PES Wind 2 2021

THINK TANK Compared to engineering autonomous up 1000 to 2000 m², which must be Christian Raml vehicles, the problem sounds very simple. inspected visually. In an automated flight, a Still, it is much more complex than it looks at drone covers this area within just 20 signposts, it gets more difficult. Signposts first glance. The topic of this article is about minutes. At Aero Enterprise, the surface is are no longer beside the road. They appear identifying the difficulties in this business resolved with a median resolution of 20 px/ on posters in the distance or on buildings. field and what is necessary to overcome mm². The resulting data record consists of Sometimes the information is not these obstacles. hundreds of images, depending on the immediately visible because it is attached to dimension of the turbine and the desired an advertisement. People may interpret Quality and quantity image overlap. In one day, for example, them in different ways as there are no inspecting eight turbines with a mean rotor requirements for signposts. Depending on the size, the average surface diameter of 135 meters would result in of the rotor blades on a wind turbine makes about 8000 pictures. That requires 480 GP The human factor (Giga pixels) to be processed and evaluated each day. In contrast to traffic signs, there is no standard for identifying and interpreting This introductory example shows an defects on rotor blades. Even experts essential aspect: nowadays, the problem is sometimes disagree about defects. Of no longer the quality of the data but it is the course, guidelines and recommendations quantity. Processing such a volume by hand is exist, but the requirements differ by almost impossible. That is where AI comes in country, region, and company/customer. quite handy. Defects on rotor blades are in some way equivalent to signposts. There is room for Is it possible to extract the necessary different interpretation. As one driver information out of a given dataset without easily can follow the route description human interaction? attached to an advertisement poster, the other one does not even recognize the ad Digging a little bit deeper and trying to as signpost. identify the steps and tools, which are necessary to create, develop or train a If two rotor blade experts identified areas system that can solve the problem. At the with defects, even assuming they used the beginning it is necessary to identify and same source of information, perhaps the define what we are interested in. The goal is outcome would not be exactly the same. If to create high quality training data, which is they both created training data for a neuronal one of the most important steps. network according to their conception, the output would then have some uncertainty. There are many theories about how perfect training data needs to look like. Two key Things get even more difficult if they also properties are consistency and relevancy. define the defect class for each area of interest. For example, in addition to the To learn from a dataset, it should contain erosion class, some companies have another representative examples. In the best case, distinction between leading- and humans would also be able to learn from the trailing-edge erosion. They can be treated dataset. Of course, it would be very bad if the as subclasses or individual classes. Pinholes, information is not consistent. For example, cracks, holes, burns by lightning strikes and referring to a contour as a circle and in erosion are always linked with damaged another picture to the same contour as a coating, which is in most cases a distinctive cuboid. Furthermore, reducing the class too. information to the important and relevant points mean learning will be faster. Classification is very subjective. For a group of pinholes, every pinhole can be marked as Learning from pioneers an individual abnormality or, in a small group, as one defect of class erosion. On the other A comparison between a similar, already well- solved problem can help to identify solutions. As an example, let us take traffic sign recognition into account, where areas of interest in images are classified, and which works excellently nowadays. The available amount of good training data is definitely a reason why this task works so well. Why is this the case? During one’s driving lessons, participants study a separate chapter that deals with traffic signs. Using the course materials, each participant learns what traffic signs look like and what their meanings are. There is no room for interpretation, everyone is able to detect and classify traffic signs on an image. This task also can be executed extremely fast because it is obvious where to look for them: along the road. If we were to extend the task to also evaluate WWW.PESWIND.COM 101

THINK TANK Anomaly interpreted with two types of defects Classification guidelines if this is the case, the result of the AI is not necessarily wrong. hand, creating rules to distinguish exactly As a consequence, each expert will evaluate between these two classes does not make according to his or her own experience and Referring to relevancy, is it necessary that sense, because the guidelines would be some ‘soft’ guidelines. If we use the an AI can differ between the same classes extraordinarily complex. We can try to use information to train a neuronal network, then like a human? Does it even make sense to pinholes in a specific area as boundary. That the output will be somewhere in the middle note pinholes? would mean that we need to count the of all these different opinions. The training pinholes. Then we have to define the ‘area’: process is nothing more than creating rules To determine how relevant a defect is, quadratic, rectangular, circular, or elliptical? to match all the views in the best feasible further information and additional Is the position also important? This example way. The important thing is that the output experience are usually required. This shows that defining exact rules for all types could be different to our own estimation. And property is rated more or less with the of defects is extremely hard. severity grade. In theory a neuronal network learns this information indirectly. If every defect of a certain class is labelled on every image in the dataset, the trained network has a higher probability of identifying this class correctly, it is more relevant. Now, the question may appear if there are defects which are not always labelled? For pinholes this is the case. As stated previously, a group of pinholes is normally treated as erosion or damaged coating. Not every single pinhole is marked as an individual defect. Alternatively, severity grade information can be provided directly by adding an extra parameter in the training dataset. However, this means that extra effort is necessary and again the rating highly depends on who labelled the training dataset. Additionally, other data such as location, the type of rotor blade and age are important. Overlook of a complete data collection in a 3D environment for easy orientation (one arrow = one data point) 102 PES WIND

THINK TANK ‘We continuously improve our knowledge and understanding of what is important every day.’ Anomaly Detection - Using different sensitivity settings The economic factor In addition to severity class, it is necessary to consider the economic factor. For instance: what would be the consequences if certain damages were not identified? Or, is a repair economical: will the operator pay for it? At first glance it may look like there is no difference between paying attention to these cost functions and the severity grade. Following a five-grade severity class system, it is obvious that damages of categories four and five would have a huge impact if they are missed during inspection. Even if repairing heavy damage on old turbines might not be economical, it is essential that an AI is capable of identifying it. Being aware that these two categories just contain about 2% of all findings, what is the case with lower severity anomalies? Customers are often not willing to send out a repair team just to fix ‘small’ damages. Hence, in terms of efficiency, the system should be aware of different cost functions. At the end there is no single system with one single output that fits all needs. A set of tools, access to intermediate results and the use of different filters are required to cater for the respective needs. It is like in an autonomous car: just recognizing traffic signs is not enough. There are many subsystems which need to be unified in the right way. Conclusion Aero Enterprise created an AI-concept based on a huge database, different neuronal networks and logical operations, which is maintained consistently and behaves like a living organism. We continuously improve our knowledge and understanding of what is important every day. Training datasets have been reworked more than ten times to fit the experiences of experts with different backgrounds and also to fulfil customers’ needs. To make reliable statements, human interaction is still needed in the end. With the support of AI, however, we are better able to evaluate the data efficiently. With the increasingly larger inspection projects, evaluation can thus be carried out much faster and, above all, in a standardized manner. The next goal is to further reduce the ‘human factor’, that is, to further digitize and automate, but not to eliminate the skilled person´s opinion. The final decision is made by the expert. www.aero-enterprise.com WWW.PESWIND.COM 103

ASK THE EXPERTS Prevention better than cure during icing season As our winters get colder and turbines get bigger, icing presents a host of potential pitfalls for wind farmers. Wicetec looks to overcome these challenges with its Ice Prevention System, helping to avoid a repeat of the Texas big freeze power outage earlier this year. PES caught up with Petteri Antikainen, the company’s Co-Founder and CEO, to discuss the possibility of wind turbine winterization. PES: Welcome to PES Wind Petteri. First of solutions. Currently Wicetec has two are weather damaged. This summer we will all, could you introduce our readers to business segments. Firstly, we work with continue retrofit installations in Canada on Wicetec, for those who may not be familiar wind turbine manufacturers to provide two wind farms, this area of the business is with your work? heating solutions for new installations. gaining a lot of interest right now. We are making plans for 2022 and beyond, so Petteri Antikainen: Wicetec is the world wide Secondly, our technology can be business is good. leader in wind turbine blade heating retrofitted to existing wind turbines that 104 PES WIND

ASK THE EXPERTS PES: Last winter was a particularly cold one Petteri Antikainen across Europe and in North America. Did this make things busier for you as a result? had a large number of new enquiries within a week of the cold weather hitting the state. PA: The winter just gone was definitely colder Head of our business development Lasse than the two or three milder ones previously Hietikko, was interviewed for a University of and we had a record number of calls from Houston Energy Fellows blog post that is potential customers. Wind farm owners tend published on forbes.com and represented to be more aware of icing issues nowadays and the company on a podcast that can be found as turbines are getting bigger, they are more on Youtube by searching for Wicetec. prone to suffer from the effects of ice, which is why enquiries are increasing. PES: As you mentioned, there will be more and more wind power built in the future. How It is always preferable to work at long notice should this be considered in terms of icing? on projects where possible and we’re talking to customers now who are aiming for PA: The security of energy supply becomes a installation for 2022 giving a good lead time, more and more important question, even in whereas previously calls only really started warmer climates, not just areas where winter as winter began. Of course, enquiries also lasts many months. If the grid cannot handle came in when the Texas disaster hit with a large amount of wind power disappearing record-low temperatures last February. The within a short time period, winterization of state’s grid was not able to supply power for the turbine should be considered as an millions of people. insurance for power supply. PES: After that incident wind turbine We have heard stories where 2GW of wind winterization was quite widely talked about power goes down due to icing in less than 15 in the media, wasn’t it? minutes, which is too short a time for coal power plants to start up, or significantly PA: The power outages were a very sad increase power output. In areas that have a situation for those affected. We know that lot of nuclear power available the situation the main issue in Texas was to do with fossil might not be any easier, as nuclear power fuel and nuclear power plants, but the wind doesn’t really work as a balancing power. power was also down due to the ice. It is not totally unique that it gets cold in Texas and in Together with increasing availability and an fact, a Washington Post article claimed that it increased offering of wind turbines with had actually been as cold as this year in 1983, blade heating solutions, the future 1985, 1989 and 2011. As the global climate is development looks significantly better changing and even if temperatures are rising, than before. extreme weather phenomena are increasing, which means cold weather is likely to occur PES: Why has there been wind power built in more often in the future. icing areas where turbines have not been able to operate in those conditions? What has changed from before is that the capacity of wind power has increased on the PA: We see this as a normal learning grid and is expected to continue increasing. curve. Mistakes have been made and With the record high energy price of US planning processes for new projects have $9000 MW the payback time of blade heating improved and thanks to our retrofittable investment for a modern wind turbine would technology, we can help the customers in be just a few hours. this difficult situation. As a result of what happened in Texas our PES: The international media widely webpage traffic increased by 1000% and we mentioned after the Texas incident that turbines, for example in Sweden, are actually WWW.PESWIND.COM 105

ASK THE EXPERTS producing in cold conditions throughout the Then there is also the safety aspect. The have been working in this field. In general, winter. How is that possible? blades equipped with blade heating gather a previously there was a widespread denial of minimal amount of ice, if any, on the surface potential icing issues, whereas an ice PA: The sites referred to mainly use our blade of the blade. Therefore, the risk of ice throw assessment during the development phase heating technology. Project developers knew is mitigated significantly. of a new wind site is standard practice about our technology and wanted it to be required by the investors. integrated into their turbines. The sites in Additionally, the damage to blades from the Sweden have turbines from three different falling ice hitting the blades are decreased, We have listened to our retrofit customers OEMs, with Wicetec technology. potentially saving a lot of money on repair and done a lot of R&D work to make it costs. The ice layer on the blade surface possible to install our technology uptower. PES: So, is your technology available for increases the noise level caused by the wind Previously, the blades were brought down for all OEMs? turbines. In some areas there are strict noise the heating element installation, but when regulations and this is why turbines must be manufacturing the element in smaller pieces, PA: Yes, we are open to all OEMs, although all stopped due to exceeding the permitted no blade lowering and cranes are needed. solutions on the market are not ours. We have noise level. With uptower installation we are lowering the worked with a number of OEMs over the years. overall costs to the customer by 25-30%. PES: Wicetec has been involved with blade PES: Previously, many OEMs were relying heating solutions for new turbines, as well Our aim is to maintain our market leader on hot air blade heating technology, but as with the retrofits. Can you share your position in the future and with the uptower yours is electro thermal surface heating. future plans and latest developments? solution, we can serve more customers with Can you briefly explain the main differences competitive pricing. between these two? PA: I am extremely happy that the overall awareness of wind turbine icing issues has www.wicetec.com PA: Our heating is on the surface of the blade increased remarkably over the 25 years that I and the heat is delivered right there where it is needed. Hot air systems blow heated air inside the blade, where the blade structure is an insulator making it difficult for heat to get to the blade’s surface. As turbine size is increasing and blade length is getting longer, it is more difficult to bring heat from the blade root to the tip. The surface base heaters are winning the game and, for example, in Finland for the past few years, there have not been any new hot air systems, but several sites with surface-based heaters. PES: Are there any other advantages of blade heating? PA: The wind farm owners can make good money when it is cold, as the energy price is typically higher then. If there are disturbances in energy production, the higher the price rises. Therefore, a wind farm owner whose turbines can produce reliably throughout the whole winter can make good profits. 106 PES WIND

Blade inspections made easy with Sterblue software Contact us at www.sterblue.com ~30min downtime 98% accuracy 1 integrated solution Automatic flight for Defect detection with Automate the whole off-the-shelf drones artificial intelligence inspection process

TALKING POINT Unlocking hidden cash in wind energy projects Words: Graham Beck, Innovation Funding Consultant at ABGI UK Whether it’s prototyping, development or experimentation with materials or physical production processes, there’s a wide variety of disciplines involved in advancing wind energy science across all elements of the turbine lifecycle. Even though renewable energy businesses are spending staggering amounts on developing new technologies, very few are actually claiming the hundreds of thousands of pounds they are entitled to through R&D tax relief. 108 PES WIND

TALKING POINT In the current economic climate, it’s expenditure, relief is available at £25.00 for hydrogen, push technological boundaries on a surprising that more wind energy businesses profit-making SMEs and £33.00 for daily basis. There’s a wide variety of disciplines haven’t already explored all of the tax loss-making SMEs. For large companies the involved in advancing the science responsible incentives available to help lighten the Research and Development Expenditure for energy production, all of which could burden by either reducing tax payable or Credit (RDEC) scheme provides relief as a qualify for substantial tax rebates. securing a tax repayment. Especially now, as taxable credit set at 13% of the qualifying the offshore wind sector in particular must R&D expenditure. There are many examples of incredible accelerate innovation in order to reduce the advances in the field of wind energy, cost of energy production as we move A common misconception is that the scheme spearheaded by innovative businesses making towards net zero targets. is just for companies with R&D departments successful R&D tax relief claims. This includes and men in white coats. The fact is that any companies which are able to safely enhance Introduced by the UK Government in 2000, company that spends money trying to the yield of their wind turbines as well as those the R&D tax relief scheme is designed to improve a product or service through a which have advanced the design of their rotor encourage innovation and global technological advance, using qualified staff blades to improve reliability, structural competitiveness by allowing companies to and appropriate project controls, and where resistance, aerodynamic properties and reclaim some of the money invested in there’s doubt about the project’s success, is noise-related performance. Others are qualifying research and development. As one likely to be eligible. working on improving the maximum of the government’s most generous forms achievable output, increasing the reliability of for tax relief R&D tax credits are generally The benefits of the programme include instrumentation for use in high energy considered to be one of the most attractive increased cashflow, which is especially environments, as well as developing efficient tax reliefs available, often resulting in important to innovative, developing renewable energy storage devices at remote, offshore, significant cash repayments from HMRC. energy companies. It also encourages renewable energy sites in extreme climates. development of a corporate philosophy that It’s available to all kinds of businesses, and embraces innovation and improvement. According to the top performing renewable has proven very lucrative in the past for energy sectors, as measured by how much companies in the process and manufacturing Many businesses associated with the they recovered in R&D tax credits from the sector. For every £100 of qualifying R&D production of renewable energy, from wind to government last year, here are just a few WWW.PESWIND.COM 109

TALKING POINT examples of what can be claimed for. The list • H ave you developed new tools, products Graham Beck is by no means exhaustive, but provides an or services using technology? idea of the types of work in your sector that the item to qualify for R&D tax relief. It’s very could well be eligible for R&D tax credits. • H ave you tried to improve your existing important that companies identify and assess products through technical changes? which parts of the ‘first-in-class’ items • M eeting higher efficiency targets, contribute towards eligible expenditure. It’s generating more power, safely, and • H ave you had to resolve technical always wise to seek professional advice before delivering reliable electricity generation. problems with any of your products? undertaking a claim. • Improving durability and robustness • H ave you found more efficient ways to Involving a specialist adviser will help you through minimising or eliminating produce your products or services? submit your claim in the most efficient way premature component failure: caused by possible, and support you to demonstrate the high number of load cycles and • Have you experimented with new operating conditions, and minimising equipment or production techniques? wear associated with loads and vibrations. This applies to the gearbox, the drive train • At the start of a project, did you ever think and bearings, the hydraulic system, the ‘I’m not sure of the best way to do this’? mechanical braking system, the electronic controls and so on. • H ave any of your projects failed for technical reasons? • Advancing the design of the rotor blades for improved reliability, structural Things to watch out for when making resistance, aerodynamic properties and a claim noise-related performance. One of the problems involving claims for R&D • R educing environmental issues affecting tax relief is separating the routine parts of a local wildlife. project from the non-routine, especially when dealing with large, high-value, complex Is your project eligible? ‘first-in-class’ items. If you can answer ‘yes’ to most of these HMRC recognises that ‘first in-class’ items questions then, based on our experience can entail a significant level of innovation, and across thousands of clients, you could have a that the production of such an item can successful claim: involve one or two R&D projects. However, HMRC doesn’t expect the entire build cost of 110 PES WIND

TALKING POINT which of your activities qualify under the claiming R&D tax relief was undoubtedly the About ABGI scheme; open up a new revenue stream to fund right decision for us. We were allocated a further R&D projects; and learn how to make technical consultant who was professional ABGI-UK’s large team of technical the best use of the scheme going forward. and represented good value for money – analysts have specific scientific and ensuring the process was quick and easy, technical backgrounds and years of Make sure you investigate your eligibility. which meant we could accelerate the industrial experience which have R&D tax relief can be complex and time development of these new ideas for the resulted in an extremely high success consuming, but with careful consideration, wind industry. rate in securing R&D tax relief and grant R&D tax credits can provide significant funding for clients. financial rewards to companies performing a ‘The scheme is a no-brainer for innovative broad range of activities. businesses looking to enhance technology The team has also recently been for the benefit of the wider sector. supporting manufacturers of offshore Case study wind components to make the most of Grant funding the Offshore Wind Investment BlackFish Engineering Design, which Programme. This was announced earlier provides innovative engineering design for Following the government’s commitment to in the year by the Department for offshore renewable energy, from initial ‘building back better and greener’, the Business, Energy and Industrial concept stage, right through to a verified Department for Business, Energy and Strategy (BEIS) to support the delivery solution, recently benefitted from an R&D Industrial Strategy (BEIS) has a number of of manufacturing investment in the tax relief claim. grant funding schemes in place to the tune of offshore wind supply chain following the around £177 million. government’s commitment to ‘building Tim Warren, Director at BlackFish back better and greener’. Engineering Design, said: ‘The R&D tax relief A further £2 million is available through boosted our cashflow and that enabled us to the Defence and Security Accelerator ABGI UK is part of the ABGI Group which reinvest in new conceptual ideas to help (DASA) competition that is seeking proposals secures more than £1bn in tax credits overcome some industry challenges. During from business that can provide future and grant funding every year for many the last six months, we embarked on at least offshore wind farm mitigation for UK Air of the world’s best-known brands three commercial projects that wouldn’t Defence surveillance. including the global digital industrial have otherwise been possible. These company General Electric. included the development of new tooling to Designed to support and encourage innovation enable the replacement of wind turbine in renewable energy, with a particular focus on This information and further details blades without the need for a crane, as well as innovative technologies and collaborations from Jane Maher at JPM Marketing a hydraulic clamp mechanism used to designed to reduce the cost of energy, it’s significantly reduce the time taken to definitely worth watching out for new funding T: 07887 995 589 assemble a wind turbine tower on site. streams becoming available. E: [email protected] ‘Enlisting professional support to assist with www.abgi-uk.com WWW.PESWIND.COM 111

TALKING POINT aGcreceelnerHa2ting the energy transition 112 PES WIND

TALKING POINT In a recent statement, Fatih Birol, head of the International Energy Agency, affirmed his belief that in order to achieve the targets of the Paris Climate Agreement, global low carbon hydrogen production must reach 40 million tons annually by 2030, requiring an almost one hundredfold increase from today’s levels. The European Commission just announced its hydrogen strategy, which includes the ambitious goal of reaching an annual production capacity of one million tons of renewable hydrogen by 2024, and ten million tons by 2030. A new wind and hydrogen project in the Danish North Sea aims to become one of the world’s largest renewable hydrogen plants, featuring a standalone 1 GW of electrolyser capacity that will use electricity from wind turbines to produce hydrogen, with dedicated pipelines connecting it to industrial demand in Belgium and the Netherlands. Germany followed suit with plans to build up to 5 GW of electrolysis capacity. Several other solar-to-hydrogen demonstration projects are also underway. These examples make it clear that hydrogen to function, as pumped storage dammed dominates public discourse and cutting-edge hydroelectricity does. It can be stored over projects as the potential technology of the long periods and transported over long future. It promises to bridge the distances, unlike large battery storage. It can intermittency gaps of renewable energy be used to produce other gases such as generation and provide a clean and methane or ammonia, as well as liquid fuels. transportable energy carrier that can replace It has a higher energy density on a volumetric fossil fuels in combustion applications. basis as compared to batteries, making it Propelled by policymakers and industry alike, suitable as a transport fuel. this promising solution to a techno-economic problem has given rise to Currently, hydrogen is produced on an an entirely new energy economy subsector industrial scale mainly through natural gas, bearing its name: the hydrogen economy. with the output referred to as grey hydrogen. Though carbon-free when burnt, this is The operational principle of the hydrogen merely a case of transferring carbon economy is this: at times when production emissions from the place of consumption to exceeds demand, surplus energy is the place of production. Where carbon converted into hydrogen sourced from water emissions from hydrogen production are through electrolysis, which can then either captured and stored, the assigned be used on the spot to generate electrical color-coding changes to blue, marking a power or be transported over long distances more environmentally friendly version. A to demand centres, without a loss of energy turquoise designation has been assigned to content. The benefits are many: a versatile the products of pyrolysis where instead of energy carrier, hydrogen is carbon-free when CO2 the carbon residues are collected in solid burnt and emits only water vapour. It does form. If gained through nuclear-powered not require a particular geographic contour production, the output is interchangeably WWW.PESWIND.COM 113

TALKING POINT termed red, pink or purple. Hydrogen gained night hours when aggregate energy demand may be skipped in onshore projects where through renewables-powered production is typically low. Similarly, there will be times network water is accessible. The next stage has, fittingly, been categorized as green. when prevailing winds lead to low output in the train is an electrolyser, which separates This article aims to critically examine the levels and the system will require additional water molecules into O2 and H2. The resulting feasibility of precisely that. supply sources to meet load demand. hydrogen is then either injected into a gas distribution grid or stored for use at a later To fully comprehend the impact this bridge In a recent example, significant price hikes stage. Local storage can be configured at low technology promises to bring to the were experienced by consumers during the pressure conditions to minimise safety risks, electricity industry, it is necessary to February 2021 power outages in Texas, USA. thereby protecting asset integrity and contemplate the inherent needs of electrical Due to an unusual cold spell, entire blocks of keeping insurance costs in check. The final energy systems. conventional and renewable generation stage comprises fuel cells, where the stored infrastructure went offline and left power hydrogen is converted back to electricity and A key problem with electricity is that the utilities with few and expensive options to which can be dispatched on demand. The sources and uses of power on a grid must be continue to supply the grid. The crisis current end-to-end efficiency of the full train balanced at all times. Generated power must resulted in millions of homes being left approaches 50%. be tweaked continuously to equal grid losses without power, billions of dollars in damages and load demand at every instant, which and over 100 deaths. An effective arsenal of There are several possible practical means that more power must be available to energy storage technologies that can be applications of this storage: firstly, the come online at a moment’s notice and be dispatched on demand is therefore essential straightforward conversion of electrical technically and economically able to be to the stability and to the secure economic power to hydrogen for injection into gas dispatched on demand at times when load operation of energy systems. grids, which is also the solution that demand tends to exceed power supply. In the maximises systems integration in line with reverse case, supply of electrical power must Hydrogen as a means of energy storage the EU’s strategic thinking. be able to be curtailed at times when demand precisely addresses the problem of starts to drop below supply levels. This intermittency and the inherent need for Pipeline grids in Europe are already aligning balanced relationship is monitored in curtailments and balancing of energy their systems proactively to enable the real-time by controlling upwards or systems, enabling a wider reliance on co-mingling of hydrogen into the gas mix and downwards power frequency deviations from renewable energy sources. The EU in some cases developing the potential to the regulated levels of 50 Hz, applicable to Commission’s strategy on the subject transition to pure-hydrogen operations. The most countries, or 60 Hz (in the USA and a recognises that an integrated energy system volumetric energy content of hydrogen is few other places). that utilises existing gas infrastructure is lower than that of all fossil fuels, making more cost-effective than one relying on logistics operations costlier. This is offset by A difficulty faced specifically by renewable maximum electrification. For the same other factors, such as rising CO2 emission energy sources compared to other reason, the Commission’s climate target plan prices, driving an increase in demand in large electricity-generating technologies is their foresees an extensive reliance on hydrogen, markets like maritime and mobility, with inability to be dispatched on demand, as they by as much as 9% of the EU’s energy demand indications of valid business cases. Given are dependent on the availability of the in 2050 compared to less than 2% today. the uncertainty around market prices for respective resource, namely wind in the case hydrogen, some reliance on regulation and of wind farms or sun in the case of solar How does this work technically? The basic potentially subsidies is required for the facilities. An electrical system that relies setup in offshore projects comprises a sector to take off. This can be expected to heavily on wind infrastructure will invariably desalination unit where a moderate spark a virtuous circle of reinvestments and find itself in situations where more wind throughput of sea water is used, R&D, leading to further cost and efficiency power is available for harvesting than is approximately equal to a quarter of a cubic optimisations in the industry. Factoring in required on the grid – for instance, during meter of H2O per stored MWh. This stage 114 PES WIND

TALKING POINT the effect of carbon taxes, hydrogen may be at the offshore substation or at the individual transition, alongside wind farms and other able to become an economic substitute to tower bottom platforms, with the alternative renewable energy systems. Whether in natural gas by its own merit. being to place the hydrogen facility at or near micro-grids or in interconnected grids, they the export cable landfall location. offer an accessible solution to bridging Secondly, this technology can be applied in production intermittency and balancing grids. cases of small, isolated micro-grids, where A basic SWOT analysis of this technology there is already abundant choice of modular should highlight: Christos Kosmas power-to-hydrogen-to-power solutions that can complement generating infrastructure, • Strengths: versatile, carbon-free energy Christos Kosmas is a finance executive be it wind or solar, to achieve self-balancing. storage carrier that can be stored over long specializing in energy infrastructure. The cost of running such facilities can be periods and transported over long distances. He manages direct investments with a significant, with an end-to-end levelised cost net asset value of EUR 1bn in the of electricity (LCoE), excluding the input cost • Weaknesses: LCoE ranges at high levels; renewable energy and natural gas of electricity, still ranging above 100 EUR/ end-to-end solution requires complex infrastructure space and heads the MWh. Despite the high LCoE, this can still be storage and transportation infrastructure project finance function at Energy competitive given the cost – and in some when hydrogen is produced in remote Infrastructure Partners AG. cases the environmental impact – of the next plants; limited direct use in hydrogen- best storage or balancing alternatives. powered applications; reliance on policy Energy Infrastructure Partners AG or subsidies. Thirdly, hydrogen storage systems Energy Infrastructure Partners AG (EIP) alongside interconnected wind farm • O pportunities: hydrogen is a key is a Swiss manager of collective assets infrastructure can serve a wide range of component of the energy transition, and focused on high quality, large-scale functions: they can be used to store energy strongly supported by policymakers; CO2 renewables and system-critical energy at times of grid-imposed curtailments and prices ranging at present at all-time highs infrastructure assets. With over CHF 4 of low or negative grid electricity prices. offer additional support to carbon-free billion under management, EIP These applications can be cost-competitive solutions; smart networks expected to leverages an extensive industry to a varying degree depending on the enable further optimisation potential network, broad transaction experience differential between peak and low electricity across integrated energy systems. and close partnerships with energy prices, with the main question here being suppliers and the public sector in order the correct dimensioning of the capacity of • Threats: other technical developments that to develop and manage solutions for the power-to-hydrogen-to-power facility to may offer higher efficiency or lower LCoE. institutional investors globally. Its maximise usage over its lifetime. clients primarily focus on pension funds, In conclusion, the cost of clean hydrogen is insurances and large family offices Importantly, wind farm hydrogen storage can underpinned by the capital cost and seeking investments in long-term, also cover the self-consumption electricity efficiency of such systems, which are stable cash flow-generating assets that needs of generating facilities. These expected to continue on their downward also contribute to security of energy applications become cost-competitive trend. Public policy is essential in order to supply, positive economic and social where industrial consumer prices of create regulatory clarity, incentivise a critical development, and the retirement electricity are high. In offshore wind farms, mass of demonstration projects and create provision of the population. hydrogen production can be sized demand through production subsidies. appropriately to also cover the fuel needs of crew transport vessels (CTVs). One added Even though power-to-hydrogen-to-power complication is the significant increase in systems still face a few hurdles to cross, the space needs and design structural tolerance balance appears to be in their favour. They have an important role to play in the energy WWW.PESWIND.COM 115

THINK TANK Location is key to tapping into the utility data goldmine Words: Jay Cadman, SVP, Enterprise at IQGeo Currently there is an abundance of data. A recent report from GlobalData highlighted how the ever-increasing deployment of smart devices and technologies within smart energy grids is creating an exponentially growing pool of utility big data. In fact, utilities are increasingly implementing technologies such as cloud computing, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, blockchain, and cybersecurity, with power grids now incorporating smart capabilities such as built-in processing, connectivity, and sensors as standard. 116 PES WIND

THINK TANK This is being driven by the move to cent by 2050. In order to cope with this huge Cross-departmental silos are resulting in intermittent renewable power which requires increase in demand without overloading the lost potential energy operators to monitor and manage grid, it is no surprise that the industry is demand as well as supply to balance the grid. ramping up investment in technologies for The challenge for utility and energy The growing use of smart charging and everything from predictive maintenance to companies, however, will be capitalising on metering across electric vehicles and ‘smart’ data-driven flexible pricing. the tools and data available in order to make household appliances will see utilities using them usable, actionable and ultimately sensors and machine learning to predict and In the coming years, renewable smart grids profitable. As well as significantly streamlining control live energy use from household to will be collecting valuable data on everything business processes and workflows and highway, generating a further valuable pool from local weather trends and consumer simplifying operational and field teams’ of consumer Big Data. usage patterns to cybersecurity threat day-to-day work, these developments patterns. This could transform utilities into big represent a commercial goldmine. Indeed, according to a separate report from data powerhouses and significantly increase the International Energy Agency (IEA), their market value in a data economy. Without Today, there still exists a significant challenge approximately 20 per cent of total global overstating the point, data could become in commercialising these huge volumes of energy consumption is currently electric, their most valuable commodity. data. Unlike digitally native technology with that figure projected to rise to 50 per companies, utilities were never originally set up to capture and commercialise data, often leaving their organisational culture, business models and processes poorly equipped to handle the influx. Silos between departments and workflows from maintenance to engineering, customer service, and construction as well as incompatible smart tools and technologies mean that information is not being integrated effectively. Some network data is still held in non-interactive 2D form, which cannot easily be populated with new updates from as-builts or repairs to sensor and smartphone data from the field. These companies have isolated, hierarchical data systems such as grid maps accessible only to specialist cartographers rather than open, democratic, user-friendly data systems accessible to employees from call-centre staff to field workers. Crucially, they do not fully harness the power of geospatial location to link data to its real-world context and make it actionable. Location is the most valuable dataset because it is the one on which all the other datasets depend. For example, knowing the location of customer complaint hotspots could illuminate a link between local vegetation encroachment and power cuts in that area. ESG demands are adding to commercial pressures Justifiably, utilities are now also under growing pressure to reduce the environmental and social impact of energy. Environmental and Social Governance (ESG) requirements demand companies build socially and environmentally responsible practices into everything from engineering to maintenance. There is also commercial pressure; in the US, Environmental Protection Agency regulations are reducing the valuation of power companies by increasing the operational cost and risk of power generation. Consumers are increasingly eco-conscious and utility operators can suffer severe reputational damage from high-profile environmental or social disruption. The key to successful Environmental and Social Governance is for utility operators and energy companies to adopt open, decentralised geospatial grid data that can be WWW.PESWIND.COM 117

THINK TANK geospatial systems capable of absorbing knowledge from the ‘edges’ of their organisation and network, and make this information available to all departments, employees, and even customers. This means faster and more efficient customer service and more adaptive, resilient smart grids. Lessons learned in one operational area can also be quickly captured and cross-pollinated across the organisation. For example, data on how a cold spell affected gas pipes in one region could be absorbed to upgrade the entire grid with heated pipes and better insulation to prevent a future freeze affecting the whole network. It means everything from customer call-outs to equipment defects can be instantly overlaid onto network geospatial data to identify the site and source of problems. Open APIs would allow this data to be exported for other uses from machine learning to cyber security, ensuring richer and more open geospatial data. A geospatial view would also enable companies to derive new insights from Big Data, spot commercial opportunities and risks and realise the commercial and ESG value of their data. In other words, geospatial information is the missing link between utility big data and commercial value, representing a crucial asset capable of markedly increasing the valuation of utility firms. www.iqgeo.com/ easily integrated with ecological, of geography states ‘everything is related to Bio environmental, or social data. Multi-layered everything else, but near things are more digital twins of energy networks could enable related than distant things.’ Jay Cadman, SVP, Enterprise at IQGeo, operators to map and model the impact of has over 25 years’ experience in upgrades, repairs, or new networks on Geospatial data is the most important form successfully building B2B technology everything from walking and cycling routes for of all because it is the one that connects all sales and marketing organizations. He nearby people to migrating birds or traffic. other forms of data together and makes has worked in large multi-nationals, as This would ensure holistic network planning them actionable, helping to illuminate the well as start-ups in North America, and maintenance not only to protect power crucial causal link between events and Europe and Asia including GE, supplies, but also to encourage commercial location. Overlaying customer complaint Smallworld and Ubisense. and reputational success in the process. hotspots onto geospatial weather data could illuminate the link between climate trends Jay has successfully led entry and ‘Most networks lack a single integrated and interference with local power supply. The expansion in telecommunications, overview of their assets’ location of cyber security attacks on power utilities, manufacturing, aerospace and grids could be merged with geospatial data military markets internationally and Cross-sector data sharing is also vital to on local customer infrastructure to reveal specializes in building high performance helping drive smarter holistic infrastructure why the hackers are targeting power grids in highly motivated teams. planning. For example, we are partnering with specific areas. Location data could also system integrators to harness cross-sector reveal commercially valuable data on demand data on infrastructure such as utility poles and patterns that could serve both ESG and housing developments to inform holistic revenue objectives. utility grid planning that complements rather than clashes with existing services. We’re also Open geospatial data is the answer working with IBM to integrate satellite data on vegetation cover with geospatial systems of This requires utilities to use decentralised energy grids. Consolidated cross-sector geospatial information systems capable of datasets on the proximity of planned extracting data from any source in the field infrastructure to nearby environmental and integrating it with other datasets. features such as forests can also help utilities Companies need to map changes to their achieve ESG commitments. network in real-time and in a form that is easily accessible to other departments and Simply put, most networks lack a single workflows, from maintenance to integrated overview of their assets. Many engineering. Data should be more open, networks have not integrated their many democratic and non-hierarchical so that it datasets and sources with geospatial data, draws on a rich array of sources. which is the crucial connection between all data and the real world. As Tobler’s first law The most pioneering companies are using 118 PES WIND

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For more information: nov.com/gustomsc www.durhamlifting.co.uk 27/05/2021 13:35:01 PES Full Page.indd 1 02/06/2021 11:27 PROTECTING ONE 2021OmUeTdiNaOdWata THEFUTURE COMPANY With a growing portfolio of high performance products, Seal For Life offers innovative corrosion prevention and INNOVATIVE thermal protection technologies. TECHNOLOGIES A track record of more than 60 years, always pushing the boundaries to develop new solutions for the ULTIMATE challenges of tomorrow. PROTECTION We set our standards high and put our customers first. WIND POWER NOT HOT AIR Lanthan Safe Sky Associated British Ports TÜV SÜD Conference call WunderOcean DNV VertAx Ltd ABGI UK Trelleborg Natural Power SupAirVision Conference Call Discussing aircraft The latest on the UK’s drive Lifetime extension: PES looks back on a A look into sizing of wind South East Asia’s energy Steven Peace explains Graham Beck discusses We hear from Richard Beesley, Iain Dinwoodie explains about Developments & PES looks forward to detection lighting toward net zero making full use of real and virtual show: turbine generators demand looks set for where the offshore wind advancing wind energy Innovation and Business wind asset management innovations in the UAV some of the leading and systems (ADLS) installed capacity a true hybrid explosive growth sector is set to expand science across all elements Development Director market to meet the needs most eagerly anticipated of the turbine lifecycle of the wind sector events of the year WIND WIND WIND We are delighted to bring you the very latest product We are pleased to bring you some of the most recent Once again, we are excited to present you the latest innovation & developments from across the global innovation & product developments from the global product & technology innovations, as well as project wind industry, along with looking into some of the wind sector. We also look into some of the advances in developments and advances from a number of key major policy developments across the sector. We are project installation & industry legislation. We are thrilled movers and shakers in the global wind market. We excited to bring you some of the thoughts & views from to bring you some views and insight from several industry have the pleasure of hearing from several of the several of the industry’s key players & leading names. mainstays, as well as from more recent movers and shakers. industry’s leading names, and front runners. PLUS, enjoy our latest helping of incisive insight, PLUS, enjoy our latest objective assessment, opinion PLUS, our regular helping of opinion, industry insight & analysis opinion & analysis & industry analysis POWER AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS • ISSUE 1, 2021 POWER AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS • ISSUE 2, 2021 POWER AND ENERGY SOLUTIONS • ISSUE 3, 2020 C SMART JUST SMARTER M GOT SMARTER SAFER Y FASTER CM An already intelligent sector is evolving further still. MY CY ROBOTICS: CMY THE FUTURE? K © Messe München © Jan Kopřiva on Unsplash WIND ENERGY’S ESSENTIAL MEDIA DESTINATION 18,000+ READERS EXTENSIVE ONLINE AND MOBILE REACH BIG NAME INTERVIEWS NEWS, VIEWS AND ANALYSIS UNMISSABLE FEATURES AND AGENDA-SETTING COMMENT email [email protected] today sealforlife.com www.peswind.com WindCube lidars Wind Power Order free sample: www.renolit-cp.com Proven. Accurate. Reliable. 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We can supply equipment from any of our production facilities in Europe, Asia, North and South America, applying the same standards and know-how. Our R&D Policy is focused on reliability and cost effectiveness from a global point of view, optimizing the whole solution in terms of Levelized Cost of Energy. We are flexible in designs and R&D solutions, operations, different business models or additional value-added services. 30/3/20 15:46 WINDFIT® INNOVATIVE DECISION MAKING SOLUTION MHO-Co hybrid CTVs We combine digital expertise with IoT technology to boost your windfarm’s performance. WindFit detects issues with your turbine and recommends optimization actions that help Safe, reliable and green crew transfer you make money while saving time. CLEAN FUEL Plug & Play Sensor Box • Windfit® smart sensors for OFFSHORE WIND GREEN MARINE independent real-time monitoring • 10 parameters checked up to 100 times/sec on each turbine • Third party data sources. 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Facebook.com/MHOvessels [email protected] · www.mho-co.dk ISO 9001 Tel: +45 53 70 46 45 LinkedIn.com/company/mho-co-a-s ISO 14001 GustoMSC/NOV: IFC Atlas Copco: 31 Durham Lifting: 53 www.nov.com/gustomsc www.atlascopco.com www.durhamlifting.co.uk Seal For Life: 11 Enerpac: 37 PES Wind: 58 www.sealforlife.com www.enerpac.com www.peswind.com Leosphere: 21 Ingeteam: 45 RENOLIT CP: 59 www.windcubelidar.com www.ingeteam.com www.renolit-cp.com sereema: 25 MHO-Co: 49 Offshore Energy 21: 76 www.sereema.com www.mho-co.dk www.offshore-energy.biz 120 PES WIND

ADVERTISERS' INDEX ONE STEP Spare parts and repair material for AHEAD wind turbines. Directly from a IN REDUCING single source. NOISE EMISSIONS As a specialized distributor for the wind energy industry Geislinger provides tailor-made and long-lasting product solutions for we supply all products for the maintenance and next-generation drivetrains and offers the appropriate product solution repair of wind turbines from one source only. for both geared and direct-driven wind turbines to effectively reduce noise emissions and avoid tonalities. More: geislinger.com Contact us: [email protected] +49 (0)40 98 76 88 00 WINDSOURCING.COM GmbH Lippeltstraße 1 D-20097 Hamburg, Germany Visit our online shop: www.windsourcing.com Acra Dyne HT Ad FINAL with Doug's Corrections_test.indd 1 6/14/2021 9:46:26 AM Portable Offshore Accommodation Standardized or specialized solutions ENABLING THE FUTURE OF OFFSHORE WIND Six out of ten offshore wind turbines in Europe are shipped from the port of Esbjerg in Denmark. As such, the port of Esbjerg plays a crucial role in realising the EU’s ambition of installing offshore wind turbines with a capacity totalling 60 GW by 2030 and 300 GW by 2050. Achieving these ambitious targets will require close and smart collaboration across the supply chain. From production and storage to shipping. This is exactly where Port Esbjerg can contribute, because all this already takes place at the port today. Port Esbjerg is a reliable partner and the facilities at the port are scalable and sustainable. Together we can make the future greener. PORTESBJERG.COM Offshore Accommodation www.ela-offshore.com Blade inspections OUR SERVICES made easy with HST Marine services Sterblue software include the following: Hybrid CTV with high bollard push, • Crew transfer of high performance with zero emissions technicians for mode, 2021 delivery - UK designed, construction and maintenance of offshore UK built, UK owned and operated. platforms • Cargo transport to offshore platforms • ROV support • Refueling of generators, maintenance and recovery • Dive support • Survey & Guard vessel operations • Foundation cleaning HST are proud to be at the forefront of innovation! Contact us at www.sterblue.com ~30min downtime 98% accuracy 1 integrated solution Automatic flight for Defect detection with Automate the whole off-the-shelf drones artificial intelligence inspection process Geislinger: 77 www.hst-marine.com  [email protected]  +44 2039 761109 www.geislinger.com Windsourcing: 119 Wicetec: 81 www.windsourcing.com www.wicetec.com Aimco: 122 Port Esbjerg: 87 www.aimco-global.com www.portesbjerg.com ELA: IBC Sterblue: 107 www.ela-offshore.com www.sterblue.com HST Marine: OBC www.hst-marine.com WWW.PESWIND.COM 121

# WORD ON THE TWEET Here is the PES round up of some of the latest industry tweets WindEurope @WindEurope Today WindEurope called for a Europe- wide landfill ban on decommissioned wind turbine blades by 2025. Europe’s wind industry actively commits to re-use, recycle, or recover 100% of decommissioned blades. Embassy of the Netherlands in Ireland @NLinIreland #3Day of our Offshore Wind Trade Mission focused on floating offshore wind has the resources to become a major exporter of energy, with the upscaling of port infrastructure. In partnership with ports & maritime sector, projects & supply chains can be successfully developed. Prysmian Group @PrysmianGroup Wind energy is constantly developing: if growth trends are confirmed, this green energy could cover 20% of global electricity demand by 2030, with a reduction of CO2 emissions by over 3 billion tons. per year. This is a great target for a sustainable future. #GlobalWindDay Iberdrola Renewables @Iberdrola_En ALLIED with the wind to continue delivering the energy of the future, on land and at sea. PIONEERS in #offshorewind 15 years ago, today we are a leader in innovation worldwide. A big GREEN revolution for a better Current Affairs @Testbook_CA Wind energy is currently a mature and mainstream technology and has great potential, the significance of the day is huge as more people should be aware of wind energy. #WorldWindDay #WorldWindDay2021 PES WIND 122 Acra Dyne HT Ad FINAL with Doug's Corrections_test.indd 1 6/14/2021 9:

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Hybrid CTV with high bollard push, OUR SERVICES high performance with zero emissions mode, 2021 delivery - UK designed, HST Marine services include the following: UK built, UK owned and operated. • Crew transfer of technicians for construction and maintenance of offshore platforms • Cargo transport to offshore platforms • ROV support • Refueling of generators, maintenance and recovery • Dive support • Survey & Guard vessel operations • Foundation cleaning HST are proud to be at the forefront of innovation! www.hst-marine.com  [email protected]  +44 2039 761109