ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbooks

nomic Blueprint as the master plan to guide the 5. Banudilpdrionmg AotSeEgAreNatIedreanwtaitrye:nMesasiannsdtrecaomm- establishment of the AEC. 164 mon values in the spirit of unity in diver- sity at all levels of society in ASEAN. ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community 6. dNuacrtrioownionfgdtehveelDopemveelnopt mgaepnstinGpapar:tRiceu-lar ADRoSesEpauABtNyalSSaeo(cc2ri0eo1t-a2Cr-u2y-0ltG1u7er)nael rCaol mofmAuSnEiAtyN: Hfo.Er . Alicia the social dimensions of development The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community between the ASEAN-6 and the CLMV countries and within ASEAN where some (ASCC) is one of the three pillars of the ASEAN isolated pockets of under development Community as founded by Bali Concord II in persist. 2003. The goal of the ASCC is to promote a people-centric and socially responsible ASEAN In regard to the protection of rights, the Community. The socio-cultural aspect focuses ASEAN Member States have sanctioned the Con- on building a caring, sharing, and inclusive vention on the Elimination of All Forms of Dis- society which endeavors to enhance the quality crimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the of life of the people. The framework provided by Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). 165 the ASCC Blueprint reinforces the community’s belief in the people, appreciation of the shared cultural heritage, upholding of shared values, and strengthening of their institutions’ effectiveness and capacities. Strategic direction is described in key focus areas that involve: 1. tHouhmumananDdeveveleoloppmmeenntt: Equitable access opportunities by promoting and investing in education and life-long learning, human resource train- ing and capacity building, encourage in- novation and entrepreneurship, promote the use of English language, ICT and applied science and technology in socio- economic development activities. 2. tSioocniaolfWpoevlfearrtye, aenndsuPrirnogtescotcioianl:wAelllfeavriea- and protection, building safe, secure and drug free environment, enhancing disaster resilience and addressing health development concerns. 3. sSoocciiaalljJuusstitciceeaannddmRaiignhsttrse:aPmroinmgoptieoonploef’s rights into its policies and all spheres of life – including the rights and welfare of disadvantaged, vulnerable and marginal- ized groups such as women, children, the elderly, persons with disabilities and migrant workers. 4. EPrnostuercitniognEonfvniraotunrmalernestaoluSrcuestfaoirneacboinliotym:- ic and social development including the sustainable management and conservation of soil, water, mineral, energy, biodiversity, forest, coastal and marine resources as well as the improvement in water and air qual- ity for the ASEAN region. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 51

MEMBERSHIP 52 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 53

GUIDING DOCUMENTS Guiding Documents resolutions. It is essential to an understanding of During the previous nearly four decades, the the ASEAN disaster response posture today to ASEAN Member States have evolved their Hu- understand this evolution. The key documents manitarian Assistance and Disaster Management have been reviewed and analyzed for specific planning through a series of concords (i.e., agree- references to disaster management in policy and ment or harmony between and among peoples or guidance as presented in this section. groups), declarations, treaties and legally binding Chronology of Relevant Disaster Response/Humanitarian Assistance Guidance YEAR TITLE 1976 Bali Concord I (BCI) 1976 ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on Natural Disasters 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) 1998 Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA) 2003 Declaration of ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II or BCII) 2004 Vientiane Action Program (VAP) 2007 ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint 2007 Guidelines on the Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defence Assets (MCDA) in Disaster Relief – “Oslo Guidelines” 2009 ASEAN Agreement of Disaster Management and Emergency Response (AADMER) 2009 Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP) 2009 ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF) Work Plan for Disaster Relief 2009 Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration on the Roadmap for an ASEAN Community 2009 Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Strategic Framework and IAI Work Plan 2 2009 ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint 2009 ASEAN Social-Cultural Community Blueprint 2010 Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei) Plan of Action to Strengthen the ASEAN-EU Enhanced Partnership 2010 ASEAN-United Nations Strategic Plan for Cooperation on Disaster Management 2011 Bali Declaration on ASEAN Community in a Global Community of Nations, Bali Concord III (BCIII) 2011 South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation Agreement on Rapid Response for Natural Disasters 2012 Joint Statement of the 4th ASEAN-US Leaders Meeting 2013 Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: A Guide to International Tools and Services 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Military Assets (FMA) in Natural Disaster Response Operations Table 4: HA/DR Guidance 54 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management on Natural Disasters and Emergency Response Complementing BCI was the ASEAN Decla- The ACDM developed the AADMER through ration on Mutual Assistance on Natural Disas- a series of ACDM meetings, following the 2004 ters adopted in June 1976 at the 9th Ministerial Indonesian earthquake and tsunami.” Meeting in Manila, Philippines. The document identifies four declarations regarding establish- The basis for the agreement is derived from ing cooperation, designating individual national the following documents: government agencies as the internal coordinating body of each Member State, identifying Member • Bangkok Declaration, August 1967 State assistance and response when requested in a major calamity, and responsibilities of a Member • ASEAN Agreement for the Facilitation of State requesting assistance. Search for Aircrafts and Distress and Rescue of Survivors of Aircraft Accidents, April 1972 Intra-ASEAN cooperation includes four ele- • ASEAN Agreement for the Facilitation of ments: Search of Ships in Distress and Rescue of 1. Improving disaster warning communication Survivors of Ship Accidents, May 1975 2. Exchanging experts and trainers in disaster • Declaration of ASEAN Concord I, February management disciplines 1976 3. Exchanging disaster management informa- • ASEAN Declaration on Mutual Assistance on tion and documents Natural Disasters, June 1976 4. Identifying the logistics chain for distrib- • Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security uting medical supplies, services and relief Reserve, October 1979 assistance • Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in South- The declaration also outlines the requirement for east Asia, 1998 each Member State to: • Designate a national government agency as • UN General Assembly Resolution 46/182, December 1991 (UN call for an integrated the coordinating agency to gather, collate and approach to disaster management and a cul- exchange disaster management data ture of prevention) • Extend needed assistance within their capa- bility and capacity as requested • ASEAN Agreement on Trans-boundary Haze • Establish processes to (when notified in Pollution, June 2002 advance) facilitate transit of vessels, aircraft, authorized people, supplies and equipment • UNM General Assembly Resolution 57/578, consistent with its laws December 2002 (UN encouragement for • Establish processes to facilitate entry of ves- increased regional and sub-regional coopera- sels, aircraft, authorized people, supplies and tion in disaster preparedness and response to equipment for rescue and relief free from include capacity building) taxes and other duties or charges166 • Declaration of ASEAN Concord II, October 2003 • ASEAN Regional Program on Disaster Man- agement, December 2003 (2004-2010) ASEAN pursued broader cooperation in the • Vientiane Action Program, November 2004 region through signing onto the Treaty of Am- (2004-2010) ity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, following BCI and adoption of the ASEAN Declaration on • Declaration on Action to Strengthen Emer- Mutual Assistance on Natural Disasters. gency Relief, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction and Prevention in the Aftermath of the Earth- quake and Tsunami Disaster, December 2004 ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 55

GUIDING DOCUMENTS • JUanNuGareyn2e0ra0l5A(sUseNmRbelyspRoenssoelutotiothne5I9n/d2o7n9,e- of operational procedures and mechanisms sia earthquake and tsunami. i.e., emergency and rapid mobilization of resources. relief, rehabilitation, reconstruction and prevention) 3. Strengthen technical and institutional capac- ities of Member States through the provision • Hyogo Declaration and Framework for Ac- of capacity development and training pro- tion, January 2005 grams for disaster management, disaster risk reduction, and emergency response; through The AADMER is the first legally-binding active exchange of knowledge, experience Hyogo Framework of Action (HFA)-related in- and expertise using various sharing and strument in the world, which establishes regional learning modes; and through the facilitation policies, and operational and logistical mecha- of information and data sharing for integrat- nisms for ASEAN Member States to seek out and ed disaster preparedness and risk reduction extend assistance in disaster response. However, capacities. the AADMER neither sets specific targets as measures of successful implementation nor is 4. Assist Member States and promote regional there any mechanism to enforce compliance. The collaboration in mainstreaming disaster risk document relies on promoting Member States reduction into national development poli- collaboration in pursuing disaster mitigation, cies, plans and sectoral programs and in for- prevention, preparedness, response, recovery mulating and implementing risk reduction and rehabilitation. The HFA 2005-2015: Build- measures that link climate change adapta- ing the Resilience of Nations and Communities tion to ensure sustainable development. to Disasters, promotes a strategic and systematic approach to characterizing hazards, identifying 5. Foster closer partnerships and more collab- vulnerabilities capable of being exploited by vari- orative initiatives on disaster preparedness ous hazards, consequences of a hazard exploiting and response, disaster risk reduction and a vulnerability, and mitigation to reduce risk. It recovery and rehabilitation with partner underscored the need for, and identified ways of, organizations, international organizations, building the resilience of nations and communi- civil society organizations, academia, mili- ties to disasters.167 The HFA grew out of the 1994 tary and United Nations specialized agen- Yokohama Strategy for a Safer World: Guidelines cies, among others. for National Disaster Prevention, Preparedness, and Mitigation.168 A review of the details of the 6. Support community-based approaches in HFA and Yokohama Strategy is beyond the scope disaster management and enhance disaster of this analysis. However, it is important to know consciousness of the peoples in ASEAN to of these documents as they inform the policies instill a culture of safety and resilience. ASEAN adopted in the AADMER. The four strategic components of the AAD- The AADMER identifies the following six MER supporting the General Aims are Risk General Aims: Assessment, Early Warning and Monitoring; Prevention and Mitigation; Preparedness and 1. Improve the capacities of ASEAN for effec- Response; and Recovery.169 ASEAN describes tive and efficient regional early warning and six building blocks supporting these Strategic monitoring, preparedness, emergency re- Components. These building blocks are Institu- sponse, and disaster reduction in the region tionalizing the AADMER; Partnership Strategies; establishing supportive policies, systems, Resource Mobilization; Outreach and Main- plans, procedures, mechanisms, and institu- streaming; Training and Knowledge Manage- tional and legal frameworks, at both regional ment, and Information Management; and Com- and national levels. munication Technology.170 2. Enhance humanitarian assistance and emer- The AADMER Work Programs go on to iden- gency response coordination to provide ef- tify 31 implementation priorities establishing the ficient, timely, and reliable response to major support for the General Aims and the Strategic disasters through common implementation Components. These priorities are further catego- rized as 14 flagship programs in Phase 1, and 17 additional programs in Phase 2.171 56 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

The AADMER is comprised of 11 Parts and Additional obligations include a Member supported by 36 Articles. Of these said sections, State responding immediately to disasters this analysis addresses only those relevant to a within their territory and mitigating possible more comprehensive understanding of the objec- impacts to other Member States to include tive of the AADMER. information sharing. Member States are also required to respond promptly to assistance Part I General Provisions requests from other Member States. Finally, the agreement identifies the requirement for Defines terms and sets the AADMER’s objective, Member States to pursue legislative, admin- principles, and general obligations. istrative and any other appropriate actions Article 2, Objective: necessary for them to meet their obligations as outlined in the AADMER. The AADMER objective is to reduce disas- ter losses including not only lives but also so- Part II Disaster Risk Identification, cial, economic, and environmental resources. Assessment and Monitoring It includes the objective of coordinating joint responses nationally, regionally, and interna- Stipulates each Member State must monitor risk in tionally. its territory and transmit this information to the AHA Center via a National Focal Point. The AHA Article 3, Principles: Center will review, analyze, and re-transmit this Key elements of the principles include information. Article 5, Risk Identification and Monitoring: maintaining the sovereignty, territorial integ- rity and national unity of nations providing This article outlines detailed actions or receiving disaster relief. It establishes that Member States are expected to pursue. These the nation requesting assistance is respon- actions include identifying disaster risks in sible for direction, control, coordination and their sovereign territory, including natural supervision of this assistance within its sov- and human-made hazards; risk assessment; ereign territory. The agreement emphasizes vulnerability identification and monitoring; partnering, cooperation and coordination in and identifying Member State’s capacity for preparing for, responding to and recovering executing appropriate Disaster Management from a disaster. The agreement’s priority is actions. Member States are also expected to on disaster mitigation to include monitoring, assign risk levels to known hazards consistent and prevention. The agreement encourages with ASEAN criteria. Each Member State is sustainable broad development policies, plan- required to establish a National Focal Point ning and programming. Finally, pursuing the (NFP) responsible for regular status updates aims of the AADMER requires engagement to the ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance of all stakeholders including various commu- Center (AHA Center). Details of instituting nities, NGOs, and the private sector with a the Center and its functions are spelled out in focus on community-based solutions. the AADMER, Article 20, and the ANNEX, which founds the AHA Center and identifies Article 4, General Obligations: its 16 primary functions.172 Article 20, refer- These obligations extend placing the need enced later in this analysis, creates the AHA Center and outlines its role and responsibili- for cooperation in developing and putting ties. These responsibilities including receiv- into effect solutions to reduce disaster im- ing and consolidating status reports, mak- pacts, and develop monitoring and early ing recommendations regarding risk level, warning systems. Further, and perhaps most occasional risk independent risk analysis, and significantly, the agreement requires develop- communicating the analyzed data and risk ing standby arrangements for disaster relief level back to the NFPs. and emergency response. This requirement is manifested in the Standard Operating Pro- Part III Disaster Prevent and Mitigation cedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Directs Member States to strengthen national Emergency Response Operations (SASOP) described in more detail later in this analysis. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 57

GUIDING DOCUMENTS disaster risk reduction programs and develop a ASEAN Food Security Response Research regional program. Board for release of rice from the ASEAN Article 6, Prevention and Mitigation: Emergency Rice Reserve. It also includes regularly conducting training and exercises This Part and Article ascertain the need to attain, maintain and validate SOPs. Again, for Member States to develop strategies to the AHA Center is the repository for infor- identify, prevent and reduce disaster risk and mation regarding the SOPs. losses. This development effort extends to prevention and mitigation legislation, regula- Article 9, ASEAN Standby Arrangements for tions, policies, plans, programs and strategies. Disaster Relief and Emergency Response: The effort includes better local and national disaster management capability and coordi- In support of this Article, the Member nation, promoting public awareness through States developed the Standard Operating Pro- education and community participation, and cedure for Regional Standby Arrangements leveraging local knowledge and practices. and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Finally, regional planning must complement Emergency Response Operations (SASOP). national planning efforts. Part V Emergency Response Part IV Disaster Preparedness Specifies legal mechanisms to obtain and pro- Directs Member States to establish early warn- vide assistance between Member States. Parties ing systems and prepare SASOP arrangements. can communicate directly or through the AHA Prepare procedures for use of military and civil- Center. The articles listed below cover control of ian goods, equipment, and personnel, along with assisting assets, requirements to observe the as- preparing procedures for joint disaster relief and sisted state’s laws, identification requirements, and emergency response operations. transit/entry facilitation. Article 7, Disaster Early Warning: Article 10, National Emergency Response This Part and Article requires the Member Article 11, Joint Emergency Response through States to regularly assess risks, review early the Provision of Assistance warning information systems, ensure com- munication networks provide timely infor- Article 12, Direction and Control of Assistance mation delivery, and gauge public awareness and preparedness to act in the event of a Article 13, Respect of National Laws and Regula- disaster. Member States are also required tions to cooperatively monitor potential trans- boundary hazards to improve early warning Article 14, Exemptions and Facilities in Respect arrangements. of the Provision of Assistance Article 8, Preparedness: Article 15, Identification Article 8 focuses on loss reduction in the Article 16, Transit of Personnel, Equipment, Fa- event of a disaster which requires develop- cilities and Materials in Respect of the Provision ment of regional cooperation and national of Assistance action SOPs. The associated SOPs include standby arrangements for disaster relief and The SASOP is the Member States codification emergency response, use of military and of the requirements outlined in these Articles. civilian transportation, communications, ATortaicvloeisdarreednuontdoatnhceyr,wtihsee requirements of these facilities, goods and services to result in ef- detailed here. ficient trans-boundary logistics support, and coordination of disaster relief and emergency Part VI Rehabilitation response operations between and among Member States. These efforts involve growing Post-disaster rehabilitation and assistance between organic response capacities and capabilities. Member States. Complementing the enhanced capabili- ties and capacities is coordination with the Article 17, Rehabilitation: This Part and Article requires individual 58 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

and joint development of rehabilitation strat- (AHA Center): egies and programs to recover from a disaster This Part and Article creates the AHA through bilateral, regional and international cooperative efforts. Center, and outlines its roles and responsibili- ties in facilitating cooperation and coordina- Part VII Technical Cooperation and Scientific tion between the Member States and extends Research to the United Nations and other international states and organizations. The AHA Center Specifies Member States will cooperate on informa- also serves as the focal point for requesting tion exchange, research, training, and technical outside assistance in responding to a disaster capacity enhancement. that has overwhelmed a Member State’s capa- Article 18, Technical Cooperation: bility and capacity to respond. This Part and Article identify areas of A feature of the AHA Center is the cooperation that can serve to improve pre- ASEAN Emergency Response and Assess- paredness and mitigation efforts. These areas ment Team (ERAT). The ERAT is organized include resource mobilization internal to to support the Member States NDMO in ASEAN as well as with non-ASEAN states. It the initial phases of a disaster. In these early promotes standardizing data and information stages of a disaster, the ERAT conducts rapid and reporting formats to facilitate exchanging assessment, coordinates mobilization and information, expertise, technology, tech- deployment of regional disaster management niques, procedures and organic know-how. resources, and facilitates incoming assistance Raising public awareness through training from ASEAN Member States. The team is and education regarding disaster preven- managed by the AHA Center so the ERAT tion and mitigation is also required. Training is quickly deployable. The AHA Center will and education extends to local, national and activate and mobilize the ERAT following an regional policy makers, disaster managers, Affected Member State requesting assistance and disaster responders. All these efforts are from other Member States, or following the focused on growing overall technical capac- Affected Member State accepting another ity within ASEAN Member States. The AHA Member States assistance offer. 173 The ASE- Center serves as the information exchange AN ERAT’s training and response actions are for these efforts. guided by the Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (DANA) Manual, December Article 19, Scientific and Technical Research: 2008. This manual is a quick reference guide The primary focus is on protection of for ASEAN ERAT members, and can serve in the capacity of a checklist.174 Intellectual Property rights of the Member States as they engage and cooperate with There is also an ANNEX to the AADMER non-ASEAN entities in pursuing scientific that is a recapitulation of the 16 functions and technical research programs related to for which the AHA Center is responsible as means, methods, techniques and equipment outlined in the included Article summaries for risk reduction. The AHA Center serves as (i.e., Relevant Articles 5.4, 8.4, 8.6, 9.1, 9.2, the information broker for these efforts. 10.2, 11, 14.c, 16.2, 18.2, 19.2, 22.2 and 22.3 are each paraphrased in this analysis of the AADMER.) Part VIII ASEAN Coordination Center for Hu- Part IX Institutional Arrangements manitarian Assistance Establishes the Conference of the Parties (COP) AHA Center established for facilitating coopera- to review and evaluate the implementation of the tion between parties to the agreement and between AADMER. Member States, the UN, and international organi- zations. Article 21, Conference of the Parties: Establishes the governing body roles, respon- Article 20, ASEAN Coordinating Center for Hu- manitarian Assistance on disaster management sibilities, policies and procedures with regard to the AADMER. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 59

GUIDING DOCUMENTS Article 22, National Focal Point (NFP) and Com- SASOP and Coordination of Joint Disaster petent Authorities: Relief and Emergency Response Operations Identifies the requirement for each Mem- At the 11th ACDM meeting, the committee ber State to identify to the AHA Center the adopted the Standard Operating Procedure for initial NFP and one or more competent Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordi- authorities, and any future changes to these nation of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency designations, for implementing the agree- Response Operations (SASOP). The SASOP ment. The AHA Center will make these des- emerged from the AADMER requirement (Arti- ignations available to the Member States and cle 9) to establish ASEAN Standby Arrangements relevant international entities. for Disaster Relief and Emergency Response. Included in the SASOP is guidance regarding Article 23, the Secretariat and Article 24, Finan- the formation and activation of the AHA Cen- cial Arrangements: ter. These standby arrangements are expected to identify and earmark assets, capabilities and Provide administration details essential to capacities available to be deployed in support of the agreements implementation. Important to disaster relief and emergency response efforts fol- understanding the ASEAN disaster response lowing a disaster. process is knowing the agreement establishes the ASEAN disaster management and emer- In general, the previously described AADMER gency relief Fund financed with voluntary identifies two levels of action for the Member contributions of the Member States as well as States. First, working to create regional capacity contributions from other sources subject to in preparedness and response as characterized in approval by the Member States. the Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Part X Procedures Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP) collaboration document. Specifies procedures and requirements for changes The second responsibility is support to Member to the AADMER. States’ governments and their NDMOs to im- Article 25; Protocols prove disaster risk management systems across Article 26, Amendments to the Agreement all disaster management stages. These stages are Article 27, Adoption and Amendment of Annexes characterized in AADMER as the time prior to a Article 26, Rules of Procedures and Financial Rules disaster, during a disaster, and following a disas- Article 29, Reports ter. Article 30, Relationship with Other Instruments Article 31, Settlement of Disputes All of the previously cataloged documents fully characterize the ASEAN Member States as- Part XI Final Clauses pirational goals regarding initiating, establishing and improving disaster management and emer- Are administrative in nature and not further de- gency response. The publication of the November scribed in this analysis. 175 2009 SASOP translates these aspirations into Article 32, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval required, but voluntary and non-binding actions. and Accession These actions are detailed in a series of annexes Article 33, Entry into Force to the SASOP, providing detailed templates for Article 34, Reservations completing all the identified requirements. Of Article 35, Depository all the various ASEAN disaster management and Article 35, Authentic Text emergency response documents, the SASOP is the one document establishing a concrete way ahead for the Member States. The SASOP is comprised of four key elements informing the overall document content: 1. Guides and templates initiating and establishing the ASEAN standby arrange- ments for Disaster Relief and Emergency Response 60 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

2. Procedures for joint disaster relief and hazard Disaster Monitoring and Response emergency response operations System. With Japan, the United States is pro- viding hardware and software in the interest 3. Procedures for facilitating and using mili- of improving response times and optimizing tary and civilian capabilities (faculties, use of relief resources. features, functions, processes, or services) • Building of ASEAN Member States search and capacities (the ability or power to use and rescue capacity. capabilities) • Creation of guidelines for asset mobilization in providing regional disaster relief. 4. Methodologies for periodically conduct- ing an ASEAN regional disaster emergen- Additionally in 2011, the United States Pacific cy response simulation exercise (ARDEX) Command (USPACOM) assigned a Liaison Offi- testing the SASOPs effectiveness cer to the U.S. Mission to ASEAN. The objectives of this liaison position include encouraging in- The SASOP also more fully characterizes formation-sharing between DoD and other U.S. the role of the AHA Center, the establishment agencies on multi-national security programs of NFPs as the single point of contact for each in Southeast Asia, and encouraging deepening Member State, and incorporates the requirement and sustained engagement by DoD in ASEAN for formal designation of a Competent Authority defense-related fora such as the ASEAN Defense (CA,) who can speak on behalf of the individual Ministers Meeting (ADMM) Plus (ADMM+) Member State leadership to the AHA Center. The ADMM+ includes the 10 Dialogue Partners.177 NFPs are further established as 24/7 operational centers for receiving and transmitting initial di- Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defense As- saster reports and situation updates between and sets in Disaster Relief –“OSLO Guidelines” among the AHA Center, NFPs, and other entities. The “Guidelines on the Use of Foreign Mili- Interestingly, the SASOP’s only reference to tary and Civil Defense Assets (MCDA) in Di- external assistance occurs on Page 6, in Para- saster Relief ” was originally crafted in Oslo, graph C. Network of Predesignated Areas, sub- Norway, in a series of conferences from 1992 to paragraph 16, footnote 12 as follows: 1994. More than 180 delegates from 45 States and 25 organizations attended the conferences which “Assisting Entity is a State, international developed these non-binding guidelines. Lessons organization, and any other entity or person learned from the Foreign Military Assistance that offers and/or renders assistance to a Receiv- (FMA) response to the Indonesia earthquake and ing Party or a Requesting Party in the event of a tsunami, led to the series of conferences con- disaster emergency (AADMER, Article 1). While vened by UNOCHA and the Norwegian For- the procedure in the SASOP is only applicable eign Ministry update the Guidelines. A revised to Parties, Assisting Entities outside ASEAN are version of the Guidelines was the end result encouraged to follow the procedure in the SA- and another updated version (1.1) was released SOP if they find it useful. ASEAN would explore November 2007. the possibility of making NGOs as recognized partners of ASEAN, and that these partners The Oslo Guidelines address the need to insti- should follow the procedures as stipulated in the tute principles and standards for improving effec- SASOP.”176 tiveness and efficiency in coordination of MCDA resources for response to natural, technological, Despite this relatively thin guidance regard- and environmental emergencies in peacetime. ing non-ASEAN entities, the US Department of There are several important elements to the Oslo State has engaged ASEAN since mid-2011 with Guidelines that inform the Asia-Pacific Regional the support of a full-time, resident Advisor to the Guidelines for the Use of FMA in Natural Disas- ASEAN Secretariat’s ASEAN Regional Forum ter Response Operations (APC MADRO) just (ARF) Unit and to broader Disaster Management described. efforts through the ASEAN Secretariat and AHA Center. The Advisor works closely with ASEAN MCDA asset should be requested only where officials and Dialogue Partners overseeing the: • Installation in the AHA Center of a multi- ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 61

GUIDING DOCUMENTS there is no comparable civilian alternative and Standing Committee of the UNOCHA defines only the use of military or civil defense assets can complex emergencies as: meet a critical humanitarian need. Uniqueness of MCDA capability and/or capacity is a defining “…a humanitarian crisis in a country, region feature for requesting these assets as a last resort or society where there is total or considerable alternative. These forces and resources must breakdown of authority resulting from internal complement existing response assets. MCDA or external conflict and which requires an inter- resources are only deployed at the request of the national response that goes beyond the mandate Affected State in the overall setting of an appeal or capacity of any single and/or ongoing UN for international assistance. UN humanitarian country program.”178 agencies are encouraged not to become depen- dent on MCDA, and the guidelines encourage FMA in response to a disaster or humanitar- Member States to invest in increased internal ca- ian crisis occurs only with the consent of the pability and capacity. The Oslo Guidelines stress affected country on the basis of a request by that conforming to the Humanitarian Principles country. FMA services are provided at no cost previously described to include state sovereignty. to the requesting state. All FMA responses are governed by the UN Humanitarian Principles. Asia-Pacific Regional Guidelines for the Use of UNOCHA derived these principles from core FMA in Natural Disaster Response Operations principles that have long guided the International 2014 Committee of the Red Cross and the national Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies. UN General In December 2005, the Indian Armed Forces Assembly resolution 46/182 endorsed the first of New Delhi hosted the International Seminar three principles of humanity, neutrality and on Disaster Management – Emerging Chal- impartiality in 1991. Additionally, the resolution lenges to the Armed Forces. The seminar was a established the Emergency Relief Coordina- follow-up to the experiences of the armed forces tor (ERC) concept. In 2004, General Assembly responders to the 2004 Indonesia earthquake and resolution 58/114 added the fourth key principle tsunami. Through 2010, the Asia-Pacific Military independence. Assistance to Disaster Relief Operations (APC- MADRO) organized an annual conference with The FMA Asia-Pacific guidelines add the the Civil-Military Coordination Section (CMCS), principle Do No Harm. This principle recognizes based in Geneva and the Regional Office for the the risk of unintended consequences resulting Asia-Pacific (ROAP) of the UN Office for the Co- from a FMA response. The guidelines form the ordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) expectation that Member States will undertake Regional office for Asia. The conference en- pre-disaster preparedness regarding seeking and deavored to develop collaborative guidelines in offering assistance, exercising plans, develop- planning for FMA in responding to disasters ing SOPs, and identifying all internal resources in the Asia-Pacific region. Out of this series of that could be brought to bear in responding to conferences emerged the “Asia-Pacific Regional a disaster. Other resources with disaster SOPs, Guidelines for the Use of Foreign Military Assets guidelines, and other resources to support pre- in Natural Disaster Response Operations-APC paredness planning include: ASEAN (Jakarta, MADRO Guidelines” (Version 8.02, October Indonesia), the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 2014). (Jakarta, Indonesia); South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) (Kathmandu, The Guidelines establish voluntary, non-bind- Nepal); the Secretary of the Pacific Community ing recommendations for Member States in de- (SPC) (Noumea, New Caledonia), the Pacific ploying their armed forces in response to inter- Islands Forum (PIF) (Suva, Fiji) and the Mul- national disasters and requests for Humanitarian tinational Planning and Augmentation Team Assistance. These guidelines contextualize “The (MPAT)(Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii). Use of Foreign Military and Civil Defense As- sets in Disaster Relief ”, also known as the “Oslo FMA resources are only intended to be used to Guidelines” for use in the Asia Pacific region. complement existing relief efforts that are expe- riencing capability and/or capacity shortfalls in The APC MADRO Guidelines do not apply saving lives and mitigating undue human suf- to complex emergencies. The UN Inter-Agency fering. In the guideline, the expectation is that a FMA response should be used after all other civilian disaster response resources have been 62 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

exhausted. Any FMA response must be limited proach. These clusters will typically have a lead in duration and scale of the effort, and must agency, who are responsible for ensuring that have an exit strategy identifying what constitutes response capacity is in place and that assessment, mission success satsataettrhigagt etrhefosrtrwuictthudrreaowfatlh. eThe planning and response activities are carried out Guidelines also in collaboration with partners and in accordance coordination mechanism will be dependent on with agreed standards and guidelines. The cluster the Affected State’s national structure and unique lead will also work with UNOCHA in assuring circumstances. Responding foreign militaries inter-cluster coordination and collaboration. will need to remain flexible in integrating with Identified clusters include: existing structures. Depending on the opera- tional context, the establishment of an integrated • Camp Management and Coordination – UN Humanitarian-Military Operations Coordination High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) Centre (HuMOCC) led by the NDMO, might be and International Organization for Migration appropriate and represent the preferred option. (IOM) The organizational structure for FMA coordina- tion and collaboration in responding to a disaster • Early Recovery – UN Development Program must be flexible as a result of the very nature (UNDP) of the unpredictability of the situation on-the- ground following a disaster. • Education – UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF) and Save the Children Success for an FMA response requires dis- tinct lines of communication, timely informa- • Emergency Shelter – UNHCR and Inter- tion sharing, a collective and coordinated team national Federation of Red Cross and Red effort, and mutual trust. Mutual trust should be Crescent (IFRC) developed prior to mounting an FMA response through civil-military coordination, joint exer- • Emergency Telecommunications – World cises, conferences, workshops, and other fora Food Program (WFP) and information exchanges. Mutual trust is maintained during a response through transpar- • Food Security – WFP and Food and Agricul- ency regarding critical response activities such as ture Organization (FAO) security, logistics and life sustaining services. • Health – World Health Organization (WHO) The APC MADRO Guidelines classify three • Logistics – WFP response categories: Direct Assistance (i.e., “face- • Nutrition – UNICEF to-face distribution of goods and services”), In- • Protection – UNHCR direct Assistance, at least one step removed from • Sanitation, Water and Hygiene – UNICEF the population (i.e., logistics support short of the impact area), and infrastructure support (general These clusters execute across the spectrum of services that facilitate relief, but are not neces- disaster response, recovery and reconstruction. sarily visible to, or solely for, the benefit of the affected population [i.e., roads repair, air traffic Roles and Responsibilities of the Affected State control, power generation]). Consistent with the Oslo Guidelines, an FMA response does not typi- In addition to the routine requirements to care cally provide direct assistance, however unique for their citizens and other victims within their circumstances in the Asia-Pacific region may territory following a disaster, the affected state is require a case-by-case assessment regarding this responsible for initiating, organizing, coordinat- limitation. There may be circumstances where an ing, implementing, regulating, and monitoring FMA response may require direct assistance. In assistance provided by both internal and external these circumstances, it is essential for the mili- entities. Through their National Disaster Man- tary forces to pursue the advice and counsel of adgeevmeloenpttOhefifricnea(tNioDnMal Odi)s,assttaetrerseasrpeoenxspeepcltaend, to the national authority identified as the point of identify a Local Emergency Management Au- contact in the humanitarian community for the thority (LEMA), and processes and procedures military forces. for receiving and using FMA resources. The Humanitarian Assistance from all entities is generally delivered through the Cluster Ap- ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 63

GUIDING DOCUMENTS NDMO will, as the situation demands, establish Roles and Responsibilities of Transit States field offices and emergency operations centers as the focal points for coordinating all relief efforts. Transit States are expected to facilitate logistics The Civil-Military Operations Center (CMOC) support to transporting personnel, equipment, and HuMOCC directly support the LEMA work- and supplies from Assisting States to Affected ing under their direction. States. Roles and Responsibilities Roles and Responsibilities of the UN of the Assisting State The UN Resident Coordinator (RC), who also Assisting States must be invited participants heads the UN Country Team (UNCT), is also to respond to a disaster. They must respect the typically identified as the Humanitarian Coordi- Affected States sovereignty, territorial integrity, nator (HC) for the overall international disaster cultures, religions and other sensitivities, and response. The RC/HC reports to, and collaborates comply with the previously described Humani- and coordinates with, the Emergency Relief Co- tarian Principles. Of course, they must comply ordinator (ERC) who is also usually the Head of with applicable domestic and international laws, UN OCHA and the UN Under-Secretary-Gener- Status of Forces Agreements (SOFAs), Visiting al for Humanitarian Affairs. The UNOCHA Re- Forces Agreements (VFAs) and other legally gional Office for Asia and the Pacific (UNOCHA binding requirements. Armed forces resources ROAP) is headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand. remain under the command and control of their respective national military authority. The Agree- The UN offers a range of assistance across lo- ment regarding the status of FMA forces in a di- cal, national, and regional levels to include direct saster response is detailed in Annex I of the Oslo and indirect aid. They can mobilize and coordi- Guidelines. Additional guidance, primarily appli- nate international assistance to include seeking cable to humanitarian organizations, is identified donor support and in-kind donations of resourc- in the IFRCs Guidelines on International Disas- es. A UN Disaster Assessment and Coordination ter Response Laws, Rules and Principles (IDRL). (UNDAC) team will deploy and establish an On- Other resources for insight into establishing Site Operations Coordination Center (OSOCC). status agreements include the ARF Model Agree- The OSOCC facilitates on-site cooperation, coor- ment, MPAT Multi-National Force (MNF) SOP, dination and information management between the Republic of the Philippines (RP)-US Military international responders and the Government of HA/DR Concept of Operations (CONOPS), and the affected country. Additionally, the OSOCC the ASEAN Model Agreement. establishes a physical space to act as a single point of service for incoming response teams, no- The guidelines further establish the additional tably in the case of sudden-onset disaster where expectation that the FMA leadership will provide the coordination of many international response liaison officers (LNOs) and/or planning teams teams is critical. The UN also supports an Affect- to coordinate and collaborate with the Affected ed State in developing strategies for rehabilitation State national authority, domestic military, UN and reconstruction. entities (such as cluster leads previously de- scribed), other foreign militaries, and regional Adherence to the previously identified Hu- organizations such as those previously noted. The manitarian Principles is enforced by the UN. A military-to-military LNO plays a key role in de- Humanitarian Information Center may also be veloping and using one common set of practices established as a clearing house for the deluge and procedures in executing their response. This of reporting likely to emerge from the event. LNO role contributes to reducing confusion that Supporting the potential daunting information could result in duplication of efforts or, perhaps requirements of a disaster are UN developed worse, support gaps. FMA forces should only web-based coordination applications including provide specific support to the explicit require- the Global Disaster and Alert Coordination Sys- ments for assistance as previously requested. The tem (GDACS http://www.gdacs.org), Virtual On- FMA forces must be self-sustaining in order to site Operations Coordination Center (VOSOCC prevent placing additional demands on already http://ocha.unog.ch/virtualosocc) and Relief Web over stressed local resources and infrastructure. (http://www.reliefweb.int). There are also locally developed information management applications such as the All Partners Access Network (APAN https://community.apan.org). 64 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Roles and Responsibilities for the 2015 policy level officials from SAARC and ASE- Humanitarian Community AN met as part of a one-week study exchange to discuss cooperation on disaster management The humanitarian community typically in- issues. 180 cludes entities such as the Red Cross/Red Cres- cent Movement., NGOs, International Organiza- Bali Concord I (BC I) tions (IOs), and others. These entities will work with the UN in coordinating their independent Recognizing the importance of regional politi- response operations consistent with supporting cal stability, the ASEAN Member States crafted the overall UN humanitarian response operations the Bali Concord (BCI) at the First ASEAN plan and in coordination with other participants. Summit in 1976. BCI identified eight objectives The NDMO, UNOCHA/UN Humanitarian Civil- and principles in pursuit of the regional politi- Military Coordination (UN-CM Coord) Officers cal stability. Member States documented their are a key resource in integrating the efforts of the earliest formal recognition of the regions disaster humanitarian community and FMA forces. risk in BCI Principal 4. ASEAN cooperation shall take into account, among others, the following Roles and Responsibilities objectives and principles in the pursuit of politi- of Regional Organizations cal stability: Most regional organizations have previously “4. Natural disasters and other major calami- established disaster response SOPs, guidelines, ties can retard the pace of development of Mem- mutual support agreements and other docu- ber States. They shall extend, within their capa- ments. One example is the AHA Center. bilities, assistance for relief of Member States in distress.”181 South Asian Association for Regional Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Cooperation Agreement on Rapid Response Asia (Also known as the Bali Treaty) for Natural Disasters The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) Although not an ASEAN document, a supple- in Southeast Asia formally adopts the universal mentary legally binding agreement useful for principles of cooperation and peaceful coex- crisis planning is the South Asian Association for istence between the Southeast Asia nations. Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Agreement on The document establishes a regional commit- Rapid Response for Natural Disasters (ARRND). ment to peacefully resolve differences, disputes, The 2011 ARRND is a regional disaster manage- and conflicts. The heads of state of the original ment agreement reinforcing the application of ASEAN Member States signed the first version of existing tools and services in a disaster response. this treaty in February 1976. As a step in joining SAARC Member States include Bangladesh, ASEAN, additional Member States desiring to Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri become part of ASEAN had to join the treaty.182 Lanka. As was learned in the 2004 Indian Ocean The treaty amendment in December 1987 was earthquake and tsunami, disasters do not respect important to the United States as it permitted human identified boundaries. Consequently, countries outside of Southeast Asia to join the the SAARC and ASEAN are two separate geo- treaty.183 The amendment in July 1998 added the political entities with overlapping responsibilities required consent of all ASEAN Member States, in preparing for, responding to and recovering before permitting countries outside the Southeast from regional disasters. The SAARC ARRND Asia region to join the treaty.184 In 1989, Papua describes a series of principles, general obliga- New Guinea became the first non-Southeast Asia tions, SOPs, standby arrangements, emergency state to join the treaty. Since 1992, Lao People’s response provisions, assistance direction and Democratic Republic (1992), Socialist Repub- control, respect for sovereignty, exceptions, re- lic of Vietnam (1992), Kingdom of Cambodia sponder’s identification, resource movement and (1995), Union of Burma (Myanmar) (1995), the accountability, NFPs and competent authorities, People’s Republic of China (2003), India (2003), financial arrangements and supporting adminis- Japan (2004), Pakistan (2004), the Republic of trative clauses. In most regards it is similar to the Korea (2004), the Russian Federation (2004), AADMER in its spirit and intent.179 In January New Zealand (2005), Mongolia (2005), Australia ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 65

GUIDING DOCUMENTS (2005), France (2006), East Timor (2007), Ban- between military and civilian relief operations. gladesh (2007), Sri Lanka (2007), Democratic These two major thrusts are supported by five People’s Republic of North Korea (2008), the actions: United States (2009), and the European Union (2012) have all joined the treaty.185 1. Support to the ARF Inter-Sessional Meeting (ISM) framework on disaster relief. These For U.S. entities supporting Humanitarian As- ISMs began in 1997 in Wellington, Austra- sistance and Disaster Relief efforts in Southeast lia, and continued through the 13th session Asia, and specifically ASEAN, the key element completed February 2014 in Chengdu, of this treaty is the emphasis on mutual coopera- China. The framework defined over the tion. The mutual cooperation definition is consis- intervening 17 years, resulted in publication tent with the spirit and principles of the United of the ARF Work Plan for Disaster Relief, Nations, “Ten Principles” adopted by the Asian- 2012-2014. African Conference, April 1955,186 the 1967 declaration forming the ASEAN, and the Kuala 2. Support and contribute concrete and Lumpur declaration of November 1971.187 Specif- practical actions in implementing the ically in the TAC, Chapter III, Cooperation, Arti- AADMER described more fully later in this cle 12, states in part that cooperation to promote analysis. regional resilience, self-confidence, self-reliance, mutual respect, cooperation and solidarity forms 3. Support civil-military coordination for the basis for coordinating consultations and more effective and timely responses to in- contact amongst the treaty signatories for sharing clude regular exercises. views, actions and policies consistent with Article 9 for fostering cooperation. The U.S. signature to 4. Develop and refine tools such as: the treaty establishes the basis for consultation with ASEAN regarding sharing views, actions • Regional protocols and policies in preparing for, responding to, and • A standby arrangement system recovering from regional disasters.188 • A model legal arrangement for foreign Hanoi Plan of Action (1998-2004) military assistance • Common standard operating procedures The Member States adopted the Hanoi Plan of Action (HPA) at the 6th ASEAN Summit in (SOPs) Hanoi, Vietnam on December 1998. The HPA • Sharing best practices covers a six-year period from 1998 to 2004 and • A voluntary registration process for places into effect the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Vision Statement adopted July 2009. documenting civilian and military capa- While primarily focused on financial and eco- bilities. nomic issues, the HPA documents the ARF • An effective regional disaster response vision for ASEAN Member States out to 2020. framework consistent with international The HPA establishes policy in developing and guidelines implementing concrete actions in maturing areas 5. Establish complementary coordination and of cooperation. In Section VII Strengthen Re- shared fora with international and regional gional Peace and Security, Sub-paragraphs 7.3 entities including the UN system, East Asia and 7.4, the HPA reiterates the importance of Summit (EAS), Asia-Pacific Economic fully ratifying the TAC, and encourages Dialogue Cooperation (APEC), Asia-Europe Meet- Partners189 and other countries to adopt the TAC ing (ASEM), and Asia-Pacific Conference as a code of conduct for relationship building on Military Assistance to Disaster Relief with, between and among Southeast Asian States. Operations (APC-MADRO)190 As a Dialogue Partner the HPA is inclusive of the U.S. in addressing Section 1. Areas of Coopera- Declaration of ASEAN Concord II tion, paragraph 1 Disaster Relief. This paragraph states that the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) In 2003, ASEAN issued the “Declaration of plan of action to the year 2020 includes coordi- ASEAN Concord II (Bali Concord II or BCII). nating disaster management and relief responses BCII is a framework for ASEAN Member States for the region and strengthening interoperability 66 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

to identify a strategy for achieving a more dy- • Establish a regional mechanism for disaster namic, resilient and cohesive regional associa- management, response and relief tion. BCII stresses the importance of strengthen- ing regional economic and social stability free of • Institutionalize programs to enhance build- external interference. ing the capacity (resources) and capability (skills) in disaster management The Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Management aspect of BCII is the formation of • Establish a process for disaster information the ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) sharing and a communication network to elevate the importance of partnerships form- ing a community of caring societies. • Promote disaster management research Declaration 6 within the BCII ASCC states: • Promote public disaster management aware- “The Community shall intensify cooperation ness and preparedness programs192 in addressing problems associated with popula- tion growth, unemployment, environmental deg- ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint radation and trans-boundary pollution as well as disaster management in the region to enable The Economic Community Blueprint contains individual members to fully realize their devel- only one reference related to disaster manage- opment potentials and to enhance the mutual ment under B4, No. 55, the documents states: ASEAN spirit.”191 While ASEAN strive towards accelerating Vientiane Action Program (2004-2010) the establishment of an ASEAN Community by 2015, it is important to ensure that such The Member States adopted the Vientiane Ac- development is sustainable through, among tion Program (VAP) at the 10th ASEAN Summit others, mitigating greenhouse gas emission by in Vientiane, Laos on November 2004. The VAP means of effective policies and measures, thus replaced the 1998 Hanoi Plan of Action. The VAP contributing to global climate change abate- identifies medium-term strategic thrusts for the ment. 193 ASEAN Political-Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN Socio-Cultural ASEAN Regional Forum Work Plan for Disaster Community, Goals and Strategies for Narrowing Relief (2012-2014) the Development Gap, Implementation Mecha- nisms, and a set of annexes formally establish- The 15th ARF Ministerial meeting held on ing Action Programs for the ASEAN Security July 2008 in Singapore identified the need to Community, ASEAN Economic Community, create the first ARF disaster relief work plan. The and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. In Sec- plan is directed at coordinating disaster pre- tion 3, The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, paredness ASEAN-wide. Importantly, the Frame- Paragraph 3-1, Building a Community of Caring work is aimed at organizing ASEAN-wide and Societies, Sub-paragraph IX, reiterates ASEAN’s sub-regional disaster preparedness training. The commitment of creating regional disaster resil- 2009-2011 work plan was formally adopted at the ience. This resilience will result from minimiz- 16th ARF Ministerial meeting on July 2009 in ing disaster effects, creating safer communities, Thailand. The Hanoi Plan of Action approved at and pursuing sustainable development. The VAP the 17th ARF on July 2010, forms the policy and also emphasizes the inextricable link between specific actions for work plan implementation. and among the Economic and Security pillars The HPA disaster relief framework targets im- with the Socio-Cultural pillar. Further, Annex 3, proving regional coordination, and strengthening ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community, Reference interoperability of Military and Civil Defense Number 3.1, Building a Community of Caring Assets (MCDA) and civilian resources. Subse- Societies, Sub-Reference Number 3.1.9, Disaster quent meetings assigned additional responsibil- Management identifies the following objectives ity to update and revise the ARF work plan for and supporting actions: 2012-2014. The update and revision is focused on • Implementation of the ASEAN Regional Pro- the early stages of a disaster (i.e., risk assessment, monitoring, early warning, rapid deployment and gram on Disaster Management (2004-2010) assistance acceptance) as well as interoperability and disaster relief operations coordination. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 67

GUIDING DOCUMENTS The work plan’s key objective is the continua- plan remains a work in progress. tion of long-term coordination and comprehen- sive planning in pursuit of improved synchroni- Cha-am Hua Hin Declaration on the Roadmap zation of regional and/or sub-regional capability for an ASEAN Community (2009-2011) building exercises and training, and capturing and sharing lessons learned and best practices. At the 14th ASEAN Summit in Cha-am, Thai- Additionally, there is an emphasis on maintain- land on March 2009, the Member States adopted ing and building capacity through technical sup- the Declaration on the Roadmap for an ASEAN port and information exchange. The work plan Community (2009-2011). This brief Declaration also stresses organization between and among is focused on adopting the Initiative for ASEAN existing regional and international initiatives, Integration Initiative (IAI) Strategic Framework and reinforcing government-to-government and and IAI Work Plan 2, as the ASEAN community global disaster management networks. way ahead for 2009-2015. It further states that the IAI strategy replaces the Vientiane Action The work plan is comprised of an overall con- Program (VAP) adopted in 2004.195 cept paper and supporting annex for implemen- tation. The concept paper provides context, ob- Initiative for ASEAN Integration (IAI) Strategic jectives, the framework, leadership (one ASEAN Framework and IAI Work Plan 2 (2009-2015) and one non-ASEAN country), management and resourcing structure, the relationship to other The IAI Framework and Work Plan are fo- regional and international efforts, priority areas cused on leveraging the economic value to the and project types. Priority areas include network- region with the more developed ASEAN nations ing and information sharing to enhance capacity helping the less developed ASEAN Member to conduct risk assessment, early warning and States. The IAI Framework and Work Plan are monitoring, rapid assessment, deployment and complemented by the Hanoi Declaration on Nar- assistance acceptance, and operational interoper- rowing the Development Gap (NDG) for Closer ability and coordination. Project types include ASEAN Integration. The overall goal of the NDG capacity-building workshops, ARF pilot projects is to promote cooperation and mutual assistance for technical assistance or capacity building proj- in the interest of narrowing the development gap ects, and multi-lateral tabletop or field exercises. within ASEAN as well as out to non-ASEAN na- The implementation annex is organized by tions. This Framework and Work Plan are aligned priority area and within priority area by key com- to the ASEAN Economic Community Blueprint, ponents: scope, potential project themes, lead ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint countries, proposed projects, references and past and ASEAN Social-Cultural Community Blue- relevant activities. print. Of these Blueprints, the latter two are more focused on disaster management efforts.196 Overall, the work plan is intended to synchro- nize with the efforts and initiatives of the ACDM, ASEAN Political-Security Community Blueprint the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Emergency Preparedness Working Group, AHA The ASEAN Political-Security Community Center, SAARC Disaster Management Frame- Blueprint provides a way ahead with timelines, to work, UNOCHA, UN International Strategy for formally establish the APSC by 2015. Addition- Disaster Reduction (UNISDR), EAS, ADMM, ally, it reinforces the democratic principles of and the ADMM-Plus and disaster centers the rule-of-law, good governance, human rights throughout the region. Finally, ARF activities protection and promotion, and freedom funda- are undertaken in the context of the HFA and mentals such as benefit accruing to all ASEAN International Disaster Law Guidelines, and the citizens regardless of gender, race, religion, lan- AADMER. There are identified actions to imple- guage, or social or cultural background. ment the work plan include collaboration and fulTahnedBRlueseiplireinnttsRSeegciotinonwBit,hAShCaorhedesRivees,pPoenascie-- coordination through appropriate participants bility for Comprehensive Security, Sub-paragraph attending meetings, conference, workshops, and B-5, Strengthening ASEAN Cooperation on other fora, information sharing, and consultation Disaster Management and Emergency Response focused on Humanitarian Assistance and Disas- identify five actions: ter Relief.194 At the time of this analysis, the overall work 68 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

1. Optimize activation of the ASEAN disaster reduce disaster elocossneosm, inicc,luanddinegnnvoirtoonnmlyenlitvaels management arrangements for assisting but also social, affected countries in the event of a major resources. This objective includes cooperative disaster responses to disaster emergencies nationally, regionally, and internationally. 2. Enhance civilian-military coordination to ensure effective and timely disaster re- The Blueprint includes 12 actions aimed at sponses. bringing this strategic objective to fruition. 3. Finalize the SASOP consistent with the 1. Implement the AADMER by 2015. AADMER 2. Establish and operationalize the AHA 4. Enhance ASEAN disaster management Center. capacities through more effective collabora- 3. Increase the capacity and capability of tion and coordination between ASEAN and related bodies such as the ASEAN Regional Member States to respond to disasters and Forum (ARF), ASEAN Plus Three (i.e., reduce disaster losses by 2015. This action China, Japan, and Republic of Korea), and includes robust technical cooperation, joint East-Asia Summer (EAS) research and networking. 4. Establish the ASEAN Disaster Information 5. Develop ARF strategic cooperation guide- Sharing and Communication Network by lines for disaster relief and Humanitarian 2010.198 This action is focused on promot- Assistance197 ing information sharing to optimize deci- sion making and to more widely communi- ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint cate best practices/lessons learned. 5. Pursue broader public awareness of disaster The 2009 ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community management through education including Blueprint creates specific actions to promote public participation in disaster risk reduc- people-centered, socially responsible solidarity tion and emergency response programs and unity by establishing the ASEAN Member promoting community resilience. States common identity. This common identity 6. Pursue partnerships with relevant non- includes forming an inclusive and harmoni- ASEAN communities, NGOs and the pri- ous sharing and caring society emphasizing the vate sector, and strengthen UN and interna- people’s well-being, livelihood and overall wel- tional organization cooperation. fare. The document aspires to extend the building 7. Deploy both individual national and of a culture of resilience, principles, cooperation, ASEAN flags when responding to a hu- and responsibility. manitarian or disaster event to promote ASEANs visibility as a viable first responder This blueprint goes on to make several impor- in Humanitarian Assistance missions. tant references regarding ASEAN’s intentions for 8. Minimize disaster risks and enhance commu- danisdasPterortmecatnioang,epmaernagt.rSapechti1o8nsBta,tSeos cthiaaltWAeSlEfaAreN nity capacity for survival through promoting is committed to enhancing disaster resilience. sustainable livelihood options by pursuing Also, paragraph 20, Sub-paragraph VI, identifies socio-economic development activities. an action to undertake a “Study on enhance- 9. Promote knowledge and practices devel- ment of support for natural disaster risk safety oped within ASEAN in strengthening com- mechanism in agriculture, forestry and fisheries.” munity/public disaster preparedness aware- Sub-paragraph ix, identifies an additional action ness and participation through education to strengthen cooperation through information and sharing best practice/lessons learned. sharing including best practices/lessons learned 10. Promote the services of regional capabilities in preventing and controlling infectious diseases including the ASEAN Specialized Meteoro- in the context of global warming/climate change, logical Center (ASMC) and ASEAN Earth- and natural and man-made disasters. quake Information Center (AEIC). 11. Establish an ASEAN-wide program for Section B.7 Building Disaster-Resilient Na- volunteers to respond to disasters. tions and Safer communities contain the core 12. Promote coordination and planning across mandates regarding the ASEAN disaster man- all sectors for regional planning for Pan- agement philosophy. The primary objective demic Preparedness and Response to in- pinpointed in this section is to improve existing clude developing a formal response plan.199 capabilities and increase capacity to prevent and ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 69

GUIDING DOCUMENTS Bandar Seri Begawan (Brunei) PoA ASEAN-United Nations Strategic Plan OF to Strengthen the ASEAN-EU Enhanced ACTION on Disaster Management (2011-2015) Partnership (2013-2017) andInthOecUtoNbeSre2c0re1t0a,rAy SGEeAnNeraHl eeandtesroedf Sitnattoe an At the 18th ASEAN-EU Ministerial meeting agreement to jointly prepare the ASEAN-United held on May 2010 in Madrid, Spain, participants Nations Strategic Plan of Action on Disaster renewed their commitment to strengthening the Management (2011-2015). The strategic plan is ASEAN-EU Dialogue Relations partnership con- aligned to the previously identified General Aims sistent with the 2007 Nuremberg Declaration on of the AADMER (Risk Assessment, Early Warn- ASEAN-EU Enhanced Partnership and its Plan ing and Monitoring; Prevention and Mitigation; of Action. The Plan of Action identifies steps Preparedness and Response; and Recovery) with ASEAN intends to take regarding political/secu- additional detail unique to ASEANs partnership rity, economic/trade, and socio-cultural implica- with the UN: tions of ASEAN’s relation with the EU. The Plan of Action identifies the need for encouraging • Operational issues more substantial EU contribution in several areas • Capacity building including establishing the including Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief and military medicine. Section 3 Socio- AHA Center Cultural Cooperation, sub-section 3.3, Building • Risk and vulnerability assessment and risk together disaster-resilient communities, identi- fied specific actions for enhancing the ASEAN- reduction EU partnership. These actions include: • Preparedness, early warning and monitoring • Prevention and mitigation, response and 3.3.1 Increased cooperation in implementing the Work Program for AADMER, including recover the AHA Center, through EUs sharing disaster • Reconstruction and development management set-up knowledge, participation in joint exercises and networking. This joint ASEAN-UN declaration resulted in codification of the AADMER General Aims and 3.3.2 Jointly continue promoting public disaster 14 Flagship Programs into a series of activities management awareness and education and with UN agency partnerships identified, along sharing best practices/lessons learned based with projected budgets for these activities as well on the HFA. as addressing implementation arrangements.201 3.3.3 Encourage increased ASEAN-EU coopera- The 2010 activity was the beginning of a UN tion, and other Dialogue Partners, in promot- effort to more effectively communicate to entities ing ASEANs disaster management, emergency outside the aAnSdEsAeNrviMceesmfobredr iSstaastteesr, a standard response, and post-disaster measures. set of tools response in the Asia-Pacific region. 3.3.4 Increase EU cooperation with the ACDM regarding best practices/lessons learned fo- In 2014, ASEAN and the UN undertook a cused on preventing and mitigating impacts, series of workshops to update the ASEAN-UN enhancing preparedness, and restoring nor- Strategic Plan of Action on Disaster Management malcy following a major disaster event. to reflect the goals and priorities of the second phase of the AADMER 3.3.5 Promote military-to-military and civilian- Work Program, as laid out to-military exchanges of best practices/les- at the May 2014 ACDM sons learned on risk reduction and emergency and AADMER Partner- response. ship meeting in Brunei Darussalam. The revised 3.3.6 Promote partnering with local communi- ASEAN-UN Strategic ties, NGOs, civil society organizations, the Plan of Action on Disaster management is thus private sector and other relevant stakeholders aligned to areas in which the UN can add value in pursuing disaster-resilient ASEAN Member States.200 70 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

against the 21 concept notes for the 2nd phase of Offices (NDMOs) of the ASEAN Member States. the AADMER Work Program implementation. The Center is hosted by the Government of Indo- Its implementation runs through the end of 2015. nesia in a Jakarta office.202 Preparation of the second ASEAN-UN Strategic Plan of Action on Disaster Management is ex- At the “2011 Regional Humanitarian Partner- pected to be initiated in late 2015, once ASEAN ship Workshop for the Asia-Pacific Region” in is ready to present the second AADMER Work Shanghai, China, there was a call by UN Mem- Program (2016-2020) ber States, and other Humanitarian Assistance stakeholders, for development of a handbook Subsequently, the ASEAN Directorate issued to guide disaster managers in their understand- the Bali Declaration on ASEAN Community in ing of Asia-Pacific national, regional, and inter- a Global Community of Nations (BCIII). BCIII national humanitarian response mechanisms adopts a common platform for ASEAN regard- and interactions. This call for action resulted in ing: the United Nations Office for the Coordination • A coordinated, cohesive, coherent, common of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), in col- laboration with 75 Asia and Pacific government voice on global issues relevant to ASEAN officials and more than 50 intergovernmental • Increased capacity for ASEAN to respond organizations, the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (RCRCM), national and international globally where ASEAN Member States have a NGOs, donors and other key agencies, to develop common interest the “Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: A • Strengthened ASEAN Member States as Guide to International Tools and Services.” The rules-based global participants with common handbook is described in more detail later in this fundamental principles, values and norms analysis, distinguishes three broad topic areas: • Strengthened ASEAN Secretariat reflecting International Humanitarian Architecture, Tools the ASEAN Member States as active mem- and Services for Disaster Response, and Tools bers of the global community and Services for Disaster Response Preparedness. Each of these major categories has several sub- The document further details these global categories providing the details supporting the engagement strategies in the context of Political- broader topic. Security Cooperation, Economic Cooperation and Socio-Cultural Cooperation. In Section C. Joint Statement of the 4th ASEAN-US Leaders’ Socio-Cultural Cooperation, paragraph 1, Disas- Meeting November 2012 ter Management, there is an expansive descrip- tion of the expectations for ASEAN members The Joint Statement of the 4th ASEAN-US including their militaries, Dialogue Partners, Leaders’ Meeting held November 2012 in Phnom United Nations members, non-governmental Penh, Cambodia, reaffirms the strong bonds be- organizations (NGOs), civil society organization, tween the ASEAN Member States and the United and private enterprises in partnering to respond States across a number of key areas. These areas to regional disasters. include the enduring importance of the global economic impact of the ASEAN and the United Complementing the BCIII emphasis on im- States, increasing trade and investment ties, proved partnering to respond to regional disas- especially the Trade and Investment Framework ters, ASEAN members used the ASEAN Summit Arrangement (TIFA), and mutual interests in to establish the AHA Center. The AHA Center is energy, intellectual property rights, protection- chartered as the regional hub for information and ism and growth, agriculture, climate change, and knowledge for disaster management. Secondarily, other regional, global and state-to-state opportu- the facility is the central point for mobilizing nities. An opportunity relevant to this analysis is resources to respond to disaster-affected areas. the establishment of formal relationship between The Center also serves in the capacity of coor- the United States and ASEAN, regarding disas- dinating rapid and collective disaster responses ter management and humanitarian assistance. in the region. The AHA Center is governed by In the Joint Statement, paragraph 21 reaffirms the ACDM. ACDM membership is comprised of previous United States’ support in the region and the Heads of the National Disaster Management notes the United States proposed Rapid Disas- ter Response (RDR) Agreement Concept. The ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 71

GUIDING DOCUMENTS agreement outlines an approach to a legal and during the response and response preparedness procedural bilateral framework for optimizing phases of the humanitarian program. It does not acceptance of and deployment for personnel, include tools and services that are support disas- supplies and services in the event of a disaster.203 ter risk reduction (DRR) efforts, nor does it cover As recently as July 2014, Daniel R. Russel Assis- longer-term disaster recovery instruments. The tant Secretary, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific guide includes some entries relevant to conflict Affairs addressed the Commonwealth Club in situations, but is primarily focused on disaster San Francisco, CA and made it that clear that settings. the ASEAN RDR remains a work in progress.204 The Guide is intended to be used to: In November 2014 in Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar • Create a common understanding of the tools (Burma), the EAS issued a statement encourag- ing adopting RDR within a specific set of detailed and services available in the region. guidelines, and consistent with each countries laws, rules and regulations. The ASEAN Heads of • Support emergency decision-making in State and Member States stressed that the AAD- small, medium and large-scale disasters. MER remains the platform and policy to which any ASEAN humanitarian assistance and disaster • Help locate international technical expertise management effort must conform.205 before and at the onset of a disaster. Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: A • Facilitate partnerships between humanitarian Guide to International Tools and Services 2013 actors. Disaster Response in Asia and the Pacific: a • Inform academic curricula at national and Guide to International Tools and Services” was regional learning institutions. published by OCHA in 2013, as the primary A second, revised edition of the Guide is outcome of the 2011 Regional Humanitarian Partnerships Forum for Asia and the Pacific. expected to be released by OCHA in the first half Seventy-five government officials from across the of 2016.206 Asia-Pacific region and staff from more than 50 international organizations, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, national and international NGOs, donors and other stakehold- ers worldwide contributed to the Guide’s contents. Designed to help disaster managers in national Governments gain basic knowledge of how to use international tools and services, the Guide re- sponds to the changing environment in Asia and the Pacific, where a growing number of middle income countries are investing in building nation- al capacity for disaster preparedness and response management and leadership in the coordination of international responses. The Guide is not pre- scriptive. It aims to support the growing disaster response and disaster response preparedness capabilities that exist at national level across Asia and the Pacific. Its primary audience is national disaster management organizations (NDMOs) and line ministries involved in disaster response and disaster response preparedness in the region. It is also a reference document for representatives of intergovernmental organizations, civil- society actors and disaster-affected people. The guide concentrates on key tools and services that can be helpful to disaster managers 72 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 73

DISASTER RISKS Trans-National Figure 11: Number of Occurrences Disaster Risks By Hazard Type, 2001-2009 and Responses the ASEAN Emergency Response Assessment Southeast Asia is the most disaster prone Team (ASEAN ERAT). The team is managed by region in the world. Many more people died as the AHA Center and can be deployed on short a result of natural disasters from 2001 to 2010 notice anywhere in the ASEAN region to support than during the previous decade, mainly because disaster-affected ASEAN Member States. The of two extreme events: the Indian Ocean earth- ASEAN ERAT is deployed after the AHA Center quake and tsunami of 2004 and Cyclone Nargis receives a request for assistance from the affected in Myanmar (Burma) in 2008. Member State or the affected Member State ac- cepts the offer of assistance from the supporting In the late 1990s, ASEAN began to engage Member States. The main role of the ASEAN on more non-traditional security threats such ERAT is to support the national disaster manage- as natural disasters and environmental hazards. ment offices (NDMO) of the affected Member Emergencies and crises, including the 1997 In- State in the initial phases of disaster to conduct: donesia forest fires, 2003 SARS epidemic and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami generated a greater need for regional solutions to regional problems. To address these challenges, the ASEAN ACDM established ASEAN’s Coordinating Cen- ter for Humanitarian Assistance (AHA Center). The AHA Center is the trans-national Center for information sharing and coordination during a disaster impacting one or more of the Member States. From its location in Jakarta, Indonesia, the Center promotes advanced disaster management tools, training, and action plans in support of its 10 Member States. In March 2008, the ACDM decided to create Table 5: Deaths from Natural Disasters in Southeast Asia, 2000-2009 74 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

• Rapid Assessment Smoke haze affected Southeast Asia countries FdruormingJuthlyet1o9O91c,to1b9e9r4,1a9n9d7,1B9r9u7ndeiryDsaeraussosnalsa. m, • Coordinate mobilization and deployment of Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, were seri- regional disaster management capacity, and ously affected by smoke haze caused by fires which burnt more than 1.5 million hectares of • Facilitate the incoming relief assistance from peatlands. The Philippines and Thailand were the ASEAN Member States also affected to a lesser degree. The crisis was There are approximately 90 trained ASEAN- mainly caused by land clearing for agricultural uses via open burning on the Indonesian island ERAT members. The ASEAN-ERAT members of Sumatra. are experienced disaster and emergency man- agement responders from the ASEAN Member The severity and extent of the 1997 haze pol- States, ASEAN secretariat, AHA Center, and Civ- lution caused significant health impacts through- il Society Organization. Each member completes out the region. The economic losses suffered by an induction course to receive training on stan- the affected countries were enormous as their air, dardized methodology and enhance their rapid water and land transport, shipping, construction, assessment, logistics, and on-site coordination tourism, forestry and agriculture sectors were skills. The first deployment of the ASEAN ERAT severely degraded. was in response to Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar (Burma). Other deployments are shown in the A Haze Technical Task Force was set up in table below. 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 1995 to operationalize and implement the mea- sures recommended in the ASEAN Cooperation ASEAN-ERAT Deployments Plan on Transboundary Pollution relating to atmospheric pollution. The Task Force is chaired Event Location Month/Year by Indonesia and comprised of senior officials May 2008 from Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Cyclone Nargis Myanmar Sep 2009 and Singapore. Oct 2010 Floods Laos The haze pollution triggered a number of Aug 2011 plans and initiatives. In December 1997, ASEAN Tsunami Mentawai Islands, Dec 2012 Member Countries approved an ASEAN Re- Indonesia Oct 2013 gional Haze Action Plan to provide a framework Nov 2013 for cooperative action to prevent and control Floods Thailand Dec 2014 future fires. The plan was followed by the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution in Typhoon Bopha Philippines 2002 to reduce haze pollution in Southeast Asia. The agreement recognizes that transboundary Bohol Earthquake Philippines haze pollution which results from land and/or forest fires should be mitigated through concert- Typhoon Haiyan Philippines ed national efforts and international cooperation. Typhoon Hagupit Philippines The ASEAN Peatland Management Initiative (APMI) was developed with various partners and Table 6: ASEAN-ERAT Deployments endorsed by Senior Officials in February 2003. Under the APMI, the ASEAN Peatland Man- Trans-National Issues agement Strategy (APMS) covering the period Haze 2006-2020 was created to guide the countries to sustainably manage peatlands and reduce fires Southeast Asia has more than 25 million and associated haze within the framework of hectares (61.8 million acres) of peatlands, com- the ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze prising 60 percent of the global tropical peatland Pollution. In November 2006, the APMS was resource. The peatlands have significant im- endorsed by the ASEAN Environment Minis- portance for socio-economic development and ters in Cebu, Philippines. Despite their efforts, support for the livelihoods of local communities. the agreements and strategies failed to prevent However, drainage and unsustainable manage- the annual return of the haze between 2004 and ment practices have made the peatlands vulner- 2010, and again in 2013. able to fire. Currently, peatland fires are a major problem of regional and global significance. These fires negatively impact human health, food production and contribute to global climate change. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 75

DISASTER RISKS Figure 12: Mekong Mainstream Dams 225 China through Yunnan Province and southward In October 2013, ASEAN leaders approved through Myanmar (Bur- a joint haze monitoring system, known as the ma), Laos, Cambodia, ASEAN Haze Action Online. The USD $100,000 Thailand and Vietnam. monitoring system was developed by Singapore In 1995, Cambodia, Laos, and uses land concession maps from each coun- Thailand, and Vietnam try, hot-spot data and high resolution satellite signed a treaty to promote images to pinpoint companies responsible for cooperation in the use and burning land illegally. 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 management of the Lower Mekong River Basin. The Mekong Water Dispute countries formed the Mekong River Commis- Transboundary economic and environmental sion (MRC) to assist in issues have developed over the construction of implementing the treaty dams located on the Mekong River. The necessity and agreed to notify each for water and electricity has raised concern over other of planned projects. downstream water quality and quantity as well As part of the treaty, each as potential impacts on agriculture, fishing, and government agreed to transportation. consult with one another on proposals for Lower The Mekong River runs for approximately Mekong Dams. 2,600 miles from its origin in Qinghai Province, China is not a part of the MRC instead China is a “dialogue partner” which provides data during the wet season to aid down- stream countries manage flooding. China is not required to seek approval from the downstream na- tions on its hydroelectric development of the Upper Mekong. Along the Upper Mekong, five dames have been completed, eight are under construction, and several more are be- ing planned in Tibet and Qinghai. Thus far, the completed Lancang dams include the Dacha- oshan (2003), Manwan (2007), Jinghong (2009), Xiaowan (2010), and Nuozhadu (2012). Plans are in place for nine dams in Lao PDR and two dams in Cambodia. The Xayabouri Dam in Lao PDR is currently under construction. 222 223 224 In 2010, the MRC published a Strategic En- vironmental Assessment which examines what would occur if the eleven proposed Lower Mekong Dams were built. The assessment con- cluded the eleven dams would turn more than half of the free-flowing Lower Mekong River into stagnant reservoirs. The proposed dams would block the migration of fish and change their natural habitats. The change would reduce fish species by an estimated 26-42 percent, result- ing in losses of USD $500 million per year. Over 76 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

100 species would be at risk of extinction. An these threats and impacts cross national bor- estimated 106,000 people would be evicted from ders. The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami revealed their homes, and the food security of over two Southeast Asia’s vulnerability to such widespread million people would be threatened. Millions disasters. 226 more would suffer impacts to their food, sources of income, and ways of life. Disaster Monitoring and Response System Agriculture would also be affected. The dams’ To enhance the Center’s disaster monitoring reservoirs would flood over half of all riverbank and early warning capabilities, the AHA Center gardens, many cultivated by subsistence farmers. worked with the Pacific Disaster Center (PDC) to Nutrients and sediments which flow down the develop and deploy the Disaster Monitoring and river would be blocked by the dams, affecting the Response System (DMRS). The DMRS is based fertility of the region’s agricultural land. Accord- on PDC’s DisasterAWARE platform and was es- ing to the Strategic Environmental Assessment, tablished through funding from the U.S. Agency China’s upstream dams are expected to reduce for International Development (USAID). the flow of sediments by an estimated 50 percent, and the number would be halved again if the DMRS provides situational awareness, early Lower Mekong Dams were built, leaving about warning, and decision support capabilities 25 percent of the original levels. In turn, the encompassing the entire ASEAN region. The sys- coastlines and flood plains of the Mekong Delta tem consolidates hazard data from international would destabilize, threatening Vietnam’s rice and and regional sources in a single near real-time agricultural fields. system, providing a “snapshot” of events and possible impacts. This collaborative project in- Reports indicate Chinese dams are drastically creases stakeholders’ capacity to share a common, altering the Lower Mekong River’s natural flood- trans-national operating picture, which improves drought cycle. The Chinese dams are reportedly emergency coordination among ASEAN Member reducing the amount of water, sediments, and States and between the international communities. nutrients that flow into the river basin and sur- rounding coastal areas. Impacts to water levels ASEAN Disaster Information Network and fisheries have already been recorded along the Laos-Thailand border. ASEAN developed a crowd mapping resource called ASEAN Disaster Information Network Overall, the population for mainland South- (ADINET) which allows the reporting of inci- east Asia is projected to rise from its current 232 dents via the internet and/or iPhone/Android million to 292 million by 2050. The population mobile devices. The network (http://adinet. growth will require increased agricultural output ahacentre.org/main) allows users to view other across the region and thus increased reliance on reports and receive alerts. the waters of the Lower Mekong. Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System Transboundary Risk Monitoring and Situational Awareness ASEAN, South Asian countries and other coun- tries within the Asia Pacific region are actively partici- ASEAN has focused efforts on strengthening pating in the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System regional cooperation and is utilizing technology (IOTWS). Indian Ocean Member States requested the for damage assessment and situational awareness. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of The AHA Center is the trans-national Center for United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural information sharing and coordination during a Organization (IOC-UNESCO) to form the Intergov- disaster impacting one or many of the Member ernmental Coordination Group (ICG) to implement States. From the Center’s location in Jakarta, In- an Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation donesia, it promotes advanced disaster manage- System (IOTWOS) in response to the 2004 Indian ment tools, training, and action plans in support Ocean tsunami. of its Member States. The response included the establishment of an In- When hazards threaten or a disaster strikes in terim Advisory Service to issue information bulletins any community, accurate and timely information concerning risks in the region. The Interim Advisory is essential to disaster-response coordination. Service was provided through the Japan Meteorologi- Information sharing and coordination become cal Agency (JMA) and the Pacific Tsunami Warn- even more complex and more important when ing Center (PTWC) in Hawaii beginning in April ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 77

DISASTER RISKS 2005. While the Regional Tsunami Service Providers (RTSP) in Australia, India, and Indonesia have been the primary source of tsunami advisories for the Indian Ocean since 12 October 2011, the PTWC and JMA continued to operate a parallel service until 31 March 2013. National governments have the main responsibil- ity for outlining and implementing national prepared- ness procedures, UNESCO supports the development of technical, educational and communication plans. The activities of the Intergovernmental Coordi- nation Group for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warn- ing and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS) continue IOC-UNESCO’s leadership. The ICG helps organize a full scale tsunami exercises every 2 years and includes Working Groups focusing on: • Tsunami Risk Assessment and Reduction • Tsunami Detection, Warning and Dissemina- tion, and • Tsunami Awareness and Response. 78 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

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WAY AHEAD ASEAN Way Ahead lishing international economic agreements.228 The international HA/DR agreements could face Past As Prologue similar challenges. Despite the individual, and now mutually, collaborative success in maturing ASEAN’s accomplishments and body of work their HA/DR planning, ASEAN has experienced over the nearly last four decades is a prologue limitations in establishing agreements with ex- to the way ahead for ASEAN’s HA/DR endeav- ternal HA/DR response resources. The literature ors. The preceding analysis of the ASEAN HA/ is clear in noting that ASEAN, along with many DR Declarations, Concords, policies, guidelines, other individual nations and regions worldwide, handbooks, and other enabling documents cre- has neither the personnel, physical assets, nor ates the basis for informed speculation by subject funding to mount a comprehensive, unilateral matter experts regarding prospective approaches HA/DR regional response to a major disaster. and the way ahead. Despite the evidence of ASEAN’s likely need for external assistance in a significant HA/DR response, consistent with what other nations and regions experience in a major disaster, planning has not achieved a level of maturity that would optimize any international interventions. National Level Achievements Regional Level Achievements Since ASEAN’s establishment in 1967 indi- There is ample evidence that ASEAN takes vidual Member States have effectively pursued UN models for humanitarian coordination and their national interests regarding HA/DR plan- response and adapts them for use in the ASE- ning. One example is the outcome of the Octo- AN context.229 230 ASEAN has begun to engage ber 2014 Asian Crisis Management Conference with regional responders, such as the ASEAN in Kuala Lumpur, attended by ASEAN Member Dialogue Partners Australia and Japan, which States, Dialogue Partners, the EU, and others. have demonstrated capabilities and capacity for At this meeting, the participants emphasized responding to a regional d event. Despite Japan’s resilience as the essential next step in HA/DR overtures to ASEAN, the complexities of execut- efforts. Advancing resiliency as a primary focus ing a formal mutual support agreement with will concomitantly result in reducing the impact Japan have delayed putting it in effect. Similar of disasters. The adverse effects of hazards will be complexities exist in pursuing agreements with mitigated by improving building and construc- Australia and Canada.231 In early 2015, other tion codes and standards, enforcement of these Dialogue Partners reached out to ASEAN in this codes and standards, fortifying infrastructure, regard including the United States and Canada. and instituting risk financing solutions.227 232 233 The United States, in particular, has patient- ly pursued establishing a Regional Disaster Re- The pursuit of resilience as future actions sponse (RDR) agreement concept with ASEAN, highlights the importance of the ASEAN Mem- and has faced the same delays resulting from the ber States developing robust HA/DR response complexities of developing these kinds of specific planning. Southeast Asia lives every day in the agreements.234 shadow of an impending disaster. Fortunately, the ASEAN Member States recognize there is People’s Republic Of China: A Regional Factor inherent risk with the current HA/DR planning In A HA/DR Response process. These processes could result in sub-opti- mized responses to disasters. Responding to this The People’s Republic of China (PRC) plays an risk, ASEAN has been working collaboratively in important role in responding to a regional HA/ binding each Member State to the other in pre- DR event. While China is not an ASEAN mem- paring for, responding to and recovering from ber, the nation is a stakeholder in the region due an HA/DR event as explained in the guidance to bi-lateral relationships with ASEAN Member analysis. As the Center for Security and Interna- States. The PRC is a major “first responder” to tional Studies (CSIS) has pointed out, ASEAN Southeast Asia regional HA/DR events by con- has experienced only limited success in estab- venience of geography. The PRC has significant resources which can be brought to bear quickly in responding to a regional HA/DR event. Few 80 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

nations in and near Southeast Asia can respond visas; expedite customs for relief supplies, with the level of resources and speed of China. It and the other numerous bureaucratic is likely that a regional response to and recovery tasks which often sub-optimize the inter- from an HA/DR event that does not include the national HA/DR response. PRC will be less than optimal. 3. Sustain military-to-military coordination and collaboration. Establish joint training Recognizing this potential risk, in October in the form of a Joint ASEAN Regional 2014 ASEAN and the PRC entered into a Memo- Disaster Emergency Response Simula- randum of Understanding (MOU) on Disaster tion Exercise (ARDEX). This collabora- Management Cooperation. Under this MOU tion creates the opportunity to more fully the PRC will provide ¥50.0M CNY (USD $8.1 integrate the SASOP. million) in pursuit of enhancing ASEANs ca- 4. Transfer the military-to-military coordi- pabilities and capacity to respond to a HA/DR nation and collaboration methodology to event. This funding agreement makes a strong a similar civil-to military effort. statement regarding the PRC’s interest in build- 5. Catalog military and civilian Member ing regional resiliency for responding to a major States resources. This effort is an ongo- disaster event.235 ing AHA Center task as outlined in the AADMER and other implementing guid- Guidelines For The Domestic Facilitation And ance. ASEAN Member States would also Regulation Of IDRL And Initial Recovery Assis- benefit from the AHA Center taking a tance – Humanitarian Policy Group Perspective more active role in documenting nation’s contributions to a HA/DR response, re- ASEAN has been enthusiastic in their inter- inforcing the “One Vision, One Identify, est in establishing a legal basis for responding to One Community” concept. a regional HA/DR event. This enthusiasm has 6. Pursue stronger relations with civil so- manifested itself in ASEAN’s AADMER drawing ciety organizations. (e.g., ASEAN Ports heavily on the IFRC “Guidelines for the Domes- Association, Medical Association of tic Facilitation and Regulation of International Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN NGO Disaster Relief and Initial Recovery Assistance” Coalition on Ageing, etc.) (IDRL Guidelines). Recent inconsistent regional 7. Support Member States directly through responses (e.g., Cyclone Nargis (2008), Typhon the ASEAN Directorate taking a lead role Haiyan (2014) have created an increased sense in HA/DR response coordination. of urgency in ASEAN working more closely with 8. Establish a standard needs assessment the IFRC. Closer cooperation involves incorpo- monitoring and impact process appli- rating the IDRL Guidelines in planning, exer- cable to the region. A standardized post cises, and regional collaboration for conducting disaster needs assessment and evalua- HA/DR activities. The Humanitarian Policy tion process could better match needs Group (HPG), in their working paper “Regional to resources. Further, it would provide Organizations and Humanitarian Action: The improved situational awareness regarding Case of ASEAN” has identified eleven actions the progress of the response focused on strengthening ASEAN’s HA/DR role 9. Develop a Subject Matter Expert (SMEs) in the region. directory of vetted regional professionals. These SMEs could be made available to 1. Create an information-sharing system Member States, businesses, aid organiza- for cataloging, and expanding availability tions and others in providing informed of, policies, operational resources, best guidance and recommendations. practices, and other practical knowledge 10. Escalate the emphasis on preparing for, applicable to a HA/DR event. responding to and recovering from a pandemic. Pandemics do not respect 2. Improve access for humanitarian assis- human established borders; consequently tance. A “best practice” is the Philippines a regional response is essential to stem- use of multi-sector receiving stations at ming the tide of an emerging infectious their key airports. These stations included disease outbreak. (e.g., Ebola, Bird Flu, government staff to process aid workers’ MERS, etc.) ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 81

WAY AHEAD 11. Pursue discussions regarding increased vides a path to build, maintain and poten- funding for the AHA Center, and a plan tially improve relations with the PRC. The of action and milestones for it to become analysis recognizes the risk that the PRC self-financed by not only the Member may misinterpret this trilateral arrange- States but also include business inter- ment as part of the assumed “contain- ests.236 ment” strategy. Trilateral and bilateral HA/DR regional training and exercises Japan, United States And Australia: Trilateral military-to-military; especially with the Civil-Military HA/DR Cooperation People’s Liberation Army (PLA), is an essential element in mitigating the PRCs The research project of the Association for perception of a “containment” strategy. Cooperation between Japan, United States, and This approach is consistent with the col- Australia; The Asia-Pacific Center for Security legial, collaborative response the PRC Studies (APCSS), and Queensland University of demonstrated in responding to Haiti with Technology (QUT) creates further opportunities both security forces and humanitarian aid for disaster risk reduction in ASEAN countries. following the 2010 earthquake. • Finally, effective communication strate- The primary findings of the research include: gies prior to, during, and following a • The rapid expansion of the Asia-Pacific disaster are essential to insuring response region’s economies, combined with the resources are applied appropriately. This increased reliance of these economies on strategy includes not just military-to- infrastructure, creates vulnerabilities. The military, but perhaps, more importantly, necessity of, and potential for, coopera- civil society to military. Military resources tion among Japan, the United States and must deploy consistent with the “Oslo Australia in consonance with Asia-Pacific Guidelines” in order to prevent inadver- nations, is a potential platform for re- tent sovereignty violations. Civil society gional security cooperation in mitigating will be reassured of the trilateral intent these economic risks. of this relationship in the context of the • Japan, the United States and Australia “Oslo Guidelines” if they are included in arguably comprise a triumvirate of the the communication strategy.238 greatest HA/DR response capabilities and capacity in the region. The United States is especially well positioned to provide a comprehensive, rapid response due to the extent of its capabilities in the region, and the projection of its forces in Asia (e.g., Republic of Korea, Japan, and Guam). This statement is not intended to in any way denigrate the capabilities and capacities of Japan and Australia who have the additional benefit of geographic proximity in quickly mounting a disaster response using their equally extensive capabilities.237 • Trilateral HA/DR cooperation also serves the interests of reassuring the three na- tions commitment to Southeast Asia in responding to HA/DR events. This reas- surance is reinforced through political commitment to, and military presence in, the region. • HA/DR regional cooperation also pro- 82 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

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APPENDICES Current ASEAN Activities Appendices ASEAN and AHA Knowledge Management Lead Shepherd: Singapore ASEAN Quick Facts The project aims to develop a comprehensive ASEAN Knowledge Management (KM) hub to ACoSmEAmNunMitoyt”to: “One Vision, One Identity, One allow the AHA Center to document, dissemi- nate and institutionalize knowledge on disaster FAlSaEg AisNa Fsylmagb: oTlhoef ASEAN management in the ASEAN region. The goal is Member to strengthen the AHA Center website to serve States’ unity and support for as the main regional information gateway on the principles and endeavors disaster management in the ASEAN region. The of ASEAN and is a means to AHA Center website is not intended to be the promote greater ASEAN awareness and solidar- dominant site which would supersede or sup- ity. The colors of the Flag – blue, red, white and plant the many other resource and data Center’s yellow – represent the main colors of the flags of in the region. all the ASEAN Member States. The blue repre- sents peace and stability. Red depicts courage The current Knowledge Management struc- and dynamism, white shows priority and yellow ture and the AHA Center website were developed symbolizes prosperity. from a region wide mapping of KM needs in 2011. Features include: Web Emergency Op- EAmSEbAleNmErempbrelesemn:tsTahestAabSlEe,ApNeace- erations Center (Web-EOC) for Standby Ar- ful, united and dynamic ASEAN. rangements and Standard Operating Procedure The stalks of the padi in the center of (SASOP) application, Disaster Monitoring and the Emblem represent the dream of Response System (DMRS) for real-time incident ASEAN’s Founding Fathers for an ASEAN com- monitoring, ASEAN Disaster Information Net- prising all the countries in Southeast Asia, bound work (ADInet), ASEAN Disaster Risk Reduction together in friendship and solidarity. (DRR) Portal, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. DASayE.AN Day: August 8th is observed as ASEAN The objectives and expected outputs of the proj- ect are listed below. pArSeEssAioNnAofnAthSeEmA:N“TuhneitAy.SIEt AalNsoWstareyn”gisthaennesxt-he Objectives: sense of ASEAN identity and belonging among the peoples of the region. 1. Determine the knowledge and informa- tion needs of the ASEAN region’s related to disaster management and emergency response; Raise our flag high, sky high 2. Establish a resource center as well as an Embrace the pride in our heart online knowledge and information portal ASEAN we are bonded as one for disaster management and emergency Look-in out to the world. response in Southeast Asia; and For peace, our goal from very start 3. Build mechanisms that ensure the active And prosperity to last. use and application of knowledge and in- We dare to dream we care to share. formation down to the community level. Together for ASEAN. We dare to dream, Expected Outputs: We care to share for it’s the way of ASEAN. Handbooks based on Knowledge Needs 1. Assessment results; 2. ASEAN DMER Resource Center 3. On-line knowledge and information cen- 84 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ter (website/portal); and • Serve as a recognized center for excellence 4. Knowledge and information centers in in disaster management training, education, each Member State, operated by the na- and information in the ASEAN region. It is tional disaster management office. expected to facilitate capacity building and sharing of knowledge and resources, and can This project, which began in 2014, is targeted develop the pool of subject matter experts; for completion by the end of 2016. The first two years were focused on development of the AKM- • Serve as a repository for disaster science, Hub, while the third year will be devoted to technology and knowledge. It can also main- dissemination, institutionalization, maintenance, tain and update the DMTI database, includ- and improvement. 239 240 241 ing the facilities, trainers, and courses; ASEAN Disaster Management Training • Work on the accreditation and certification Institutes Network process for disaster training and education, including facilitating recognition for ASEAN- PLheaildipSphineepsherds: Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, level corporate branding; In December 2012, Singapore, with the aid • Organize demonstration sites of scenario- of the ASEAN Secretariat and ASEAN Partner- based multidisciplinary/multi-tiered drills ship Group (APG), conducted a mapping of and exercises on disaster management; and the Disaster Management Training Institutes (DMTI). The results were presented during the • Serve as the hub of Disaster Risk Reduction inaugural core group meeting for the ASEAN institutionalization in the ASEAN region, Network of DMTIs in February 2013. It was supporting sustainable development (where agreed to create a network of ASEAN DMTIs to DRR is development investment). 242 243 244 serve as centers for education, information, and training on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and ASEAN Disaster Recovery Toolbox Climate Change Adaptation (CCA); repository for disaster science, technology, and knowledge; (LBeuardmSah)epherds: Indonesia and Myanmar and a hub for DRR institutionalization within the Regional standards in ASEAN do not exist region. In October 2013, the core group pro- duced a two year plan to build a regional DMTI for conducting needs assessments, planning and network which would be called the ASEAN Di- coordination, and monitoring and evaluation of saster Management Training Institutes Network recovery programs. Guidelines and checklists (ADTRAIN). are available from international and non-gov- ernmental organizations, however most have not The objectives of ADTRAIN are to: been adapted to country and regional needs. 1. Find ways in which existing disaster man- agement training institutes in the region The ACDM formed a Working Group on can support ASEAN’s capacity-building Recovery comprising Myanmar (Burma) and efforts in emergency response and disas- Indonesia as co-chairs and Brunei and Philip- ter risk reduction within the context of pines as members. The working group is charged AADMER; with building an ASEAN Disaster Recovery 2. Create an environment and a mechanism Toolbox (ASEAN-DRT) to strengthen the ca- of knowledge-sharing through exchanges of pacity of Member States in conducting effective materials, technology, and resources; and needs assessments, planning and coordination, 3. Foster cooperation among disaster and monitoring and evaluation of their recovery management training institutes, ASEAN programs. Member States, civil society, donors, and other stakeholders towards building The toolbox is envisioned as (i) repository of disaster-resilient communities. practices and experiences on recovery of ASEAN Member States; (ii) compilation of best practices The network is expected to perform and other related resources; (iii) recovery guide- the following tasks: lines; (iv) capacity building tools and activities; and (v) mechanisms for coordination and re- source mobilization. The ASEAN-DRT will pro- vide a menu of options (such as good practices, assessment guidelines, action plan guidelines, ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 85

APPENDICES database of experts, etc.), available in the Knowl- arensdiliiennsuceraangcaein, astnddiseanshtearnsc.e financial and fiscal edge Management system in AHA Center which The project is targeted for a seven-year imple- can be used by Member States as a reference. mentation starting from 2004 to the end of 2020 Expected outputs: and is divided into three phases. 1. Identification of gaps and needs as well as Pinhpausers1ui–t Capacity building for Member States recommendations for the development of of the DRFI Roadmap (2014-2015). the Disaster Recovery Toolkit in the three • Efforts are underway to establish historical areas of needs, i.e. Post-Disaster Needs disaster damage and loss databases with a Assessment, Planning and Coordination, minimum 30 years of data. and Monitoring and Evaluation of Recov- ery Programs. • Developing an estimate of the government’s 2. A Disaster Recovery Toolbox providing a contingent liability for different events related menu of options. to the loss of public assets and infrastructure. 3. Well-trained ASEAN Member States through provision of a series of capacity • Baseline survey on disaster risk financing and building program in the above three areas insurance to aid assessment of status and gaps of needs. for disaster risk identification, financial risk 4. Showcase of rehabilitated critical facilities management, and collaboration with interna- post-disasters, such as schools, shelters, tional reinsurance and capital markets. earthquake resilient hospitals, etc. to demonstrate the principle of build-back- • Review of disaster risk financing policy and better after a disaster. regulatory frameworks to identify gaps or barriers to the development of risk financing The ASEAN-DRT is expected to be completed solutions. by the end of 2015. A showcase of rehabilitated critical facilities (post-disaster) and capacity • Promote experience and education on disas- building programs are part of this project and is ter risk financing, insurance, and fiscal risk expected to occur throughout 2016 and possibly management. Conduct training needs assess- beyond. 245 246 247 ment and design and deliver regional training seminars and workshops. ASEAN Disaster Risk Insurance Program • Facilitate information sharing through de- velopment, production, and dissemination Lead Shepherd: Indonesia of information-education-communications ASEAN Member States are exposed to a wide material through appropriate media. range of adverse natural hazards which has af- cPlhuadsine g2 l–egAisdlavtoivcea,cpy oalnicdy,leagnadl preparedness, in- fected approximately 100 million people within regulatory reforms the region since 2000. In the aftermath of a for strengthening national systems and facilitat- disaster, affected Member States may not have a ing cooperation in regional arrangements for di- sufficient financial response capacity to reduce saster risk financing and insurance (2016-2018). the economic and fiscal burden of the disaster. The need to develop financial programs which • Senior level regional advocacy for DRFI to provides immediate liquidity to governments for convey purpose and benefits and secure high post-disaster recovery and reconstruction is criti- level support, includes promoting legal pre- cal due to the rising trend of disaster losses and paredness and legislation and policy reforms. inefficiency of existing financial programs. • Meeting, hearings, and policy research stud- The ASEAN Strategy on Disaster Risk Financ- ies to craft legislation and introduce policy ing and Insurance (DRFI) is a flagship project reforms. Includes technical activities related in the AADMER Work Program and is in ad- to review national fiscal management, de- herence to the Hyogo Framework for Action velop national risk financing strategies and priorities. The ASEAN Disaster Risk Insurance programs, and strengthen post disaster bud- Program (ADRIP) is a disaster risk management get execution mechanisms. strategy aligned with DRFI, which is designed to advance cooperation in disaster risk financing 86 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

• Forums to facilitate exchange of information ASEAN Regional Disaster on best practices for risk financing and trans- Emergency Response Exercises fer, insurance, and legal preparedness. Lead Shepherds: Singapore and Malaysia tPhheaAseD3R–IPC(o2o0p1e9r-a2t0io2n0)fotor the development of The ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Re- introduce policy reforms craft legislation and sponse Exercise (ARDEX) is an ASEAN annual • Collaboration with development partners disaster exercise intended for ASEAN Member and international reinsurance and capital States (AMS) to practice, evaluate and review the markets on the development of catastrophic ASEAN Standby Arrangements and Standard risk transfer and reinsurance arrangements Operating Procedures (SASOP), in facilitat- for the region. ing an effective collaboration amongst ASEAN Member States in responding to major disasters • Feasibility study for a regional disaster risk in the region. ARDEX is an exercise platform to pooling and insurance program based on practice at the strategic, operational and tacti- prevailing policy and market conditions. cal levels, including interoperability of response entities. Recently, ARDEX has become a regional • Initiate development and establishment of the response exercise with participants from a wide ADRIP as a regional cooperation program. 248 variety of organizations. 249 Year Location Scenario Type ARDEX-05(first simulation exercise) Selangor, Malaysia Earthquake 250 Kein Svay District and Takhmau City, ARDEX-06 Kandal Province, Cambodia Flood disaster ARDEX-07251 Mandai Training Village (MTV), Singapore Urban search and rescue ARDEX-08252 Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate in the involving collapsed ARDEX-09253 Rayong Province, Thailand structures and mass Philippines casualties ARDEX-10254 Simulated typhoon disaster Indonesia ARDEX-13 (first time the AHA Center Cancelled due to co-organized the event)255 Ba Vi District, Hanoi, Vietnam Philippines’ response to Tropical Storm Ketsana and Typhoon Parma Cancelled due to the Merapi eruption and tsunami impacting Mentawai Island Typhoon with landfall in the Vietnam Northern Delta Provinces Table 7: ARDEX Exercise Platform • Synchronizing response mechanisms with relevant international guidelines and prac- According to the AADMER Work Plan, the fol- tices, cross-border movement of disaster lowing are concentration areas for future itera- response assets of AMS and relevant interna- tions of ARDEX: tional organizations; • Coordinating the request and offer of as- • Testing the entry and facilitation processes at sistance involving the ACDM Focal Points, the entry points; and Emergency Operation Centers of AMS, and relevant UN and international organizations; ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 87

APPENDICES • Review the current SASOP version.256 sage delivered at the UN World Conference on Participants in ARDEX exercises include: Disaster Risk Reduction. According to this note, • Host country disaster response agencies; the exercise “seeks to evaluate and review the • ASEAN Member States disaster response regional mechanism for mutual assistance and response procedures as well as ensuring synergy agencies; and in responses from relevant stakeholders.”261 • Invited teams and observers from the UN Expected Outputs and other international organizations. The following are expected outputs from the The project promotes interoperability of re- project: sponse entities for the next 3 years, marking the five years of AHA Center since its establishment 1. ARDEX Manual developed and dissemi- in November 2011. ARDEX exercises comprise nated; the following elements: 2. SASOP and other guidelines related to • Pre-Exercise: exercise scenario, concept AADMER practiced, evaluated and re- paper, exercise referees, exercise control viewed; checklist, conduct of Exercise Planning Team (EPT) Meetings; 3. Identified lessons learnt from other ex- ercises as a result of benchmarking and • Actual Exercise: coordination (offer & re- recommendations for areas of improve- quest of assistance, interoperability of re- ments for ARDEX. sponse mechanisms; The future of ARDEX is unclear given many • Post-Exercise: de-briefing, review perfor- recent cancellations and an increasingly crowded mance, improvements of SASOP257 disaster response exercise landscape in Southeast Asia. For example, the ASEAN Regional Forum’s ARDEX was conducted on an annual basis (ARF) Disaster Response Exercise (DiREx) has from 2005 to 2008, and ARDEX 2009 and 2010 grown into a huge annual event that competes were cancelled due to actual disaster responses with ARDEX for participants. The project is in the host country. ARDEX was not executed in targeted for a three-year implementation, start- 2011 and 2012, and shifted to a bi-annual basis ing from 2014 with ending date of end of 2016, from 2013.258 marking the five year operationalization of the AHA Center. ARDEX-13 was hosted by Vietnam. The Oc- tober 2013 exercise was the first to test the AHA Disaster and Climate Resilience Center’s operational readiness and its ability to coordinate a disaster response. The exercise used ASEAN is committed to promote a culture of a scenario based around a super typhoon making disaster resilience and awareness on AADMER landfall in Vietnam’s northern delta provinces. through annual commemoration of the ASEAN In the fictional scene-setter, the typhoon caused Day for Disaster Management (ADDM), high- water to breach the dike system, killing more impact outreach events involving civil society, than 1,000 people and leaving 10,000 affected by media and relevant stakeholders, and advocacy collapsed houses and flooding. ARDEX-13 was programs at the regional and national levels. comprised of a series of related exercises which Building Disaster–Resilient Cities and Capacity included a communication exercise to verify the Building for Community-Based Disaster Risk request for assistance process, an exercise to test Reduction are flagship projects of the AADMER the procedure for search and rescue forces and Work Program. 262 263 264 equipment, a series of workshops related to the AHA Center, the AADMER Work Program, and During the 26th ASEAN Summit in Kuala the ERAT. The capstone to the exercise was a two Lumpur, Malaysia, on 27 April 2015, the Heads day simulation of search and rescue and ERAT of States/Governments of ASEAN reemphasized operations.259 their commitment to implementation of the ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and The next ARDEX will be held in 2016, and will Emergency Response, ASEAN Climate Change be held every year moving forward260. In a mes- Initiative, ASEAN Action Plan on Joint Response to Climate Change, and ASEAN Declaration on Environmental Sustainability.265 At the ASEAN Ministerial Meeting on Disas- 88 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ter Management in December 2004, the Min- agement policies and measures. isters agreed to celebrate the ASEAN Day for Disaster Management as part of the UN Interna- Implementation strategies: tional Day for Disaster Reduction on every 2nd • Establishment of regional collaborative Wednesday of October. Past themes are:266 • 2vo0l1v4e:mReenstiloiefnOceldiesrfoPreoLpiflee Promoting In- mechanisms to increase urban resilience in ASEAN. • 2013: Living with Disabilities and Disasters • Urban development plans, investment pro- grams, and land use management of cities • 2R0e1si2li:eWncoem  en and Girls: The Visible Force of integrate disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation measures. • 2M0a1k1i:nSgteCphUildprfeonr Disaster Risk Reduction! • Capacity building of local and national gov- and Youth Partners in Di- ernments in Member States to enhance urban saster Risk Reduction resilience. • 2010: Making Cities Resilient Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction • 2009/2008: Hospitals Safe from Disaster Lead Shepherds: Cambodia and Laos Member States recognize the importance • a2t0S0c7h/2o0o0l 6: Disaster Risk Reduction Begins of community-based disaster risk reduction as • 2005: Invest to Prevent Disaster a way of dealing with local risk patterns and trends. Community involvement is important to • a2r0d0s4: Today’s Disasters for Tomorrow’s Haz- build their capacities in managing disaster risk. Projected completion is the end of 2015. • S2u0s0t3a:inTaubrlneinDgevtheleoTpimdeenotn Disasters towards Objectives: Disaster and Climate Resilient Cities 1. Exchange knowledge and promote good practices to provide guidance in under- LPheaadseS2h–epMhearladyss:iPahase 1 – Laos and Thailand; taking effective and socially inclusive The growth of cities and urbanization pose Community Bases Disaster Risk Reduc- tion (CBDRR) programs. development challenges to national and local governments. Urban agglomerations with its 2. Facilitate the exchange of innovative concentration of population and assets in con- training methodologies and approaches fined areas represent high exposure to hazards among DRR training institutions. and vulnerability. This project is targeted for implementation by the end of 2016. 3. Further support, strengthen, and scale Overall this project aims to increase resilience of up CBDRR implementation of Member ASEAN cities to disasters through: States. • Establishment of a collaborative mechanism 4. Promote effective partnerships among at the regional level to facilitate partnerships national and local governments, NGOs among stakeholders in urban development and civil society organizations at the sub- planning a disaster and climate risk manage- national and national levels to implement ment. CBDRR. • Integration of disaster risk reduction and Expected outcomes: climate change adaptation in urban develop- 1. Scaled up initiatives, socially inclusive ment, land use planning processes, and build- CBDRR Programs in Member States. ing regulations. 2. Increased partnerships among stake- holders at sub-national and national • Improve the capacities of Member States to levels in implementing CBDRR. assess urban disaster and climate risk man- 3. A regional center for knowledge gen- eration, management and dissemina- tion on CBDRR. 4. Increased and improved CBDRR ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 89

APPENDICES trainings in Member States. document was provided which is an evolution and operationalization of the ASEAN Regional Disaster Emergency Response Logistic System Forum Model Arrangement. The proposed docu- for ASEAN ment addresses: • Conduct and Maintenance of Discipline Lead Shepherds: Malaysia and Singapore • Privileges and Immunities ASEAN has established the Disaster Emer- • Identification and Arms • Cost Requirements gency Response Logistic System (DELSA) which • Movement within the Affected State and can immediately serve disaster-affected Mem- ber States during the emergency response. The Interaction with its Local Economy system is carried out by the establishment of a • Dispute Settlement regional stockpile of relief items and pre-arrange- • Status of the Agreement ments with potential suppliers and transporters. A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) be- Features of the Rapid Disaster Response Concept tween the Executive Director of the AHA Center are: and United Nations Humanitarian Response • May eliminate the requirement for negotia- Depot/United Nations World Food Program (UNHRD/WFP), signed on 7 December 2012, tion of complicated issues in the immediate designates ASEAN as one of the key UNHRD aftermath of a disaster event. users in the region. • Can effect faster deployment and acceptance of MCDA following an extreme disaster. DELSA was launched on December 12, 2012 • Pre-event bilateral agreement with pre-ne- and has been supported by the Japan-ASEAN gotiated terms between the potential affected Integration Fund (JAIF). The regional stockpile and assisting states. is located at the UNHRD in Subang, Malaysia • Flexible and tailorable to each country’s and is managed by the WFP. The regional stock- needs. pile consists of, mobile storages, office and living • Remains in effect for a limited period of time prefabs, generators, family tents, ASEAN Family and is not a standing agreement. 271 Kits, shelter toolkits, rescue boats, ready-to-eat meals, office supplies and ICT support. School and Hospital Safety Programs The regional stockpile allowed the AHA The School and Hospital Safety Programs fall Center to mount its first ground humanitarian under the Prevention and Mitigation Strategic response following a 6.8 magnitude earthquake Component of the AADMER Work Program on 11 November 2012 in Mandalay and Sagaing 2010-2015. 272 regions of Myanmar (Burma). Phase II of the project will establish satellite warehouses in ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative several of the most disaster-prone countries to complement the regional warehouse and improve Lead Shepherds: Thailand and Laos response and deployment of relief items. 267 268 269 The goal of ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative 270 (ASSI) is for children in ASEAN countries to become more resilient to disasters and have a Rapid Disaster Response Concept safe and secure learning environment. ASSI is a Natural disasters may exceed any single coun- three year program (2013-2016) which supports try’s capacity to respond in an effective and time- the flagship project, Building Disaster Resilient layssmetasn(nMerC, DanAd) foreign military and civil defense ASEAN Cities, and advances Integration of DRR may be requested by the affected in School Curriculum and Promoting Safety government to fill gaps in the response. Effective and timely disaster response requires the removal toiffibeodtatlnednedcekasltawndithlegparilohrutrodaleds,iswahstiecrheavreenitd. en- The Rapid Disaster Response Concept was proposed by President Obama during the No- vember 2to01a1ddEraesstsAisssiaueSsuamnmd fita,caiistaatepotitmenetliyal method deployment of MCDA. A proposed agreement 90 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

of Educational Facilities, Public Awareness and Objectives: Advocacy. 1. Promote the integration of safe school Specific objectives construction in the education sector agen- da of Member States. 1. Increased funding tools, local expertise 2. Share disaster resilient school construc- and guidance for Safe Schools Initiatives tion practices and safe school models that in ASEAN region. use locally sourced material and scientific knowledge. 2. Improved capacities at national level 3. Enable Member States to undertake vul- through inter-agency collaboration and nerability assessment of existing schools. the use of Comprehensive School Safety 4. Provide guidance to Member States on Framework. 273 ensuring safe school construction. 5. Assist Member States in developing a na- Integrating Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in tion action plan for safe schools. School Curriculum Expected Outcomes: Lead Shepherds: Cambodia and Laos 1. Integration of safe school construction in Reducing the vulnerability of children to disas- the education agenda of Member States. 2. Integration of DRR in national school ter by incorporating disaster risk reduction into construction guidelines of Member States. school curriculum to ensure the safety of children 3. Undertaking of vulnerability assessment and increase resilience of communities. and strengthening of existing schools by Objectives: Member States. 4. Development of a national action plan for 1. Facilitate the institutionalization of DRR safe schools by Member States. 275 in the education sector of Member States. Hospital Networking for Resilience Initiative 2. Promote sharing of experiences, sound practices, and innovative approaches on Lead Shepherd: TBD DRR integration in the curriculum. Hospitals are essential to sustainable recovery 3. Deepen the collaboration among key from disasters. The political and social obligation stakeholders in each Member State to to ensure hospitals and health facilities are safe initiate or upscale DRR integration in the and resilient is the collective responsibility of all curriculum and teacher training system. sectors involved. Also, it is critical to strengthen the structural integrity, capacity, and disaster Expected Outcomes: resilience of hospitals. 1. Integration of DRR in the education sector development agenda of Member Objectives of the Project: States. 2. Upscaling of initiatives on DRR main- 1. Establish a collaborative network of di- streaming in the school curriculum in saster and climate resilient hospitals and Member States, i.e. increased budget, health facilities through multi-stakeholder partnerships for implementation. cooperation and partnership at the local, 3. Institutionalization of DRR curriculum in national and regional level. the education program of universities. 2. Build hospitals which are safe, resilient, 4. Integration of DRR and school safety in and capable of delivering medical care the teacher training system. 274 and life saving services during and after a disaster through structural and non- Disaster Safety of Educational Facilities structural disaster mitigation measures. 3. Reduce the disaster losses of the hospital Lead Shepherd: Vietnam and health sector in Member States. Strengthening school buildings and facilities Expected outcomes: before a disaster strikes protects children from injury, mitigates long term costs, and ensures continuity after a disaster event. ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 91

APPENDICES 1. Integration of disaster safe hospitals in ness. the national health agenda of Member 3. Enable Member States to undertake vul- States. nerability assessment of existing hospi- 2. Conduct of vulnerability and risk assess- tals. ments of hospitals by Member States. 4. Support Member States in the develop- 3. Select pilot hospitals retrofitted to with- ment of a national action plan for safe stand the probable impact of earthquake hospitals. and other natural hazards. 4. A collaborative network of hospitals for building disaster and climate resilience in Expected outcomes: the region. 1. Integration of disaster safe hospitals in 5. National action plan on safe hospital the national health agenda of Member developed by Member States. States. 2. Conduct of vulnerability assessment of Expected outputs: hospitals by Member States. 1. Baseline risk profile of the hospital sector 3. National action plan on safe hospitals in Member States. developed by Member States. 277 2. Documentation of good practices, com- mon approaches, and recommendations ASEAN Points of Contact on ensuring disaster resilience of hospi- tals. The following contact list is included with 3. Collaborative agreements on sister hospi- the intent to provide planners and deploying tal partnerships and hospital networking personnel initial contacts for ASEAN. Out of for resilience. consideration for privacy concerns, this list does 4. Pilot hospital demonstrations on risk not contain individual contact information, but assessment, retrofitting, and contingency instead has email addresses and telephone num- planning. bers for offices. 5. National action plans on resilient hospi- tals. 6. Regional forums on resilient hospitals. 276 Disaster Safety of Health Facilities Lead Shepherd: TBD Hospitals are one of the critical facilities which can be damaged or destroyed when a disaster strikes. Disaster damage to hospitals may reach millions of dollars, and retrofitting has been shown to be a cost effective measure to protect medical facilities and the capability to save hu- man lives. Objectives: 1. Facilitate the institutionalization of di- saster safe hospitals in the health sector agenda of Member States. 2. Share current practices in making hospi- tals safe from disasters covering construc- tion, functional continuity, and prepared- 92 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Office/Facility Address City Country Phone Email Jakarta 10110 Indonesia 62 21 3435 9000 [email protected] U.S. Mission to ASEAN Jl. Medan Merdeka Jakarta 12110 Indonesia 62 21 7262 991 [email protected] Selatan 5 Daerah Khusus Indonesia 62 21 3168735 [email protected] Ibukota Jakarta 62 21 527 9332 secretariat@aseanenergy. ASEAN Secretariat Jl. Sisingamangaraja 70A 10340 Indonesia 62 21 5290 2014 org Kuningan, 66 2537 3941 [email protected] ASEAN Coordinating Lantai 20, Gedung BPPT Jakarta 12950 Indonesia Center for 1, Jl. M.H. Thamrin No.8, 634 9536 2865 http://www.asean.or.jp/en Humanitarian Kota Jakarta Pusat Jakarta Selatan Thailand http://www. Assistance (AHA 603 9195 1888 aseanbiodiversity.org/ Center) Bangkok 10900 Indonesia 662 215 3640 http://www.weather.gov. Brunei sg/wip/web/ASMC ASEAN Center for 6th Floor, ACE Building Jakarta Malaysia [email protected] Energy (ACE) Directorate General of Japan [email protected] Electricity and Energy Minato-ku, Philippines Utilization Complex Tokyo 105-0004 Singapore Jl. H.R. Rasuna Said, Block College Laguna, X-2, Kav. 07-08 4031 Malaysia Singapore Thailand ASEAN Center for Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. 918141 the Development 3-5 of Agricultural 50480 Kuala Cooperatives Lumpur (ACEDAC) Bangkok 10330 ASEAN Council on PTT Public Company Petroleum (ASCOPE) Limited (Head office), Secretariat 20th floor, Building 1 ASEAN Earthquake 555 Vibhavadi Rangsit Information Center Road, Chatuchak (AEIC) Jl. Angkasa I No 2 Kemayoran ASEAN-EC Management Center (AEMC) ASEAN Insurance Training and Research Institute (AITRI) ASEAN-Japan Center Shin Onarimon Bldg. 1F, (formerly known as 6-17-19 Shimbashi the ASEAN Promotion Center) ASEAN Center for 3F ERDB Bldg. Forestry Biodiversity (ACB) Campus ASEAN Specialized P.O. Box 8 Singapore Meteorological Changi Airport Post Center (ASMC)- Co- Office located with the Meteorological Service Singapore South East Asian Level 5, Sasana Kijang Central Banks Bank Negara Malaysia (SEACEN) 2 Jalan Dato’ Onn ASEAN University Office of the AUN Network (AUN) Secretariat Secretariat Jamjuree 1 Bld., Chulalongkorn University Phyathai Road, Phathumwan Table 8: ASEAN Contact Information ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 93

APPENDICES HFA Country Progress Report Member States scored well was Priority 4, reduc- ing the underlying risk factors. Each government The United Nations International Strategy for identified that there was insufficient progress Disaster Reduction’s (UNISDR) 10-year Hyogo in reducing the core causes of disaster risk and Framework for Action (HFA) ended in early mitigation measures. 2015. The framework is an international disaster risk reduction plan, which focusing on enhanc- Overall, ASEAN made significant progress in ing resilience of populations to disasters. The As- disaster response and humanitarian assistance sociation for Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) such as the AHA Center’s response to Typhoon Regional HFA report is based on the national Hagupit in the Philippines. Moving forward, progress reports of each ASEAN Member State’s ASEAN can look into regional activities to en- self-evaluation implementation of the HFA. The courage Member States to enhance coping and ASEAN Member States (AMSs) executed best in adaptive capacities, mainly dealing with climate priority 1 and weakest in priorities 3 and 4. change. 278 279 Figure 13: Disparity in HFA Progress of ASEAN Member States Note: 1 is the lowest measure while 5 indicates the highest value Each of the ASEAN Member States demon- strated achievement in Priority 1 which is to ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. Examples include, Lao PDR’s establishment of a new National Disaster Prevention and Control Committee based on Prime Ministerial Decree 220/PM; Philippines’ enactment of the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act; and Indonesia’s enactment of Law No.24 on Disaster Management. The countries did not score as well in pri- orities 3 and 4. Priority 3 deals with the use of knowledge, sinafneotyvaatniodnr,easnildienedcue caattaiollnletvoeblsu. ild a culture of Additional work needs to be accomplished to integrate national frameworks into the way of life of local communities. Another area where the 94 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

ASEAN Regional Progress Report On The Implementation Of HFA (2011-2013) Many countries around the world are committed to taking action to reduce disaster risk. The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) was adopted as a guideline to reduce vulnerabilities to natural hazards. The HFA assists the efforts of these countries to become more resilient to, and manage better the hazards that threaten their development. The full report is available at http://www.preventionweb. net/files/39137_39137aseansubregionalreport20112013.pdf 280 Below are the 2011-2013 results of the Regional HFA for ASEAN: Priority for Action #1: Ensure disaster risk reduction is a national and local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation (Sub-) Regional (Sub-)Regional Indicator Description Level of Progress Indicator Achieved* 1 A (sub-) regional framework, strategy or action plan for disaster risk 4 reduction exists. 2 A multi-sectoral (sub-) regional institutional mechanism exists. 4 3 Institutional mechanism in place to monitor risk reduction status and 4 progress at (sub-) regional level. 4 (Sub-) regional training/capacity building programs/institutions exist to 4 support capacity building for DRR at national/regional levels. Priority for Action #2: Risk assessment and early warning systems 5 Institutional mechanism and procedures are in place to carry out trans- 4 boundary risk assessments. 6 (Sub-) regional early warning systems exist. 3 Priority for Action #3: Use knowledge, innovation and education to build culture of safety and resilience at all levels 7 (Sub-) regional information and knowledge sharing mechanism avail- 4 able. 8 (Sub-) regional research institutions for disaster risk reduction exist. 4 Priority for Action #4: Reducing underlying risk factors 9 DRR is an integral objective of (sub-) regional policies and plans. 4 10 (Sub-) regional infrastructure projects have processes to assess disaster 3 risk impacts. Priority for Action #5: Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels 11 (Sub-) regional response mechanism in place to address disaster pre- 4 paredness, emergency relief and rehabilitation issues across borders. 12 (Sub-) regional contingency mechanism exists to support countries in 2 post disaster recovery. 13 (Sub-) regional catastrophe risk pooling facility available. 3 14 (Sub-) regional information exchange mechanism in place for effective 4 communication during trans-boundary disasters. *Level of Progress: Table 9: Results of ASEAN Regional HFA, 2011-2013 1 – Minor progress with few signs of forward action in plans or policy 2 – Some progress, but without systematic policy and/ or institutional commitment 3 – Institutional commitment attained, but achievements are neither comprehensive nor substantial 4 – Substantial achievement attained but with recognized limitations in key aspects, such as financial resources and/ or operational capacities 5 – Comprehensive achievement with sustained commitment and capacities at all levels ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 95

APPENDICES Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronym Definition AADMER ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response ACB ASEAN Center For Biodiversity ACDM ASEAN Committee On Disaster Management ACE AHA Center Executive ACE ASEAN Center For Energy ACEDAC ASEAN Center For the Development of Agricultural Cooperatives ADDM ASEAN Day For Disaster Management ADINET ASEAN Disaster Information Network ADMM ASEAN Defense Ministers Meeting ADPC Asia Disaster Preparedness Center ADRIP ASEAN Disaster Risk Insurance Program ADSOM ASEAN Defense Senior Officials’ Meeting ADTRAIN ASEAN Disaster Management Training Institutes Network AEC ASEAN Economic Community AEIC ASEAN Earthquake Information Center AEMC ASEAN-EC Management Center AHA ASEAN Humanitarian Assistance AHRD ASEAN Human Rights Declaration AITRI ASEAN Insurance Training and Research Institute AMMDM ASEAN Ministerial Meeting On Disaster Management AMS ASEAN Member States APADM Alliance For Disaster Management APC-MADRO Asia-Pacific Conference On Military Assistance To Disaster Relief Operations APCSS Asia-Pacific Center For Security Studies APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APG AADMER Partnership Group APMI ASEAN Peatland Management Initiative APMS ASEAN Peatland Management Strategy APSC ASEAN Political-Security Community ARDEX ASEAN Disaster Response Exercises ARF ASEAN Regional Forum ARG ASEAN Militaries Ready Group ARPDM ASEAN Regional Program On Disaster Management ARRND Agreement on Rapid Response for Natural Disasters ASA Association of Southeast Asia ASC ASEAN Security Community ASCC ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community ASCOPE ASEAN Council On Petroleum ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations ASEAN-DRT ASEAN Disaster Recovery Toolbox ASEAN-ERAT ASEAN Emergency Rapid Assessment Team ASEAN-OCHA ASEAN-United Nations Office For the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 96 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Acronym Definition ASEM Asia-Europe Meeting ASMC ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Center ASSI ASEAN Safe Schools Initiative AUN ASEAN University Network BCI Bali Concord I BNPB Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Bencana (Indonesian NDMA) CA Competent Authority CBDRR Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction CCA Climate Change Adaptation CCFSC Committee of Flood and Storm Control CEDAW Forms of Discrimination Against Women CF Civic Force CIQ Customs, Immigration, and Quarantine CMOC Civil-Military Operations Center CMCS Civil-Military Coordination Section CONOPS Concept of Operations COP Conference of Parties CPX Command Post Exercise CSIS Center For Security and International Studies DANA Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis DDPM Disaster Prevention and Mitigation DELSA Disaster Emergency Logistic System For ASEAN DMER Disaster Management and Emergency Response DMRS Disaster Monitoring and Response System DMTI Disaster Management Training Institutes DREE Disaster Response Exercise & Exchange DRFI Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance DRM Disaster Risk Management DRR Disaster Risk Reduction EAS East Asia Summit EPT Exercise Planning Team ERAT Emergency Rapid Assessment Team ERC Emergency Relief Coordinator FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FMA Foreign Military Assistance FTX Field Training Exercise GDP Gross Domestic Product HA/DR Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief HC Humanitarian Coordinator HCA Humanitarian Civic Action HuMOCC Humanitarian-Military Operations Coordination Center HFA Hyogo Framework For Action ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 97

APPENDICES Acronym Definition HPA Hanoi Plan of Action HPG Humanitarian Policy Group IAI Initiative For ASEAN Integration ICG Intergovernmental Coordination Group ICT Information and Communication Technology IDRL International Response Laws, Rules and Principles IFRC International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IOC-UNESCO Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization IOM International Organization For Migration IOTWS Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning System ISM Inter-Sessional Meeting JAIF Japan ASEAN Integration Fund JMA Japan Meteorological Agency JOCCA Joint Operations and Coordination Center of ASEAN JTF Joint Task Force KM Knowledge Management LEMA Local Emergency Management Authority LMI Lower Mekong Initiative MCDA Military and Civil Defense Assets MKN Malaysia’s National Security Council MNF Multi-National Force MOU Memorandum of Understanding MPAT Multinational Planning and Augmentation Team MRC Mekong River Commission MTV Mandai Training Village NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCDM National Committee For Disaster Management NDG Narrowing the Development Gap NDMO National Disaster Management Office NDRRMC National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council and Administrator NFP National Focal Point NZ New Zealand OSOCC Onsite Operations and Coordination Center P&R Preparedness and Response PDC Pacific Disaster Center PIF Pacific Islands Forum PLA People’s Liberation Army PRC People’s Republic of China PTWC Pacific Tsunami Warning Center QUT Queensland University of Technology RAP Response Action Plan 98 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance

Acronym Definition RC Resident Coordinator RCRCM Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement RDR Rapid Disaster Response RDR Regional Disaster Response ROAP Regional Office For the Asia-Pacific ROE Rules of Engagement RTSP Regional Tsunami Service Providers SAARC South Asian Association For Regional Cooperation SAR Search and Rescue SASOP Standby Arrangements and Standard Operating Procedures SCDF Singapore’s Civil Defense Force SEACEN South East Asian Central Banks SEADMC Southeast Asia Disaster Management Cooperation SOM Senior Officials’ Meeting SOMHD Senior Officials’ Meeting On Health Development SOMSWD Senior Officials’ Meeting On Social Welfare and Development SOP Standard Operating Procedure TAC Treaty of Amity and Cooperation TIFA Trade and Investment Framework Arrangement TTX Table Top Exercise UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNCT UN Country Team UNDAC United Nations Disaster Assessment and Coordination UNDP United Nations Development Program UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner For Refugees UNHRD United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot UNHRD/WFP United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot/United Nations World Food Program UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UNISDR United Nations International Strategy For Disaster Reduction UNOCHA United Nations Office For the Coordination For Humanitarian Affairs USAID United States Agency For International Development USARPAC United States Army Pacific USPACOM United States Pacific Command VAP Vientiane Action Program WFP World Food Program WHO World Health Organization ASEAN Disaster Management Reference Handbook | 2015 99

APPENDICES End Notes 16 Petz, Daniel, Strengthening Regional and National Capacity for Disaster Risk Management: The Case 1 1967 Bangkok Declaration of ASEAN, November 2014, http://www.brookings. 2 The Rise of China and Community Building in East edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2014/11/05- south-east-asia-drm-petz/strengthening-regional- Asia, Zhang Xiaoming, ASIAN PERSPECTIVE, Vol. 30, and-national-capacity-for-drm--case-of-asean- No. 3, 2006, pp. 129-148. november-5-2014.pdf 3 Momentous’ day for ASEAN as charter comes into force. Agence France-Presse. 15 December 2008. 17 ASEAN Secretariat, The ASEAN Secretariat Invites 4 Masilamani, Logan; Peterson, Jimmy (2014-10-15). Indonesian Citizens or ASEAN Nationals Residing The “ASEAN Way”: The Structural Underpinnings of in Indonesia to Apply for the Position of Secretary Constructive Engagement. Foreign Policy Journal. DMHA, http://www.asean.org/opportunities/ 5 CIA World Factbook, Country Comparison: GDP (PPP), vacancies?task=callelement&format=raw&it August 2012. em_id=11607&element=0cb9f2e5-1d7c-41e9-b227- 6 ASEAN Community in Figures (ACIF) 2013 (PDF) (6th eb8762229f4b&method=download ed.). Jakarta: ASEAN. Feb 2014. p. 1. 7 World Bank, Global Facility for Disaster Reduction 18 AADMER Partnership Group, “ASEAN Secretariat”, and Recovery (GFDRR), ASEAN and United Nations http://www.aadmerpartnership.org/partners/asean- International Strategy for Disaster Reduction secretariat/ (UNISDR), Advancing Disaster Risk Financing and Insurance in ASEAN Countries, April 2012. 19 Petz, Daniel, Strengthening Regional and National 8 United Nations University – Institute for Environment Capacity for Disaster Risk Management: The Case and Human Security, Alliance Development Works, of ASEAN, November 2014, http://www.brookings. World Risk Report 2014, 2014. edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2014/11/05- 9 ASEAN, Agreement on the Establishment of the south-east-asia-drm-petz/strengthening-regional- ASEAN Secretariat, http://www.asean.org/news/item/ and-national-capacity-for-drm--case-of-asean- asean-secretariat-basic-documents-agreement-on- november-5-2014.pdf the-establishment-of-the-asean-secretariat-bali-24- february-1976-2, accessed on June 2, 2015. 20 International Council on Social Welfare, Civil Society 10 ASEAN, About ASEAN Secretariat, http://www.asean. and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, org/asean/asean-secretariat/about-asean-secretariat, November 2001, http://www.icsw.org/publications/ accessed June 2, 2015. ASEAN-paper.pdf 11 ASEAN, ASEAN Secretariat Organisational Structure, http://www.asean.org/images/archive/13106- 21 Petz, Daniel, Strengthening Regional and National OrgStructure.pdf, accessed on June 2, 2015. Capacity for Disaster Risk Management: The Case 12 ASEAN, Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian of ASEAN, November 2014, http://www.brookings. Nations, pp3-4. edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2014/11/05- 13 ASEAN, Overview, http://www.asean.org/asean/about- south-east-asia-drm-petz/strengthening-regional- asean/overview, accessed on June 1, 2015. and-national-capacity-for-drm--case-of-asean- 14 ASEAN Heads of State, ASEAN Declaration on november-5-2014.pdf Enhancing Cooperation in Disaster Management, October 2013, http://www.asean.org/images/ 22 ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management, Terms archive/23rdASEANSummit/4.%20asean%20 of Reference, December 2003, http://122.155.1.145/ declaration%20on%20enhancing%20cooperation%20 site6/download-src.php?did=5410 in%20disaster%20management_final.pdf 15 Kamal, Adelina, Promoting Synergy and Cooperation 23 ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management, Terms between ASEAN-related Mechanisms on HADR, March of Reference, December 2003, http://122.155.1.145/ 2013, http://aseanregionalforum.asean.org/files/ site6/download-src.php?did=5410 Archive/20th/12th%20ARF%20ISM%20on%20DR,%20 Padang,%2012-13March2013/Annex%206%20-%20 24 ADMM, ASEAN Defence Establishments and Civil Presentation%20by%20ASEAN%20Secretariat.pdf Society Organisations Cooperation on Non-Traditional Security, http://www.operationspaix.net/DATA/ DOCUMENT/3879~v~Concept_Paper_on_ASEAN_ Defence_Establishments_and_Civil_Society_ Organizations__CSOs__Cooperation_on_Non- Traditional_Security.pdf 25 ASEAN Committee on Disaster Management, Terms of Reference, December 2003, http://122.155.1.145/ site6/download-src.php?did=5410 26 AHA Centre, “ASEAN Committee on Disaster 100 Center for Excellence in Disaster Management & Humanitarian Assistance