hpw PohnXhpw c≠phgn°v k©cn®t∏mƒ D≠mb \\„ t_m[hpw kz]v\\ßfpamWv am[hn °p´n aebmfØn\\p kΩm\\n® F√mw IrXnIfn¬\\n∂pw hmbn s®Sp°m≥ km[n°p∂Xv. amXr`q anbpsS amt\\PnMv FUn‰¿ Bbncp ∂ hn. Fw. \\mbcpsSbpw \\me∏m´v
53_memamWnbΩbpsSbpw a°fmbv 1934 am¿®v 31\\v ]p∂bq¿IpfØv BWv tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ am[hn°p´nbpsS P\\\\w.1999¬ Ckvemw aXw kzoIcn®psIm≠v ]pXnsbmcp hnhmZØn\\v Ah¿ XncnsImfpØn. Xs‚ ImapI\\mb IÆs\\bpw IqsS sIm≠pt]mIp∂p F∂p {]Jym]n®t∏mƒ hnhmZw ho≠pw apdpIn. Iaem Zmkv Iaem kpcø Bbn. GXm≠v Hcp Zim]vZ Imew Ah¿ Ckveman¬ B\\μn®p. HSphn¬ F√m hnhmZ߃°pw A¥ywIpdn®v 2009 sabv 31\\v Iaem kpcø GIssZhØns‚ ku[Ønte°v bm{Xbmbn.... F{X FgpXnbmepw ]ns∂bpw ]ns∂bpw hnShpIƒ _m°nbmIp∂ Hcp P∑w... kv{XoXzsØ C{Xbpw {]Wbn®pw Iman®pw Xo¿Ø Hcp PohnXw... \"Bantbmfw kpμcamb Hcp \\o¿amXfhpw ChsS ]qØn´n√’.
P\\IobIhn 54 Ip©≥\\ºym¿ ]Xns\\´mw \\q‰m≠nse (1705˛1770) {]apJ aebmf `mjm IhnbmWv Ip©≥\\ºym¿. {]Xn`mkº∂ \\mb Ihn F∂Xn\\p ]pdta Xp≈¬ F∂ \\rØ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ Iemcq]Øns‚ D]⁄mXmhv F∂ \\nebnepw {]kn≤\\mb \\ºymcpsS IrXnIƒ an°hbpw Xp≈¬ Kn^v‰n adnbw dq^kv AhXcWßfn¬ D]tbmKn°m≥th≠n FgpX ¢mkv 10 s∏´hbmWv. \\¿ΩØn¬ s]mXn™ kmaqly hna¿i\\amWv At±lØns‚ IrXnIfpsS apJap{Z. aebmfØnse lmkyIhnIfn¬ A{KKWy\\mWv Ip©≥\\ºym¿. Xp≈¬ IhnXIƒ FgpXpIbpw Ahsb A`n\\b cq]ambn AhXcn∏n°pIbpw sNbvX aebmfØnse Ihnt{ijvT≥IqSnbmWv Ip©≥ \\ºym¿. _meyIme hnZym`ymk Øn\\ptijw \\ºym¿ IpSamfq¿ D≈ sNºIt»cn cmPIpSpw_hpambn _‘s∏´p. XpS¿∂v Aºe∏pgbn¬ sN∂v tZh\\mcmbW cmPmhns‚ B{inX\\mbn Ign™p. amØq¿ ]Wn°cpsS Iogn¬ Ifcn A`ymkw \\SØn. ]n∂oSv a‰p Nne Kpcp°∑m cpsS Iogn¬ D]cn]T\\w \\n¿hln®p. Zfhm Aø∏≥ am¿ØmWvU∏n≈bp sS Imetijw Ip©≥\\ºym¿ Be ∏pgbv°v Xncn®pt]mbn. \\nch[n Xp≈¬Imhy߃ cNn® P\\IobIhn F∂ \\nebn¬ \\ºym¿ {]ikvX\\mbn. Hm´≥, ]db≥,
55ioX¶≥ F∂o aq∂pXcw Xp≈epIƒ°p≈ IrXnIƒ Ip©≥\\ºym¿ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ cNn®n´p≠v. Chbnse CXnhrØ߃ CXnlmk]pcmWßfn¬\\n∂v kzoIcn®hbmsW¶nepw `mj P\\߃°v a\\ nemIp∂ coXnbnep≈ kw`mjW`mjbmWv. Bt£]lmkyw AXns‚ am‰pIq´p∂p. t]∏´n ISn®mWt{X At±lw acn®Xv. \\ºymsc°pdn®p≈ e`yamb Adnhph®v C∂sØ ]me°mSv Pn√bnse e°nSn Xoh≠nbm∏okn\\SpØp≈ In≈n°pdn»nawKeØv Ie°Øv `h\\Ønembncp∂p At±lØns‚ P\\\\w. _meyIme hnZym`ymk Øn\\ptijw At±lw ]nXmhnt\\msSm∏w ]nXrtZiamb InSßqcv FØn. ]n∂oSv sNºIt»cn cmPmhns‚ B{inX\\mbn. Gsd°mew Aºe∏pgbn¬ Pohn®mWv Xp≈¬IrXnIƒ an°hbpw FgpXnbsX∂v IcpXs∏Sp∂p. Cu Iemcq]Øns‚ ]ndhn°p ]n∂nepw {]ikvXamb Hcp IYbp≠v. Aºe∏pg t£{XØn¬ NmIym¿IqØn¬ angmhp sIm´pIbmbncp∂ \\ºym¿ Hcn°¬ Ddßnt∏mbn. CXn\\nsS ]cnlmk{]nb\\mb NmIym¿ AcßØph®pXs∂ \\ºymsc Ieiembn ]cnlkn®p. iImcn®Xn\\v ]Icw ho´m≥ ASpØ ZnhkwXs∂ \\ºym¿ BhnjvIcn®v AhXcn∏n® ]pXnb Iemcq] ambncp∂s{X Xp≈¬. Cu IY F{Xam{Xw B[nImcnIamsW∂v ]dbm≥ Ignbn√. H∂mwInS Iemcq]ambn Xp≈¬ hnIkn∏ns®Sp°m\\pw AwKoImcw t\\SnsbSp°m\\pw \\ºym¿°v Ign™p. Xp≈epIfpsS `mjbmbn \\ºym¿ sXcs™SpØXv kwkmc`mjtbmSv G‰hpw ASpØ km[mcW°mcpsS `mjbmsW∂Xv Ahbv°v IqSpX¬ kzoImcyX t\\Sns°mSpØp. Akmam\\yamb `mjm ss\\]pWywsIm≠v A\\pKrloX\\mbncp∂p \\ºym¿. hm°pIƒ At±l Øns‚ \\mhn¬ \\rØwsNøpIbmbncp∂p F∂v At±lw FgpXnbn´p≠v. Hm´≥, ioX¶≥, ]db≥, F∂nßs\\ aq∂p hn`mKßfnembn 64 Xp≈epIƒ \\ºym¿ FgpXnbXmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p. \\ºymcpsS Gsd {]kn≤amb ^enXt_m[Øn\\p ]pdta At±lØns‚ hn]peamb A\\p`hkºØpw F√m hn⁄m\\imJIfnepap≈ AhKmlhpw Cu IrXnIƒ {]ISn∏n°p∂p. At±lØns‚Xmbn s]mXpth AwKoIcn°s∏´n´p≈Xv 40 Xp≈epIƒ BWv. Ip©≥\\ºym¿ Gsd°mew sNehgn® Aºe∏pgbn¬ tIcf k¿°m¿ kmwkvImcnI hIp∏n\\p Iogn¬ Ip©≥\\ºym¿ kvamcIw \\n¿Ωn®n´p≠v.
ktμiImhy§Ä 56 Po≥ tacn ¢mkv 9 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ
IS¶YIƒ 57 1. AIØdpØm¬ ]pdØdnbpw? DØcw. N° 2. ASnbn¬ ]® Ip∂v apIfn¬ tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ a™ Ip∂v Xebn¬ IncoSw? DØcw. ssIX®° 3. Bs\\ sI´m≥ XSnbp≠v PocIw Bjv¿ ssS‰kv s]mXnbm≥ Cebn√ ¢mkv 7 DØcw. s\\√nacw 4. ]p≈n sImºnse a™°nfn ]gs©m√pIƒDØcw. ]d¶n amß 5. ]pdsa ap≈pthen. 1. Im° Ipfn®m¬ sIm°v AXn\\p≈n¬ h≈n sIm´mcw. BIn√ AXn\\p≈n¬ kz¿Æ ]Ømbw ]ØmbØn¬ Hcp X¶w In´n. 2. Im°bv°v X≥Ip™v DØcw. N° s]m≥Ip™v 6. Bbncw XØbv°v H‰ sIm°v 3 ]iphns‚ ISnbpw amdpw DØcw. hmg°pe Im°bpsS hni∏pw Xocpw 7 ASnbn¬ sNSn sNSnbn¬ Imb 4 IqSpX¬ Im™m¬ IpXnc Imbbn¬ sNSn ssht°mepw Xn∂pw. DØcw ssIX®° 5 Ipcbv°pw ]´n ISn°n√ 8. ]®∏eI sIm´mcØn¬ ]Øpw 6. Ipdp°≥ NØmepw IÆv \\qdpw sIm´tØß DØcw ]∏mb tImgn°q´n¬Øs∂. 7 Ipcßs‚ ssIbnte 9. ssI°pw ]pfn°pw a[pcn°pw anTmbn ]qame t]mse DØcw. s\\√n° 8 hmhn´ hm°pw ssIhn´ 10. ]®∏\\¶nfn sImºn¬ Ccn°pw Bbp[hpw Xncns®Sp°m≥ Infn ]q°mØ ss]¶nfn Bhn√. DØcw. amß 9 sIms°{X Ipfw I≠Xm 10 £ocapt≈mcInSn≥ Nph´nepw tNmc Xs∂ sImXpIn∂p IuXpIw.
]cymbhr£w tIcfØns‚ X\\Xmb Iemcq]w Um^n≥ kmw ¢mkv 10 tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 58
59 kvt\\ln-X-tc, tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ tImhn-Uns‚ AXn-Po-h-\\-Øn¬ ssk_¿ temI-Øns‚ A\\-¥ -km-[y-X-Iƒ ap∂n¬I≠v ]mTy-]m-tTy-Xc {]h¿Ø-\\-ß-fp-ambn S.I.P.S. bpw apt∂-dp-I-bm-Wv. CXns‚ `mK-am-bmWv ImZw-_cn F∂ UnPn-‰¬ amK-kns‚ Bibw DS-se-Sp-Ø-Xv. AΩ-bpsS hm’-eyhpw AΩn-™-∏m-ens‚ am[p-cyhpw H∂p tN¿∂-en-bp∂ amXr-`mj Hmtcm hy‡n-bp-sSbpw kzXy-t_m-[-Øns‚ kXy-th-Z-am-Wv. `mjsb Adn-bm≥ `mjm-km-ln-XysØ Adn-b-Ww. `mjsb kwc-£n-°m\\pw hf¿Øp-hm-\\p-ap≈ Adnhpw s\\dnhpw ]pXp-X-e-ap-d°v \\¬Ip-hm\\p≈ Hcp Ffnb {iaw BWv ImZw-_-cn. ImZw-_-cn-bpsS CX-fp-Iƒ bmYm¿∞y-am°n am‰m≥ klm-bn® amt\\-Pvsa‚v. {]n≥kn-∏¬, A≤ym-]-I¿, Ip´n-Iƒ, kmt¶-XnI klmbw \\¬In klm-bn®h¿ XpSßn F√m-h¿°pw lrZ-b-Øns‚ `mj-bn¬ \\μn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. {ioaXn kp\\n-tamƒ kvIdnb sshkv {]n≥kn-∏¬ F®v.H.Un. aebmfw Un∏m¿´vsa‚v
tkm^nb C‚¿\\mjW¬ ]ªnIv kvIqƒ 60
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