Book HB 37-1

JM Alvarez et al. 47% lower than Petunia’s (74.4 cm3). was significant for Petunia (p= 0.012). Pelargonium. In Petunia phosphate-P For both species, neither the effect of The mean values for Petunia were 1.7, form represented 46% of the total treatment (p≥0.107) nor treatment x date 1.9 and 2.1 dS m-1 for 68:20:12, 86:10:04 P, whereas for Pelargonium it was interaction (p≥0.561) were significant and 100:00:00, respectively, being 61%. Regarding N, in Petunia, 89% (Figure 2). However, the sampling significant the differences between the corresponded to nitrate-N, 10.9% to date was significant (p≤0.005): for two most extreme treatments. ammonium-N and the remaining 0.1% Pelargonium it ranged from 33.9 cm3 to nitrite-N. In Pelargonium, respective (day 3) to 68.4 cm3 (day 1), whereas The treatment x date interaction percentages were 97%, 2.9% and 0.1%. for Petunia it did from 40.5 cm3 (day was not significant (0.063<p<0.873) 1) to 107.7 cm3 (day 5), but without in mineral nutrients concentrations Figure 3 shows N, P and K total following a defined pattern between and contents in leachate. Leachate´s amount leached per pot during the five consecutive days. concentration of sulfate ions (SO4-2) sampling days. The amount of nitrogen did not differ significantly between leached from the mixed substrates was For both species, collected leachates treatments for either species (p≥0.884), reduced compared to the control one did not show significant differences in but there was difference between in both species (32 to 43% in Petunia pH between sampling dates (p≥0.165) species, resulting in a 27.6% higher and 26 to 47% in Pelargonium). These nor for treatment x date interaction for Pelargonium 401 mg L-1 than for reductions were greater than the 14 and (p≥0.405), but the effect of treatment Petunia 314 mg L-1. However, sampling 32% reduction that could be attributed was significant (p<0.001). The ranking date was significant (p≤0.038) for to the dilution of the control substrate between treatments was 100:00:00 < sulfate ions, as concentration decreased in the mixtures 86:10:04 and 68:20:12 86:10:04 < 68:20:12, with values around from the first to the last date: 446 to respectively. In Petunia phosphorous neutral, slightly lower for Pelargonium 343 mg L-1 for Pelargonium and 363 to decreased (30%) for the 86:10:04 (6.5 < 7.1 < 7.5, respectively) than for 240 mg L-1 for Petunia. Total sulfur´s treatment, while potassium in 68:20:12 Petunia (7.0 < 7.6 < 7.9, respectively). amount (S, contained in sulfate ions, treatment increased by 100%. Nutrients The increase in pH was well correlated i.e. S-SO4-2) per pot, as the sum of the leached amount measurement related to both components added to peat- five days sampled, averaged 35 mg for to the inorganic fertilizer added to the based substrate. In Petunia, pH was Pelargonium and 38 mg for Petunia. peat-based substrate and how much significantly related to B (R2= 0.72, was a contribution of either V or B p<0.01, n= 30) and to V (R2= 0.79, Table 2 shows N, P and K leachates was not performed. In particular, V p<0.01, n= 30). Also in Pelargonium, concentration values. N concentration contained a large amount of N, P and S, pH was related to B (R2= 0.72, p<0.01, in leachates was reduced in the mixed while B of K, P and S. For instance, in n= 30) and V ( R2= 0.69, p<0.01, n= 30). substrates compared to the control one the case of N, the peat-based substrate in both species, while K concentration together with the 5.9 g/L of inorganic EC was higher in Pelargonium increased. In the case of N, concentration fertilizer added implied 892 mg/L of (4.3±0.2 dS m-1) than in Petunia (1.9±0.1 decreased 18 to 22% in Petunia, and soluble N (1857 mg/L of total N) in that dS m-1), with no significant differences 17 to 40% in Pelargonium. Whereas substrate, while V contained 408 mg/L between sampling dates (p≥0.155) nor for K, the increments were 97% in of soluble N, and 3799 mg/L of total N. between treatments for Pelargonium (p= Petunia, but only significant for the Therefore, V contained less soluble N 0.415). However, the treatment effect 68:20:12 treatment, and 29 to 53% in Table 2. Concentration, mean (SE), of N, P and K in the leachate collected from each pot for the different treatments and sampling dates. Huelva, ETSI, 2017. Treatment N Petunia K Pelargonium (mg L-1) P NPK 100:00:00 52.1 (3.8) b 23.1 (0.7) a 46.5 (4.4) a 247 (14) c 18.2 (1.3) a 208 (22) a 86:10:04 40.8 (4.0) a 21.6 (0.6) a 47.1 (3.6) a 205 (13) b 19.0 (0.9) a 269 (21) ab 68:20:12 42.9 (2.5) b 24.4 (0.9) a 91.6 (5.6) b 148 (9) a 18.5 (1.2) a 318 (28) b p 0.031 0.052 0.034 0.016 0.958 0.034 Date 1st day 55.7 (5.5) c 21.5 (1.1) a 71.9 (9.3) b 246 (28) b 19.7 (1.5) a 356 (32) b 2nd day 53.1 (3.8) bc 22.7 (0.7) a 69.7 (8.0) ab 230 (21) ab 19.3 (1.4) a 290 (21) b 3rd day 48.2 (3.6) bc 23.1 (1.2) a 66.5 (9.8) ab 190 (14) ab 20.1 (1.7) a 229 (27) b 4th day 39.6 (4.0) ab 23.3 (0.6) a 56.9 (6.9) ab 180 (11) a 18.1 (1.1) a 203 (22) ab 5th day 30.8 (4.3) a 24.5 (1.4) a 48.9 (6.9) a 173 (12) a 15.6 (1.4) a 186 (23) a p 0.006 0.131 0.039 0.013 0.056 0.003 p = significance level at 0.05. Different letters in numerical columns differ at p≤ 0.05 (Tukey-HSD test). 50 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Vermicompost and biochar substrates can reduce nutrients leachates on containerized ornamental plant production but more total N to be released slowly leachates from Petunia (and therefore more slowly released (Altland & Locke, over time. Anyway, it is clear that there lower nitrate-N and sulfate-S) may be 2013; Kammann et al., 2014). has been an interaction in the nutrient related to the higher pH compared to retention capacity between the different Pelargonium. Likewise, the higher N, K On the other hand, the increase of components of the substrate mixture, and S concentrations in the Pelargonium potassium concentration in leachates since: i) the amount of added inorganic leachates compared to Petunia, may (and content for Petunia) as the ratio fertilizer was reduced, regarding have influenced the positive relationship of biochar applied to the mixtures control treatment, 14% for 86:10:04 between these nutrients and EC in the was also observed in Malińska et al. and 32% for 68:20:12; ii) water leached former species. (2016), in which it was noted that by alternative treatments, regarding biochar could be a significant source control, presented, in general, a lower The fact is that N concentration of K and should be accounted for in concentration of N, greater than K and (Table 2) and N content (Figure 3) in fertility programs (Altland & Locke, equal to P and S; iii) in terms of total leachates significantly decreased for 2013). It is not considered necessary amount of nutrients leached (Figure 3) both species as V and B increased, which to establish a health-based guideline percentage reduction of N and P in the could be due to nitrate retained to the value for potassium in drinking-water. two alternative treatments was greater biochar-vermicompost ensemble and Although potassium may cause some than the reduction of added fertilizer. In any case, as SDW and the number of A flowers were not decreased, the overall response of the two mixtures containing B V and B seems to be environmentally more attractive than peat based substrate Figure 1. Shoot dry weight (SDW, g) and flower production number of petunia (A) and to which soluble inorganic fertilizer pelargonium (B) grown in mixtures with different proportions of peat-based substrate (S), need to be added, at least for nitrates vermicompost (V) and biochar (B) (S:V:B). Letters show significant differences between and phosphates. substrates studied (p<0.05). (Tukey-HSD test for SDW both species, and for flowers in Petunia; T3-Dunnet test for flowers in Pelargonium). Columbus, OSU, 2016. Taking into account the correlation analysis performed between leachate parameters, pH and EC, it can be highlighted that: a) for both species, the total amount of nutrients in each leached sample (N, P, K, S) were positively correlated between themselves (0.49<r<0.89, p<0.001, 48<n<75); b) for both species, N content and N concentration were negatively correlated with pH (-0.67<r<-0.43, p<0.025, n= 30); for Pelargonium, EC was positively correlated with N, K and S concentrations and content (0.44<r<0.79, p<0.023, n= 30). Regarding leachates, the slight pH increase (an increment of only about 1.0) when V and B were added to the standard peat based growing media shows the capacity of B and V to serve as a liming agent when added to a peat-based substrate, in addition to their effects on the physical properties (Northup, 2013). Referring to nutrient content in leachates, we observed that less quantity of N, K and S has been leached in petunia compared to pelargonium. This fact also coincides with a remarkable greater production of flowers in the former species. In addition, the lower N and S concentrations in the Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 51

JM Alvarez et al. health effects in susceptible individuals, in both species, and slightly P in flowering than control substrate has potassium intake from drinking-water is Petunia, leached from the containers served to evidence our second section of well below the level at which adverse as consequence of the biochar- our hypothesis that renewable materials health effects may occur (WHO, 2009). vermicompost inclusion in the selected can be used for the production of these Petunia’s leachates, even if higher in mixtures additional to the reduction containerized ornamental plants. volume, had less N and K concentration due to the lower ratio of the control and content than Pelargonium’s substrate in the mixtures. Also, biochar Finally, as biochar produced from probably due a minor nutrients need of addition could be a significant source of high temperature pyrolysis had more last species to grow and produce flowers potassium in growing media and may be recalcitrant character for carbon (Karras et al., 2016). Therefore, the considered in fertility programs. So, first sequestration and was able to store species grown in the pot can also affect section of our hypothesis was partially carbon in soil for longer periods of time the leachate mineral composition. demonstrated. (Jindo et al., 2014), so the third section of our hypothesis - climate change In this study we verified a partial Obtaining commercial quality plants mitigation by reducing carbon foot print reduction of nitrogen (mainly nitrate) with similar or even greater growth and in this commercial sector - has also been positively addressed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Figure 2. Leachate's volume (cm3) of petunia and geranium grown in mixtures with different This work was partially supported proportions of peat-based substrate (S), vermicompost (V) and biochar (B), (S:V:B). For by the project CTQ 2013-46804-C2- each species letters show significant differences among sampling dates (p<0.05). Huelva, 1-R, CTQ 2017-85251-C2-2-R ETSI, 2017. and CGL2016-76498-R of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Funds (ERDF). The authors thank the Horticultural Department and Carbon Sequestration and Management Center of Ohio State University for providing materials and facilities for this investigation, also they are deeply grateful to the following people: Mrs. Loewe and Dr. J. Altland from Application Technology Research Unit at Wooster OSU campus for their laboratory assistance in determining Figure 3. Total amount of nutrient leached by containers taken into account the five sample days. Letters show significant differences between substrates studied (p<0.05), Tukey-HSD test. (A) Petunia, (B) Pelargonium. Huelva, ETSI, 2017. 52 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Vermicompost and biochar substrates can reduce nutrients leachates on containerized ornamental plant production substrates mixtures physical properties. analysis of biological materials and soils for sludge mixture amended with biochar on Dr. Manuel J. Díaz from Universidad de major trace, and ultra-trace elements. Applied the growth and reproduction of Eisenia Huelva, Spain for his help reviewing Spectroscopy 32: 1-30. fetida during laboratory vermicomposting. the manuscript. The authors are grateful Ecological Engineering 90: 35-41. https://doi. to the editors and two anonymous DO, TCV; SCHERER, HW. 2013. Compost as org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.042 reviewers for investing substantial effort growing media component for salt-sensitive into helping to improve this work. plants. Plant and Soil Environment 59: 214- MONK, RW; WIEBE, HH. 1961. Salt tolerance 220. & protoplasmic salt hardiness of various REFERENCES woody & herbaceous ornamental plants. 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Research WILLE, CN; GOMES, CB; MINOTTO, E; NASCIMENTO, JS. 2019. Potential of aqueous extracts of basidiomycetes to control root-knot nematodes on lettuce. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 054-059. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190108 Potential of aqueous extracts of basidiomycetes to control root-knot nematodes on lettuce Caroline N Wille 1ID; Cesar B Gomes 2ID; Elisandra Minotto 3ID; José S Nascimento 4ID 1Instituto Federal Sul-rio-grandense (IFSUL), Camaquã-RS, Brazil, [email protected]; 2Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Brazil; [email protected]; 3Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina (UNOESC), Joaçaba-SC, Brazil; [email protected]; 4Universidade Federal da Paraiba (UFPB), João Pessoa-PB, Brazil, [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) is one of the Potencial de extratos aquosos de basidiomicetos no controle main pests of lettuce due to the crop’s high susceptibility, unavailability de nematoides das galhas em alface of registered nematicides and lack of resistant cultivars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of aqueous extracts of ten Os nematoides das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) estão entre basidiomycete fungi for root-knot nematode control (in vitro and in as principais pragas da alface em função da elevada suscetibilidade vivo) on lettuce. The aqueous extracts of these fungi were initially da cultura, indisponibilidade de nematicidas e carência de cultivares evaluated in vitro in relation to their nematostatic and nematicidal resistentes. Foi objetivo deste trabalho, avaliar o potencial de activity. All extracts inhibited the hatching of second-stage juveniles extratos aquosos de dez diferentes basidiomicetos no controle of nematodes. The extracts that provided the highest mortality index de nematoides das galhas in vitro e in vivo na cultura da alface. (Pleurotus ostreatus, P. citrinopileatus, P. pulmonarius and Boletus Inicialmente os extratos foram avaliados in vitro quanto à atividade sp.) were applied in pots containing autoclaved and infested soil with nematicida e nematostática. Todos os extratos inibiram a eclosão root-knot nematode. After 24 h, one lettuce seedling (cv. Regina) de juvenis de segundo estádio do nematoide. Os extratos que per pot was transplanted using soil treated with distilled water as proporcionaram maiores índices de mortalidade (Pleurotus ostreatus, control. After 50 days, we observed that soil treated with fungal P. citrinopileatus, P. pulmonarius e Boletus sp.), foram aplicados em extracts reduced, approximately, 70% of nematode reproduction. vasos com solo autoclavado e infestado com nematoides das galhas. Plants treated with extracts obtained higher fresh mass and extracts Após 24 h, transplantou-se uma muda de alface cv. Regina por vaso, of Boletus sp. and P. pulmonarius reduced damages to roots, being usando solo tratado com água destilada como testemunha. Decorridos considered as potential bio-controllers of this nematode. 50 dias, verificou-se que o tratamento do solo com os extratos fúngicos reduziu, em média, 70% da reprodução do nematoide. As plantas tratadas com extratos obtiveram maior massa fresca e os extratos de Boletus sp. e P. pulmonarius reduziram os danos às raízes, sendo considerados potenciais biocontroladores desse nematoide. Keywords: Lactuca sativa, Meloidogyne incognita, Pleurotus spp., Palavras-chave: Lactuca sativa, Meloidogyne incognita, Pleurotus Boletus sp., biocontrol. spp., Boletus sp., biocontrole. Received on December 19, 2017; accepted on August 14, 2018 Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) is the of the main phytosanitary problems essential, it presents several difficulties, most consumed leafy vegetable of lettuce crop, as for example the since there are no registered chemicals in Brazil (ABCSEM, 2016) and is of nematodes of genus Meloidogyne for nematode control for the crop great economic importance (Lima et (Wilcken et al., 2004). High infestation (AGROFIT, 2017). The majority of al., 2008), mainly for family farming, of root-knot nematodes reduces quantity commercial cultivars is susceptible since this crop is grown in small areas and quality of the harvested product and, crop rotation, besides presenting and contributes for generating direct (Santos, 1995) and, considering the soil resistance of farmers due to the low jobs. Due to the high perishability texture, it can cause host death (Prakob availability of productive area, must of this vegetable, lettuce is grown in et al., 2009). be careful, since most of the cultivated small areas near consumption centers plant species can be infected by these in consecutive plantations all over the In Brazil, M. incognita and M. pathogens (Dias et al., 2007). year (Henz & Suinaga, 2009). javanica are the species of greatest incidence on lettuce-producing regions Thus, evaluating alternative The intensive use of the soil, under (Pinheiro et al., 2013). Although strategies, such as biological control, monoculture system, promotes one the management of these species is in order to make production in areas 54 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Potential of aqueous extracts of basidiomycetes to control root-knot nematodes on lettuce infested with these pathogens viable, is 2009 at UFPel Campus and Embrapa in the dark. After 24-hour incubation, essential. In this context, the fungi are Clima Temperado, in Pelotas. These in each plate cavity, 10 µL of NaOH among the main biological agents used mushrooms were identified in the 1N at 1% was added adapting the in the management of phytoparasitic laboratory, observing fruiting body methodology proposed by Chen et al. nematodes (Li et al., 2007), including morphological traits. After harvest, (2000), in which the number of dead Meloidogyne species (Swe, 2011; basidioms were washed and dehydrated and alive juveniles was evaluated. Degenkolb & Vilcinskas, 2016a,b). (35°C for 15 days) in the laboratory. We considered dead the J2 whose Besides acting as natural enemies body remained completely distended capturing and parasiting nematodes In order to prepare aqueous extracts, for one minute after adding NaOH, (Goswami et al., 2006; Haseeb & the authors followed adapted cold during evaluations under stereoscopic Kumar, 2006; Swe et al., 2011), these extraction methodology (Fiori-Tutida et microscope. organisms are able to produce several al., 2007). Dry mushrooms were ground antagonistic substances (Tranier et al., in proportion of 50 g of mushroom/L Data on the percentage of dead 2014; Degenkolb & Vilcinskas; 2016a). distilled water. The mixture was J2 were transformed to arcsine using Several nematicidal-action substances kept under refrigeration at 4ºC for comparisons of treatment means by were isolated from basidiomycetes, 24 hours and, then, filtered through Scott-Knott test at 5% probability using including different fatty acids produced cotton, followed by centrifugation SASM- AGRI program (Canteri et al., by species of Pleurotus (Li et al., at 5,000 RPM, at 4°C, for one hour. 2001). 2007); the efficiency of these fungi was The supernatant was filtered through previously demonstrated, reducing galls Whatman # 1 filter, 0.45 and 0.25 To verify the effect of extracts on on tomato plants (Putzke et al., 2007). μm cellulose acetate membranes, J2 nematode outbreaks, an Elisa assay respectively. Finally, the last step was was installed, similarly to the mortality Some studies about formulations carried out under aseptic conditions in assay previously described. In this using vegetative mycelium of a laminar flow chamber. Extracts were case, a 20 µL aliquot of distilled water basidiomycetes have been highlighted. tested within a maximum period of 24 containing approximately 25 eggs was However, activity, concentration and hours after preparation. put in each plate cavity, adding J2 diversity of compounds in fungi are nematodes, adding 80 µL of aqueous generally higher in fructification bodies Inoculum of M. incognita extracts of mushroom and distilled compared to the ones observed in water on the control. Then, the plates mycelium (Tidke & Raí, 2006). A pure population of Meloidogyne were covered with plastic film and kept incognita was multiplied and kept in a BOD incubator in the dark for 12 Given the above, we aimed to in tomato crop cv. Santa Cruz in days. After incubation, the number of evaluate the in vitro potential of different greenhouse (Carneiro & Almeida, hatching juveniles and remaining eggs mushroom extracts on M. incognita 2001). Eggs and second-stage juveniles was evaluated, to determine hatching biocontrol, select the best isolates for in (J2) of M. incognita were obtained percentage of J2 of M. incognita. The vivo test and evaluate the efficiency of according to Hussey & Barker technique percentage was obtained using the water extracts previously selected, for (1973). Second-stage juveniles (J2), formula: M. incognita biocontrol on lettuce crop, used in in vitro tests, were extracted under greenhouse conditions. from roots infected with nematodes by hatching (%) = (number of juveniles)/ a modified Baermann funnel technique (number of juveniles+remaining eggs) MATERIAL AND METHODS (Christie & Perry, 1951). x 100. Obtaining aqueous extracts In vitro tests Then, treatment averages were compared The nematicidal activity of extracts among each other by Scott Knott group The mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus, was obtained in an assay conducted test at 5% probability using SASM- P. ostreatoroseus, P. citrinopileatus, P. on Elisa plates, four replications per AGRI program (Canteri et al., 2001). sajor-caju and P. pulmonarius were treatment, in a randomized complete grown in Laboratório de Micologia block design, considering each Effect of fungi extracts on control do Departamento de Microbiologia e replication represented by a plate of M. incognita in lettuce crop Parasitologia do Instituto de Biologia of cavity containing 25 J2 of M. incognita. Universidade Federal de Pelotas. These The mortality was tested through According to the obtained results in fungi belong to the collection of the the modified methodology described in vitro tests, mushrooms whose extracts laboratory and were grown following by Ludwig et al. (2013). Each Elisa caused higher percentage of juvenile severely pasteurized substrate technique plate cavity was covered with a 20 µL mortality of M. incognita were selected. (Bernardi, 2007). Other mushrooms aliquot of distilled water containing J2 used were Amanita muscaria, Boletus of nematode. Then, 80 µL of aqueous To simulate the use of mushroom sp., Lactarius deliciosus, Russula extracts of each basidiomycete was extracts in treatment of pre-cultivation amethystina and Suillus sp.. These added, except for the control, in which soil on lettuce, autoclaved soil (121ºC were collected from May to August, just distilled water was used. Afterwards, for 2 hours) was kept in a greenhouse the plates were sealed with plastic film for five days, homogenized, evaluated in and kept in a BOD incubator at 25°C relation to field capacity and fractioned into portions of two kilos. Each soil Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 fraction was kept in a plastic bag, with 55

CN Wille et al. 100 mL water, 18 mL of mushroom control (Table 1), in the in vitro tests. Although the aqueous extracts did extract (10% p/v) and 1.5 mL of eggs The nematicidal effect of fungi on not affect root fresh mass (Table 3), suspension containing 5,000 eggs + J2 soil treatment using P. pulmonarius and of M. incognita obtained from infested nematode presented mortality indexes Boletus sp. extracts, resulted in lower tomato roots, according to Hussey & ranging from 90.7 to 100% on different levels of damaged roots of lettuce (Table Barker (1973). Afterwards, soil was treatments. However, the extracts of P. 2). Thus, these treatments evidenced the homogenized, transferred to pots and ostreatus, Boletus sp., P. pulmonarius main objective of the use of alternative covered with plastic film. and P. citrinopileatus provided the methods with biological control agents highest percentage of dead nematodes which is damage reduction since the For control treatments, pots (Table 1). Thus, these four isolates were yield of plants grown in a soil treated with autoclaved soil treated with selected to evaluate the potential for with extracts was similar to those distilled water and with or without biological control of M. incognita in ones observed in plants grown without nematode infestation were used. One lettuce crop, in greenhouse. nematodes (Table 3). lettuce seedling, cultivar ‘Regina’, was transferred to the center of each The extract potential for controlling The use of basidiomycetes may pot, 24 h after treatment application. nematodes was proved in in vivo tests, contribute to the phytoparasitc nematodes Subsequently all pots were kept in a in which suppressed the reproduction control a great deal. In this sense, greenhouse at 25+3ºC. The experiment of M. incognita and provided the basidiomycetes may affect motility consisted of six replications (pots) per highest values of fresh mass of lettuce and capacity of penetration of active treatment distributed in a completely plants. Damage severity in lettuce was forms into plants, the attraction of the randomized design. significantly reduced only with extracts juvenile by the host, interfering in their of Boletus sp. and P. pulmonarius. hatching or causing the death of these Fifty days after inoculation, lettuce Nevertheless, the number of eggs and phytoparasites (Kulkarni & Sangita, plants were removed from the soil, reproduction factor of M. incognita 2000; Hong et al., 2007). Although toxic and shoot fresh mass determined using were significantly lower in comparison to nematodes, most fungal compounds a semi-analytical scale; roots were to the control in all treatments (Table present in the basidiocarp have a carefully washed and root fresh mass, 2), showing the efficiency of mushroom selective effect, since they preserve non- number of galls and damage level extracts, evaluated in this study, on root- target species, showing the possibility to were evaluated according to the scale knot nematode control. develop products which are safer to the proposed by Zech (1971), being scored environment (Li et al., 2007). from 0 to 10, according to visual Nematode control using mushroom inferences in relation to number of extracts achieved an average reduction The potential of several mushrooms galls and severity symptoms caused of nematode reproduction of 62%, of the genus Pleurotus was also showed, by nematodes in the plant. Grade 0 compared to the control group, which controlling M. javanica, in vitro, in corresponded to the plant with no may have favored the development of studies demonstrating the presence infection and 10 to the dead plant. plants expressed by an increase of shoot of specialized structures in vegetative Right after, the roots of each plant fresh mass (Table 3), being this yield mycelium which secrete substances were chopped and grinded in a blender statistically similar to the plants grown able to immobilize nematodes (Heydari with 0.5% hypochlorite solution for without nematodes (Table 3). extraction of M. incognita (Hussey & Barker, 1973). Total number of eggs Table 1. Effect of aqueous extract from ten basidiomycete fungi on hatching and mortality and J2 in roots were determined and (%) of J2 Meloidogyne incognita. Pelotas, Embrapa Clima Temperado, 2018. the reproduction factor of M. incognita per plant (final population / initial Treatment Mortality1 Hatching Hatching inhibition population), related to each replication was calculated (Oostenbrink, 1966), Pleurotus ostreatus 100.00a 1.96b** 98.40b estimating the control percentage in each treatment. Treatment averages Boletus sp. 98.96a 4.98b 95.02b were compared among each other using Duncan test at 5% probability using Pleurotus pulmonarius 98.00a 4.59b 95.41b SASM- AGRI program (Canteri et al., 2001). Pleurotus citrinopileatus 97.88a 3.09b 96.91b RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Amanita muscaria 96.58b 2.95b 97.05b All evaluated fungal extracts showed Russula amethystina 95.69b 5.85b 94.15b some nematostatic and nematicidal activity against eggs and J2 of M. Lactarius deliciosus 95.39b 7.12b 92.88b incognita, respectively, in relation to Suillus sp. 94.36b 3.00b 97.00b 56 Pleurotus sajor-caju 94.22b 4.04b 95.96b Pleurotus ostreatoroseus 90.66b 5.62b 94.38b Control (distilled water) 4.95c 54.66a 45.34a CV (%) 8.82 35.51 25.30 Averages followed by same letters in the column did not differ from each other, Scott-Knott test at 5%. 1Original values transformed into arcsin x /100 . Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Potential of aqueous extracts of basidiomycetes to control root-knot nematodes on lettuce et al., 2006). Besides, studies on was also demonstrated in other studies, treatment with mushroom can suppress nematode Panagrellu ssp. demonstrated emphasizing the importance of further M. incognita. that P. ostreatus provides different studies. Pleurotus sajor-caju was used to enzymes which may contribute control mycophagous nematodes which In addition to the reduction of directly to biological control of affect the production of champignon reproduction factor of nematodes, phytonematoids (Genier et al., 2015). (Agaricus bisporus), in which the fungal treatments resulted in reduction Although specialized structures against application of residue extract of P. sajor- of M. incognita damage up to two levels nematodes are reported in vegetative caju in the substrate reduced population on Zech scale. Marino & Silva (2013), stage, basidioms or mushrooms are of Aphelenchoides composticola in 90% evaluating isolates of P. ostreatus known for the diversity of secondary (Sharma, 1994). In another study, the containing coconut powder to control M. metabolites with a broad spectrum application of substrate colonized by P. incognita on lettuce, verified reduction of biological activities exploited in ostreatus and P. ostreatoroseus in soil, of number of galls and egg masses traditional medicines (Ganeshpurkar & provided 70% reduction in the number up to 90%. Similarly, other authors Jain, 2010). of galls caused by M. javanica in tomato tested different substrates for soil (Putzke et al., 2007). biofumigation in biological control of Hatching inhibition potential M. incognita on tomato crop and showed or nematicidal effect on J2 of M. The effect of Pleurotus spp. was also that residue of P. ostreatus reduced incognita was confirmed in the in described in controlling M. incognita in in 70% nematode population density vivo evaluation, in which the extract soybean, reporting reduction of number (El-Sherbiny & Awd-Allah, 2014), as of P. ostreatus reduced reproduction of galls and promotion of plant growth, observed in this study. factor of M. incognita in lettuce by as well as an increase in number of more than 70%. The efficiency of rhizobium nodules (Okorie et al., 2011), Moreover, fungal potential was Pleurotus spp. to control nematodes showing, similarly to this study, that the verified in experiments with violets, in which application of substrate Table 2. Effect of aqueous extract of dried mushrooms on level of damage, control and containing P. ostreatus mycelium reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on lettuce cv. Regina cultivar under greenhouse suppressed M. javanica (Abbasi et al., conditions. Pelotas, Embrapa Clima Temperado, 2018. 2014). Besides, application of 500 g of substrate containing P. ostreatus for each Treatment Damages Number of FR2 Control4 (%) cubic meter of soil was able to reduce eggs1 M. incognita and Heterodera goldeni population on rice plants, above 80%, Control3 5.0 a 155000 a 31.00 a - surpassing treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis and obtaining almost the Boletus sp. 3.0 c 83444 b 16.68 b 46.20 same result using nematicide Oxamyl (Awd-Allah & El-Sherbiny, 2015). P. pulmonarius 2.5 c 58778 b 11.75 b 62.09 Although several studies demonstrate P. citrinopiliatus 4.5 ab 51556 b 10.31 b 66.74 the efficiency of basidiomycetes in the control of plant parasitic nematodes, P. ostreatus 4.0 abc 39996 b 7.99 b 74.22 formulations obtained from vegetative phase of fungi are frequently used. CV (%) 33.70 73.6 73.6 However, activity, concentration and diversity of compounds in fungi are Averages followed by same letters in the column did not differ from each other, Duncan generally higher in fructification bodies compared with the ones observed in test at 5%. 1Original values transformed into arcsin x /100 ; 2FR= reproduction factor (FR= mycelium (Tidke & Raí, 2006). final population / initial population); 3control (soil without treatment and infested with M. incognita); 4control in relation to control group. Damage grades varying from 0 (no infection) The selected mushrooms for in to 10 (dead plants). vivo evaluation, such as Pleurotus spp., are edible; so they are cultivated Table 3. Effect of aqueous extracts of dried mushrooms on shoot fresh mass (MFPA) and and commercially exploited (Ramos root fresh mass (MFR) of lettuce plants cv. Regina in soil infested with M. incognita. Pelotas, et al., 2011). That is why, evaluating Embrapa Clima Temperado, 2017. basidioms as an alternative for pest control, considering both efficiency and Treatment MFPA1 (g) MFR2(g) possibility to use the residue, generated by the edible mushroom industry, is so Boletus sp. 74.06 a 22.95 a important. P. pulmonarius 67.11 a 17.78 a Extracts of basidiomycete fungi may represent a promising P. citrinopiliatus 66.17 a 18.00 a management strategy in relation to existing difficulties for phytoparasitic P. ostreatus 62.88 a 23.10 a 57 Non-infested control 64.14 a 12.79 a Infested control 39.53 b 16.22 a CV (%) 20.97 50.37 Averages followed by same letters in the column did not differ from each other, Duncan test at 5%; 1Shoot fresh mass; 2Root fresh mass. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

CN Wille et al. nematodes management in lettuce crop. to fungal filtrates. Journal of Nematology 32: Journal 5: 173-177. However, the importance of its use in 190-197. integrated management approach must HONG, L; LIU, Y; FANG, L; LI, X; TANG, N.; be considered, combining other control CHRISTIE, JR; PERRY, VG. 1951. Removing ZHANG, K. 2007.Coprinus comatus damages techniques in order to suppress this nematodes from soil. Proceedings of nematode cuticles mechanically with spiny pest and also provide an increase in Helminthological Society of Washington 18: balls and produces potent toxins to immobilize production and quality of lettuce. 106-108. nematodes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73: 3916-3923. ACKNOWLEGMENTS DEGENKOLB, T; VILCINSKAS, A. 2016a. Metabolites from nematophagous fungi and HUSSEY, RS; BARKER, KR. 1973. 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Research FAVARO, R; RESENDE, JTV; GABRIEL, A; ZEIST, AR; CORDEIRO, ECN; FAVARO JÚNIOR, JL. 2019. Salicylic acid: resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 060-064. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190109 Salicylic acid: resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop Renata Favaro 1ID; Juliano Tadeu V Resende 1,3ID; André Gabriel 1ID; André R Zeist 2ID; Ely Cristina N Cordeiro 1ID; Jorge Luís Favaro Júnior 1ID 1Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava-PR, Brazil; [email protected]; jvresende@ uol.com.br; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente-SP, Brazil; [email protected]; 3Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina-PR, Brazil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The strawberry is susceptible to several pests which cause a Ácido salicílico: indutor de resistência ao ácaro rajado na reduction in productivity. The use of mechanisms which repel or cultura do morangueiro prevent these pests to establish, represent a sustainable environmental technology to reduce the frequency of agrochemical use. In this O morangueiro é atacado por diversas pragas que ocasionam context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic redução na produtividade. Mecanismos que repelem ou evitam que acid (SA) on resistance induction against two-spotted spider mite in essas pragas se estabeleçam representam uma tecnologia ambien- strawberry cultivars (Aromas and Sweet Charlie). Five concentrations talmente correta e sustentável, para reduzir a frequência no uso de of SA (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1) were tested in order to verify agroquímicos. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do ácido the antixenosis effects. In SA concentration of 50 mg L-1, a reduced salicílico (AS) na indução de resistência ao ácaro-rajado (Tetranychus number of mites in the two strawberry cultivars was noticed. For urticae), nas cultivares de morangueiro Aromas e Sweet Charlie. the number of eggs deposited on leaflet, we verified an effect of Foram testadas cinco concentrações de AS (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 mg SA concentration with quadratic adjustment in the equation. Sweet L-1) para verificar possíveis efeitos de antixenose. Houve redução Charlie cultivar was more effective than Aromas in relation to da sobrevivência do ácaro na concentração de AS em 50 mg L-1 nas the reduction of mite oviposition on leaflets treated with SA. SA duas cultivares de morangueiro. Para o número de ovos depositados concentrations of 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1 were the most efficient for the sobre o folíolo, verificou-se efeito de concentração de AS com ajuste evaluated traits allowed to infer its potential as antixenotic resistance quadrático da equação. A cultivar Sweet Charlie foi mais efetiva inducer against two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop. que a Aromas na redução da oviposição dos ácaros sobre os folíolos tratados com AS. Concentrações de 25, 50 e 75 mg L-1 de AS foram as mais eficientes para as características avaliadas, permitindo inferir o seu potencial como indutor de resistência tipo antixenose para o ácaro-rajado na cultura do morangueiro. Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa, two-spotted spider mite, Palavras-chave: Fragaria x ananassa, ácaro rajado, antixenose. antixenosis. Received on January 22, 2018; accepted on January 15, 2019 Strawberry crop is highly susceptible main pests of strawberry crop in Brazil So, SA acts as a regulator in to pests, which can cause reduction (Moraes & Flechtmann, 2008; Iwassaki biological processes in plants, including in productivity, although having a short et al., 2015), causing mesophilic cell defense (Kumar et al., 2015). It acts on production cycle. In general, farmers damage and stomata closure, reduction the accumulation of superoxide and use many preventive agrochemical of photosynthetic rate of the plant and hydrogen peroxide in the apoplast, applications; however, the use of reduction in final crop production. causing cell death at infection site, agrochemicals as the only or main pest Synthetic acaricides are the most used promoting lignin synthesis in the management tactics can cause severe substances to control this pest (López cell wall, making it difficult stylet damage to environment, biological et al., 2014; Bernardi et al., 2015). penetration and chewing of insects, imbalance, rural worker and consumer The control is difficult to manage since due to cell wall stiffening (Datnoff et health damage, and also an increase this spider mite has high reproductive al., 1991; Epstein, 1994; Marschner, in production costs and residue potential and products used to kill 1995), acting in the establishment of accumulation in marketable fruits mites show low efficiency in several systemic acquired resistance (Gao et (Cavalcanti et al., 2010). populations which are resistant to al., 2015). Thus, stimuli which repel acaricides abamectin and fenpyroxime or prevent pests in crops of agronomic Among these, two-spotted spider (Sato et al., 2009). interest, have broad potential to reduce mite (Tetranychus urticae) is one of the Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 60

Salicylic acid: resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop the frequency and use of agrochemicals In the free-choice bioassay, the a factorial scheme 2x5, using two in fields. authors evaluated the two-spotted strawberry cultivars (Aromas and Sweet spider mite preference in relation Charlie) and five SA concentrations Plant volatile emissions can be to the two strawberry cultivars with (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L-1), with induced by the exogenous application different SA concentrations. Arenas 10 replicates. The dishes remained of plant hormones such as jasmonic consisting of Petri dishes (60 mm closed in different BOD type climatized acid and salicylic acid (Tholl et al., diameter), composed of a layer of chambers at temperature of 25±1ºC, 2011); however, the role of SA in the cotton, superimposed on a sponge 70±10% U.R. and 12 h photophase. production and release of volatiles saturated with water were used. In the from pest-repelling plants is still poorly opposite sides, strawberry leaf discs After verifying normality and known. Therefore, this study aims to were placed (3 cm diameter) with two homogeneity using Shapiro-Wilk contribute to better understanding the treatments in each disc (control and and Bartlett tests, respectively, data role of this elicitor in the repellency each one of the other treatments) using were submitted to computer statistical of plants against spider mite attack on rigid transparent PVC plastic sheets, software SISVAR and variance analysis strawberry, evaluating concentrations of which were cut (18 x 18 mm) and then was done; then, averages were compared SA as inducer of resistance to T. urticae connected by a plastic cover (18 x 18 through Tukey test at 5% probability. in two strawberry cultivars. mm), being discarded after use. For free-choice antixenosis data, the MATERIAL AND METHODS Leaf discs were obtained from trend using percentages of choice were central part of leaflets, collected from calculated using graphics created by Two bioassays were carried out medium leaves of strawberry plants software Microsoft Excel (2016). The under heated greenhouse conditions, at at 80 days of development, previously equations were derived to determine temperature ranging from 22ºC to 25ºC. washed with distilled water, being the point of maximum concentration The authors used strawberry cultivars placed on Petri dishes, abaxial surface applied with better resistance induction Aromas and Sweet Charlie, grown in 3 facing up in the arena. With the aid of a efficiency. Non-choice and free-choice dm3-capacity pots with mixture of sifted fine brush and stereomicroscope (Nikon antixenosis tests were transformed soil and Tropstrato substrate, using 20 1510), six adult two-spotted spider mites by equation (x + 0.5)1/2 Pearson g fertilizer formula 4-14-08. Every 15 were released in the center of each dish, correlations were estimated comparing days, top-dressing fertilization was thus allowing free passage and access of SA concentrations with sources of performed, intercalating two fertilizers: the mites to the leaflets of both sides. variation. Significance of estimated one formulated 12-06-12 (10 g) and correlation values and R2 were obtained one soluble 15-15-20 (100 mL ha-1) The dishes were properly closed through t test at 5%. (Embrapa, 2011). The pots were kept and kept in BOD type climatized in a greenhouse with micro-sprinkler chambers, at 25±1ºC temperature, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION irrigation performed daily, during plant 70±10% U.R. and 12 h photophase. development. Routine cultural practices Mites were counted within 24 hours, Free-choice trial for strawberry crop were done, except being observed every hour in this time for phytosanitary management using interval. The experiment was carried In this test, the authors verified that chemical defenses. out in a completely randomized design, the two-spotted spider mite showed in a factorial scheme 2x5, with two a preference for moving towards Thirty days after transplant, the strawberry cultivars (Aromas and Sweet the strawberry cultivars without authors started leaf applications using Charlie) and five SA concentrations SA application (Figure 1), showing AS (diluted with distilled water) (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1), with 10 antixenosis type resistance (non- on plants up to runoff point, using replicates. The cultivars used in this preference). Concentrations of 25, 50 concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 experiment are those which best fitted to and 75 mg L-1 were the most effective mg L-1, with the aid of manual sprayer. the evaluated cultivation region. in repelling the two-spotted spider All over the leaf surface was sprayed, mite movement (Table 1). This effect with a seven-day interval between In the non-choice bioassay, the can be attributed to the resistance applications, totalizing 10 applications authors used arenas with a strawberry mechanism which manifests so that the up to starting bioassays with two-spotted leaf disc in each of them (3 cm diameter) plant survives the attack by herbivores, spider mite. Treatments with SA were of each treatment, abaxial surface considering this defense mechanism spaced 3 m in the greenhouse in order facing up. Onto each disc, six female called Systemic Acquired Resistance to avoid interference among each other, adults were transferred, with the aid (SAR) (Van Loon et al., 1998). SAR throughout the whole experiment. of a fine brush and stereomicroscope is a result of identification of invader, (Olympus SZ51). The females were accompanied by the induction of the The mites used were provided kept on the discs for 24 hours, and synthesis of specific substances, such as by Departamento de Entomologia e then number of mites and number of chitinases and other hydrolytic enzymes, Acarologia from Escola Superior de deposited eggs (NTOD) on each leaf due to elicitor action, which acts as an Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”. disc were counted. We used completely endogenous signal to trigger the plant randomized experimental design, in 61 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

R Favaro et al. Figure 1. Frequency of choice of Tetranychus urticae on foliar discs of strawberry cultivars. A) Aromas and B) Sweet Charlie, with salicylic acid (SA) application at concentrations of 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1 using a free-choice test. Temperature of 25±1ºC, 70±10% U.R. and 12 h photophase. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2017. Figure 2. Total number of adult mite Tetranychus urticae (NTA) on leaf discs of strawberry defense response (Mandal et al., 2008). cultivars Aromas and Sweet Charlie in relation to SA Aromas and Sweet Charlie concentrations, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1, in a free-choice test. Temperature of 25±1ºC, The authors noticed that the lowest 70±10% U.R. and 12 h photophase. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2017. AS doses were enough to repel the two- spotted spider mite from strawberry Figure 3. Number of total deposited eggs of Tetranychus urticae (NTOD) on surface of leaf plants (Figure 1), however, the highest discs of strawberry cultivars Aromas and Sweet Charlie in relation to salicylic acid (SA) AS dose (100 mg L-1) did not show effect concentrations, 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1, in a non-choice test. Temperature of 25±1ºC, on repellency, showing similar behavior 70±10% U.R. and 12 h photophase. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2017. when comparing to the control (Table 1). According to DelRio et al. (2006), high AS concentration promote higher production of oxygen-reactive species (EROs), resulting in an antagonistic effect on plant protection.This fact could explain negative effects of high AS concentration on behavior of the mite found in this study: instead of protecting the attacked parts, EROs could have accelerated tissue degradation, leaving the plant even more vulnerable to mite attack. If stress is more severe, it considerably increases the production of free radicals which can lead to a cascade of events starting with lipid peroxidation, advancing towards membrane degradation and cell death (Greggains et al., 2000). Non-choice trial In this bioassay, the authors verified a significant interaction between cultivar and SA concentration for total number of adult mites (NTA) and for total number of deposited eggs (NTOD) (Figures 2 and 3), respectively. For NTA, on leaflet surface, quadratic adjustment in the equations for applied concentrations in strawberry cultivars (Figure 2) was noticed. In SA intermediate concentrations (55.50 mg L-1 and 45.66 mg L-1), the authors found the maximum reduction in number of 62 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Salicylic acid: resistance inducer to two-spotted spider mite in strawberry crop Table 1. Attractiveness (number of attracted Tetranichus urticae in free-choice test), total number of adult mites which survived (NTA) and total number of eggs deposited (NTOD) on strawberry cultivars Aromas and Sweet Charlie, submitted to SA application (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 mg L-1). Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2017. Cultivar Dose of SA (mg L-1) Aromas 0 25 50 75 100 Average Sweet Charlie 3.2 aA 1.4 aB 2.8 aA 2.1 a Average 3.2 aA 1.6 aB 1.6 aB 1.8 aB 2.8 aA 2.2 a 3.2 A 1.5 B 2.8 A 1.4 aB 2.0 aB 1.6 B 1.9 B CV (%) 7.31 NTA Aromas 5.9 aA 5.5 aA 5.0 aC 5.5aA 5.5 aA 5.5 a Sweet Charlie 5.9 aA 5.4 a B 5.2 aC 5.3aB 5.3 aB 5.4 a Average 5.9 A 5.4 AB 5.1 C 5.4 AB 5.4 AB CV (%) 15.04 NTOD Aromas 23.8 aA 10.4 aB 9.0 aC 21.1aB 22aA 17.2 a Sweet Charlie 22.1 bA 20.5 bB 2.8 bC 7.2 bB 15.2bB 13.1 b Average 22.9 A 15.4 B 5.9 C 14.1 B 18.6 AB CV (%) 42.41 Averages followed by same uppercase letter in line and lowercase letter in column do not differ significantly from each other by Tukey test at 5% (p <0.05). mites for cultivars Aromas and Sweet SA acts in the response of the plants resistance against the two-spotted Charlie, respectively. In average test, after pest attack, altering the activity spider mite, reducing adult survival and the dose of 50 mg L-1, showed the and increasing the expression of plant oviposition on leaflets of strawberry best response, it means that it shows defense genes, boosting the response cultivars, Aromas and Sweet Charlie, the lowest number of live mites, with (Ponstein et al., 1994). In this study, characterizing antixenosis resistance significant difference in relation to other SA application may have activated induction. doses was verified (Table 1). strawberry plant defense genes during previous mite attack, and this might REFERENCES For NTOD on the leaflet, similar be an explanation for the lowest value effect of SA on NTA with quadratic observed in NTA and NTOD. The results BERNARDI, D; BOTTON, M; NAVA, DE; adjustment in the equation was noticed obtained in this study proved that in ZAWADNEAK, MAC. 2015. Guia para (Figure 3). The points of minimum the study carried out by Silva et al. identificação e monitoramento de pragas e seus oviposition were estimated in 47.27 mg (2005), pests have difficulties to deposit inimigos naturais em morangueiro. Brasília: L-1and 67.63 mg L-1 for cultivars Aromas eggs on silicified cells, decreasing the Embrapa.46p. and Sweet Charlie, respectively (Figure herbivory of the immature stages of 3). Using average test, the authors these arthropods. CAVALCANTI, SCH; NICULAU, ES; BLANK, verified that the dose of 50 mg L-1 AF; CÂMARA, CAG; ARAÚJO, IN; ALVES, was the one which showed the highest In the last decades, a constant PB. 2010. Composition and acaricidal activity effectiveness (Table 1). Similar effect pressure of society to increase the of Lippia sidoides essential oil against two- was observed by Shi & Zhu (2013) in sustainability of agricultural activities spotted spider mite (Tetranych usurticae exogenous SA application in tomato could be noticed. This practice requires Koch).Bioresource Technology 101: 829-832. crop, with a reduction in fecundity and the creation of innovations and lower survival rates in Bemisia tabaci. technologies which are less aggressive DATNOFF, LE; RAID, RN; SNYDER, GH; Donovan et al. (2013) also verified to the environment and to human JONES, DB.1991. Effect of calcium silicate similar results with artificial diets and health. In this context, using SA is on blast and brown spot intensities and yields various concentrations of SA in the an interesting alternative in order to of rice. Plant Disease 75: 729-732. survival of aphid Myzus persicae. repel the two-spotted spider mite from strawberry plants, reducing pesticide DEL RÍO, LA; SANDALIO, LM; CORPAS, FJ; This behavioral biology of the two- use in agriculture and, consequently, a PALMA, JM; BARROSO, JB. 2006. Reactive spotted spider mite can occur due to reduction in production costs. oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species responses based on interaction among in peroxisomes: Production, scavenging, and SA concentrations, genotype and pest. SA was an efficient inducer of role in cell signaling. Plant Physiology 141: 330-335. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 DONOVAN, MP; NABITY, PD; DELUCIA, EH. 2013. Salicylic acid-mediated reductions in yield in Nicotiana attenuate challenged by aphid herbivory. Arthropod-Plant Interactions 63

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Research BRUM, D; MARCHI, PM; GONÇALVES, MA; CRUZ, FF; ANTUNES, LEC; GOMES, CB. 2019. Reaction of strawberry cultivars to root-knot and root- lesion nematodes. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 065-068. d DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190110 Reaction of strawberry cultivars to root-knot and root-lesion nematodes Daniele de Brum 1ID; Priscila Monalisa Marchi 2ID; Michel A Gonçalves 3ID; Fernanda F Cruz 4ID; Luis Eduardo C Antunes 2ID; Cesar B Gomes 2ID 1Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas-RS, Brazil; [email protected]; 2Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; 3Prefeitura Municipal de Canguçu, Canguçu-RS, Brazil; aldrighimichel@gmail. com; 4Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Spain; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Considering the economic importance of strawberry in Brazil, Reação de cultivares de morangueiro ao nematoide das galhas with a clear migration trend from the soil to innovative systems on e das lesões substrates, it is fundamental to evaluate the available cultivars in the market regarding tolerance to pathogens with potential for infestation. Considerando a importância econômica da cultura do morangueiro The reaction of eight commercial strawberry cultivars (Festival, no Brasil, com tendência clara de migração da produção no solo para Camino Real, Camarosa, Oso Grande, Monterey, San Andreas, sistemas inovadores de produção em substratos, é fundamental a Aromas, and Albion) to Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus species was avaliação das cultivares disponíveis no mercado quanto a tolerância evaluated. Strawberry cultivars were maintained in individual pots a patógenos com potencial de infestação. Avaliou-se a resistência with sterilized soil and inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second stage de oito cultivares comerciais (Festival, Camino Real, Camarosa, juveniles of Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica or M. Oso Grande, Monterey, San Andreas, Aromas e Albion) a espécies hapla or 1,000 specimens of Pratylenchus zea or P. brachyurus per de Meloidogyne e Pratylenchus. Cultivares de morango, mantidas plant. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized em vasos individuais com solo esterilizado, foram inoculadas com design with six replications using tomato ‘Rutgers’and sorghum ‘506’ 5.000 ovos + juvenis de segundo estágio de Meloidogyne arenaria, plants as control to root-knot and lesion nematodes, respectively. M. incognita, M. javanica ou M. hapla ou 1.000 espécimes de Ninety days after inoculation, the nematode reproduction factor (RF= Pratylenchus zea ou P. brachyurus por planta. O experimento foi final population/initial population) was evaluated to determine the conduzido sob condições de casa de vegetação em delineamento resistance of the strawberry genotypes to each nematode species. All inteiramente casualizado com seis repetições, utilizando-se plantas de cultivars behaved as resistant (FR<1.00) or immune (FR= 0.00) to sorgo ‘506’ e tomate ‘Rutgers’ como controles para o nematoides das M. javanica, M. incognita, P. zeae and P. brachyurus. The cultivar galhas e das lesões radiculares, respectivamente. Noventa dias após ‘Camarosa’ was susceptible (FR>1.00) to M. arenaria and M. hapla a inoculação, foi avaliado o fator de reprodução dos nematoides (RF and ‘Oso Grande’ behaved as a good host to M. hapla; however, the = população final / população inicial) para determinar a resistência other cultivars were resistant to these two Meloidogyne species. The dos genótipos de morango a cada espécie de fitonematoide. Todas assessed cultivars are poor hosts, being an alternative to be used in as cultivares se comportaram como resistentes (FR<1,00) ou imunes infested areas with these pests. (FR= 0,00) a M. javanica, M. incognita, P. zeae e P. brachyurus. Apenas ‘Camarosa’ foi suscetível (FR> 1,00) a M. arenaria e M. hapla e ‘Oso Grande’ comportou-se como suscetível a M. hapla; porém, as demais cultivares foram resistentes a estas duas espécies do nematoide das galhas. As cultivares de morango avaliadas neste trabalho comportaram-se como más hospedeiras dos nematoides estudados e, podem ser consideradas alternativa de cultivo em áreas infestadas com os patógenos. Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus Palavras-chave: Fragaria x ananassa, Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., resistência. spp., resistance. Received on August 2, 2018; accepted on January 24, 2019 The strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) in Brazil, and the principal producing 2017). Despite the high added value has great economic and social states are Minas Gerais, Paraná and Rio of the product, broad acceptance importance in the United States, Mexico, Grande do Sul (Fagherazzi et al., 2017). by consumers and diversity in the Turkey, Poland, Italy, Germany, Russia, marketing (Fachinello et al., 2011), this including Latin American countries as New information on the health crop has a relevant social role in the Chile and Brazil (Coelho Júnior, 2016; benefits of strawberries, such as family farming (Antunes et al., 2007; OMAIAA, 2017). There are around antioxidant levels, folate, potassium, Lemiska et al., 2014). 4,200 ha of strawberry cultivated areas vitamin C and fiber content, stimulated consumption rates (Garcia et al., The main strawberry production Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 65

D Brum et al. system in Brazil is based on growing from tissue culture were used to immune with RF= 0.00 and susceptible under low tunnel (Fagherazzi et al., 2017). establish this assay. The inoculum of with RF>1.00 (Oostenbrik, 1966). Therefore, this crop may be affected by the Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus many soil pathogens such as the plant species was obtained according to RESULTS AND DISCUSSION parasitic nematodes Meloidogyne spp. the methodology of Hussey & Barker and Pratylenchus spp. (Maas, 1998; (1973) and Coolen & D’Here (1972), Most cultivars were resistant or Gomes & Cofcewics, 2003). Root- respectively. immune to various nematode species knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) (Table 1). Only ‘Camarosa’ and ‘Oso are polyphagous pests and cause great One pure population of M. javanica Grande’were susceptible to M. arenaria, damage in several annual and perennial Est J3, M. arenaria Est A2, M. incognita and the first was susceptible to M. crops associated to yield losses (Sharma Est I2 and M. hapla Est H2 were hapla as compared to the susceptible & Fonseca, 2000; Franzener et al., 2005; maintained on tomato plants (Solanum control. Furthermore, the presence of Lima-Medina et al., 2014). Similarly, lycopersicum) cv. Rutgers at greenhouse galls on the roots of plants inoculated root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus conditions in order to use as root-knot with Meloidogyne spp. was detected spp.), the second most important plant- nematode inoculum. Similarly, pure principally of susceptible cultivars parasitic nematode group for Brazilian populations of Pratylenchus zeae and (Figure 1). All strawberry cultivars were agriculture, parasites various crops P. brachyurus were maintained on resistant or immune to P. zeae and P. such as soybeans, oats, corn, millet, Sorghum bicolor ‘506’ plants to use brachyurus (Table 1). This information sunflower, sugarcane, fruit trees besides nematode inoculum. is important, because Camarosa is the other common cultivated plant species second most cultivated cultivar in Brazil (Severino et al., 2010; Ribeiro et al., Strawberry seedlings 30-day old, mainly in soil system production. 2010; Lima-Medina et al., 2014). grown in pots with sterilized soil, were inoculated with 5,000 eggs + In other studies, regarding strawberry Among the control practices for these second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne genetic resistance to Meloidogyne spp., two plant-parasitic nematode genera, the arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica or ‘Camarosa’, ‘Oso Grande’, ‘Aromas’, use of resistant cultivars is one of the M. hapla or 1,000 Pratylenchus zeae or ‘Camino Real’, ‘Santa Clara’ and most suitable. However, for strawberry, P. brachyurus per plant. The experiment ‘Ventana’were immune to M. enterolobii few studies have been performed for was carried out under greenhouse (Freitas et al., 2016) and the first three Brazilian conditions. Curi et al. (2016) conditions in a completely randomized cultivars were resistant to M. ethiopica studied the reaction of some strawberry design with six replications using tomato (Somavilla et al., 2006). Pinkerton & commercial cultivars to Meloidogyne ‘Rutgers’ and sorghum ‘506’ plants as Finn (2005), evaluating the reaction of hapla. The authors verified the genetic controls to root-knot and root-lesion more than 30 strawberry genotypes to resistance of Oso Grande and Albion. nematodes, respectively. A randomized M. hapla, observed that most cultivars Similarly, ‘Camarosa’ is resistant to M. design experiment with six replications were resistant to nematode including enterolobii and M. ethiopica (Somavilla of one plant per plot was used. ‘Camarosa’, which in this study behaved et al., 2006; Freitas et al., 2016) but as susceptible. the reaction of these cultivars to other Ninety days after inoculation, each Meloidgyne species and to Pratylenchus strawberry plant inoculated with root- The reaction of strawberry to root- spp. in not known. Considering the knot nematode was evaluated for number lesion nematodes observed in this pathogenicity of these pests and the of galls in the roots. Subsequently, each assay was similar to those obtained scarcity of studies reported on the root system was processed (Hussey in other studies with P. penetrans in strawberry, the objective of this work & Barker,1973) to determine the final the USA (Pinkerton & Finn, 2005; was to evaluate the resistance of eight nematode populations (number of Villanueva et al., 2010). The authors strawberry cultivars to Meloidogyne and eggs and second stage juveniles) in the observed resistance and tolerance in Pratylenchus species related to tropical different strawberry cultivars. However, more than 30 cultivars, including three and subtropical conditions. to calculate the final population of genotypes evaluated in this experiment Pratylenchus species, the roots of as Camarosa, Diamante and Festival. MATERIAL AND METHODS different plants were processed by Once there is little information available Coolen & D’Herde (1972) method. on the genetic resistance of strawberry The reaction of eight strawberry The reproduction factor (RF= final to tropical and subtropical Pratyenchus cultivars to four root-knot Meloidogyne population / initial population) of each species (P. zeae and P. brachyurus) our species and two lesion Pratylenchus nematode species obtained in each results support the need to carry out species was evaluated at greenhouse genotype was estimated. Averages of additional studies on genetic resistance conditions. Strawberry seedlings of the different variables were compared and aggressiveness, using different Festival, Monterrey, Camino Real, by Scott-Knott’s clustering test at 5% populations of phytoparasitic nematodes San Andreas, Camarosa, Oso Grande, using the software SASM-Agri (Canteri as noted by Loubser & Meyer (1987) Aromas and Albion cultivars obtained et al., 2001). The strawberry reaction and Lima-Medina et al. (2017) in other was determined by the nematode pathosystems. 66 reproduction factor (RF), considering resistant genotypes with RF<1.00, Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Reaction of strawberry cultivars to root-knot and root-lesion nematodes Table 1. Reaction of strawberry cultivars to different root-knot (Meloidogyne spp.) and root-lesion (Pratylenchus spp.) species of nematodes. Pelotas, Embrapa Clima Temperado, 2018. Cultivars Meloidogyne incognita Meloidogyne arenaria Meloidogyne javanica Control galls (no) RF R galls (no) RF R galls (no) RF R Camarosa 199.16 7.11 S1 352.66 16.33 S1 345 24.13 S1 Oso Grande 0.00a* I 123.00b 2.82c S 0.00ns 0.08b R Monterrey 0.00ns 0.00a I 105.00b 2.01c S 0.00 0.12b R Festival 0.00 0.00a I 0.01b R 0.00 0.04b R San Andres 0.00 0.00a I 0.00a 0.02b R 0.00 0.12b R Aromas 0.00 0.21b R 0.00a 0.18b R 0.00 0.12b R Camino Real 0.00 0.03a R 0.00a 0.14b R 0.00 0.12b R Albion 0.00 0.00a I 0.00a 0.11b R 0.00 0.09b R CV (%) 0.00 0.00a I 7.00c 0.00a I 0.00 0.00a I 0.00 15.45 0.00a 16.23 - 15.13 21.55 - Meloidogyne hapla Pratylenchus zeae Pratylenchus brachyurus galls (no) RF R RF R RF R Control 1150 24.39 S1 9.41 S2 7.51 S2 Camarosa 15.00b 1.40b S 0.88a R 0.07b R Oso Grande 0.00a 0.10a R 0.60b R 0.15a R Monterrey 0.00a 0.01a R 0.00c I 0.00b I Festival 0.00a 0.01a R 0.61b R 0.00b I San Andres 0.40a 0.01a R 0.00c I 0.00b I Aromas 0.00a 0.17a R 0.64b R 0.81a R Camino Real 0.00a 0.01a R 0.00c I 0.00b I Albion 7.40b 0.25a R 0.18b R 0.07 R CV (%) 9.7 11.22 9.91 11.12 Means followed by same letters in the column belong to the same group by Scott-Knott test, 5% probability. 1= tomato Rutgers control; 2= sorghum BRS 506 control; R= reaction; RF= reproduction factor; (immune with RF= 0.00 and susceptible with RF>1.00) S= susceptible; I= immune; R= resistant. Figure 1. Root-systems of strawberry plants exhibiting galls caused by Meloidogyne arenaria (a) and M. hapla (b) at ‘Camarosa’ and M. arenaria at root-system of Oso Grande cultivar (c). Pelotas, Embrapa Clima Temperado, 2017. Foto: Cesar Bauer Gomes. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 67

D Brum et al. Considering the most strawberry in strawberries. Ciência Rural 46: 1309-1315. Pathology 34: 152-157. cultivars were poor hosts to different Meloidogyne and Pratylenchus species, FACHINELLO, JC; PASA, MS; SCHMTIZ, JD; LIMA-MEDINA, I; GOMES, CB; CORREA, VR; these results are extremely important for BETEMPS, DL. 2011. Situação e perspectivas MATTOS, VS; CASTAGNONE-SERENO, P; establishing control strategies of these da fruticultura de clima temperado no Brasil. CARNEIRO, RMDG. 2017. Genetic diversity pests, suppressing their populations in Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura p.109-120. of Meloidogyne spp. parasitizing potato in the soil. Therefore, the use of resistant Available <http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbf/v33 Brazil and aggressiveness of Meloidogyne strawberry cultivars represents a viable nspe1/a14v33nspe1.pdf.> Accessed November javanica populations on susceptible cultivars. alternative in the implementation of crop 02, 2013. Nematology 19: 69-80. rotation systems to the management of these pests, becoming thus an efficient FAGHERAZZI, AF; GRIMALDI, F; LIMA-MEDINA, I; GOMES, CB; GONZAGA, and economic way to reduce nematode KRETZSCHMAR, AA; MOLINA, AR; V. 2014. Caracterização de espécies do populations in infested areas (Carneiro GONÇALVES, MA; ANTUNES, LEC; nematoide das lesões em batata na região sul et al., 2000; Ferraz & Freitas, 2004; BARUZZI, G; RUFATO, L. Strawberry do Brasil e reação de genótipos a Pratylenchus Lima et al., 2009; Freitas et al., 2016). production progress in Brazil. Acta brachyurus. Nematropica 44: 101-106. Horticulturae. 1156:937-940, 2017. Most of the evaluated strawberry Available <http://www.actahort.org/ LOUBSER, JT; MEYER, AJ. 1987. Resistance of cultivars (Festival, Monterrey, Camino books/1156/1156_138.htm> Accessed August grapevine rootstocks to Meloidogyne incognita Real, San Andreas, Aromas and Albion) 10, 2017. under field conditions. South African Journal are resistant or immune to Meloidogyne of Enology and Viticulture 2: 70-74. spp. and Pratylenchus spp. which FERRAZ, S; FREITAS, LG. 2004. Use of confers their status as poor host. In this antagonistic plants and natural products. In: MAAS, JL. 1998. Compendium of way these cultivars are an alternative to CHEN, Z; CHEN, S; DICKSON, DW (eds). strawberry diseases. 2ed. Minnesota: use in infested areas with these pests. Nematology: advances and perspectives. APS Press. St. Paul, 128p. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. p.931-978. REFERENCES OMAIAA- OBSERVATÓRIO DOS MERCADOS FRANZENER, G; UNFRIED, JR; STANGARLIN, AGRÍCOLAS E DAS IMPORTAÇÕES ANTUNES, LEC; DUARTE, FJD; CALEGARIO, JR; FURLANETO, C. 2005. Nematoides AGRO-ALIMENTARES. 2017. A produção FF; COSTA, H; REISSER, JC. 2007. Produção formadores de galha e de cisto patogênicos e a comercialização do morango em Portugal. integrada de morango no Brasil. 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Strawberry cultivars lesion and Northern root-knot nematodes. MRA; CAMPOS, AD. 2000. Resistance performance in high tunnels under Hortscience 40: 33-38. of vegetable crops to Meloidogyne spp.: sustainable and organic production practices suggestion for a crop rotation. Nematologia in three climatic regions of Arkansas. RIBEIRO, NR; DIAS, WP; SANTOS, JM. 2010. Brasileira 24: 49-54. Acta Horticulturae Procedings of the VIII Distribuição de fitonematoides em regiões International Strawberry Symposium 2: produtoras de soja do estado de Mato Grosso. COELHO JÚNIOR, JM. 2016. Strawberry 549-553. Rondonópolis: Fundação MT. p.289-296. cultivars: Knowing to expand and reduce (Boletim de Pesquisa de Soja). the environmental impacts. Revista Geama GOMES, CB; COFCEWICZ, ET. 2003. 5: 138-147. Nematoides. In: FORTES, JF; OSORIO, SEVERINO, JJ; DIAS-ARIEIRA, CR; VA. (org). Morango: fitossanidade. Brasília: TESSMANN, DJ. 2010. Nematodes associated COOLEN, WA; D’HERDE, CJA. 1972. Method Embrapa Informação Tecnológica; Pelotas: with sugarcane in sandy soils in Paraná, Brazil. for the quantitative extraction of nematodes Embrapa Clima Temperado. p.19-22 (Frutas Nematropica 40: 111-119. from plant tissue. Ghent: State Nematology do Brasil. 41). and Entomology Research Station. 77p. SHARMA, RD; FONSECA, CEL. 2000. Efeito HUSSEY, RS; BARKER, KR. 1973. A de Meloidogyne javanica no crescimento da CURI, PN; PECHE, PM; PIO, R; CAPRONI, comparison of methods of collecting inocula of ervilha. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira CM; OLIVEIRA, MS. 2016. Relationship Meloidogyne ssp. including a new technique. 35: 115-120. between production, nematodes and redness; Plant Disease Reporter 57: 1025-1028. SOMAVILLA, L; GOMES, CB; OLIVEIRA, RP; LEMISKA, A; PAULETTI, V; CUQUEL, FL; CARNEIRO, RMDG. 2006. Resistência de ZAWADNEAL, MAC. 2014. Produção cultivares de morangueiro ao nematoide das e qualidade da fruta do morangueiro sob galhas Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead. influência da aplicação de boro. Ciência Rural 1969. Nematologia Brasileira 30: 299-301. 44: 622-628. VILLANUEVA, L; FLORES M; PEDROCHE, N. LIMA, EA; MATTOS, JK; MOITA, AW; 2010. Response of six strawberry (Fragaria x CARNEIRO, RG; CARNEIRO, RMDG. ananassa Duch.) cultivars to the root lesion 2009. Host status of different crops for nematode (Pratylenchus penetrans Filipjev Meloidogyne ethiopica control. Tropical Plant and Schurmanns Stekhoven). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences 75: 487-496. 68 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Research PEREIRA, FT; OLIVEIRA, JB; MUNIZ, PHPC; PEIXOTO, GHS; GUIMARÃES, RR; CARVALHO, DDC. 2019. Growth promotion and productivity of lettuce using Trichoderma spp. commercial strains. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 069-074. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190111 Growth promotion and productivity of lettuce using Trichoderma spp. commercial strains Fabíola T Pereira 1ID; Jessica B de Oliveira 1ID; Paulo Henrique PC Muniz 1ID; Gustavo Henrique S Peixoto 1ID; Roberli R Guimarães 1ID; Daniel Diego C Carvalho 1ID 1Universidade Estadual de Goiás (UEG), Ipameri-GO, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; paulohenrique. [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The aim of this study was to evaluate four strains of Trichoderma Promoção do crescimento e da produtividade de alface pelo spp. (T. harzianum IBLF 006 WP, T. harzianum IBLF 006 SC, emprego de cepas comerciais de Trichoderma spp. T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 and T. asperellum URM 5911) for seedling growth promotion in laboratory and head lettuce yield in O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar quatro cepas de Trichoderma field conditions. The experiment was carried out in a completely spp. (T. harzianum IBLF 006 WP, T. harzianum IBLF 006 SC, T. randomized design with four treatments (strains): IBLF 006 WP, harzianum ESALQ 1306 e T. asperellum URM 5911) na promoção do IBLF 006 SC, ESALQ 1306 and URM 5911 and a non-inoculated crescimento de plântulas em laboratório e na produtividade de alface (without Trichoderma) control. Each treatment consisted of 200 seeds, americana em campo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente arranged in four replicates. Lettuce seeds cv. Astra were treated with casualizado com quatro tratamentos (cepas): IBLF 006 WP, IBLF 006 2 mL Trichoderma suspension (2.5 x 108 conidia mL-1 per each 100 SC, ESALQ 1306 e URM 5911 e um tratamento sem inoculação com g seeds) and submitted to growth assay in laboratory up to 7 days Trichoderma que foi incluído como testemunha. Cada tratamento after sowing. For field experiment, we opened furrows, which were teve 200 sementes, dispostas em quatro repetições. Para tanto, manually sprayed with 5 x 107 conidia mL-1. Afterwards, seedlings sementes de alface cv. Astra foram tratadas com 2 mL de suspensão were transplanted (4 to 6 leaves of head lettuce cv. Mauren) and de Trichoderma (2,5 x 108 conídios mL-1 para cada 100 g de sementes) harvested 40 days later. Each treatment consisted of four replicates e submetidas a teste de crescimento em laboratório até os 7 dias após (1.2 x 1.2 m, 16 plants per plot) arranged in randomized blocks. In o semeio. Para o experimento em campo realizou-se a abertura dos both experiments, a control without Trichoderma application was sulcos, os quais receberam 5 x 107 conídios mL-1 com auxílio de included, and we evaluated shoot length, root and total length, shoot, um pulverizador manual, seguido de transplantio de mudas (4 a 6 root and total fresh mass and shoot, root and total dry mass, shoot folhas) de alface americana cv. Mauren e colheita aos 40 dias após mass ratio, root mass ratio and shoot/root ratio. The germination o transplantio. Cada tratamento foi composto por quatro repetições (%) was evaluated by laboratory tests, whereas in field experiment, (1,2 x 1,2 m, com 16 plantas em cada parcela) dispostas em blocos height, stem diameter, head diameter, number of leaves and yield were casualizados. Em ambos incluiu-se uma testemunha sem aplicação de evaluated. The T. harzianum strain ESALQ 1306 provided the best Trichoderma. Avaliou-se o comprimento da parte aérea, da raiz e total, head lettuce growth rate in laboratory test, which was confirmed in massas fresca e seca da parte aérea, da raiz e total, razão de massa field experiment, in which the productivity (50.2 t ha-1) was superior da parte aérea, razão de massa da raiz e razão parte aérea/sistema when compared to the other strains (41.38 to 44.23 t ha-1) and the radicular. No experimento em laboratório avaliou-se o percentual control (30.18 t ha-1). de germinação, enquanto que no experimento em campo avaliou-se a altura, diâmetro do caule, diâmetro da cabeça, número de folhas e produtividade. A cepa T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 proporcionou melhor crescimento de alface americana em laboratório, o que foi confirmado em campo, cuja produtividade (50,2 t ha-1) foi superior às demais cepas (41,38 a 44,23 t ha-1) e à testemunha (30,18 t ha-1). Keywords: Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Palavras-chave: Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma asperellum, Lactuca sativa, biological control, horticulture. Lactuca sativa, controle biológico, horticultura. Received on January 25, 2018; accepted on January 24, 2019 Lettuce is one of the most widely cycle, low production cost, low the main lettuce producers: in 2016, cultivated leaf vegetables in Brazil; susceptibility to several pests and the state commercialized 1479 tons it is grown by small farmers, being diseases, and also post-marketing (CEASA-GO, 2016). The increasing a crop of great economic and social safety, this crop allows successive population growth and constant changes importance. Due to wide adaptation cultivations all year long (Medeiros et in dietary habits make the consumer to different climatic conditions, short al., 2007). The state of Goiás is one of of leaf vegetables more demanding Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 69

FT Pereira et al. concerning product quality. That’s why, cause damages to the environment of necrosis and pathogen in seedlings, lettuce consumption tends to increase (Azarmi et al., 2011). seminal and secondary roots without and, consequently, the need to produce deformation and discounting the dead it in quantity and with superior quality Many studies on using live strains for seeds), shoot length (SL), root length (Barros Júnior et al., 2010). the treatment of seeds and substrates for (RL), total length (TL = SL + RL ), initial growth promotion of several crops shoot fresh mass (SFM), root fresh mass Trichoderma fungus is considered a or even in disease control can be found (RFM), total fresh mass (TFM = SFM free-living soil microorganism, which in literature. However, knowledge gaps + RFM), shoot dry mass (SDM), root survives in tropical and temperate concerning potential productivity of dry mass (RDM), total dry mass (BIO = regions, being three species (T. lettuce with live strains of Trichoderma SDM + RDM), shoot mass ratio (SMR harzianum, T. virens and T. viride) spp. can be verified. The aim of this = SDM/BIO), root mass ratio (RMR = the most used in biological control of study was to evaluate four commercial RDM/BIO) and shoot/root ratio (S/R = diseases and on growth promotion of products based on Trichoderma spp. in SDM/RDM). In order to obtain SDM several crops (Hoffmann et al., 2015). seedling growth promotion and head and RDM, shoots and roots were taken Many studies point out the use of lettuce productivity in field. out and dried in an oven at 65oC until Trichoderma to promote initial growth constant mass in order to obtain values of many commercial crops, such as MATERIAL AND METHODS in milligrams. tomatoes and beans (Chacón et al., 2007; Guimarães et al., 2014), as well as Evaluated commercial strains Productivity of lettuce plants an increase in grain yield and leaf crops and their components in field using (Azevedo Filho et al., 2011; Carvalho The commercial strains evaluated in planting furrow treatment with et al., 2015a). this study were Trichoderma harzianum suspension of Trichoderma spp. IBLF 006 WP (Ecotrich WP; Ballagro The most common method of Agro Tecnologia Ltda., Piracaia-SP, The experiment was carried out in application of Trichoderma is seed Brazil), Trichoderma harzianum IBLF an experimental area at Universidade treatment. However, for some crops 006 SC (Predatox SC; Ballagro Agro Estadual de Goiás, Campus Ipameri, which are initially installed in seedbeds, Tecnologia Ltda., Piracaia-SP, Brazil), (17º43’02’’S, 48º08’37’W, 794 m), when aiming to colonize soil by certain Trichoderma harzianum ESALQ 1306 in 2017, in Typic Hapludox. The soil strains of Trichoderma, treatment (Trichodermil; Koppert Biological presented the following chemical of substrate or cultivation soil per Systems, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil) properties: pH in CaCl2= 5.7; MO= application via furrow or superficial and Trichoderma asperellum URM 22.7 g dm-1; P= 27.1 mg dm-1; K= 0.31 is an efficient method (Carvalho et al., 5911 (Quality WG; Laboratório de cmolc dm-1; Ca= 2.70 cmolc dm-1; Mg= 2015b). BioControle Farroupilha Ltda, Patos de 1.10 cmolc dm-1; H+Al= 2.50 cmolc dm-1; Minas-MG, Brazil). S= 2.7 mg dm-1; B= 0.26 mg dm-1; Fe= Some isolates of Trichoderma 43.7 mg dm-1; Mn= 35.3 mg dm-1; Cu= provide plant growth stimulus, producing Initial growth of lettuce seedling 2.31 mg dm-1; Zn= 21.7 mg dm-1 and the antibiotics, enzymes and metabolites, using seed treatment with suspension following textural composition: clay = whose activities are comparable to of Trichoderma spp. 320 g kg-1; silt = 200 g kg-1 and sand = plant hormones (Carvalho et al., 480 g kg-1. Throughout the experiment, 2011a). Several strains are excellent Head lettuce seeds, cv. Astra, were manual irrigation was performed daily. producers of secondary metabolites, treated with 2 mL of Trichoderma being volatile or non-volatile and suspension (2.5 x 108 conidia mL-1 for The experiment was installed in a supposed biosynthesizers of non- each 100 g seeds). Afterwards, the seeds 40.8 m2 area (34.0 x 1.2 m); soil was ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, pironas were uniformly distributed on blotting plowed and harrowed. Afterwards, and polyketides and auxin analogs paper sheets, contained in gerbox-type seedbeds were prepared with a plow. (Machado et al., 2012). Trichoderma transparent acrylic boxes (11 x 11 Chemical fertilizations, as well as soil spp. insertion into soils poor in mineral cm). Then, these seeds were kept in correction, were done according to nutrients increases the solubilization of a BOD type seed germinator (Fanem Yuri et al. (2002). Then, furrows were these nutrients. The same act as root 347®), at 25ºC, for seven days. We used opened and 40 mL of Trichoderma spp. growth biostimulant, increasing the completely randomized experimental suspension (5 x 107conidia mL-1) was assimilation of essential nutrients for the design, with four treatments (strains): applied per linear meter using a manual plant and contributing to obtain greater IBLF 006 WP, IBLF 006 SC, ESALQ sprayer (550 mL), totalizing 2 x 109 productivity, besides promoting root 1306 and URM 5911. One treatment, conidia per linear meter in the furrow system protection against soil pathogens without Trichoderma inoculation, (Carvalho et al., 2011a). (Benítez et al., 2004). Such insertion is was included as control. In each highly desirable because, in addition treatment, 200 seeds were divided into Right after spray application, head to the described benefits, it is possible four replicates (Gerbox) of 50 seeds lettuce seedlings, cv. Mauren with 4 - 6 to reduce or abolish the use of highly (Carvalho et al., 2011b). leaves, grown in 200-cell styrofoam soluble chemical fertilizers, which for trays, filled with inert substrate, based on sustainable agricultural production Germination (%) was obtained by peat, carbonized rice chaff, vermiculite evaluating normal seedlings (absence and ashes, were manually transplanted 70 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Growth promotion and productivity of lettuce using Trichoderma spp. commercial strains (4 plants per 1.2 linear meter). The values of SL, RL and TL: 1.54, 3.27 and on lettuce seed germination. These experimental design was of randomized 4.82 cm, respectively. results were already expected, according blocks with four treatments (strains): to the information found in literature IBLF 006 WP, IBLF 006 SC, ESALQ For total fresh and total dry mass, T. (Oliveira et al., 2018), since seed 1306 and URM 5911 and one control harzianum strain ESALQ 1306, again, germination can be favored by the without Trichoderma spp. inoculation. showed to be superior to the other action of Trichoderma spp. strains. This Each treatment was composed of four treatments, considering TFM of 23.62 situation might be related to the fact that experimental plots with four planting mg and BIO of 1.55 mg, respectively. lettuce seeds have lower concentrations lines, 1.2x1.2 m total area with 16 The control treatment showed the lowest of reserve substances for germinative plants spaced 0.3x0.3 m, plus 0.5 m of values, 12.40 mg and 0.76 mg for TFM process when compared with grain- a seedbed without lettuce planting for and BIO, respectively. In relation to producing species. Thus, germination separation between plots. ratios, T. asperellum URM 5911 and process and initial seedling development the control showed lower S/R (2.73 and seem to be stronger influenced by Forty days after seedling transplant, 2.61, respectively) inferior to the other exogenous growth regulators, when four central plants of each plot (useful treatments which value of S/R ranged associated with microorganisms area) were manually harvested to from 2.85 to 2.95 (Table 1). (Schlindwein et al., 2008). Germination measure height (H), stem diameter (SD), (%), emergence and emergence speed head diameter (HD), number of leaves In relation to plant height (H) and index are promoted when seeds are (NL), shoot fresh mass (SFM), root fresh stem diameter (SD), T. harzianum inoculated with Trichoderma spp. This mass (RFM), total fresh mass (TFM), strain ESALQ 1306 was superior than fact is attributed to growth regulator shoot dry mass (SDM), root dry mass the other strains (18.65 cm and 15.28 liberation mechanism and nutrient (RDM), total biomass (BIO), shoot mass mm), followed by T. asperellum URM solubilization (Hajieghrari, 2010; ratio (SMR), root mass ratio (RMR), 5911 (15.75 cm and 14.38 mm), which Wesam et al., 2017). shoot/root ratio (S/R) and productivity, was the second best treatment (Table using a caliper, a precision scale and a 2). Evaluating head diameter (HD) and Those seeds treated with graduated scale. One control treatment number of leaves (NL), T. harzianum Trichoderma spp. presented length gain. was included in order to compare the strain ESALQ 1306 was superior to the Probably, the most likely mechanism treatments. Weed control was manually other treatments, providing 13.50 cm to promote initial growth is via direct, performed. The authors did not verify and 28.12 leaves. The other strains were it means, production of hormones or any pests or diseases. superior when compared to the control analogues (Wesam et al., 2017). We (10.46 cm and 22.45 leaves), with values noted that the seeds showed low or Statistical analysis for HD ranging from 12.06 to 12.59 cm no occurrence of harmful pathogens and NL ranging from 25.31 to 25.75. to germination, refuting indirect Experimental data were submitted For fresh and dry mass, T. harzianum initial growth promotion, through to variance analysis (ANOVA) and ESALQ 1306 was superior to the other harmful pathogens to germination and to Scott-Knott test (P≤0.05), using treatments, showing TFM of 462.0 g emergence. computer statistical software SISVAR and BIO of 18.92 g, respectively. The 5.3 (FERREIRA, 2011). control provided the lowest values, For fresh mass and total biomass 276.98 g and 10.26 g for TFM and BIO, accumulations, the strain ESALQ 1306 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION respectively. For ratios, no differences was also superior to the other treatments. among treatments for SMR, RMR and However, the other strains also showed In relation to germination percentage S/R were no noticed. For productivity, T. results superior to the control. This (GP), T. harzianum strain ESALQ harzianum ESALQ 1306 was superior to can be explained in the study carried 1306 and T. harzianum IBLF 006 SC the other ones (50.20 t ha-1), followed by out by Chacón et al. (2007), in which were superior to the other treatments, T. asperellum URM 5911, T. harzianum these authors state that tomato plants providing 93.50% and 93% of PG. IBLF 006 SC and T. harzianum IBLF inoculated with T. harzianum showed Followed by treatments T. harzianum 006 WP which provided about 44.23, increased root proliferation and, as a IBLF 006 WP and T. asperellum URM 42.77 and 41.38 t ha-1, respectively. All consequence, an increase in sanity and 5911 and the control, which showed strains were superior compared with water and nutrient absorption capacity, the lowest PG (82%) (Table 1). T. the control, which provided 30.18 t ha-1 promoting, as observed by Machado et harzianum strain ESALQ 1306 showed (Table 2). al. (2012), an increase of fresh mass of a superior increase when compared with several plant parts. the other treatments in relation to shoot Seed germination and seedling vigor length (SL= 2.46 cm), root length (RL= are decisive factors for crop production H and SD are productive variables, 4.96 cm) and total length (TL= 7.41 success and presence of hormones, which allow greater separation capacity cm). For the other strains values of SL, promoters and growth inhibitors are among evaluated strains when comparing RL and TL ranged from 1.76 to 1.83 essential for germination physiological with HD and NL. According to Trani cm, 3.78 to 4.27 cm, 5.62 to 6.03 cm, process (Ferreira & Borghetti, 2004). et al. (2006), NL is a trait directly respectively. Control showed the lowest related to cultivation temperature and The strains used in this study photoperiod. Due to this characteristic, provided positive and beneficial effects 71 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

FT Pereira et al. Table 1. Characteristics of head lettuce seedlings, cv. Astra, treated with commercial strains of Trichoderma spp. Ipameri, UEG, 2017. Treatment Germination Shoot length Root length Total length Shoot fresh Root fresh Total fresh (%)1 (cm) (cm) (cm) mass (g) mass (g) mass (g) T. harzianum 90.00 b 1.76 c 4.27 b 6.03 b 12.14 c 4.94 c 17.09 c IBLF 006 WP 93.00 a 1.82 b 3.86 c 5.69 c 11.62 c 4.72 c 16.35 d T. harzianum 93.50 a 2.46 a 4.96 a 7.41 a 15.96 a 7.66 a 23.62 a IBLF 006 SC 85.50 c 1.83 b 3.78 d 5.62 c 13.12 b 5.45 b 18.58 b T. harzianum 82.00 d 1.54 d 3.27 e 4.82 d 7.97 d 4.42 d 12.40 e ESALQ 1306 7.50 6.85 5.79 4.89 T. asperellum 3.41 4.36 3.87 URM 5911 Control CV (%) Shoot dry mass Root dry mass Total biomass Shoot mass Root mass ratio Shoot/root ratio (SDM) (mg) (RDM) (mg) (BIO) (mg)2 ratio (SMR)3 (RMR)4 (S/R)5 T. harzianum 0.66 c 0.23 c 0.89 c 0.74 a 0.26 b 2.87 a IBLF 006 WP T. harzianum 0.66 c 0.22 c 0.88 c 0.75 a 0.25 b 2.95 a IBLF 006 SC T. harzianum 1.15 a 0.40 a 1.55 a 0.74 a 0.26 b 2.85 a ESALQ 1306 T. asperellum 0.78 b 0.29 b 1.07 b 0.73 b 0.27 a 2.73 b URM 5911 Control 0.55 d 0.21 d 0.76 d 0.73 b 0.27 a 2.61 b CV (%) 3.76 4.12 3.27 1.19 3.35 4.46 Averages followed by same lowercase letters in the column do not differ statistically, Scott-Knott test (P≤0.05); 1emergence at 7 days after sowing date; 2BIO= SDM + RDM; 3SMR= SDM/BIO; 4RMR= RDM/BIO; 5S/R= SDM/RDM. the variables HD and NL may be directly of 41 to 91% of H, highlighting growth- that the statistical superiority of T. related to weather conditions, and the promoting effect of the used strains. harzianum ESALQ 1306 in laboratory strains may cause only secondary effects Silva et al. (2015), using different for RFM, SFM, TFM, RDM, SDM and on lettuce cultivars. In relation to SD, isolates of Trichoderma spp., observed total biomass was also reproduced in this characteristic defines seedling’s similar effect; the increase in plant field. One explanation for this event field performance after planting (Souza height was up to 34% in relation to the lies in the fact that, when one strain of et al., 2006), due to the ability to control, though. Trichoderma establishes a relationship form new roots, a fact that is directly with rizosphere, plant growth is influenced by rhizosphere colonized by Although fresh mass of plants is a stimulated. This growth is related to Trichoderma spp. with consequences on less frequent component of evaluation rhizosphere competence, it means, the productivity (Carvalho et al., 2011a). in scientific studies on plant growth capacity the strains have to colonize promotion, the authors highlight the the plant rizosphere and not only to Values of H, SD, HD and NL were importance to evaluate the strain effect produce growth hormones or analogues similar to the ones obtained in other on obtaining root fresh mass since it (Carvalho et al., 2011a). studies with head lettuce (Table 2). exploits a greater soil volume and they The study carried out by Blind & Silva are also important in plant adaptation Carvalho et al. (2015b) stated Filho (2015), for instance, obtained 12.1 in environments with lower quantity of that, after being applied to a soil in to 17.5 cm for HD of head lettuce cv. nutrients (Hartwigsen & Evans, 2000). which beans were grown, the strain Balsamo. Santi et al. (2013) obtained of T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 was SD ranging from 16 to 18 mm and So, considering that many strains of recovered, after the crop cycle, showing NL ranging from 24.1 to 28.2 in head Trichoderma ssp. can help in nutrient populations which ranged from 50 to lettuce fertilized with filter cake. The solubilization (Benítez et al., 2004), 100 UFC/g soil. Moreover, not only treatments with Trichoderma spp. the authors verified that T. harzianum the ability to colonize roots, but plant resulted, in relation to the control, a gain ESALQ 1306 has potential to act as a growth promotion also depends strongly nutrient solubilizer. Thus, we verified 72 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Growth promotion and productivity of lettuce using Trichoderma spp. commercial strains on the interaction between the isolate 5911 could not be ruled out, because not to which it is submitted (Akrami et al., and the tested plant species, as well all the efficient bioagents in promoting 2011). as the conditions of the experiment crop growth have equal efficiency for conduction. controlling diseases (Carvalho et al., The results of head lettuce growth 2015a,b). promotion showed in the treatment with For lettuce productivity, treatment T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 in laboratory with T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 was In relation to the ratios in the were confirmed in the field when considered satisfactory (50 t ha-1), laboratory experiment, the treatments productivity and their components were since the average of head lettuce with T. asperellum and the control evaluated. The authors recommend the productivity using organic fertilizers were inferior to the other treatments use of strain T. harzianum ESALQ 1306 is higher than 43.1 t ha-1, according for SMR and S/R; the authors suppose for growth promotion and head lettuce to Sediyama et al. (2016). The other that the reduced biomass allocation to productivity, since the use of this strain strains had productivity inferior than the root system in seedlings treated with for growing soil treatment provided an productivity of ESALQ 1306, ranging T. asperellum can be related to water increase in productivity. from 41 to 44 t ha-1. The other strains availability to seedlings, since these were superior to the control (30.18 t ha-1), seedlings were irrigated daily during ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS though. Similar productivities were the test with gerbox and, no water found by Yuri et al. (2002), in head restriction was noticed (Guimarães The authors thank to Scholarship lettuce cultivars (Cassino, Legacy, Lucy et al., 2014). Contrary to what was Program of Research Productivity Brown, Lorca, Lady and Raider) grown observed in the laboratory, the seedlings (PROBIP) of Universidade Estadual in south region of Minas Gerais at 800 m did not obtain significant difference in de Goiás (UEG), to Coordination of altitude, in typic distrophic Red Latosol, relation to ratios in field experiment. Improvement of Higher Education with a commercial production from 28.9 This can be explained by the fact that Personnel (CAPES) for the master to 42.6 t ha-1 of harvest in March. Trichoderma fungus has differential scholarship granted and to Ballagro reaction depending on the environment Agro Tecnologia Ltda. Thus, the strains IBLF 006 and URM Table 2. Characteristics of head lettuce cv. Mauren treated with commercial strains of Trichoderma spp. Ipameri, UEG, 2017. Treatment Height Stem diameter Head Number of Shoot fresh Root fresh Total fresh mass (g) (cm) (mm) diameter (cm) leaves mass (g) mass (g) T. harzianum 14.12 c 13.66 c 12.37 b 25.75 b 372.50 b 8.08 c 380.58 b IBLF 006 WP T. harzianum 13.78 c 13.80 c 12.06 b 25.31 b 385.00b 7.95 c 392.95 b IBLF 006 SC T. harzianum 18.65 a 15.28 a 13.50 a 28.12 a 451.87 a 10.48 a 462.35 a ESALQ 1306 T. asperellum 15.75 b 14.38 b 12.59 b 25.43 b 398.12 b 9.07 b 407.20 b URM 5911 Control 9.77 d 10.70 d 10.46 c 22.45 c 271.62 c 5.31 d 276.98 c CV (%) 4.78 6.24 6.96 4.99 13.89 16.63 13.69 Shoot dry Root dry mass Total biomass Shoot mass Root mass Shoot/root ratio Yield (t/ha) mass (mg) ratio (SMR)2 ratio (RMR)3 (S/R)4 (mg) (BIO) (mg)1 T. harzianum 13.89 b 0.74 c 14.64 b 0.94 a 0.05 a 20.15 a 41.38 b IBLF 006 WP T. harzianum 14.62 b 0.72 c 15.35 b 0.95 a 0.04 a 21.10 a 42.77 b IBLF 006 SC T. harzianum 17.83 a 1.09 a 18.92 a 0.94 a 0.05 a 16.28 a 50.20 a ESALQ 1306 T. asperellum 14.86 b 0.85 b 15.72 b 0.89 a 0.05 a 18.18 a 44.23 b URM 5911 Control 9.74 c 0.50 d 10.26 c 0.94 a 0.05 a 18.21 a 30.18 c CV (%) 15.38 17.98 14.62 10.32 24.09 25.56 13.89 Averages followed by same lowercase letters in the column do not differ statistically, Scott-Knott test (P≤0.05); 1BIO= SDM + RDM; 2SMR= SDM/BIO; 3RMR= RDM/BIO; 4S/R= SDM/RDM. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 73

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Research GABRIEL, A; RESENDE, JTV; ZEIST, AR; RESENDE, LV; RESENDE, NCV; ZEIST, RA. 2019. Phenotypic stability of strawberry cultivars based on physicochemical traits of fruit. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 075-081. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190112 Phenotypic stability of strawberry cultivars based on physicochemical traits of fruits André Gabriel 1ID; Juliano TV de Resende 2ID; André Ricardo Zeist 3ID; Luciane V Resende 4ID; Nathalia CV Resende 4ID; Ricardo Antônio Zeist 1ID 1Universidade Estadual do Centro Oeste (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava-PR, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]. br; 2Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL); Londrina-PR, Brazil; [email protected]; 3Universidade do Oeste Paulista (UNOESTE), Presidente Prudente-SP, Brazil; [email protected]; 4Universidade Federal de Lavras (UFLA), Lavras-MG, Brazil; luciane.vilela@ dag.ufla.br; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Strawberry shows genetic variability between cultivars and, Estabilidade fenotípica de cultivares de morangueiro com environmental elements affect the physicochemical traits of fruits base em características físico-químicas de frutos when assessed under different environments. So, assessment of the stability of physicochemical traits is a tool that assists the producer O morangueiro apresenta variabilidade genética entre cultivares in the choice of the cultivar with higher acceptance in the consumer e, elementos ambientais afetam características físico-químicas dos market. This study aimed to assess the stability of strawberry cultivars frutos quando avaliados em ambientes diversos. A avaliação da based on physicochemical traits of fruits on three environments using estabilidade de caraterísticas físico-químicas é uma ferramenta que the additive main effects with multiplicative interaction (AMMI) auxilia o produtor na escolha da cultivar de maior aceitação no mer- analysis. Thirteen strawberry cultivars were assessed in Lavras-MG, cado consumidor. Objetivou-se avaliar a estabilidade de cultivares de Uberlândia-MG, and Guarapuava-PR. The experimental design morangueiro com base em características físico-químicas dos frutos was in blocks with treatments at random and four replications. The em três ambientes usando a análise da interação multiplicativa dos stability of physicochemical traits of fruits (firmness, soluble solids, efeitos principais aditivos (AMMI). Foram avaliadas treze cultivares titratable acidity, soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio, vitamin C, de morangueiro nos municípios de Lavras-MG, Uberlândia-MG e and anthocyanins) was assessed. For the stability and performance Guarapuava-PR. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos com os of physicochemical traits under the three environments, the cultivars tratamentos ao acaso e com quatro repetições. Foi avaliada a estabi- Tudla and Festival stood out for fruit firmness, Albion for soluble lidade das características físico-químicas dos frutos (firmeza, sólidos solids, Aromas and Tudla for titratable acidity, Sweet Charlie and solúveis, acidez titulável, relação sólido solúvel e acidez titulável, Palomar for soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio, and Camarosa vitamina C e antocianinas). Destacaram-se quanto à estabilidade e for vitamin C and anthocyanins. desempenho nas características físico-químicas nos três ambientes as cultivares Tudla e Festival para firmeza dos frutos; Albion para sólidos solúveis; Aromas e Tudla para acidez titulável; Sweet Charlie e Palomar para relação sólidos solúveis e acidez total; e Camarosa para vitamina C e antocianinas. Keywords: Fragaria x ananassa, phenotypic behavior, post-harvest, Palavras-chave: Fragaria x ananassa, comportamento fenotípico, AMMI. pós-colheita, AMMI. Received on August 10, 2018; accepted on January 16, 2019 Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) et al., 2015), this small fruit is the most physicochemical quality of strawberry is cultivated in wide geographic cultivated and consumed worldwide fruits and promote the synthesis and distribution (Morales et al., 2012). (Tazzo et al., 2015), both in natura and accumulation of certain secondary Its cultivation has an important for industrial processing. compounds. This aspect explains the socio-economic role in the Brazilian different physicochemical traits of agricultural sector since it provides an Environmental elements affect strawberry fruits grown in different increase in the income of small farms plant development, productivity, and environments (Scott & Lawrence, 1975; and contributes to the establishment physicochemical traits, considering the Chitarra & Chitarra, 2005; Josuttis et of rural workers in the countryside cultivation under different environments al., 2013). (Costa et al., 2015). Due to important (Pineli et al., 2012; Josuttis et al., organoleptic properties of strawberry 2013; Antunes et al., 2014). The For selection of new strawberry fruits and relevant health benefits (Lopes interaction between temperature, cultivars, increasing emphasis has been altitude, and photoperiod determine the placed on the beneficial components Hortic. bras., Brasília,v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 75

A Gabriel et al. of consumer health and phenotypic and warm summer and moderate azoxystrobin + difenoconazole (Amistar stability of cultivars. Therefore, in winter. In Lavras, the experiment was Top®). breeding programs, the selection of conducted in the Sector of Vegetable cultivars with less oscillation of these Crops of the Department of Agriculture Plants were harvested at full traits should be aimed at different of the Federal University of Lavras production, collecting the fruits at the environments and years of cultivation. (21°14′06″S, 45°00′00″W, altitude 2/3 red coloration maturation stage. A 918 m), the soil is classified as Oxisol sample of 25 fruits was taken at random Among the statistical methods for (Latossolo Vermelho Distroférrico, per plot, being standardized regarding assessing the stability parameters, the Brazilian Soil Classification System) the maturation stage and used in the additive main effects with multiplicative (Embrapa, 2013). According to Köppen, assessment of physicochemical traits. interaction (AMMI) (Zobel et al., 1988), the climate is classified Cwa, i.e. rainy The traits assessed were firmness (FIR), analysis stands out since it allows temperate (mesothermal) with dry determined using a digital penetrometer detailing the interaction sum of squares winter and rainy summer. In Uberlândia, (Instrutherm DD-200) with a 2 mm in a single mathematical and statistical the experiment was carried out at tip by compressing two points of the model (García-Peña & Dias, 2009). the Federal University of Uberlândia central region of the whole fruits, with In the AMMI biplot model, the x-axis (18°54′58″S, 48°15′28″W, altitude results expressed in Newton (N); soluble represents yield and y-axis represents 843 m), the soil is classified as Oxisol solids (SS), determined by means of the cultivar x environment interaction. (Latossolo Vermelho, Brazilian Soil homogenized and filtered pulp, which Strawberry cultivars and environments Classification System) (Embrapa, 2013). was analyzed in a portable digital that are closest to zero are the most According to Köppen, the predominant refractometer (model PAL%1), with stable and the most distant from zero are regional climate is Cwa, i.e. subtropical values expressed in °Brix; titratable more adapted to specific environments with dry winter and warm summer. acidity (TA), determined by titration of and contribute more to the cultivar x 10 g crushed pulp + 100 mL distilled environment interaction. For the three sites, the experiments water with a standard 0.1 M NaOH were set up in the first week of May. solution, obtaining the turning point Concluding, stability analysis The design in blocks with treatments when the solution reached the pH 8.2 is a tool that assists breeders, plant at random was used to assess thirteen (turning point), with results expressed technologists, and producers in the cultivars (Aromas, Oso Grande, in grams of citric acid per 100 g pulp; specific recommendation of cultivars Dover, Sweet Charlie, Tudla, Festival, soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio in a given environment. Adaptability Camarosa, Monterey, Palomar, Portola, (SS/TA), obtained by the relationship and stability studies on strawberry Camino Real, San Andreas, and Albion) between SS and TA; vitamin C (VIT productivity have been carried out with four replications, each plot C), determined by colorimetric with some frequency in Brazil (Costa consisting of 18 plants. method based on the reduction of et al., 2015, 2016), but few of them 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol-sodic are based on physicochemical traits of The cultivars were conducted in (DFI) and standardized with ascorbic fruits. Considering the aforementioned a 1.0 m high tunnel system in the acid (AOAC, 2000), with results information, this study aimed to central part, covered with low-density expressed as mg of ascorbic acid per assess the phenotypic stability based polyethylene (LDPE) film and 1.0 m 100 g sample; and total anthocyanins, on physicochemical traits of fruits wide beds, 0.25 m high, coated with determined by the method developed in strawberry cultivars in three 30-micron thick polyethylene film by Francis (1982), with results in mg environments using the AMMI method. (mulching). The cultivars were arranged 100 g−1 pulp. in quincunx, in 30x30 cm spacing. MATERIAL AND METHODS Tunnels had the sides raised during the Data were submitted to the Bartlett day for better ventilation and facilitate and Shapiro-Wilk tests, meeting The experiments were set up in the entry of insects to pollinate the the assumptions of homogeneity of 2013 in Guarapuava and in 2014 in flowers and closed at night to avoid leaf variances and normality of errors. Lavras, and Uberlândia. In Guarapuava, wetting. During the cycle, plants were Individual and joint analyses of variance the experiment was carried out at irrigated using micro-drippers, with were performed considering the fixed the Research Center in Vegetables of fertigation in the morning, according to model for genotypes and environments. the Department of Agronomy of the recommendations adapted from Trani Means were grouped by Scott Knott Midwestern State University campus et al. (2011) for each crop development test at 5% probability by means of (25°23′01″S, 51°29′37″W, altitude stage. At other times, irrigation was the statistical software GENES (Cruz, 1100 m). The soil is classified as Oxisol performed normally, according to the 2016). Phenotypic stability analysis (Latossolo Bruno Distroférrico, Brazilian water requirement of the crop. was also performed using the AMMI Soil Classification System) (Embrapa, (Zobel et al., 1988) method using the 2013). According to Köppen, climate Phytosanitary control was software Estabilidade (Ferreira, 2000). is classified as humid mesothermal performed with preventive sprayings In the AMMI method, the scores of the subtropical with no defined dry season of commercial products according to first principal component (IPCA1) of the technical recommendations for the each strawberry cultivar were used as a 76 crop, with thiamethoxam (Actara®) and measure of stability. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Phenotypic stability of strawberry cultivars based on physicochemical traits of fruit RESULTS AND DISCUSSION the existence of genetic variability selection of superior genotypes for among strawberry cultivars and the all environments and requires other The summary of the variance differentiated phenotypic behavior specific statistical procedures to assist analysis for the physicochemical traits in relation to growing environments. in the recommendation of strawberry of fruits, fruit firmness (FIR), soluble The environments Guarapuava, cultivars. solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), Lavras, and Uberlândia contrast to soluble solids to titratable acidity altitude (1,100, 918, and 843 m), Fruits of the cultivars presented ratio (SS/TA), vitamin C (VIT C), and which implies marked differences in average FIR values of 6.18 N in Lavras, anthocyanins (ANTOC) showed that nighttime temperature and latitude that 6.42 N in Uberlândia, and 5.66 N in all assessed traits were significant by interfere with the length of photoperiod Guarapuava (Table 1). Fruit firmness the F-test for cultivar, environment, and photosynthesis. All these factors is very important because it allows and cultivar x environment interaction, contribute to the environmental identifying the cultivars that produce except the interaction for VIT C. variation and consequent occurrence a product with longer shelf life and of a significant cultivar x environment resistance to transport damages and A significant interaction for most interaction. This condition hinders the quality loss (Bieniasz et al., 2012). fruit quality traits demonstrates The most important cultivar for this Table 1. Firmness (FIR), soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio (SS/TA) of fruits from 13 strawberry cultivars grown in the environments of Lavras-MG, Guarapuava-PR, and Uberlândia-MG. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2019. Cultivar   FIR (N) Uberlândia Lavras SS (°Brix) Uberlândia Lavras Guarapuava Guarapuava Aromas 5.78 b A 5.25 c A 5.69 b A 7.03 b A 7.88 c A 6.63 b A Oso Grande Dover 7.42 a A 7.70 a A 7.57 a A 6.53 b B 7.95 c A 6.55 b B Sweet Charlie Tudla 5.80 b A 5.71 c A 6.17 b A 6.05 b A 6.58 c A 6.70 b A Festival Camarosa 5.64 b A 4.81 d B 6.20 b A 8.20 a B 10.10 a A 8.98 a B Monterey Palomar 6.93 a A 6.45 b A 7.05 a A 7.68 a A 7.93 c A 8.18 a A Portola Camino Real 6.12 b A 5.73 c A 6.45 a A 8.00 a A 8.20 c A 7.78 a A San Andreas Albion 6.80 a A 6.98 b A 6.09 b A 7.05 b B 10.80 a A 8.05 a B Average 5.18 b A 4.19 d B 5.22 b A 6.95 b B 7.80 c A 6.31 b B 5.52 b A 5.87 c A 6.51 a A 7.10 b A 8.10 c A 7.98 a A 5.94 b A 5.32 c A 5.78 b A 6.83 b B 7.88 c A 6.73 b B 6.57 a A 5.10 d B 6.56 a A 7.88 a A 7.60 c A 8.70 a A 6.37 a B 5.76 c B 7.05 a A 7.03 b B 8.30 c A 6.90 b B   6.36 a A   4.78 d B   7.15 a A   8.03 a A   9.13 b A   8.70 a A   6.18   A   5.66   B   6.42   A   7.25   B   8.32   A   7.55   B TA (g citric acid/100 g pulp) SS/TA Aromas 0.80 a A 0.73 b A 0.81 b A 8.87 a B 10.81 b A 8.19 b B Oso Grande 0.86 a B 0.74 b C 0.99 a A 7.60 b B 10.82 b A 6.63 c B Dover 0.92 a B 0.90 a B 1.06 a A 6.56 b A 7.37 d A 6.47 c A Sweet Charlie 0.88 a A 0.85 a A 0.84 b A 9.42 a B 11.95 a A 10.72 a A Tudla 0.82 a A 0.77 b A 0.85 b A 9.36 a A 10.34 b A 9.69 a A Festival 0.88 a A 0.86 a A 0.69 c B 9.15 a B 9.57 c B 11.30 a A Camarosa 0.83 a A 0.83 a A 0.81 b A 8.57 a C 12.95 a A 10.03 a B Monterey 0.82 a A 0.83 a A 0.82 b A 8.46 a A 9.38 c A 7.75 b A Palomar 0.81 a A 0.74 b B 0.86 b A 8.80 a B 11.08 b A 9.32 a B Portola 0.80 a A 0.67 b B 0.80 b A 8.60 a B 11.89 a A 8.52 b B Camino Real 0.81 a A 0.73 b B 0.85 b A 9.77 a A 10.50 b A 10.30 a A San Andreas 0.83 a A 0.86 a A 0.78 b A 8.53 a A 9.68 c A 8.92 a A Albion   0.82 a A   0.88 a A   0.86 b A   9.79 a A   10.41 b A   10.21 a A Average   0.83   A   0.79   B   0.84   A   8.72   B   10.51   A   9.07   B *Means followed by same lowercase letters in the column and uppercase letters in the row belong to the same group, Scott-Knott test (p≤0.05). Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 77

A Gabriel et al. trait was Oso Grande, which was the product is distant markets. When 7°Brix. ranked in the first group in the three choosing a cultivar to be planted in the environments. In addition, cultivars region, these cultivars should not be Considering the three environments, Camino Real, San Andreas, and Albion the most recommended, regarding fruit the average SS was 7.71°Brix, with were grouped together with Oso Grande firmness. Guarapuava providing the highest SS in the environments of Lavras and value (8.32°Brix), followed by Lavras Uberlândia (Table 1). Values lower than 7°Brix of SS (7.25°Brix) and Uberlândia (7.55°Brix). were observed on cultivars Oso These higher values can be explained by Among the assessed environments, Grande, Dover, Monterey, and Portola the altitude and nighttime temperature cultivars Sweet Charlie, Camino Real, in Lavras, on Aromas, Oso Grande, in Guarapuava, which provides lower Monterey and Albion presented the Dover, Monterey, Portola, and San photoassimilate consumption during lowest fruit firmness (lower than 5.2 Andreas in Uberlândia, and on Dover in respiration and higher accumulation of N) in Guarapuava (Table 1), thus Guarapuava (Table 1). However, when soluble sugars in fruits. Cultivar Sweet demonstrating that harvest of these fruits the behavior of this trait was observed Charlie stood out in comparison to the must be carried out with great care, in other environments, these cultivars others, being classified in the first group especially when the final destination of presented fruits with values higher than of genotypes in all environments, with SS values of 8.20, 8.98, and 10.10°Brix Figure 1. AMMI 1 biplot analysis with the first principal axis of the interaction (IPCA 1) for for Lavras, Uberlândia, and Guarapuava, A) firmness, B) soluble solids, and C) titratable acidity from 13 strawberry cultivars assessed respectively (Table 1). in Lavras-MG, Guarapuava-PR, and Uberlândia-MG. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2019. In Guarapuava, the cultivars Sweet Charlie and Camarosa stood out with SS values higher than 10°Brix (Table 1). This is in accordance with the results obtained by Resende et al. (2010), who assessed the soluble solids of strawberry fruits and, cultivar Sweet Charlie showed the highest °Brix. Soluble solids concentration is a quality criterion of great importance for improving fruit flavor and pulp quality when fruits are intended for processing. According to Kader (1999), the recommended minimum value of SS is 7°Brix. In turn, several studies have reported lower SS values (Resende et al. 2010; Antunes et al. 2014; Dias et al. 2015). Variations of SS values in relation to the environments are possibly related to the effects that the altitude and latitude factors exert on climate elements and hence on the biological activities of plants, which directly influence solid accumulation in fruits. For TA, Lavras (0.83) and Uberlândia (0.84) showed the highest average values in comparison to Guarapuava (0.79). The titratable acidity corresponds to the presence of organic acids in the fruit pulp, being an important trait in terms of taste and aroma. According to Kader (1999), for this trait it is recommended that fruits present a maximum value of 0.8 in order to better acceptance by the consumer. In Lavras, no difference was verified between cultivars for TA (Table 1). On the contrary, ‘Aromas’, ‘Oso Grande’, ‘Tudla’, ‘Palomar’, ‘Portola’, and ‘Camino Real’ stood out 78 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Phenotypic stability of strawberry cultivars based on physicochemical traits of fruit Figure 2. AMMI 1 biplot analysis with the first principal axis of the interaction (IPCA 1) phenotypic stability for this trait (Table for A) soluble solids to titratable acidity ratio, B) vitamin C, and C) anthocyanins of fruits 1). In these last two environments, the from 13 strawberry cultivars grown in the environments of Lavras-MG, Guarapuava-PR, strawberry cultivars Tudla, Festival, and Uberlândia-MG. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2019. Palomar, Camino Real, San Andreas, and Albion also stood out. The SS/TA in Guarapuava and ‘Festival’ and ‘San of strawberry genotypes and their ratio indicates the equilibrium between Andreas’ in Uberlândia, with values interaction with the environments. these two components. According to lower than 0.8 (Table 1). Kader (1999), this ratio must have a In Guarapuava, the SS/TA ratio value of at least 8.75 to provide a good TA values for the same strawberry (10.51) was higher in Lavras (8.72) and acceptance of the strawberry for in cultivar may be unstable because of the Uberlândia (9.07), being this variation natura consumption (Pineli et al. 2011; environment and its interaction with presumably attributed to the high Antunes et al. 2014; Cecatto et al. 2016; the environment. Andrade Junior et al. altitude and mild night temperature, Andrade Júnior et al. 2016). (2016) verified a titratable acidity of which favors the accumulation of SS 0.3 for cultivar Festival in Datas-MG, in fruits. In Guarapuava, the highest Although the joint analysis which is lower than that observed in our SS/TA ratio (12.95) was found for of variance for vitamin C did not study and that one obtained by Carvalho cultivar Camarosa, which did not show significant interaction between et al. (2013) for the same cultivar differ from cultivars Sweet Charlie and cultivars and environments, studies (0.75) in Pelotas-RS. This variation Portola. Camarosa and Sweet Charlie in the literature have reported genetic shows how strawberry cultivars can be were ranked in the first group also variability among strawberry cultivars influenced by the environment, standing for the environments of Lavras and for this trait. out the importance of stability studies Uberlândia, thus demonstrating good The environment interfered with Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 the vitamin C of strawberry fruits. Strawberry cultivars presented the highest average values for this trait in Uberlândia (69.73), followed by Lavras (62.98) and Guarapuava (56.19) (Table 2). The lowest content of vitamin C in Guarapuava can be explained by a smaller photoperiod during fruit harvest. Pineli et al. (2011) reported that the longer the photoperiod is, the higher the contents of vitamin C in the cultivar Camino Real. Andrade Júnior et al. (2016) observed an average value for vitamin C of 66.1 in fruits of eight strawberry cultivars collected in Datas, which is similar to that observed in our study for Lavras and Uberlândia. Cultivars Camarosa, Palomar, and Camino Real were grouped into the first group of genotypes for the three environments regarding vitamin C (Table 2). This aspect suggests that these cultivars are stable to this trait and promising when the purpose of the cultivation is focused on the antioxidant potential of fruits. Antunes et al. (2014) observed that cultivars Palomar and Portola had the highest contents of vitamin C cultivated in two seasons. On the other hand, in our study, cultivars Portola, Aromas, Oso Grande, and Dover were allocated into the group with the lowest average values of vitamin C (Table 2). However, the fruits studied by Antunes et al. (2014) were collected in the extreme south of 79

A Gabriel et al. Brazil, in latitude and altitude different assessed.Another factor can be attributed (TA and SS/TA), and San Andreas from those of our study. to the influence of environmental (VIT C and ANTOC), with the highest elements of each site and cultivar coordinates in the IPCA 1 axis. In Regarding the trait ANTOC, the x environment interaction, which spite of the higher contribution to the highest value was found in Uberlândia were significant for most of the traits, interaction, the cultivars Camarosa (11.17) when comparing the means of suggesting that the recommendation of a and Festival stood out for yield above the environments, followed by Lavras specific cultivar in a given environment the general average of the experiment (10.75) and Guarapuava (10.34) (Table should observe the phenotypic stability for the traits SS and SS/TA, which 2). The results indicate that fruits of and the physicochemical traits that are a criterion of quality of great the same cultivar, but produced in promote a higher acceptance of fruits importance in the fruit flavor for in different places, biosynthesize different by the consumer market. natura consumption. concentrations of anthocyanins. These results are in accordance with those So, the stability analysis is a tool Taking into account the low of Josuttis et al. (2013), who reported that assists the producer in choosing scores (close to zero), characteristic variation between anthocyanin contents the strawberry cultivar. The AMMI of environment and cultivars that at different growing sites. method showed that the accumulated contribute little to the interaction, explanation on the first axis was 81.08, characterizing them as stable, Lavras Observing the behavior of cultivars 79.55, 86.70, 79.42, 70.73, and 82.26% was the most stable environment for the in different environments, the lowest for FIR, SS, TA, SS/TA, VIT C, and physicochemical traits of fruits, except value of anthocyanins (9.12) was ANTOC, respectively, being 54.16% for VIT C, in which Guarapuava stood found for the cultivar Dover in Lavras, the degrees of freedom used, that out for this trait (Figures 1 and 2). with similar result for cultivars Sweet compose the cultivar x environment Charlie and Festival, being grouped interaction. The higher the explanation On the other hand, for the stability of into the last group of genotypes of on the first axis, the higher the standard strawberry cultivars, cultivars Festival, the three environments (Table 2). In concentration and the lower the noise Tudla, and Portola stood out for fruit Lavras and Uberlândia, whith smaller concentration in the AMMI analysis. firmness, ‘Aromas’, ‘Albion’, and geographically distant environments, ‘Portola’ for soluble solids, ‘Aromas’, cultivars Camarosa, Palomar, and Guarapuava, with a higher altitude ‘Tudla’, and ‘Albion’ for titratable Albion were grouped in the first group. and latitude, was the environment that acidity, ‘Sweet Charlie’, ‘Monterey’, Thus, these cultivars are indicated when contributed the most to the interaction of and ‘Palomar’ for the soluble solids the purpose is to obtain fruits with high FIR, SS, SS/TA, and ANTOC (Figures to titratable acidity ratio, ‘Festival’, levels of anthocyanins. 1A, 1B, 2A, 2C), while Uberlândia ‘Monterey’, and ‘Camarosa’ for vitamin contributed to TA and VIT C (Figures C, and ‘Sweet Charlie’, ‘Camarosa’, and Generally, the physicochemical 1C and 2B). The cultivars that most ‘Festival’ for anthocyanins. traits of strawberry cultivars had a contributed to the interaction were phenotypic instability in relation to the Albion (FIR), Camarosa (SS), Festival Associated with a higher phenotypic three environments in which they were stability and yield above the general Table 2. Vitamin C (VIT C) and anthocyanins (ANTOC) of fruits from 13 strawberry cultivars grown in the environments of Lavras-MG, Guarapuava-PR, and Uberlândia-MG. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2019. Cultivar VIT C ANTOC (mg/100 g pulp) Guarapuava Uberlândia Lavras Lavras Guarapuava Uberlândia Aromas 54.82 c 48.79 c 59.73 c 11.32 a A 10.88 b A 10.37 c A Oso Grande 54.68 c 51.19 c 62.84 c 10.69 a A 10.22 c A 10.38 c A Dover 49.79 c 46.39 c 61.04 c 9.12 b A 9.59 c A 9.55 c A Sweet Charlie 62.75 b 57.05 b 70.26 b 9.96 b A 9.92 c A 10.13 c A Tudla 68.88 a 59.21 b 69.10 b 11.52 a A 10.11 c B 11.22 b A Festival 61.41 b 57.95 b 67.75 b 10.45 b A 10.12 c A 10.77 c A Camarosa 74.52 a 67.41 a 80.22 a 11.13 a B 9.43 c C 12.44 a A Monterey 57.91 c 50.30 c 63.75 c 10.90 a B 9.93 c B 11.89 b A Palomar 74.90 a 62.73 a 79.07 a 11.43 a B 10.56 b B 12.71 a A Portola 63.26 b 53.02 c 65.01 c 10.13 b B 9.21 c B 11.39 b A Camino Real 74.38 a 67.36 a 78.40 a 11.96 a A 11.57 a A 11.43 b A San Andreas 57.44 c 52.33 c 70.40 b 9.83 b B 11.99 a A 10.21 c B Albion 64.00 b 56.81 b 74.32 a 11.30 a B 10.85 b B 12.69 a A Average 62.98 B 56.19 C 69.73 A 10.75 B 10.34 C 11.17 A *Means followed by same lowercase letters in the column and uppercase letters in the row belong to the same group, Scott-Knott test (p≤0.05). 80 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Phenotypic stability of strawberry cultivars based on physicochemical traits of fruit average of the experiment, cultivars the physicochemical traits of strawberry morangueiro sob dois ambientes e doses Tudla and Festival stood out for fruit fruits, being the presence of the cultivar de biofertilizante. Revista Brasileira de firmness, ‘Albion’ for soluble solids, x environment interaction possible to Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19: 961-966. ‘Aromas’ and ‘Tudla’ for titratable be exploited for identifying cultivars EMBRAPA. 2013. Sistema brasileiro de acidity, ‘Sweet Charlie’ and ‘Palomar’ for stability in a general and specific classificação de solos. Brasília: 353p. for the solid solubles to total acidity environment. About general stability FERREIRA, DF. 2000. SISVAR - Sistema de ratio, and ‘Camarosa’ for vitamin C and yield in the three environments, análise de variância. Versão 5.3. Lavras: and anthocyanins. Considering the cultivars Tudla and Festival stood out UFLA. environments for all the assessed for fruit firmness, Albion for soluble FRANCIS, FJ. 1982. Analysis of anthocyanins. physicochemical traits, Guarapuava solids, Aromas and Tudla for titratable In: MARKAKIS, P (ed). Anthocyanins as provided the highest averages of acidity, Sweet Charlie and Palomar food colors. London: Academic Press. 263p. soluble solids and soluble solids to for soluble solids to titratable acidity GARCÍA-PEÑA, M; DIAS, CTS. 2009. titratable acidity ratio and the lowest ratio, and Camarosa for vitamin C and Análise dos modelos aditivos com interação averages of titratable acidity, vitamin anthocyanins. multiplicativa (AMMI) bivariados. Revista C, and anthocyanins, while Uberlândia Brasileira de Biometria 27: 586-602. provided the highest averages of fruit REFERENCES JOSUTTIS, M; VERRALL, S; STEWART, firmness, vitamin C, and anthocyanins. D; KRUGER, E; MCDOUGALL, GJ. ANDRADE JÚNIOR, VC; GUIMARÃES, 2013. Genetic and environmental effects on The presence of the cultivar x AG; AZEVEDO, AM; PINTO, NAVD; tannin composition in strawberry (Fragaria environment interaction on the FERREIRA, MAM. 2016. Conservação × ananassa) cultivars grown in different physicochemical traits of the strawberry pós-colheita de frutos de morangueiro em european locations. Journal of Agricultural fruits can be explored in the identification diferentes condições de armazenamento. and Food Chemistry 61: 790-800. of cultivars for the stability in a specific Horticultura Brasileira 34: 405-411. KADER, AA. 1999. Fruit maturity, ripening, environment. In this context, cultivar and quality relationships. Acta Horticulturae Albion stood out for fruit firmness in ANTUNES, MC; CUQUEL, FL; ZAWADNEAK, 485: 203-208. the environment of Uberlândia, while MAC; MOGOR, AF; RESENDE, JTV. 2014. LOPES, PZ; FORNAZZARI, IM; ALMEIDA, the cultivars Dover, Palomar, Festival, Postharvest quality of strawberry produced AT; GALVÃO, CW; ETTO, RM; INABA, J; Camino Real, and San Andreas stood out during two consecutive seasons. Horticultura AYUB, RA. 2015. Effect of ethylene treatment for the environment of Lavras (Figure Brasileira 32: 168-173. on phytochemical and ethylene-related gene 1A). expression during ripening in strawberry AOAC. 2000. Official Methods of Analysis of fruit Fragaria x ananassa cv. Camino Real. Regarding soluble solids, cultivars Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Genetics and Molecular Research 14: 16113- Palomar, Festival Tudla, and Camino USA: Gaithesersburg. 858p. 16125. Real stood out for the stability to the MORALES, RGF; FARIA, MV; RESENDE, JTV; specific environment of Uberlândia BIENIASZ, M; MAŁODOBRY, M; DZIEDZIC, RISSINI, ALL; CARMINATTI, R; FARIA, and only the cultivar Camarosa for E. 2012. The effect of foliar fertilization with CMDR. 2012. Produtividade de morangueiro Guarapuava (Figure 1B). For titratable calcium on quality of strawberry cultivars em função da adubação orgânica complementar acidity, cultivars Monterey, Camarosa, ‘Luna’ and ‘Zanta’. Acta Horticulturae 926: em cultivo protegido. Ambiência 8: 23-33. San Andreas, Albion, and Sweet 457-461. PINELI, LLO; MORETTI, CL; SANTOS, Charlie stood out for the stability MS; CAMPOS, AB; BRASILEIRO, AV; in the environment of Lavras and CARVALHO, SF; FERREIRA, LV; PICOLOTTO, CÓRDOVA, AC; CHIARELLO, MD. 2011. cultivars Oso Grande and Festival for L; ANTUNES, LEC; CANTILLANO, RFF; Antioxidants and other chemical and physical the environments of Uberlândia and AMARAL, PA; WEBER, D; MALGARIM, characteristics of two strawberry cultivars Guarapuava, respectively (Figure 1C). MB. 2013. Comportamento e qualidade de at different ripeness stages. Journal of Food cultivares de morango (Fragaria x ananassa Composition and Analysis 24: 11-16. 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Produtividade e teor de sólidos solúveis and Oso Grande (Figure 2B). Moreover, de frutos de cultivares de morangueiro the anthocyanin content stood out for CHITARRA, MIF; CHITARRA, AB. 2005. Pós- em ambiente protegido. Horticultura the specific environment of Lavras in colheita de frutas e hortaliças: fisiologia e Brasileira 28: 185-189. the cultivars San Andreas and Monterey manuseio. Lavras: UFLA. 785p. SCOTT, DH; LAWRENCE, FJ. 1975. (Figure 2C). Strawberries. In: JANICK, J; MOORE, NM COSTA, AF; LEAL, NR; VENTURA, JA; (eds). Advances in fruit breeding. Indiana: The environments interfered with GONÇALVES, LSA;AMARAL JÚNIOR,AT; Purdue University Press. p.71-97. COSTA, H. 2015. Adaptability and stability of TAZZO, IF; FAGHERAZZI, AF; LERIN, S; strawberry cultivars using a mixed model. Acta KRETZSCHMAR, AA; RUFATO, L. 2015. Scientiarum Agronomy 37: 435-440. Exigência térmica de duas seleções e quatro cultivares de morangueiro cultivado no COSTA, AF; TEODORO, PE; BHERING, LL; planalto catarinense. Revista Brasileira de LEAL, NR; TARDIN, FD; DAHER, RF. Fruticultura 37: 550-558. 2016. Biplot analysis of strawberry genotypes TRANI, PE; TIVELLI, SW; CARRIJO, OA. recommended for the State of Espírito Santo. 2011. Fertirrigação em hortaliças. Campinas: Genetics and Molecular Research 15: 1-9. IAC. 51p. ZOBEL, RW; WRIGHT, AJ; GAUCH, HG. 1988. CRUZ, CD. 2016. Genes Software – extended and Statistical analysis of a yield trial. Agronomy integrated with the R, Matlab and Selegen. Journal 80: 388-393. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy 38: 547-552. DIAS, CN; MARINHO, AB; ARRUDA, RS; SILVA, MJP; PEREIRA, ED; FERNANDES, CNV. 2015. Produtividade e qualidade do Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 81

Scientific communication PEREIRA, AIA; GUIMARÃES, JJ; COSTA, JV; CANTUÁRIO, FS; SALOMÃO, LC; OLIVEIRA, RC; LUZ, JMQ. 2019. Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate doses. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 082-088. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190113 Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate doses Alexandre Igor A Pereira1ID; João de Jesus Guimarães1ID; João Victor Costa1ID; Fernando S de Cantuário1 ID; Leandro C Salomão1ID; Roberta C de Oliveira2ID; José Magno Q Luz2ID 1Instituto Federal Goiano (IF Goiano), Urutaí-GO, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected]; aiapereira@ yahoo.com.br (correspondence author); [email protected]; [email protected]; 2Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia-MG, Brazil; [email protected]; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO Water stress compromises plant growth. Resistance inducers, Crescimento de plantas de pimentão submetidas a tensões de such as potassium silicate (K2SiO3), can reduce negative effects of água no solo e doses de silicato de potássio this stress on Solanaceae, Capsicum annuum. Plant height, stem diameter and leaf area may indicate the efficiency of potassium O estresse hídrico compromete o crescimento vegetal. Indutores silicate foliarsprayagainst water stress. The aim of this study was to de resistência, como o silicato de potássio (K2SiO3) podem amenizar evaluate the growth of sweet pepper plants under water stress and efeitos negativos desse estresse em Solanaceae, Capsicum annuum. K2SiO3 doses. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks A altura das plantas, diâmetro do caule e área foliar podem servir in a split-plot scheme in space. The treatments consisted of four soil como indicadores da eficiência de pulverizações foliares com water stresses: 15 kPa (field capacity), 25 (intermediate value), 35 K2SiO3 contra o estresse hídrico. O objetivo foi avaliar o crescimento and 45 kPa (water stress) and three doses of potassium silicate (0, do pimentão submetido ao estresse hídrico e doses de K2SiO3. O 0.4 and 0.8 L 100 L-1 water), acting as resistance inducers to water experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados em esquema stress. The resistance inducer maintained greater heights of the de parcelas subdivididas no espaço. Os tratamentos consistiram em sweet pepper plants, under water stress (35 and 45 kPa) at the initial quatro tensões de água no solo: 15 kPa (capacidade de campo), 25 stage [(20 days after transplanting (DAT)]. Smaller plant diameters (valor intermediário), 35 e 45 kPa (estresse hídrico) e três doses de were observed at 80 and 100 DAT at 35 and 45 kPa. Sprays using silicato de potássio (0, 0,4 e 0,8 L 100 L-1 água) que age como indutor K2SiO3 maintained sweet pepper leaf area with higher values, even de resistência ao estresse hídrico. O indutor de resistência manteve under stress condition. The soil water tension from 35 kPa limited, maiores alturas da planta de pimentão, sob estresse hídrico (35 e 45 in general, the plant growth. Growth responses in Capsicum annuum kPa) no estádio inicial [20 dias após o transplantio (DAT)]. Menores to K2SiO3, via foliar spraying, varied according to plant age, as well diâmetros foram observados aos 80 e 100 DAT com 35 e 45 kPa. as the growth parameter considered in this experiment. Pulverizações com K2SiO3 mantiveram a área foliar das plantas de pimentão com maiores valores, mesmo sob condição de estresse. A tensão de água no solo, a partir de 35 kPa, limitou o crescimento das plantas de forma geral. As respostas de crescimento em Capsicum annuum ao K2SiO3, via pulverização foliar, variaram de acordo com a idade da planta, bem como do parâmetro de crescimento considerado. Keywords: Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae, water stress, silicon. Palavras-chave: Capsicum annuum, Solanaceae, estresse hídrico, silício. Received on December 21, 2017; accepted on September 18, 2018 Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) increasingly efficient and sustainable. with water scarcity (Ortega-Reig et al., has carotenoids in its composition In the last decades, water has been 2017), because it rationalizes the use of which act as antioxidants in prevention suffering a tendency of scarcity around water and provides an increase in plant and relief of various diseases (Agostini- the world, which evidences the search production (Dai et al., 2016). However, Costa et al., 2017). Pungency, nutrition for better management practices of the generation of technical knowledge and pigment also created new market this resource through the adoption of about the water requirement of plants demands (Tian et al., 2014), which techniques to reduce its spending (Egea of economic importance, combined requires more modern strategies to et al., 2017). This is especially important with a better understanding of how manage this plant production. due to uncertainties in weather events, an environmental conditions interfere with increase in environmental, populational the agricultural system, contributes to One of the greatest challenges of and industrial needs (Jonge et al., 2015). expand the possibilities of irrigation the vegetable production these days is management. Regulated water deficit to meet quantitative demand and, on Public policies have considered with reduction of water supply in order the other hand, use natural resources drip irrigation as a strategy to deal 82 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate dose to improve its efficiency (without at the Experimental Olericulture applications was performed during the compromising plant and productivity Sector of Instituto Federal Goiano (IF experimental period (about 150 days), development, though) is a recently Goiano), Campus Urutaí, southeast of starting 15 days after transplant (DAT) explored enhancement (Yang et al., the state of Goiás, Brazil (17º29’10”S, and finishing 120 DAT. 2017). 48º12’38”W, 697 m altitude). An arch-type greenhouse with a metallic The parthenocarpics of cultivar, The improvement in irrigation structure, facing East-West, 30 m length, Magali R hybrid (Sakata Seed efficiency can reach up to 80%, with 7 m width, 4.0 m ceiling height and 1.2 Sudamerica Ltda, Bragança Paulista- only a slight increase in the water deficit, m height was used. The greenhouse was SP), green, cone-shaped, resistant to according to simulations performed covered with low density polyethylene Potato Virus Y (PVY) and to Tomato in the Mediterranean region (García- opaque film, 0.15 mm thick, with sides MosaicVirus (ToMV) was used. Seeds Garizábal et al., 2017). However, despite closed with aphid-proof screen. were sown in polystyrene trays with being considered as a promising strategy 200 cells. The cells were filled with in water use, using deficit irrigation The local climate was classified as substrate for seedling production presents as a challenge meeting plant tropical altitude, dry winter and rainy (Bioplant Agrícola Ltda, Ponte Nova- physiological requirements (Mancosu et summer, Cwb according to Köppen. The MG) containing, as main raw material, al., 2015). Thus, Contreras et al. (2017) soil in the experimental area is classified Pinus sp. bark, as well as coconut fiber, highlighted the need to monitor plant as Typic Hapludox, loam sandy texture vermiculite and rice hull as aggregates. growth parameters to diagnose the effect (Santos et al., 2013). Soil was prepared Seedlings were kept under appropriate of induced rationalization of water. using mechanic plowing with a mini conditions in nurseries and, 50 days after tractor model TC 14 with 14 cv (Yanmar sowing, seedlings were transplanted, An option to mitigate the risk of Agritech Lavrale S/A, Indaiatuba-SP) showing approximately 8 cm height and losses in quality and quantity of sweet with rotary hoes adapted for operation. 4 to 5 definitive leaves. pepper plants submitted to higher soil Fertilization using 40 kg ha-1 of N, 60 water tensions, would be to associate kg ha-1 of P2O5, 100 kg ha-1of K2O and 2 Plants were irrigated using a their cultivation with the use of resistance kg ha-1 of B (boron) in the form of urea, dripping irrigation system, each lateral inducers against abiotic stress (Pereira superphosphate, potassium chloride and row consisted of one irrigation lateral et al., 2013). Leaf applications used as borax (respectively) was performed 15 line, 16 mm thickness and drippers exogenous silicon sources (Si) have days before seedling transplant to the with 1.4 L h-1 nominal flow and10 mca been used as promising mechanisms definitive place. operating pressure. Irrigation water of resistance in Solanaceae family pumping system consisted of 1 cv against water stress (Crusciol et al., The experimental design was a motor pump, a Venturi type fertilizer 2009). The use of resistance inductors, randomized block design, arranged in injector (Plasnova Tubos Louveira such as potassium silicate (K2SiO3), split plot scheme in space; with four soil Industria e Comércio Ltda, Louveira- has been reported as a component water tensions (15, 25, 35 and 45 kPa) SP), a 120 mesh screen filter, valves and for phytossanitary management in and three potassium silicate doses (0, manometers for measuring the irrigation sweet pepper (Pereira et al., 2015). 0.4 and 0.8 L 100 L-1 water) with four system pressure. Fertilization was Growth, physiological and production replications. The soil water tensions splitted into five fertigations throughout parameters have been satisfactory in were arranged in plots, whereas the experiment. sweet pepper (and other Solanaceae) potassium silicate doses were arranged with high soil water tensions and in split plots. Four useful seedbeds Two puncture tensiometers Son sprayed with exogenous Si sources (blocks) in two planting lines per da Terra Equipamentos Agronômicos, (Manivannan et al., 2016). In Brazil, seedbed were used. Piracicaba-SP) were installed in each this kind of irrigation management is experimental plot, totalizing 32 units. still underexplored, though. In borders on the left and right sides The tensiometers were installed at 10 of the greenhouse, only one planting line cm from sweet pepper plants and 10 cm Water deficit can act as a precursor of was used. Each planting line consisted depth, to control the irrigation quantity the abiotic stress in Solanaceae (Oliveira of irrigation lateral line, with drippers in the soil layer from 0 to 20 cm in the et al., 2013), but little is known about spaced 40 cm. A total of 8 useful first 50 DAT (days after transplant). the effect of resistance inducers against lateral lines, and one line for the left From 50 DAT on, tensiometers installed stress, such as potassium silicate, used in and one line for the right border were at 20 cm depth were used to control plants of Solanaceae family. Thus, this used. Potassium silicate was applied irrigation quantity in soil layer from 20 study aimed to evaluate growth of sweet weekly, via foliar spraying, following to 40 cm depth. Soil water tension was pepper plants, cv. Magali R, submitted the treatment methodology, using a measured using a digital tensiometer to soil water tensions, using K2SiO3 as 20-L manual costal sprayer (Jacto (Hidrosense Comércio de Sistemas para foliar spray. Agricultural Machines S/A, Pompéia- Irrigação Ltda, Jundiaí-SP). SP). The doses of K2SiO3 followed MATERIAL AND METHODS technical recommendation (Solo Fértil During the first 15 DAT, the authors SP Comercial Agrícola Ltda, São José used the same irrigation management The experiment was carried out do Rio Preto, São Paulo). A total of 18 for all treatments. The aim was to ensure seedling establishment. Thus, Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 83

AIA Pereira et al. all experimental plots received, in the al., 2014). In addition, the coefficient of provided higher sweet pepper plants first two days after transplant, 25 mm variation (CV) was used as an indicator when submitted (at 20 DAT) to tensions water depth and, from the second day to diagnose the correct transformation of 35 and 45 kPa (Figure 1D). on, 2 mm daily water depths. This of the real data to log (x+1). The procedure followed responses of soil transformation was considered valid Sweet pepper plants showed to be water retention curve in order to keep when CV of the transformed data was responsive to soil water deficiency, soil close to an average water matric smaller than CV of the actual data (Reed considering height a sensitive parameter potential of -10 kPa. et al., 2002). to water stress condition (Schlichting, 2012). Soil water tensions between 35 During sweet pepper plant growth, Variance analysis and comparison and 45 kPa also hindered the growth of required cultural practices were done. between averages of treatments were other Solanaceae as it was observed by Bamboo canes (1.0 m height) were done in transformed scale, the results Viol et al. (2017). The authors verified crisscrossed, tied using strings, for shown in figures remained in original that up to 40-45% of water withdrawal vertical plant support. The elimination scale, though. After significance and 30-35% of soil moisture content of the lateral shoots below the first verification (or not) of factors in interferes in an appropriate Capsicum bifurcation was performed. Weed interaction or isolated considered, species’ physiological functioning, control was carried out throughout the using ANOVA with split plot scheme, with greater losses in vegetative stage experiment through manual hoeing every averages were compared using Tukey comparing with fruiting or flowering three days. Pests were controlled with test, at 5% probability. All figures were stages (Okunlola et al., 2017). Thus, fungicide and acaricide applications, generated using program SigmaPlot®, irrigation tutoring only during fruit when necessary. version 11 (Systat Software Inc). production stage can be risky, since the remediation change in a particular Plant height (cm), stem diameter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION type of management may be irrelevant. (mm) and leaf area (cm2) were quantified This study highlights that monitoring in seven time intervals after transplant Soil water tension, as an isolated growth parameters of C. annuum can (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 DAT) factor, significantly influenced sweet indicate the plant behavior in relation to for each treatment. Plant height was pepper plant height only in the intervals water stress and exposure to resistance quantified using a metallic measuring of 40 (P= 0.00), 80 (P= 0.01) and inductors, such as K2SiO3. tape graduated in centimeter (0.1 cm), 100 DAT (P= 0.02) (Figure 1A). The with measures taken from the soil lowest evaluated tensions (15 and 25 The reduction in photosynthetic surface to the apical bud. A digital kPa) generated higher sweet pepper activity is a hindrance to plants under caliper (0.05 mm) was used to quantify plants at 40 DAT (P> 0.05) and 100 high soil water tensions (Costa et al., stem diameter of sweet pepper plants at DAT (P= 0.02) (Figure 1B). Tension 2011). However, potassium silicate a height of 50% of the total stem size. of 25 kPa generated higher plants in acts in this scenery as an important The authors used length and width of comparison to tensions of 15, 35 and resistant inductor against water stress, three leaves of the plants, obtained 45 kPa, in the interval of 80 DAT being able to minimize negative effects, randomly, in order to estimate the leaf (Figure 1B). Considering the effect of especially on young sweet pepper area. The first leaf was taken from the soil water tension, independent of time plants, as observed at 20 DAT. Silicate superior part, the second in the middle intervals, the tensions of 35 and 45 kPa compounds protect the membrane part and the third from bottom of the generated smaller sweet pepper plants integrity of chloroplasts (Cao et al., plant canopy. Using average values of (Figure 1B). Potassium silicate doses, 2015), increasing antioxidant capacity leaf length and width, the authors used as an isolated factor, influenced in sweet and decreasing lipid peroxidation, the equation proposed by Rezende et al. pepper plant height, only at 120 DAT which determines the maintenance or (2002). Plant leaf area was determined (P= 0.00) (Figure 1C). In this case, leaf increase of biomass under water stress by multiplying leaf area by total number applications for both doses of 0.4 and (Kang et al., 2016). In addition, Si acts of leaves per plant. 0.8 L of K2SiO3, generated higher sweet on the modulation of gene expression pepper plants in comparison to plants and signaling through phytohormones, All quantified data were verified without K2SiO3 (P= 0.02) (Figure 1C). decreasing ethylene levels, which delay in relation to assumptions of the Significant interaction between soil leaf senescence under dry conditions analysis of variance. Normality was water tensions and potassium silicate (Kang et al., 2016). Thus, the results verified by the Lilliefors adherence doses in sweet pepper plants was noticed obtained in this study showed that leaf test and, in a complementary way, by only at 20 DAT (Figure 1A). In this sprayings with Si can provide better the histogram obtained in the SAEG case, the sweet pepper plants without resistance for sweet pepper plants, statistical program. According to this potassium silicate application were against water stress effects, during procedure, the variables plant height, smaller, under water stress (35 and 45 seedling establishment, when sensitivity stem diameter and leaf area did not kPa) (Figure 1D). Potassium silicate is higher (Katerji et al., 1993). follow normal distribution and therefore application, independent of the dose, were transformed into log (x+1). In this Sweet pepper stem diameter was case, standard deviations of the samples influenced only by soil water tensions were proportional to their mean (Feng et at 80 and 100 DAT (P> 0.05) (Figure 84 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate doses 2A). In both intervals, tensions of of the plant seems to be mediated by applications and showed similar values 35 and 45 kPa provided lower stem the water state of the medium in which when compared to the plants submitted diameter values in comparison to the plant is located (Blom-Zandstra et to tensions of 15 and 25 kPa (Figures lower tensions (15 and 25 kPa) (Figure al., 1998). The obtained results in this 3B, C and D). 2B). Significance of isolated factor of study showed evidences that the plant potassium silicate doses (P< 0.05), as stem diameter is more sensitive to water Sweet pepper leaf area showed well as the interaction of this factor stress at 80 and 100 DAT. This fact can significant interaction between soil water with soil water tension (P< 0.05) was be an important reference to observe tensions and potassium silicate doses not observed for sweet pepper stem plant quality, according to the adopted evaluated in this study. In this case, the diameter (Figure 2A). irrigation management. authors suggest that sprayings with Si on leaves under water stress conditions Sweet pepper plants at 80 and 100 Leaf area was influenced by a is beneficial. The benefits of silicon for DAT, under higher soil water tensions, significant interaction between the two leaves are important and notorious, for showed lower stem diameter values. studied factors in intervals of 60, 80 and various purposes, such as improvement This parameter was less influenced by 100 DAT (P= 0.03) (Figure 3A). For of plant architecture, regulation of water the evaluated treatments. The stem of intervals of 60 (Figure 3B), 80 (Figure loss through transpiration and greater Solanaceae allows passage of energy 3C) and 100 DAT (Figure 3D) sweet rigidity of external morphology. Such sources, nutrients and water that pepper leaf area was smaller in tensions changes may provide some resistance stimulate plant growth and reproduction of 35 and 45 kPa, without potassium in sweet pepper leaves against herbivory (Longui et al., 2016). Trade off between silicate application, though. However, (Guntzer et al., 2012) and this fact shoot growth (like stem) in detriment to sweet pepper seedlings maintained should be conveniently explored in root growth in sweet pepper plants has leaf area greater when kept under the further studies. been observed in water stress situations two higher soil water tensions and leaf (Ezzo et al., 2010). This proves that, applications with potassium silicate The reduction in leaf area indicates for sweet pepper, flow direction of dose-independent, when compared degree of stress since foliar growth elements via stem to shoot or root part to its area without potassium silicate interferes directly on productivity capacity (Buczkowska et al., 2016). The Figure 1. Graphical representation of variance analysis under split plot scheme considering only significant effects of soil water tension (T) (15, 25, 35 and 45 kPa) and potassium silicate doses (Si) (0, 0.4 and 0.8 L of K2SiO3/100 L water), isolated or under interaction (T x Si), for sweet pepper height (Capsicum annuum) (1A). Unfolding of significant effects of soil water tension (T), isolated, for plant height (average ± EP1), only at 40, 80 and 100 DAT (1B). Unfolding of significant effects of potassium silicate doses (Si), isolated, for plant height (average ± EP1), only at 120 DAT (1C). Unfolding of significant effects of investigated factors, under interaction, for plant height (average ± EP1), at 20 DAT (1D). Averages followed by same letters do not differ from each other, Tukey test at 5% probablility in figures 1B, C and D. Urutaí, IF Goiano, 2015. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 85

AIA Pereira et al. Figure 2. Graphical representation of variance analysis under split plot scheme considering only significant effects of soil water tension (T) (15, 25, 35 and 45 kPa) and potassium silicate doses (Si) (0, 0.4 and 0.8 L of K2SiO3/100 L water), isolated or under interaction (T x Si), for sweet pepper stem diameter (Capsicum annuum) (2A). Unfolding of significant effects of soil water tension (T), isolated, for plant stem diameter (average ± EP1), only at 80 and 100 DAT (2B). Averages followed by same letters do not differ from each other, Tukey test at 5% probability in figure 2B. Urutaí, IF Goiano, 2015. leaf area was smaller in two higher soil absorption and deposition of Si (Mitani it comes to protect sweet pepper plants water tensions (35 and 45 kPa) at 60, & Ma, 2005). Most of Si absorbed by and highlight that the growth parameter 80 and 100 DAT, showing that greater the plant is deposited in the leaf, in of this plant can be used as indicative of susceptibility to stress in this plant may the tissues of the epidermis and, more the beneficial action of abiotic resistance be dependent on its phenological age, precisely, in the cell walls (Agarie et inducers, such as the ones against water as previously commented (Delfine et al., 1998) which may explain the most stress. al., 2015). prominent responses of the leaf area in sweet pepper plants with presence of Si. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Inhibition of leaf expansion, due to reduced rate of cell division, results Lastly, we highlight that using To CNPq (The national council in a smaller plant canopy (Chaves et soil water tensions, from 35 kPa, may for scientific and technological al., 2003). This may be an important limit sweet pepper plant growth. The development) for financial support adaptive indicative to prevent water responses of this plant to potassium to this research. To post-graduation loss by perspiration. Sweet pepper silicate via leaf spraying depended program in olericulture (IF Goiano, plants showed higher values of leaf area on plant age and growth parameter to Campus Morrinhos). To Foundation when kept under two greater soil water be considered. Sweet pepper plants for research support of Goiás (FAPEG). tensions with sprayings of resistance reacted to Si use in critical phonological To PAPPE Program IF Goiano for inductor on their leaves (independent of phases, such as seedling establishment, scholarship to Alexandre Igor A Pereira the dose). Plants differ, a great deal, from flowering and fructification.The authors each other when it comes to capacity of suggest that K2SiO3 is important when 86 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Growth of sweet pepper plants submitted to water tensions in soil and potassium silicate doses Figure 3. Graphical representation of variance analysis under split plot scheme considering only significant effects of soil water tension (T) (15, 25, 35 and 45 kPa) and potassium silicate doses (Si) (0, 0.4 and 0.8 L of K2SiO3/100 L water), isolated or under interaction (T x Si), for sweet pepper leaf area (Capsicum annuum) (3A). Unfolding of significant effects for interaction (T x Si) in leaf area at 60 DAT (3B), 80 DAT (3C) and 100 DAT (3D).Urutaí, IF Goiano, 2015 (Process nº 23216.000570/2017-26). To K. 2015. Effects of silicon on absorbed Physiological and growth responses to water IF Goiano, Campus Urutai, for structural light allocation, antioxidant enzymes and stress in field-grown bell pepper (Capsicum support in this study. ultrastructure of chloroplasts in tomato leaves annuum L.). The Journal of Horticultural under simulated drought stress. Scientia Science and Biotechnology 7: 697-704. REFERENCES Horticulturae 194: 53-62. EGEA, G; FERNÁNDEZ, JE; ALCON, F. AGARIE, S; HANAOKA, N; UENO, O; CHAVES, MM; MAROCO, JP; PEREIRA, 2017. Financial assessment of adopting MIYAZAKI, A; KUBOTA, F; AGTA, W; JS. 2003. Understanding plant responses irrigation technology for plant-based regulated KAUFMAN, PB. 1998. Effects of silicon on to drought - from genes to the whole plant. deficit irrigation scheduling in super high- tolerance to water deficit and heat stress in Functional Plant Biology 30: 239-264. density olive orchards. Agricultural Water rice plants (Oryza sativa L.), monitored by Management 187: 47-56. electrolyte leakage. Plant Production Science CONTRERAS, JI; ALONSO, F; CÁNOVAS, G; 1: 96-103. BAEZA, R. 2017. Irrigation management of EZZO, M; GLALA, AA; HABIB, HAM; greenhouse zucchini with different soil matric HELALY, AA. 2010. Response of sweet AGOSTINI-COSTA, TS; GOMES, IS; MELO, potential level: Agronomic and environmental pepper grown in sandy and clay soil lysimeters LAMP; REIFSCHNEIDER, FJB; RIBEIRO, effects. Agricultural Water Management 183: to water regimes. American-Eurasian Journal CSC. 2017. Carotenoid and total vitamin C 26-34. of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences content of peppers from selected Brazilian 8: 18-26. cultivars. Journal of Food Composition and COSTA, RCL; LOBATO, AKS; SILVEIRA, Analysis 57: 73-79. JAG; LAUGHINGHOUSE, HD. 2011. ABA- FENG, C; WANG, H; LU, N; CHEN, T; HE, H; mediated proline synthesis in cowpea leaves LU, Y; TU, XM. 2014. Log-transformation and BLOM-ZANDSTRA, M; VOGELZANG, exposed to water deficiency and rehydration. its implications for data analysis. Shanghai SA; VEEN, BW. 1998. Sodium fluxes in Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Archives of Psychiatry 26: 105-109. sweet pepper exposed to varying sodium 35: 309-317. concentrations. Journal of Experimental GARCÍA-GARIZÁBAL, I; CAUSAPÉ, J; Botany 49: 1863-1868. CRUSCIOL, CAC; PULZ, AL; LEMOS, LB; MERCHÁN,D. 2017. Evaluation of SORATTO, RP; LIMA, GPP. 2009. Effects of alternatives for flood irrigation and water BUCZKOWSKA, H; MICHAŁOJĆ, Z; silicon and drought stress on tuber yield and usage in Spain under Mediterranean climate. NURZYŃSKA-WIERDAK, R. 2016. Yield leaf biochemical characteristics in potato. Crop Catena 155: 127-134. and fruit quality of sweet pepper depending on Science 49: 949-954. foliar application of calcium.Turkish Journal GUNTZER, F; KELLER, C; MEUNIER, of Agriculture and Forestry 40: 222-228. DAI, J; CUI, Y; CAI, X; BROWN, LC; SHANG, JD. 2012. Benefits of plant silicon for Y. 2016. Influence of water management on crops: a review. Agronomy for Sustainable CAO, BL; MA, Q; ZHAO, Q; WANG, L; XU, the water cycle in a small watershed irrigation Development 32: 201-213. system based on a distributed hydrologic model. Agricultural Water Management 174: JONGE, KC; TAGHVAEIAN, K; TROUT, TJ; 52-60. COMAS, LH. 2015. Comparison of canopy temperature-based water stress indices for DELFINE, S; TOGNETTI, R; LORETO, F. 2015. maize. Agricultural Water Management 156: Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 87

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Scientific communication ESCHEMBACK, V; KAWAKAMI, J; GENÚ, AM; STROPARO, D. 2019. Potato cultivar BRS F63 Camila has higher yield at lower plant spacing. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 089-094. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190114 Potato cultivar BRS F63 Camila has higher yield at lower plant spacing Vlandiney Eschemback1ID; Jackson Kawakami1ID; Aline M Genú1ID; Dioni Stroparo1ID 1Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste do Paraná (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava-PR, Brazil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The plant management used in potato crop is usually similar Cultivar de batata BRS F63 Camila tem maior produtividade across the main producing regions in Brazil. Same plant spacing em menor espaçamento de plantio are commonly used, despite the differences in climate and soil of the various potato planting areas. The objective of this work was to As práticas fitotécnicas utilizadas no cultivo da batata se evaluate the yield of potato cultivars in response to different plant assemelham nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil. Em spacing. Experiments were conducted in the field, and the treatments locais com clima e solo distintos, comumente utiliza-se as mesmas consisted of three cultivars (Agata, BRS Clara and BRS F63 Camila) densidades de plantio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a and three plant spacing (20, 25 and 30 cm) in randomized blocks produtividade de cultivares de batata em resposta a diferentes with three repetitions in two years. The total, marketable and non- espaçamentos de plantio. Foram conduzidos experimentos a campo, marketable tuber yield, total and marketable number of tubers per area sendo os tratamentos constituídos de três cultivares (Ágata, BRS and size class, mean total and marketable tuber weight and percentage Clara e BRS F63 Camila) e três espaçamentos entre plantas (20, of tuber dry weight of the tubers were evaluated. Camila was the 25 e 30 cm), em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em dois cultivar with highest yield when spaced 20 cm due to the greater anos. Foram avaliados a produtividade de tubérculos total, comercial number of tubers in the marketable class 100-200 g. In the 25 and 30 e não comercial, número total e comercial de tubérculos por área e cm plant spacing, there was no difference in yield among cultivars. por classe de tamanho, massa média de tubérculos total e comercial Depending on the cultivar and the destination of the harvested tubers, e a porcentagem de matéria seca dos tubérculos comerciais. Camila producers can choose the most appropriated plant spacing. foi a cultivar mais produtiva quando espaçada em 20 cm, devido ao maior número de tubérculos na classe comercial 100-200 g. Nos espaçamentos de 25 e 30 cm não se observou diferença de produtividade entre as cultivares. Dependendo da cultivar, deve- se utilizar o espaçamento de plantio mais adequado à finalidade comercial para qual é destinada a produção. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, Agata, BRS Clara, density, Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum, Ágata, BRS Clara, densidade, productivity, variety. rendimento, variedade. Received on May 23, 2018; accepted on January 16, 2019 Spacing between plants is a Zaag & Demagante, 1990). Usually, morphologically in its capacity to fundamental element to obtain within certain limits, higher potato compensate for variations in plant better results in potato crop yield. yield per area is achieved with greater spacing, and each cultivar has a plant Considering the alternatives associated population (Bussan et al., 2007), that density that results in maximum yield with crop management, an adequate is, almost always dictated by smallest (Mauromicale et al., 2003). Determining plant distribution arrangement in the spacing among plants. Yield, mean the yield response of tubers to different area is a start point for the crop to size and number of tubers produced are plant population is a recurrent study maximize its development, with better affected by plant density (Tarkalson et area (Rex, 1991; Rykbost & Maxwell, utilization of environmental factors and al., 2012). Results of studies indicate 1993; Zebarth et al., 2006), because lower competition between plants for that potato yield, in response to different interactions among technical, genetic elements such as solar radiation, water plant densities, is directly influenced and commercial factors are in constant and nutrients, by the canopy and the root by the environment and by the cultivar changes and adjustments. system (Tarkalson et al., 2012). (Tarkalson et al., 2012). The main genotype effect is wide Results show that plant spacing does Tuber development and production adaptation, meanwhile the genotype not influence plant emergence and that with the variation of plant spacing and environment interaction refers to the increase in plant density increases has been different in distinct cultivars strict adaptation (Gauch, 2006). For the yield of tubers per area (Van der used by producers. The cultivars differ producers, cultivars with stable and Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 89

V Eschemback et al. high yield, that is, with a great genotype crop season, standardized and kept was interaction between plant spacing effect, result in greater competitiveness stored in a cold chamber (4ºC) until and cultivar (Table 1). Cultivar Camila in the market. In the Brazilian market, approximately 40 days prior to tuber showed higher yield than the other new cultivars that have high yield planting. cultivars in 20 cm plant spacing for both potential, are currently available for total yield (Figure 1a) and commercial use but are still often unknown by the Yield quantification was held by yield (Figure 1b). In 25 and 30 cm plant producers (Souza et al., 2011). collecting manually after physiological spacing, the cultivars did not differ in maturation, the tubers of 12 plants total and commercial tuber yield. There is little information on the per plot, from the four central rows. response of these new cultivars to plant The harvested tubers were divided There was a difference in non- spacing variations. Therefore, adjusting into three categories: total tubers, commercial tuber yield only for plant the best plant density for a given cultivar commercial tubers (>45 mm transversal spacing (Table 1). The plants cultivated can result in significant gain in tuber diameter) and non-commercial (<45 in 20 cm spacing presented the highest yield and quality. mm transversal diameter). The number yield (4.13 t ha-1), and in 30 cm plant of tubers (m2) and tuber fresh weight spacing had the lowest yield (3.05 t The objective of this work was to (kg ha-1) were quantified. Commercial ha-1), and those plants spaced 25 cm evaluate the yield performance of potato tubers were divided into three classes: obtained a non-commercial tuber yield cultivars in response to different plant until 100 g, 100 to 200 g and greater than of 3.33 t ha-1 spacing. 200 g, number and fresh weight were recorded to calculate the percentage of There was no difference between the MATERIAL AND METHODS tuber dry weight when the samples dried crop season for total and commercial at 70°C reached constant weight. number of tubers but there was The experiment was held at the interaction between plant spacing and experimental field of Midwestern Soil preparation begun a month cultivar (Table 1). In 20 and 30 cm plant State University, UNICENTRO, in prior to the crop implantation, with one spacing, no difference was observed Guarapuava-PR, whose soil is classified subsoiling and two harrowings. Further, for total number of tuber among the as Latossolo Bruno (very clayey Typic a light harrowing and furrowing of the cultivars; however, Ágata produced Hapludox) (Michalovicz et al., 2014). area for planting were held. Planting of higher number than cultivars Clara The necessary amount of limestone was tubers was held on December 06 and and Camila in 25 cm spacing (Figure calculated to achieve a base saturation 08, in 2014 and 2015, respectively. The 1c). Cultivar Camila produced higher of 60%, based on the initial data of soil NPK fertilizer 04-14-08, in the dose of number of commercial tubers in 20 chemical attributes analysis in the depth 4 t ha-1, was distributed in total dose in cm plant spacing, compared to the of 0-20 cm and applied three months the furrow, immediately before manual other cultivars (Figure 1d). In the plant before crop implantation. planting of tubers. Hilling was done spacing 25 and 30 cm no difference was in both crop seasons, approximately observed for number of commercial Treatments consist of three plant 15 days after emergence (DAE). The tubers among the studied cultivars. All spacing (20, 25 and 30 cm between phytosanitary management was done cultivars produced the smallest number plants) and three potato cultivars (Ágata, according to technical recommendation of commercial tuber under 30 cm BRS Clara and BRS F63 Camila), for the region (Pereira & Daniels, 2003). spacing, and the lowest production was conducted in two crop seasons (2014 observed for cultivar Camila. and 2015). Experimental design was a Shapiro-Wilk’s was used for data completely randomized block, in a split- standardization and when necessary, An effect was ovserved for cultivar plot scheme, with the cultivars and crop Box-Cox transformation was done. and plant spacing in the commercial seasons assigned to the main plots and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and tuber class of <100 g and interaction the plant spacing to the subplots, with Tukey test (p<0,05) were performed. between plant spacing and cultivars for three replicates. Each subplot measured When there was significant interaction, classes 100-200 g and >200 g (Table 4.8 x 4.5 m, composed by six rows, with the decomposition of the interaction was 1). Ágata was the cultivar with highest 18 plants in each row, in a spacing of 80 performed, and the results presented. number of tubers <100 g compared to cm between rows. the other cultivars (Figure 2a) and plant RESULTS AND DISCUSSION spacing of 30 cm resulted in a lower Type III (30 and 40 mm) seed tubers number of tubers for this commercial were used from cultivars Clara, Camila The Shapiro-Wilk’s test showed that class (Figura 2b). In 20 cm plant spacing and Ágata. In the first crop season non-commercial tuber yield and number we observed that cultivar Camila (2014) the seed tubers of Clara and of tubers in the 100-200 g class data produced higher number of tubers of the Camila were obtained from Embrapa had non-normal distribution and were commercial class 100-200 g, compared Produtos e Mercado (Canoinhas-SC) transformed. to Ágata and Clara, and higher number and Ágata was obtained from a regional of tuber of the >200 g class in relation to seed tuber certified producer. In the There was no difference in total Ágata, and the production of Clara was second crop season (2015) seed tubers and commercial yield between the intermediate in this tuber class (Figure were harvested manually from the first crop season 2014 and 2015, but there 2c). In the 25 cm plant spacing, Clara 90 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Potato cultivar BRS F63 Camila has higher yield at lower plant spacing Table 1. P-value of the analysis of variance of the variables evaluated during the experiments in the crop season 2014 and 2015. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2014-2015. P-value Crop Season Cultivar CS x C CV 1 Spacing S x CS S x C S x CS x C CV 2 (CS) (C) (%) (S) (%) TY (kg ha-1) 0.068 0.144 0.973 25.05 <0.001 0.463 0.010 0.876 19.11 CY (kg ha-1) 0.082 0.091 0.967 29.25 <0.001 0.349 0.005 0.878 20.62 NCY (kg ha-1) 0.749 0.072 0.985 46.60 0.006 0.577 0.087 0.912 27.77 NTT (m2) 0.205 0.045 0.968 16.92 <0.001 0.755 0.010 0.436 13.63 NCT (m2) 0.124 0.398 0.833 15.24 <0.001 0.544 0.007 0.376 15.37 NT<100 g (m2) 0.440 0.004 0.485 20.01 <0.001 0.416 0.072 0.872 22.92 NT 100-200 g (m2) 0.517 0.059 0.692 42.17 <0.001 0.987 <0.001 0,460 28.94 NT>200 g (m2) 0.205 0.027 0.953 25.12 <0.001 0.574 0.047 0.942 25.86 MTTW (g tub-1) 0.249 0.039 0.993 25.56 0.005 0.273 0,067 0.970 15.25 MCTW (g tub-1) 0.158 0.058 0.959 22.42 0.019 0.354 0.179 0.961 14.63 DWCT (%) 0.059 <0.001 0.120 2.93 0.057 0.926 0.333 0.919 8.78 1Total yield (TY), commercial yield (CY), non-commercial yield (NCY), number of total tubers (NTT), number of commercial tubers (NCT), number of tubers (NT), mean total tuber weight (MTTW), mean commercial tuber weight (MCTW) and percentage of dry weight of commercial tubers (DWCT). Figure 1. Total (a) and commercial yield (t ha-1) (b), number of total (c) and commercial tubers (m2) (d), of potato under different plant spacing, crop season 2014-2015. Means followed by same lowercase letter (among cultivars in the same spacing) and uppercase (among cultivars in the same spacing) did not differ significantly, Tukey test, p<0.05. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2014-2015. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 91

V Eschemback et al. and Camila produced higher number the crop seasons 2014 and 2015 (Table observed (Table 1). The spacing which of tubers than Ágata in class >200 g, 1). For total mean weight, effect of resulted in higher mean commercial not differing between themselves. In cultivar and plant spacing was observed. tuber weight was 25 cm; 20 cm resulted the same plant spacing no difference Cultivar Camila produced tubers with in lowest mean commercial tuber was observed among the cultivars for higher mean weight and cultivar Ágata weight and 30 cm in intermediate mean number of tubers between 100-200 g. tubers with lower total mean weight, commercial tuber weight (Figure 3d). When spaced 30 cm, no difference in while the tubers from Clara showed an tuber production of both commercial intermediate mean weight (Figure 3a). Only cultivar effect was observed for classes 100-200 g and >200 g was found The spacing that results in total tubers tuber dry weight (%) (Table 1). Tubers among the studied cultivars. with higher mean weight was 25 cm from cultivar Clara presented higher (Figure 1b). About mean commercial dry weight, Ágata lowest and Camila, No difference was found for total and tubers weight, only spacing effect was intermediate (Figure 3c). commercial mean tuber weight between The results of this study indicate that Figure 2. Number of commercial tubers (m2) separated in classes <100 g among cultivar (a) and among plant spacing (b), 100-200 g and >200 g (c), of potato cultivars according to different plant spacing, crop season 2014-2015. Means followed by same lowercase letter (among cultivars in the same spacing) and uppercase letter (among spacing in the same cultivar) did not differ significantly by Tukey test, p<0.05. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2014-2015. 92 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Potato cultivar BRS F63 Camila has higher yield at lower plant spacing the response of potato plants to different produced tubers, which may differ but also the used cultivar. plant densities is directly influenced by according to plant spacing and cultivar environment and cultivars. The highest (Fontes et al., 2012), a fact also observed Plants of the cultivar Ágata in the commercial yield from cultivar Camila on the cultivars of the present study, smallest spacing (20 cm) produced observed in 20 cm spacing (Figure which presented variations of these a greater number of tubers per area 1b) was due to the highest number of characteristics depending on the density compared to the greater spacing (30 commercial tubers of class 100-200 g and cultivar used. Mauromicale et cm) (Queiroz et al., 2013). These data compared to cultivars Clara and Ágata al. (2003) report that, because of the corroborate the data of the present study (Figure 1d). This higher commercial increase in plant density, despite the that found a higher number of total and yield of Camila resulted in greater total competition, there was an increase commercial tubers of plants spaced 20 yield of this cultivar, since there was in yield, also observed in the present cm, in comparison to the higher spacing no difference in non-commercial yield study for cultivar Camila in the highest tested (30 cm). In addition, our data among the studied cultivars (Table 1). density, both for total and commercial show that an increase in the number The tuber production with highest mean yield. There are results indicating the of tubers per area, with reduction in weight of cultivar Camila, even in the possibility of obtaining high tuber planting space occurs not only on smallest spacing tested (Figure 3a), production regardless of plant spacing, cultivar Ágata, but also on the other probably influenced the higher yield of such as in studies of Creamer et al. studied cultivars. this cultivar, because in smaller plant (1999), where cultivar Russet Burbank spacing potato plants tend to produce did not have the production affected, When the objective is production tubers with lower mean weight as varying plant spacing from 15 to 30 of seed tubers, the most important is observed on the other cultivars (Queiroz cm. However, higher yield was obtained the number of tubers produced. So, et al., 2013; Tarkalson et al., 2012). by Rykbost & Maxwell (1993) ranging the smallest spacing should be used. plant spacing from 17 cm of cv. Century According to Fontes et al. (2012), it Studies report that the productive Russet and Atlantic, to 30 cm of cv. is possible to use spacing reduction capacity of potato cultivars may vary Russet Norkotah. These data show that between plants as a management according to planting density, due to not only plant density affects tuber yield technique to increase the number of number, size and mean weight of the drains per unit area and, consequently, the number of tubers with lower weight Cultivar and plant spacing Figure 3. Mean total tuber weight (MTTW) among cultivars (a) and among spacing (b), dry weight (%) of commercial tuber (DWCT) among cultivars (c) and mean commercial tuber weight (MCTW) among plant spacing (d), crop season 2014-2015. Means followed by same letters did not differ significantly, Tukey test, p <0.05. Guarapuava, UNICENTRO, 2014-2015. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 93

V Eschemback et al. and diameter, suitable to be used as seed industry can benefit in spacings of 25 cm MICHALOVICZ, L; MÜLLER, MML; FOLONI, tubers. Furthermore, it is speculated that, between plants and 80 cm between rows. JSS; KAWAKAMI, J; NASCIMENTO, R; to produce seeds of cultivar Camila, KRAMER, LFM. 2014. Soil fertility, nutrition spacing could be reduced even more Plants of cultivar Camila spaced 20 and yield of maize and barley with gypsum than 20 cm between plants, due to the cm were more productive, both for total application on soil surface in no-till. Revista fact that the tubers of this cultivar had and commercial tuber yield. This higher Brasileira de Ciências do Solo 38: 1496-1505. high mean weight, even in the smallest yield was due to the higher number of spacing. commercial tubers from class 100-200 g. PEREIRA, AS; DANIELS, J. 2003. O cultivo da batata na região sul do Brasil. Brasília: The use of lower spacing between Our results show that the appropriate Embrapa Informação Tecnológica. 567p. plants implies greater seed tuber cultivar and plant spacing should be expenditure by producers, a significant used depending on the destination of QUEIROZ, LRM; KAWAKAMI, J; MULLER, component in the crop production cost, the production. MML; UMBURAMAS, RC; ESCHEMBACK, contributing to about 20% of the total V. 2013. Tamanho de tubérculo-semente e crop cost (Cepea, 2018). In addition to REFERENCES espaçamento na produtividade de batata em the higher seed tuber spending, there are condições de campo. Comunicata Scientiae costs with fertilizer and practices in the BUSSAN, AJ; MITCHELL, PD; COPAS, ME; 4: 308-315. field, such as planting, pest and disease DRILIAS, MJ. 2007.Evaluation of the effect of control and the harvest that needs to density on potato yield and tuber distribution. REX, BL. 1991. The effect of in-row seed piece be considered in practical terms. In the Crop Science 47: 2462-2472. spacing and harvest date on the tuber yield present study, we used in the smallest and processing quality of Conestoga potatoes spacing (20 cm) about 50% more seed CEPEA. Centro de Estudos Avançados em in southern Manitoba. Canadian Journal of tubers compared to the greater spacing Economia Aplicada. Revista HF Brasil. Plant Science 71: 289-296. (30 cm). Thus, the spacing between Available at <https://www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/ plants has an impact on the total and br> Accessed January 26, 2018. RYKBOST, KA; MAXWELL, J. 1993. Effects commercial yield of the cultivars as well of plant population on the performance of as on the economic return of the crop, CREAMER, NG; CROZIER, CR; CUBETA, seven varieties in the Hamath basin of Oregon. since the cost of the seed tuber varies MA. 1999. Influence of seed piece spacing American Potato Journal 70: 463-474. depending on season and the cultivar. and population on yield, internal quality, and economy performance of Atlantic, SOUZA, ZS; BISOGNIN, DA; MORIN JUNIOR, The absence of effect of plant Superior, and Snowden Potato in Eastern GR.; GNOCATO, FS. 2011. Seleção de clones spacing on tuber dry weight results North Carolina. American Journal of Potato de batata para processamento industrial em in no interference of this variable in Research 76: 257-261. condições de clima subtropical e temperado. tuber’s frying quality, since greater Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46: 1503- percentage of dry weight of tubers is FONTES, PCR; NUNES, JCS; MOREIRA, 1512. desired. Although these cultivars are MA. 2012. Produção classificada de batata not mainly destined to the industry, em resposta ao espaçamento e critério de TARKALSON, DD; KING, BA; BJORNEBERG, that is, to be fried, they can be fried recomendação da adubação. Bioscience DL; TABERNA, JR. 2012. Effects of planting by home consumers. Moreover, based Journal 28: 404-412. configuration and in-row plant spacing on the results of the present study, it on photo synthetically active radiation is presumed that the planting of type GAUCH, HG. Statistical analysis of yield trials interception for three irrigated potato cultivars. III seed tubers of cultivars destined to by AMMI and GGE. 2006.Crop Science 46: Potato Research 55: 41-58. 1488-1500. VANDER ZAAG, P; DEMAGANTE, AL. 1990. MAUROMICALE, G; SIGNORELLI, P; Influence of plant spacing on potato (Solanum LERNA, A; FOTI, S. 2003. Effect of tuberosum L.) morphology, growth and yield intraspecific competition on yield of early under two contrasting environments. Potato potato grown in Mediterranean environment. Research 33: 313-323. American Journal of Potato Research 68: 132-139. ZEBARTH, BJ; ARSENAULT, WJ; SANDERSON, JB. 2006. Effect of seed piece spacing and nitrogen fertilization on tuber yield, yield components, and nitrogen use efficiency parameters of two potato cultivars. American Journal of Potato Research 83: 289-296. 94 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Scientific communication SILVA, GO; PEREIRA, AS; CARVALHO, ADF; AZEVEDO, FQ. 2019. Yield, frying quality, plant vigor, and maturity of potato clones. Horticultura Brasileira 37: 095-100. DOI - http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-053620190115 Yield, frying quality, plant vigor, and maturity of potato clones Giovani Olegario da Silva1ID; Arione da S Pereira2ID; Agnaldo DF Carvalho3ID; Fernanda Q Azevedo2ID 1Embrapa Hortaliças/SIN, Canoinhas-SC, Brazil; [email protected]; 2Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas-RS, Brazil; arione. [email protected]; [email protected]; 3Embrapa Hortaliças, Brasília-DF, Brazil; [email protected] ABSTRACT RESUMO The objective of this research was to evaluate advanced potato Rendimento de tubérculos, qualidade de fritura, vigor de clones for tuber yield, frying quality, plant vigor, and maturity, grown plantas e ciclo vegetativo de clones de batata from minituber seeds, and to assess correlations between these traits. Eight advanced potato clones of Embrapa Potato Breeding Program O objetivo com o presente trabalho foi avaliar caracteres (F11-09-03, F05-11-03, F54-11-06, F141-11-01, C2718-12-09, de rendimento de tubérculos, de qualidade de fritura, vigor de C2718-24-09, C2743-09-09, and CL308) and three commercial planta e ciclo vegetativo de clones de batata cultivados a partir de cultivars (Agata, Asterix and BRSIPR Bel) were evaluated. minitubérculos, e a correlação entre essas características. Foram Experiments were carried out in autumn 2017, in Canoinhas-SC and avaliados oito clones avançados em fase de desenvolvimento pelo Pelotas-RS. A randomized complete block design with four replicates programa de melhoramento da Embrapa (F11-09-03, F05-11-03, was used. We used tuber seeds type IV (minibubers)\". We evaluated F54-11-06, F141-11-01, C2718-12-09, C2718-24-09, C2743-09-09 e plant vigor, maturity, yield and number of marketable tubers, yield CL308) e três cultivares comerciais (Agata, Asterix e BRSIPR Bel). and number of total tubers, average tuber weight, specific gravity, Os experimentos foram realizados no outono de 2017, em Canoinhas- and frying color. Individual and joint variance analyses revealed SC e Pelotas-RS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos significant differences (p <0.05) among genotypes for all traits at casualizados com quatro repetições. Foram utilizados tubérculos- both locations. The GxE (genotype x environment) interaction was semente tipo IV (minitubérculos). Avaliou-se o vigor vegetativo das significant for all traits. For the two locations together, clones F05- plantas, ciclo vegetativo, massa e número de tubérculos comerciais, 11-03, C2718-12-09, C2718-24-09 and the control cultivar BRSIPR massa e número total de tubérculos, massa média de tubérculos, Bel showed higher marketable tuber yields. The first two clones also peso específico e cor de fritura. As análises de variância individual showed tubers with high average tuber weight. Clone F54-11-06 e conjunta revelaram diferenças significativas (p<0,05) entre os showed the later maturity at both locations. Regarding the frying genótipos para todos os caracteres nos dois locais. A interação GxA quality characteristics, only clone F141-11-01 showed a pattern (genótipo x ambiente) foi significativa para todos os caracteres. Para comparable to that of the control cultivar Asterix. Also, clones with os dois locais conjuntamente, os clones F05-11-03, C2718-12-09, higher plant vigor had higher tuber yield, but late maturity. Frying C2718-24-09 e a cultivar testemunha BRSIPR Bel apresentaram os quality traits were not correlated between them and among other traits. maiores rendimentos de tubérculos comerciais. Os dois primeiros clones também apresentaram tubérculos com elevada massa média. O clone F54-11-06 apresentou-se como o mais tardio, em ambos os locais. Quanto à qualidade de fritura, apenas o clone F141-11-01 teve padrão comparável à testemunha ‘Asterix’no conjunto de caracteres e locais. Ainda, clones com maior vigor apresentaram maior rendimento de tubérculos, porém ciclo vegetativo mais tardio. Os caracteres de qualidade de fritura não apresentaram correlações significativas entre eles ou com outras características. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, breeding, selection. Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum, fitomelhoramento, seleção. Received on August, 22, 2018; accepted on January 23, 2019 The development of national potato profitability for producers (Silva et al., for the development of new cultivars, cultivars adapted to the Brazilian 2014). However, it is very important in but, careful selection is necessary growing conditions and resistant to the the selection process to find the balance for this trait, because clones with main diseases that affect the crop is the between tuber number and tuber size. very vigorous plants usually have most viable alternative to increase yield Potato plants producing high tuber late maturity (Bradshaw et al., 2004). and grower’s profitability (Gadum et number usually have smaller tubers Silva et al. (2007), evaluating potato al., 2003). (Silva et al., 2012). Both, the tuber segregating families, verified medium- number and the tuber size, directly magnitude correlations between plant Several are the traits considered for influence the marketable yield (Silva vigor and plant size, tuber number and selection by potato breeders. Among et al., 2006). yield, indicating that more vigorous them, much importance is given to plants produce larger tubers, with higher the tuber yield, aiming at greater Plant vigor is another important trait 95 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

GO Silva et al. numbers, and higher yields. of these pathogens on selection, clones ‘Agata’ has yellow skinned tubers and can be submitted to the meristem culture is destined for table market. ‘Asterix’ About maturity, for both temperate in laboratory, followed by production presents red skinned tubers destined and tropical regions, late maturing of minitubers in a greenhouse. These for both table market and processing cultivars (>130 days) present higher minitubers are individuals genetically (French fries). ‘BRSIPR Bel’ has yields than early cultivars (Silva & identical to the plant that originated yellow skinned tubers and is destined Pinto, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). them, they are clones, but with smaller for processing (chips and shoestrings). However, growers prefer earlier tuber size, because they are generated cultivars (Rodrigues et al., 2009), since from small seedlings. In order to speed The minituber seeds were planted they allow greater number and use with up the breeding process and thus gain out in field experiments on February 7, other crops throughout the year, shorter a season compared to the strategy of 2017 and March 14, 2017, in Canoinhas exposure time of plants to eventual multiplying this material to produced and Pelotas, respectively. A randomized weather, lower risk of diseases and larger sized tubers, one can use these complete block design with four pests, and lower demand for irrigation. small tubers of high phytosanitary replicates was used. Plots consisted of In addition, the earliness allows to quality for planting the first yield trials. two 3.5 m rows, spaced 0.75 m apart adjust the harvest of the crop to the with 10 plants on each row. Type IV advantageous quotation of the product Although minituber seeds produce tuber seeds (minitubers, 23-30 mm in the market. Thus, early maturity is lower yield than conventional tuber diameter) were used, which had been a very relevant trait in potato breeding seeds, with less experimental precision, stored for eight months in a cold room programs, but should be associated with several authors (Teixeira et al., 2010; (3.5±0.5°C). Cultural and phytosanitary other traits, such as tuber yield (Silva et Masarirambi et al., 2012; Silva et al., pratices followed the recommendations al., 2014). 2017) have reported that the selection for the regions (Silva & Lopes, 2017). for yield traits is efficient. The lower Fertilization was carried out in the The potato tuber may be sold to experimental precision can be attributed planting row at the dose of 3 t ha-1 of the the fresh market or to the processing to smaller stem number produced by formula NPK 05-20-10 in Pelotas, and industry. In the fresh market, consumers the minituber seeds, which have fewer the same dosage of formula 04-14-08 give great importance to the tuber buds. Tuber number is correlated with in Canoinhas. appearance, whereas in the industry, stem number (Feltran & Lemos, 2008), processors require traits that confer therefore, it is expected that when there Fifty days after planting, after frying quality, such as high specific is a smaller number of stems, a variation checking plant emergency, plant vigor gravity, low reducing sugar content of this number reflects a percentage of was visually assessed, assigning scores and absence of physiological disorders. variation between plants much larger from 1 to 5 (1= high vigor, 2= medium- Specific gravity is an important trait, than the variation of that number in high vigor, 3= medium vigor, 4= because it is directly related to the plants with more stems coming from medium-low vigor, and 5= low vigor) dry matter content of the tubers. larger tubers. Greater variation is also (Silva et al., 2007). Higher specific gravity provides higher expected among plants of the same clone processing yield, less fat absorption, for tuber yield traits. Maturity was assessed visually 95 better texture without affecting the days after planting, assigning scores taste of the final product. On the other The objective of this work was to from 1 to 9 (1= late, 9= early) (Silva et hand, lower sugar content prevents the evaluate tuber yield, frying quality, al., 2012). darkening of the processed products, plant vigor and maturity of potato which compromises the appearance clones grown from minituber seeds, After plant senescence, 100 days and flavor of the fried product (Silva et and to calculate correlations between after planting, plants were harvested. al., 2014). these traits. The following yield traits were evaluated: marketable tuber diameter The challenge of meeting these MATERIAL AND METHODS (>45 mm), number per plot; total tuber requirements requires high efficiency of number per plot; marketable tuber yield breeding programs to identify superior The experiments were carried ou in (kg plot-1); total tuber yield (kg plot-1) genotypes. Therefore, procedures Canoinhas-SC (26°10’38”S, 50°23’24” and the average tuber weight (g tuber-1) that provide information to assist in W, 839 m altitude) and Pelotas-RS obtained from the division of total choosing the best selection strategy are (31°52’00’’S, 52°21’24”W, 50 m tuber yield by the total tuber number. important. As an example, one can cite altitude) on autumn 2017. Eight potato The specific gravity was assessed using the use of correlation analyzes between clones of the Embrapa breeding program 3.630 g marketable tuber samples per traits to better understand the genetic (F11-09-03, F05-11-03, F54-11-06, plot, with the Snack Food Association relationships between them. F141-11-01, C2718-12-09, C2718-24- hydrometer (Silva et al., 2012). The 09, C2743-09-09, and CL308) and three frying color was assessed using three Being potato vegetatively commercial cultivars (Agata, Asterix marketable and healthy tubers per plot. propagated, it accumulates various and BRSIPR Bel) were evaluated. Fifteen slices were cut 2.0 mm thick, diseases, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi which were fried in vegetable fat, at and nematodes, with the sequence of the initial temperature of 180°C until crop generations. To avoid the influence the bubbling ceased. Notes 1 to 9 (1= 96 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Yield, frying quality, plant vigor, and maturity of potato clones dark, 9= light) were attributed (Silva et In average, for Pelotas, the greater environmental influence when al., 2016). coefficient of variation (CVe) for yield compared with others traits controlled traits was 21.34%, which is close to that by few genes. Data of tuber yield were converted for Canoinhas (21.66%). For these same to t ha-1 and data of tuber number into traits, and also using minituber seeds, The marketable tuber yield, which is number ha-1/1000 tubers. Silva et al. (2017) reported similar the most important tuber yield trait, for values. genotypes ranged in average from 9.48 The data of two locations were to 12.82 t ha-1, at both sites; however, in submitted to joint and individual Although some traits showed Canoinhas, one of the clones produced analysis of variance, and grouping relatively high CVe, such as the 27.26 t ha-1 (Tables 1 and 2). It is known means by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% marketable tuber yield (33.36% in that the use of tuber seeds smaller than probability using the Genes statistical Pelotas) and marketable tuber number a certain minimum size results in lower software (Cruz, 2016). (36.12% in Canoinhas), most traits yields. However, comparing with the use presented a relation between the of larger tuber seeds, the ranking of the The magnitudes of the correlation genetic coefficient of variation and genotypes tends to remain similar (Silva coefficients were classified as Carvalho environmental coefficient of variation et al., 2017), which confers confidence et al. (2004): r= 0 (null); 0< |r| <0.30 (CVg/CVe) close to or greater than unity to carry out selection. (weak); 0.30< |r| <0.60 (average); 0.60< (Tables 1 and 2). This preponderance |r| <0.90 (strong); 0.90< |r| <1 (very of genetic variance over environmental In relation to marketable tuber yield strong) and |r|= 1 (perfect). variance suggests that the selection traits, having as selection criterion process would be efficient for these the higher average genotypes for the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION traits. Average tuber weight in Pelotas marketable tuber number and marketable and frying color in Canoinhas were the tuber yield together, it is verified that Analysis of variance of the data exceptions, and for these traits caution clones F05-11-03, C2718-12-09 and from the two experiments together and is suggested in drawing conclusions C2718-24-09, and the control cultivar of each individual location revealed about the performance of the genotypes. BRSIPR Bel were the most productive significant differences (p<0.05) among About the highest values verified genotypes at both locations (Tables genotypes for all traits at both locations for marketable tuber number and 1 and 2). Besides those, the clones (data not shown). The genotype x marketable tuber yield, the results are F54-11-06, F11-09-03 and CL308 also environment interaction (GxE) was in agreement with Silva et al. (2012). showed good yield in Canoinhas, both significant for all traits. These are quantitative traits, suffering grouped with intermediate averages of marketable tuber yield. Table 1. Means, coefficients of environmental variation (CVe), relation of coefficient of genetic to environmental coefficient of variation (CVg/CVe) and mean of tuber yield traits, frying quality, plant vigor and vine maturity of 11 potato genotypes evaluated in autumn 2017 in Pelotas-RS, Brazil, using seed tubers type IV (minitubers). Canoinhas, Embrapa, 2017. Genotype MTY MTN TTY TTN ATW Vigor Mat SG Cor BRSIPR Bel 15.92 a2 170.95 a 18.82 a 262.38 a 70.77 a 2.00 b 7.50 a 1.077 a 8.25 a F05-11-03 14.58 a 119.05 b 16.32 a 186.19 b 85.91 a 2.75 b 7.25 a 1.071 c 5.50 b C2718-12-09 12.84 a 130.95 b 15.71 a 219.53 b 71.64 a 3.25 b 7.75 a 1.073 b 5.25 b C2718-24-09 12.22 a 123.34 b 14.14 a 191.91 b 73.78 a 3.00 b 7.50 a 1.074 b 4.00 b F11-09-03 9.43 b 86.19 c 12.98 a 185.24 b 69.72 a 2.50 b 6.75 a 1.067 d 3.63 b F54-11-06 8.67 b 74.76 c 10.79 b 135.24 c 79.54 a 3.50 a 5.00 b 1.078 a 4.63 b C2743-09-09 6.90 b 70.95 c 8.72 b 138.57 c 63.80 b 4.00 a 7.25 a 1.072 c 5.00 b F141-11-01 4.85 b 53.81 d 7.41 b 123.33 c 60.11 b 4.25 a 7.50 a 1.077 a 3.75 b CL308 3.34 b 34.77 d 6.05 b 96.19 c 63.68 b 5.00 a 7.00 a 1.062 e 6.50 b Agata 6.11 b 71.43 c 10.28 b 202.86 b 50.95 b 4.00 a 7.75 a 1.061 e 4.25 b Asterix 9.38 b 85.24 c 13.11 a 205.72 b 63.78 b 2.00 b 7.00 a 1.077 a 4.63 b Mean 9.48 92.85 12.21 177.01 68.51 3.29 7.11 1.072 4.96 CVe 33.36 21.14 25.16 14.02 15.89 20.46 7.07 0.14 24.41 CVg/CVe 1.18 1.94 1.19 1.89 0.72 0.94 1.44 4.02 1.01 MTY= marketable tuber yield (t ha-1) MTN= marketable tuber number per ha-1/1000; TTY= total tuber yield (t ha-1); TTN= total tuber number per ha-1/1000; ATW= average tuber weight (g tuber-1); Vigor= plant vigor (notes 1= high, 2= medium-high, 3= medium, 4= medium-low, 5= low); Mat= maturity (notes from 1= late to 9= early); SG= specific gravity; Cor= chip color (notes from 1= dark to 9= light). 2Means followed by same letters in each column belong to the same group, Scott-Knott test, 5% probability. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 97

GO Silva et al. Taking this same criterion for the In spite of the significant GxE in the two locations, that is, they had total tuber number and total tuber yield, interaction for all traits, unlike the other larger tubers in Pelotas and Canoinhas; clones F11-09-03, F05-11-03, C2718- tuber yield traits, for the average tuber the first two clones also showed good 12-09 and C2718-24-09, and the control weight, that is directly related with yield, and clone F54-11-06 showed large cultivars Asterix and BRSIPR Bel were tuber size, there was less coincidence but lower tuber number, suggesting a the most productive genotypes at both of genotype ranking as superior in the negative relation between tuber number locations (Tables 1 and 2). Clones two locations (Tables 1 and 2). Only and average tuber weight, at least for CL308 and F54-11-06 also presented clones F05-11-03, C2718-12-09 and this clone. good total tuber yield in Pelotas. F54-11-06 belonged to the upper group Concerning plant vigor, the less Table 2. Means, coefficients of experimental variation (CVe), relation of coefficient of genetic to environmental coefficient of variation (CVg/CVe) and mean of tuber yield traits, frying quality, plant vigor and vine maturity of 11 potato genotypes evaluated in autumn 2017 in Canoinhas-SC, Brazil, using seed tubers type IV (minitubers). Canoinhas, Embrapa, 2017. Genotype MTY MTN TTY TTN ATW Vigor Mat SG Cor BRSIPR Bel 18.66 b2 91.13 a 38.77 a 304.43 a 130.29 b 2.50 c 1.50 f 1.073 c 6.75 a F05-11-03 27.26a 109.17 a 38.76 a 236.55 b 164.48 a 1.50 d 3.50 e 1.066 d 6.25 a C2718-12-09 17.35 b 60.62 b 34.76 a 239.45 b 145.77 a 4.50 a 6.00 d 1.067 d 6.25 a C2718-24-09 13.49 b 61.61 b 27.19 b 218.54 b 124.95 b 5.00 a 7.50 b 1.077 b 5.00 b F11-09-03 15.80 b 64.92 b 31.59 b 229.84 b 138.08 b 1.50 d 4.00 e 1.061 e 6.25 a F54-11-06 18.19 b 65.56 b 29.83 b 178.59 c 166.69 a 1.50 d 1.00 f 1.067 d 5.75 a C2743-09-09 5.20 c 23.00 c 12.57 d 91.86 d 147.66 a 5.00 a 7.00 c 1.081 a 5.50 a F141-11-01 5.01 c 18.12 c 13.96 d 122.61 d 112.55 c 5.00 a 7.50 b 1.073 c 7.00 a CL308 16.27 b 60.97 b 31.05 b 202.30 b 153.97 a 3.50 b 1.00 f 1.061 e 3.25 c Agata 2.28 c 6.45 c 20.87 c 312.00 a 67.23 d 5.00 a 8.50 a 1.065 d 5.75 a Asterix 1.50 c 3.39 c 24.91 b 240.00 b 104.50 c 4.00 b 7.00 c 1.071 c 7.50 a Mean 12.82 51.36 27.66 216.01 132.38 3.54 4.95 1.070 5.93 CVe 27.57 36.12 13.95 16.41 13.65 12.61 10.54 0.16 20.01 CVg/CVe 2.26 1.78 2.26 1.81 1.54 3.37 5.43 3.54 0.81 MTY= marketable tuber yield (t ha-1); MTN= marketable tuber number per ha-1/1000; TTY= total tuber yield (t ha-1); TNT= total number of tubers per ha-1/1000; ATW= average tuber weight (g tuber-1); Vigor= plant vigor (notes 1= high, 2= medium-high, 3= medium, 4= medium- low, 5= low); Mat= maturity (notes from 1= late to 9= early); SG= specific gravity; Cor= chip color (notes from 1= dark to 9= light). 2Means followed by same letters in each column belong to the same group, Scott-Knott test, 5% probability. Table 3. Genotypic correlations between characters of tuber yield, frying quality, vegetative cycle and plant vigor of the evaluation of eleven potato genotypes grown in Canoinhas-SC (lower diagonal) and Pelotas-RS (upper diagonal), Brazil, in autumn 2017, using type IV seed tubers (minitubers). Canoinhas, Embrapa, 2017. MTY MTC TTN TTY ATW Vigor Mat SG Cor MTY 0.98* 0.87* 0.98* 0.50 -0.80* 0.32 0.42 -0.57 MTN 0.98* 0.82* 0.98* 0.65* -0.90* 0.21 0.46 -0.52 TTN 0.24 0.20 0.92* 0.11 -0.87* 0.46 0.23 -0.39 TTY 0.87* 0.86* 0.63* 0.50 -0.96* 0.27 0.39 -0.50 ATW 0.77* 0.80* -0.38 0.47 -0.50 -0.46 0.46 -0.27 Vigor -0.76* -0.76* -0.23 -0.72* -0.62* 0.78* -0.52 0.14 Mat -0.73* -0.74* -0.11 -0.68* -0.73* 0.80* -0.26 -0.13 SG -0.26 -0.36 -0.46 -0.50 -0.09 0.52 0.44 -0.02 Cor -0.26 -0.27 0.20 -0.04 -0.43 -0.10 0.36 0.27 MTY= marketable tuber yield (t ha-1); MTN= marketable tuber number per ha-1/1000; TTY= total tuber yield (t ha-1); TTN= total tuber number per ha-1/1000; ATW= average tuber weight (g tuber-1); Vigor= plant vigor (notes 1= high, 2= medium-high, 3= medium, 4= medium-low, 5= low); Mat= maturity (notes from 1= late to 9= early); SG= specific gravity; Cor= chip color (notes from 1= dark to 9= light). *Significant at 5% probability, t test. 98 Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019

Yield, frying quality, plant vigor, and maturity of potato clones vigorous genotypes, that is, genotypes presented good performance in both between the highest total tuber yield and with higher notes for the two locations locations, with a similar frying color to the darker frying color, while Pereira et were F141-11-01, C2743-09-09 and the the control Asterix. al. (1994) found a negative correlation control cultivar Agata (Tables 1 and 2). between better frying color and higher On the other hand, clones presenting To elucidate relationships between total yield and tuber size. Simon et al. higher vigor for the two locations, were the traits evaluated in this work, a (2009) reported a correlation of low F11-09-03 and F05-11-03, whereas genotype correlation analysis was magnitude (0.34) between highest total control cultivars Asterix and BRSIPR performed (Table 3). Considering only tuber yield and higher specific gravity Bel presented higher vigor than Agata. correlations observed in both locations, in a study of 12 potato clones. All these In addition, it can be observed that, in in order to have greater reliability in estimates indicate that this association is general, the lower vigorous clones also the results, a positive correlation is dependent on the set of clones evaluated, presented lower tuber yield, and the verified of marketable tuber number but that, when it occurs, is of low opposite for those of higher vigor. and marketable tuber yield with total magnitude. tuber yield and negative with the plant The maturity was another trait vigor. This is in agreement with previous In light of the results of these that showed high variation between observation that clones with higher experiments, it can be stated that locations (Tables 1 and 2). In Pelotas, the vigor present higher tuber yield. The clones F05-11-03, C2718-12-09, and most late clone was F54-11-06, while relation with plant vigor and tuber yield C2718-24-09 have high yield potential, the others were similar to each other was also verified for total tuber yield, comparable to the control cultivar and to the controls. This clone was also and is in accordance to the results of BRSIPR Bel. The first two clones very late in Canoinhas, along with clone Silva et al. (2007), who also observed also have high average tuber weight. CL308 and cultivar BRSIPR Bel. The higher yields of tubers for genotypes Clone F54-11-06 is late maturity. Only earliest genotypes in Canoinhas were with more vigorous plants. clone F141-11-01 has frying quality the control cultivar Agata, followed by comparable to the control cultivar clones C2718-24-09 and F141-11-01. The plant vigor was also positively Asterix. Clones with high vigor show correlated with maturity, indicating high tuber yield and late maturity. Regarding the frying quality traits, that more vigorous clones are also late Frying quality traits are not significantly specific gravity and frying color, the maturing, agreeing with Bradshaw et correlated between them, nor with other clones were compared to controlsAsterix al. (2004). traits. and BRSIPR Bel, which are mainly destined for processing, mainly the first, As expected, higher marketable REFERENCES which is widely used for the national tuber yield was produced by higher French frying processing industry. In average tuber weight clones, that is, BISOGNIN, DA; COSTA, LC; ANDRIOLO, JL; the Embrapa Potato Breeding Program, clones with larger tubers. MÜLLER, DR; BANDINELLI, MG. 2008. the selection criterion is that the clones Produtividade e qualidade de tubérculos de be superior or at least equivalent to this In relation to average tuber weight clones de batata. Ciência e Natura 30: 43-56. control in the frying quality traits and and tuber number, as previously that they have other superior traits such mentioned in the case of clone F54- BRADSHAW, JE; PANDE, B; BRYAN, GJ; as tuber yield and tolerance to diseases, 11-06, in this study no significant HACKETT, CA; MCLEAN, K; STEWART, among others. By this criterion, the correlation was observed with total tuber HE. 2004. Interval mapping of quantitative trait selected clones for specific gravity number, indicating that this relation was loci for resistance to late blight [Phytophthora would be F54-11-06 and F141-11-01 not a rule for this set of genotypes. infestans (Mont.) de Bary], height and maturity for Pelotas, and C2743-09-09, C2718- in a tetraploid population of potato (Solanum 24-09 and F141-11-01 for Canoinhas. The frying quality traits did not show tuberosum subsp. tuberosum). Genetics 168: For frying color, none of the clones significant correlations between them or 983-995. was compared to the control cultivar with other traits. Bisognin et al. (2008) BRSIPR Bel, which presented the also found no significant associations CARVALHO, FIF; LORENCETTI, C; BENIN, G. clearest chips in Pelotas, but all did between yield traits and frying quality 2004. Estimativas e implicações da correlação not differ from Asterix. Except clones traits. Likewise, Pereira & Campos no melhoramento vegetal. Pelotas: UFPel. C2718-24-09 and CL308, all others did (1999) concluded that there was no 142p. not differ from the control cultivars in strong association between reducing Canoinhas. Thus, in the two locations sugar content and tuber yield, reporting CRUZ, CD. 2016. Genes Software-extended and together, considering maximum specific negative and nonsignificant correlations. integrated with the R, Matlab and Selegen. gravity, only clone F141-11-01 stood out Rodrigues & Pereira (2003), based on Acta Scientiarum Agronomy 38: 547-552. together with the two control processing low correlations between the quality cultivars. For frying color, with this and yield traits, concluded that the FELTRAN, JC; LEMOS, LB. 2008. Características same criterion, most clones (F11-09- selection for the frying color as for agronômicas e distúrbios fisiológicos em 03, F05-11-03, F54-11-06, F141-11- dry matter content would affect little cultivares de batata.Científica 33: 106-113. 01, C2718-12-09, and C2743-09-09) the tuber yield of the plants of the population sample of selected clones. GADUM, J; PINTO, CABP; RIOS, MCD. 2003. Terres et al. (2012) found a correlation Desempenho agronômico e reação de clones of low magnitude (0.19), but significant, de batata (Solanum tuberosum L.) ao PVY. Ciência e Agrotecnologia 27: 1484-1492. Hortic. bras., Brasília, v.37, n.1, January-March 2019 MASARIRAMBI, MT; MANDISODZA, FC; MASHINGAIDZE, AB; BHEBHE, E. 2012. Influence of plant population and seed tuber size on growth and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). International Journal 99