Nursing PICOT Questions in Public Health

NURSINGPICOTQUESTIONSINPUBLICHEALTH

SurnameNameProfessorCourseDate NursingPICOTquestionsinpublichealth ThestudywillconcentrateinexaminingtheapplicationofPICOTformulainthefield ofpublichealth.Someoftheissuesthatwillbeused includeAlzheimer’sdisease,vasectomy,furunculosis,premature birth,pregnancy,andtheDown’ssyndrome.Theselectedissueswillbeusedtodiscusshownursesuse PICOT formulato acquire necessaryinformation needed foreffectiveintervention. The PICOT formatis often used to formulate questions in NursingEvidence-Based Practice.PICOT isan acronym,which standsforpatientproblem/population,intervention,comparison,outcome,and time (Lipman35).Thepatientproblem/populationguidesapractitionertounderstandthepatient,sex,age,health status,orthe population underconsideration.Interventionleadsonetoaskthequestionregardingtheplanforthepatientinquestion,thatis,specificmedications,therapies,and tests.Comparisonimpliestheavailablealternativesforthechosenplan.Inthatcase,therecanbe no treatmentorvarioustreatmentoptions.The outcome helpsthepractitionertonarrow downtowhatissought.Thefieldcanincludecertainelementsincluding fullhealth,no symptoms,and lesssymptomsamongothers(MateoandMarquis87).TimeisanotherfundamentalcomponentofEvidence-BasedPractice.Thetimeframeforanycaseisalwaysenlisted.Insomecases,theTcanalsoimplythetypeofstudy.

SurnamePICOTquestionsfallintofourtypes,namely:prevention/therapy,diagnosis,etiology,andprognosis.ThePICOTformatassistsincreatingausefulclinicalquestionandsearchingforrelevantpublicationsandstudies.Forinstance,ifanursedesirestounderstandtheeffectoffluvaccinationontheadvancementofpneumoniainanoldadult,theprofessionalcanfillintheblankspaceslikethis: In------------------(P),how does------------------(I)compareto----------------------(C)effect----------------------(O)over-------------------(T).Thequestionwillthenappearasfollows;inapatientaged65years,howdoestheapplicationofaninfluenzavaccine compare to the failure to receive vaccine influence the riskofcontractingpneumoniaduringafluseason? Inmostcases,questionsmaybeformulatedbasedonthefourcategories.Forintervention,itwillcoverawidespanofactivitiesemanatingfrom drugtreatments,clinicaltherapies,socialactivities,andlifestylechangesamongothers(Lipman59).Interventionscanencompasseitherpopulationhealthactivities orindividualpatientcare.Forexample,a 30-yearold maleexperiencesrecurrentfurunculosisforthepastsevenmonths.Theepisodeskeeprecurringdespitebeingtreatedwithdrainageandvariouscoursesofantibiotics.Thepatientinquiredwhethertherecurrentskinboilscouldbeprevented.Thecasecanbeconvertedintoananswerablequestion,usingthePICOT formula as follows:In patientwith persistentskin boils,doesprophylacticantibiotics,comparedtonotreatment,lessentherecurrencerate?Thequestioneffectivelysatisfiedthepopulation,intervention,control,andoutcomerequirements. Etiologyandriskfactorsarequestionsthatassistinexaminingpossiblecausesofillnessordisease(FreshwaterandGary32).Theyaretheoppositeofinterventionquestionssincetheytargetharmfuloutcomesofexposureoractivities.

SurnameSuchquestionsoftenemergeregardingpublichealthissues,likeincreasedriskofcancerduetoexposuretoanenvironmentalchemicalorincreasedriskofheartdiseasebecauseofconsumingcertainfoods.Example:Walterdesiresto discussthe possibility ofa vasectomy.He hasbeen informed thatvasectomyincreasestheriskoftesticularcancerlaterinlife.Asapractitioner,youunderstandthattheriskislow,butwanttogiveWalteramorepreciseanswer.APICOquestionforthecasewillgolike:Inmen,doesundergoingavasectomy,comparedtonothavingone,heightentheriskofdevelopmentoftesticularcancerinthefuture?Population–adultmalesIntervention–VasectomyControl–novasectomyOutcome–Testicularcancer Thequestionsforfrequencyorrateconcernthenumberofpeopleinapopulationfacingahealthproblem (FreshwaterandGary46).Thequestionsmayconcentrate on issues,such asthe rate ofAlzheimer’sdisease inindividualsover70yearsorprevalenceofhearingproblemsamonginfants.Itbecomesaquestionofrateifitincludesatimeperiod,forinstance,thecasesofinfluenzainsummerversuswinter.Example:Dorothyisan8-week-oldbabyundergoing herroutine follow-up.The babywasborn prematurelyat36weeks.Asaprofessional,youwanttoinformtheparentsaboutherlikelihoodofdevelopinghearingproblems.PICO question:Inprematurelyborninfants,comparedtothosebornnormally,whatistheconsequentialprevalenceofsensorydeafness?Population–infantsIntervention–prematureComparator–full-termOutcome–Sensorydeafness

SurnameDiagnosisquestionsrevolve around the accuracyofdiagnostictestsindifferentpatientgroupsincomparisontootheralternativetests.Theaccuracyoftestsincludesspecificityandsensitivity(Sturmey12).Example:Juneishavinghersecondpregnancy.At33,shehadherfirstbabyandunderwentamniocentesisto establish whetherthe babyhad the Down’ssyndrome.Althoughthetestswerenegative,itwasnotagoodexperiencebecauseshereceiveditat18weeks.Currently,sheisonemonthpregnantattheageof35.Shedesirestohaveatestthatcanproduceanearlierresult.Accordingtoherlocalhospital,nuchaltranslucencyultrasoundandserumbiochemistryaretheavailablefirsttrimestertestsforthedisease.Asaprofessional,youdesiretoestablishwhethertheoptionsareasreliableasthetraditionalamniocentesis.PICO question:Foraone-monthpregnantwoman,isserum biochemistrytestingplusnuchaltranslucencyultrasoundasaccurateasthetraditionalamniocentesisforDown’ssyndrome?Population–pregnantwomanIntervention–SerumbiochemistryplusnuchaltranslucencyultrasoundComparator–ConventionalamniocentesisOutcome–AccuratediagnosisWorksCitedFreshwater,Dawn,andGaryRolfe.DeconstructingEvidence-BasedPractice.TaylorandFrancis, 2012.Lipman,Toby.\"Evidence-based Practice in GeneralPractice and Primary Care.\"Evidence-basedPractice,9 Mar. 2014,pp. 35-65.Mateo,MagdalenaA,andMarquisD.Foreman.ResearchforAdvancedPracticeNurses:FromEvidencetoPractice.SpringerPub, 2014.Sturmey,Peter.\"Evidence-Based Practice.\"Evidence-Based Practice and IntellectualDisabilities, 2014,pp. 1-28.