Colour_Reproduction_in_Electronic_Imaging_Systems_Photography_Television_Cinematography_2016_Michael_S_Tooms

672 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems 25% 20% Relative electrical signal 15% 10% 5% 0% 0.5% 1.0% 1.5% 2.0% 2.5% 3.0% 3.5% 4.0% 4.5% 5.0% 0.0% Relative image luminance Figure H.3 The sRGB gamma correction characteristic illustrating the crossover range of luminance. Figure H.3 illustrates the characteristic for the luminance range 0–5% in order to illustrate the smooth crossover from one equation to the other at the break point luminance level of 0.3%.

I CIE Colour Matching Functions I.1 Values for a 2 Degree Field nm x(������) y(������) z(������) 380 0.0014 0.0000 0.0065 385 0.0022 0.0001 0.0105 390 0.0042 0.0001 0.0201 395 0.0076 0.0002 0.0362 400 0.0143 0.0004 0.0679 405 0.0232 0.0006 0.1102 410 0.0435 0.0012 0.2074 415 0.0776 0.0022 0.3713 420 0.1344 0.0040 0.6456 425 0.2148 0.0073 1.0391 430 0.2839 0.0116 1.3856 435 0.3285 0.0168 1.6230 440 0.3483 0.0230 1.7471 445 0.3481 0.0298 1.7825 450 0.3362 0.0380 1.7721 455 0.3187 0.0480 1.7441 460 0.2908 0.0600 1.6692 465 0.2511 0.0739 1.5281 470 0.1954 0.0910 1.2876 475 0.1421 0.1126 1.0419 480 0.0956 0.1390 0.8130 485 0.0580 0.1693 0.6162 490 0.0320 0.2080 0.4652 495 0.0147 0.2586 0.3533 500 0.0049 0.3230 0.2720 505 0.0024 0.4073 0.2123 (continued) Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems: Photography, Television, Cinematography, First Edition. Michael S Tooms. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/toomscolour

674 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems nm x(������) y(������) z(������) 510 0.0093 0.5030 0.1582 515 0.0291 0.6082 0.1117 520 0.0633 0.7100 0.0782 525 0.1096 0.7932 0.0573 530 0.1655 0.8620 0.0422 535 0.2257 0.9149 0.0298 540 0.2904 0.9540 0.0203 545 0.3597 0.9803 0.0134 550 0.4333 0.9950 0.0087 555 0.5121 1.0000 0.0057 560 0.5945 0.9950 0.0039 565 0.6784 0.9786 0.0027 570 0.7621 0.9520 0.0021 575 0.8425 0.9154 0.0018 580 0.9163 0.8700 0.0017 585 0.9786 0.8163 0.0014 590 1.0263 0.7570 0.0011 595 1.0567 0.6949 0.0010 600 1.0622 0.6310 0.0008 605 1.0456 0.5668 0.0006 610 1.0026 0.5030 0.0003 615 0.9384 0.4412 0.0002 620 0.8544 0.3810 0.0002 625 0.7514 0.3210 0.0000 630 0.6424 0.2650 0.0000 635 0.5419 0.2170 0.0000 640 0.4479 0.1750 0.0000 645 0.3608 0.1382 0.0000 650 0.2835 0.1070 0.0000 655 0.2187 0.0816 0.0000 660 0.1649 0.0610 0.0000 665 0.1212 0.0446 0.0000 670 0.0874 0.0320 0.0000 675 0.0636 0.0232 0.0000 680 0.0468 0.0170 0.0000 685 0.0329 0.0119 0.0000 690 0.0227 0.0082 0.0000 695 0.0158 0.0057 0.0000 700 0.0114 0.0041 0.0000 705 0.0081 0.0029 0.0000 710 0.0058 0.0021 0.0000 715 0.0041 0.0015 0.0000 720 0.0029 0.0010 0.0000 725 0.0020 0.0007 0.0000 730 0.0014 0.0005 0.0000 735 0.0010 0.0003 0.0000 740 0.0007 0.0003 0.0000 745 0.0005 0.0002 0.0000

Appendix I: CIE Colour Matching Functions 675 nm x(������) y(������) z(������) 750 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 755 0.0003 0.0001 0.0000 760 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 765 0.0002 0.0001 0.0000 770 0.0001 0.0001 0.0000 775 0.0001 0.0000 0.0000 780 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000



J Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ J.1 Introduction The workbook is provided primarily for those who wish to become fully familiar with the mathematics associated with colour and its reproduction. Whereas in the text of the book the basis and results from equations are provided in sufficient detail to satisfy the average reader, the worksheets clearly expose the mathematics behind each solution. For those whose interest goes beyond that which is explained in the text alone but find the mathematics somewhat daunting, the more complex worksheets are provided with macros.These macros are controlled by‘buttons’ with underlying simple instructions, which when activated by a click, cause one set of parameters in a formula to be replaced with another set, in order to see dynamically the effect of the changes in the accompanying charts derived from the formulae. As an example, in Worksheet 9, which deals with the calculations to establish both the position of the primaries on the chromaticity chart and the drawing of the charts which illustrate the camera red, green and blue spectral sensitivities, the system primary set can be changed by activating the appropriate button and the changes in the position of the primaries on the chromaticity diagram and the change in the illustration of the camera spectral sensitivities can be observed. The worksheets cover each stage in the reproduction workflow, which has provided the opportunity to bring the calculations of each relevant worksheet together in Worksheet 19. Thus this worksheet is effectively a mathematical model of the complete reproduction process. The parameter values in the model may be changed by macros to illustrate the performance of the system under different specification criteria, in terms of the colour difference values between the original ColorChecker chart values and the displayed reproduced values. J.2 Structure of the Workbook The Workbook is comprised of some 50 worksheets arranged in order to correspond with the chapter order through the book, with each sheet title commencing with the chapter number Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems: Photography, Television, Cinematography, First Edition. Michael S Tooms. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/toomscolour

678 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems and, if more than one worksheet is required for a chapter, versions (a), (b) etc. are included. The first worksheet is the Contents page which contains a list of all the worksheets, access to which can be achieved by clicking the left mouse button on the worksheet title. One can return to the contents page from any other worksheet by activating Cntrl + C on the keyboard. Rather than produce huge worksheets, which are difficult to negotiate with limited screen sizes, a new worksheet is provided for each variant of a similar topic, albeit that sometimes this leads to a repetition in the presentation of data. Occasionally two apparently identical charts appear in adjacent locations. One is the original chart still dynamically associated with the data cells, whilst usually the second chart is a copy taken for a specific set of data which relates to the narrative in the text of the book. Much of the basic data is used in many of the worksheets and in order to avoid repetition and inconsistency each set of basic data is stored in separate worksheets at the end of the Workbook. Thus there are worksheets for CIE data, Surface Reflectances, Illuminant SPDs and Primaries Chromaticities Coordinates data sets. When required this data is imported into the relevant chapter related worksheet, usually under the control of a macro. The worksheets vary considerably in complexity; the simple sheets require no description, other sheets may be described in the book or in a text box immediately under the sheet title and for the more complex sheets the description is contained in Section 5 of this Guide. J.3 Some General Guidance on Using the Worksheets J.3.1 Brief Instruction for Using the Worksheet If any instructions are required to review the use of a particular worksheet, they are located adjacent to cell A1 at the top left of the displayed sheet. J.3.2 Range Naming Data ranges which are frequently accessed by a formula are often given appropriate names in order that when inspecting a formula it is easier to comprehend to which parameters the range relates. For example the data range associated with the chromaticities of the sRGB primaries located in the ‘Primaries’ worksheet at the cell range A144:F148 is identified by the name ‘sRGB’. J.3.3 Macro Activation Activation of the macros is by selection of a coloured button from a group which is generally located in the top left section of the worksheet to enable one to rapidly negotiate to them from anywhere in the worksheet. Occasionally however the macros are hidden below the list of the titles of a set of parameters; in either case there are instructions as to their operation at the top left of the worksheet. Where a formula with a number of variables is displayed, the variables under user control will have a green background. For those familiar with the use of Excel, one may enter other values into the parameter set which the macro normally accesses in order to produce results for particular requirements. In

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 679 addition of course one may copy appropriate data from the data set worksheets at the end of the workbook directly into the source position for the calculation. J.3.4 Common Calculations – Convolution, Integration and Matrix Functions One of the most common requirements for calculation in colour work is convolution, that is to multiply together two sets of data relating to values throughout the spectrum, for example the SPD of a source of illumination and the reflectance of a surface being illuminated. More often than not these data sets are listed in the appropriate basic data set worksheets and rather than bring these into the relevant worksheet the formula refers to the appropriate data set in the remote worksheet by name, leading to only one column of calculated values against wavelength in the primary worksheet. An extension of the above calculation is integration, that is to sum the result in order to establish the area under the multiplied curves or effectively the integration value. When only the integration value rather than the response at each wavelength is required, then as an alternative to this space-filling approach the Excel SUMPRODUCT (convolve and integrate) function is frequently used to obtain the same result far more efficiently. To process colour data between sets of data based upon different primaries requires the use of matrix mathematics, which to undertake manually is relatively complex and time consuming, thus another extremely useful Excel set of functions are those that enable matrix calculations to be undertaken very efficiently. These functions are used extensively in the appropriate worksheets and it is worth noting for the uninitiated that to complete a matrix instruction it is required, after selection of the required range(s), to press Cntrl, Shift and Enter together to complete the instruction. J.3.5 Copying Data from the Data Worksheets Each column of data in the data worksheets is headed with a data title and it is important when copying such a data column into one of the chapter worksheets to include the data title, which then provides a reference as to which data is current. J.4 The Data Worksheets There are five data worksheets which are located in the workbook following the chapter worksheets with these abbreviated titles: r CIE r Surfaces r Illuminants r Primaries r Camera r Matrices

680 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems Each of these worksheets contain named data ranges appropriate to the title of the worksheet and which are described briefly in the following sub-sections. J.4.1 CIE Related Data The worksheet contains four data tables: r The CIE standard 2 degree Colour Matching Functions (CMFs) (SPDs) r The CIE r The CIE x,y chromaticity co-ordinates of the CMFs r The CIE u′,v′ chromaticity co-ordinates of the CMFs ‘D’ Illuminant component Spectral Power Distributions In addition a diagram has been plotted for each of the x,y and u′,v′ sets of chromaticity coordinates which are used as templates for wherever they are required in each of the chapter worksheets. J.4.2 Surfaces Spectral Reflection Characteristics This worksheet contains a number of tables relating to well established groups of colour surface samples: r CIE CRI Test Colour Samples chart r ColorChecker Chart – BBC measurements r ColorChecker Chart – National Physical Laboratory (NPL) measurements r Lucideon CERAM standard tiles r A set of simulated highly saturated primary surface colours r Pointer surface colours – derived chromaticity coordinates from Pointer chromaticity r Pointer surface colours huv and L∗ values r Pointer surface colours – intermediate calculation tables r Pointer surface colours – calculated maximum chromaticity coordinates J.4.2.1 ColorChecker Chart Two tables of reflectance values for the ColorChecker chart are provided; one set measured by the NPL and the other by the BBC. Since including these tables in the worksheet, the EBU has standardised the Television Lighting Consistency Index, which in turn uses the BBC measured values to obtain the index values. Thus unless there are reasons to do otherwise the BBC values should be used where there is an option to do so. The chapter worksheets which use the ColorChecker reflectance values refer to the values located in the Surfaces Reflectance Data worksheet at the cell range R5:AP87, thus check that the BBC values at cell range CU5:DS87 have been copied into cell range R5:AP87 before proceeding. J.4.2.2 Pointer Surface Chromaticities The chromaticity coordinates of the Pointer surface colours are not available as values in Pointer’s paper, however, as they are an important set of reference data which are used

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 681 frequently against which to compare other data, two approaches have been used in this worksheet to derive the chromaticity coordinates: r By measuring the coordinates directly from the chromaticity diagram appearing in Pointer’s r paper the coordinates from the huv and L∗ values which are tabled in the original By calculating paper The values obtained from these two approaches are plotted on a u′,v′ chromaticity diagram for comparison in the worksheet. Generally the values obtained from measuring those obtained from the Pointer chromaticity diagram are used in the chapter worksheets, since these, when plotted, more nearly reflect the appearance of the original Pointer diagram. J.4.3 Illuminant SPDs The Illuminant SPDs worksheet contains a wide range of illuminant SPDs, both CIE specified illuminants and practical illuminants of various types, arranged in tables of similar function- ality. The tables are as follows: r CIE SA, SC and EE illuminants r CIE Illuminants as calculated using CIE formula r CIE Illuminants as tabled in the reference literature r CIE ‘F’ range of Illuminants r CIE FL3 range of illuminants r Chapter 7 related illuminants r Illuminant data provided by Alan Roberts r Other illuminants J.4.4 Primaries – Chromaticity Coordinates The Primaries worksheet contains the chromaticity coordinates of most of the primaries and their corresponding system illuminant used in colour measurement and colour reproduction. In all 29 primary sets are listed, 3 are associated with colour measurement and 26 are associated with colour reproduction. Each primary table contains the chromaticity coordinates in both the x,y,z and u′,v′ coordi- nate diagrams and its worksheet location named to make it easier to quickly determine which table is being referred to in any macro which accesses the table. J.4.5 EBU Standard Camera Spectral Responsivities Since the EBU standard camera spectral sensitivities data sets are required in a number of worksheets they are provided within their own data worksheet. J.4.6 Correction Matrices For convenience the matrices required to correct for camera spectral sensitivities based upon the primary positive lobes only of the ideal CMFs of the system primaries are given in this worksheet.

682 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems J.5 The Chapter Worksheets The chapter worksheets vary considerably in complexity and features which leads to different approaches to describing the use of each worksheet. Where the calculations and resulting diagrams are self-evident no description is provided; where only a paragraph of description is required, it is provided in a text box under the heading of the worksheet in the top left hand corner of the sheet and where a fuller description is required it is included in this section under the following paragraph headings where each heading includes the number of the worksheet title. Often the more complex worksheets contain macros, controlled by buttons, which when activated replace the data on which the calculations are based with data representing a different set of conditions; a common example being the chromaticity coordinates of the display pri- maries. As the associated diagrams are based upon these calculations, this feature is a powerful tool in indicating dynamically the effect of a change in the basic data on the characteristics of the reproduction system. The resulting diagrams are labelled ‘Dynamic’, whilst when a data copy of the resulting calculation or a ‘Picture’ copy of a dynamic diagram is taken to provide the basis of a figure in the book, they are often referred to as ‘Static’ to indicated that changing the base data will not change either the set of data or the diagrams. The general layout of the worksheets places the macro buttons near the top left of the sheet and the resulting calculations to their right, whilst the dynamic diagrams appear below the buttons. Any static diagrams appear below the dynamic diagrams. The spectral data resulting from the application of the calculations appears in the third column to the right of the calculations. Thus generally the user can access the worksheet, operate the macro buttons and see the resulting effect on the dynamic diagrams without changing worksheet view. J.5.1 Worksheet 1, Colour Perception – Responses of the Eye This is a static worksheet. The cone responses of the eye are plotted from both the Thomson – Wright data and from the best fit to this data derived from the CIE x̄(������), ȳ(������), z̄(������) CMFs, which are themselves generated from different data representing the responses of the cones. These two sets of data are used to derive the figures for Chapter 1 which illustrate the cone spectral sensitivities. J.5.2 Worksheet 7(a), CIE Colour Rendering Index In Section 7.2 of the Book the method of establishing the CRI is described as follows: The general approach to formulating a method of measuring the ability of a light source to become a satisfactory source for illuminating a scene for colour reproduction is to test the source against a reference source of known even spectral distribution when both in turn illuminate a range of specified test colours. The reference illuminants used are theoretical spectral distributions based upon either tungsten or daylight sources at a colour temperature matched to the correlated colour temperature (CCT) of the test source. The methodology adopted is based upon using the spectral distributions of the reference illuminant and test sources, the spectral reflectivity of the test colours and colour response

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 683 curves of the cones or the camera to calculate the overall response to the stimuli in terms of the values of the red, green and blue signals generated for both the reference illuminant and the test source. In the case of a camera the signal levels are converted first into XYZ values and subsequently into one of the CIEmetrics for measuring colour difference in order that an index based upon the range of colour samples can be generated to reflect the suitability of the test source as an illuminant for colour evaluation or reproduction. Establishing the SPD of the Reference Illuminant Worksheet 7(a) is split into two sections vertically, on the left are the calculations associated with establishing the CCT of the test illuminant and for deriving the SPD of the reference illuminant. On the right are the calculations associated with chromatic adaptation and on the right of this section are the charts illustrating the colour of the test samples together with their spectral reflectances. This worksheet uses several formula some of which appear in the text of the book and others which have been established by workers in the field and also yet others specified by the CIE. These formulae are outlined in text boxes located adjacent to the area of the worksheet where they are used. It is necessary to first establish the CCT of the test illuminant since this figure is used to calculate the SPD of the reference illuminants, see cell range B6:G88. The x,y chromaticities of the test illuminant are first derived from its SPD using the CIE XYZ curves and then the McCamy formula is used to ascertain the CCT from the x,y chromaticities. The reference illuminant SPD is a Planckian radiator for the test illuminant with a CCT below 5000K and a CIE defined daylight radiator for other temperatures. Thus it is necessary to have calculations which support the derivation of the SPD for either of these two situations and then select the required SPD for the chromatic adaptation calculations. The SPD of the Planckian radiator is calculated in column ‘J’ and that of the daylight D illumination in column ‘K’ using the formula listed in the text boxes to the right of these columns. The required reference illuminant SPD figures are normalised in column ‘L’ to enable a chart to be drawn which compares the spectral distributions of the test and reference SPDs. As a check on the method, the CCT of the reference SPD is calculated at cell ‘O21’ in order that it can be compared with the test illuminant CCT. To use the worksheet, the SPD of the test illuminant together with its column heading illu- minant name should be copied into the worksheet commencing at location C7. This column is given a green background to ease the copying process when rapid changes are required. Sam- ple test illuminant SPDs are available for copying/paste values into the ‘CEI CRI’ worksheet’ from the ‘Illuminants’ worksheet. At the top of the LHS of the worksheet the CCT and CRI figures derived from the calculations are shown so that the worksheet can be used for sequentially calculating these figures in a rapid manner. Establishing the CRI of the Test Illuminant On the right of the vertical grey separating divide, the chromatic adaptation figures derived from the SPDs of the two illuminants are illustrated and the formulae for deriving the correction figures are outlined in the text box beneath the figures.

684 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems The x,y and u,vchromaticities of the CIE Test Colour Samples(TCS) are calculated for both illuminants in the cell ranges V7:AJ20 and V24:AJ33 respectively, the adaptation corrections are applied to those obtained from the test illuminant at cell range V37:AJ44 using the formula in the text box below and the colour differences are calculated for each colour sample in V47:AJ47. From these colour difference figures the Ri for each sample is calculated at V49:AJ49 and the average taken to provide the figure for Ra V50. Below the calculations two charts are located where the chromaticity changes are plotted from the figures derived at V54:AJ58. The LH chart illustrates the 8 standard CIE colour samples and the RH chart shows the extended range of 14 colour samples. J.5.3 Worksheet 7(b), MCC Colour Rendering Index Worksheet 7(b) is an amended version of Worksheet 7(a) and thus laid out in an identical manner, the main difference being that the colour samples are taken from the ColorChecker (CC) chart and the colour adaptation correction uses the CAT02 transform. The explanatory formula text boxes have not been included on this worksheet. In other respects the LHS of the worksheet is identical to the CIE CRI worksheet. The CIE adaptation calculations are repeated but for the CC samples rather than for the CIE samples. In addition the CAT02 calculations are performed and colour difference values based upon the a∗,b∗ colour space are calculated. Charts are illustrated of the adaptation transforms and the values of the colour differences. J.5.4 Worksheet 9, Deriving Idealised Camera Spectral sensitivities Worksheet 9 has all the fundamental mathematics built in to enable the colour gamut and the spectral sensitivities of a camera to be calculated for any set of primaries in terms of their x,y chromaticity values and the system white point. As such its core elements are used as a template in many other worksheets. The x,y primary chromaticity coordinates are located at cell range N6:P11and from these the u′,v′ coordinates are calculated and used to provide the data for displaying the chromaticity gamut on the dynamic chromaticity chart. In addition the matrix formula derived in Appendix 6 of the book is used to derive the relationship between the x̄(������), ȳ(������), z̄(������) CMFs and the r,g,b CMFs in the cell range N15:R53. The relationship derived in Matrix 3 is used to derive the idealised camera spectral sensitivity data at cell range W7:Z87 from which the camera spectral sensitivities characteristics are illustrated in the dynamic chart. The three primaries relevant to Chapter 9 are made available to the calculations by the selection of ‘buttons’ at the top left of the sheet, these are ‘ITU BT.709 (Rec 709)’, ‘Widest’ and ‘Ideal’. Click on one of the buttons to copy the appropriate primaries set chromaticity coordinates from the Primaries worksheet into the calculation section of the worksheet. The resulting chromaticity gamut and idealised camera spectral sensitivity characteristics are immediately displayed in the dynamic charts below the macro selection buttons. J.5.5 Worksheet 12(a), Colour Gamut Transformation – Matrix Derivation The purpose of this worksheet is to derive a single matrix for converting the values of RGB from a camera with a defined set of spectral sensitivity characteristics associated with one set of system primaries and white point to those values which would have been obtained if the

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 685 scene had been shot with a further camera with characteristics associated with a different set of primaries and system white point. In addition it independently calculates the values of RGB obtained from these two cameras from first principles using the cameras spectral sensitivities, the scene illumination SPDs and a selected sample colour and compares these values with those obtained from the matrix calculations in order to check the veracity of the matrix coefficients. The matrix arithmetic for deriving the camera spectral sensitivities for the two cameras with different primaries is identical to that derived for a single camera in Worksheet 11, albeit displayed in an abbreviated form. The source primaries data for the camera spectral sensitivities matrix derivations are the two coloured cell ranges at the top of the worksheet. Different primaries data may be copied to these cell ranges from the ‘Primaries’ worksheet using the named primaries buttons on the left of the worksheet. The resulting matrices, which form the basis of the calculations for the conversion matrix, are located at Matrix 1 and Matrix 6 respectively in the ‘Conversion Matrix Development’ section of the worksheet located at A53. The gamuts of the two sets of primaries are illustrated to the right of the primaries data blocks and the ideal camera spectral sensitivities are illustrated to the right of the chromaticity diagram. The basis of the approach to deriving the conversion matrix is to first work back from the RGB values from Camera 1 and its scene illumination, to ascertain the XYZ values of the surface colours in the scene and then apply the characteristics of Camera 2 and its scene illumination to these surface colours to obtain the RGB values from Camera 2. The detailed description of this approach is described in Appendix 7 of the book and the associated diagram is illustrated in Figure A.7.1 which is repeated below for convenience.

686 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems The matrix numbers in the worksheet correspond to the matrix numbers in the lower left corner of each of the matrices illustrated in the diagram. For convenience, the conversion matrix from the calculations is copied onto the opening area against a grey background in order that as different primaries and white points are selected the resulting conversion matrix is immediately seen without the need to change the view. Checking the Matrices Function Correctly The remainder of the worksheet is given over to checking that the conversion matrix provides the same values as would have been obtained directly from Camera 2. Three relatively critical colour samples are made available for the comparison checks, dark blue, orange and equal reflectance white; either of which may be selected by the appropriate button at row 104. This macro copies the appropriate reflectance characteristic of the sample from the Surfaces worksheet to AM7:AM87. The primary sets selection macros also copy the appropriate illuminant SPD from the Illuminants worksheet to the cell ranges AJ7:AK87. In the ‘Calculation of the RGB Values’ area between rows130 and 160 the ‘integration’ calculations are undertaken for a number of conditions by multiplying together the camera spectral sensitivity characteristic, the illumination SPD and the spectral reflectance of the sample colour at each wavelength through the spectrum. These values are then summed to give the RGB values before white balancing. For each camera three calculations are undertaken each with the camera spectral sensitivity characteristic: firstly with the sample colour, then with the illuminant – which should give the same value for each of the RGB levels and finally with both the illuminant and the sample colour. The ‘Comparison of Partial Results’area between rows 162 and 203 is where the calculations of RGB values above are compared directly with those projected by the various appropriate matrices. The matrix number allocated in the matrix development area is given for reference as to which matrix is being used for the calculation. In the Full Results area between rows 205 and 217, the calculations and comparisons associated with the conversion matrix 23 are highlighted with a grey background and here the match of values is accurate when the same illuminant is used for both cameras and within 1% when illuminants ‘C’ and D65 are the standard illuminants. The values given for the two cameras are referenced to equal reflectances white being equal to 1.00, as selecting ER White as the sample colour will illustrate. J.5.6 Worksheet 18, The Television Lighting Consistency Index Worksheet 18 is split into five sections by grey vertical bars; on the left are the summarised results of the sheet calculations, i.e. the Correlated Colour Temperature (CCT), the ΔE and the Qa values. In the second section are the calculations associated with establishing the CCT of the test illuminant and for deriving the SPD of the reference illuminant, these calculations follow the identical pattern for the same task in Worksheets 7(a) and 7(b); in the third section is the derivation of the camera spectral sensitivities associated with the TLCI standard model; in the fourth section are the calculations associated with the remainder of the TLCI standard model, the CIEDE2000 and TLCI calculations are located beneath this section and in the fifth section are the charts illustrating the results of the calculations.

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 687 To use the worksheet the SPD of the test illuminant together with its column heading illuminant name should be either entered or copied into the worksheet at location E7 using ‘paste values’. This column is given a green marker to ease the copying process when rapid changes are required. Sample test illuminant SPDs are available for copying into the ‘CEI CRI’ worksheet’ from the ‘Illuminants’ worksheet. This worksheet uses several formula some of which appear in the text of the book and others which have been established by workers in the field and also yet others specified by the CIE. These formulae are outlined in text boxes located adjacent to the area of the worksheet where they are used. In the second section headed ‘Illuminants’ it is necessary to establish a reference illuminant with a matching CCT to the CCT of the test illuminant. Thus it is necessary to first establish the CCT of the test illuminant since this figure is used to calculate the SPD of the reference illuminant. The u,v chromaticities of the test illuminant are first derived from its SPD using the CIE XYZ curves, then the McCamy formula is used to ascertain the CCT. (The EBU TLCI uses a different method for calculating the CCT which leads to minor differences in result on some illuminants.) In order to provide a continuous relatively smooth spectrum, the reference illuminant SPD is a Planckian radiator when the test illuminant CCT is below 5000K, as described in Section 6.1 of the book, and a CIE defined daylight radiator, as described in Section 7.3, for other temperatures. Thus it is necessary to have calculations which support the derivation of the SPD for either of these two situations and then select the required SPD for calculating the camera RGB values for the reference illuminant. The selected SPD figures for both the test and reference illuminants are normalised to enable a chart to be drawn which compares their spectral distributions. In the third section the TLCI standard camera spectral sensitivities are generated from the data in Appendix 5 of EBU Tech3355 and the data is matrixed using the matrix defined in the same appendix. Also in this section the functions required for calculating the RGB and XYZ values derived from the camera are laid out and the matrix for deriving the XYZ values from the RGB values is calculated. In the top of section 4 the RGB values from the TLCI model camera are calculated by convolving the spectral values of the camera, the illuminant and the reflectivities of the ColorChecker samples for both the reference and the test illuminant. These RGB values are then subjected to the mathematical processes defined in the standard model to obtain the XYZ values of the displayed samples and from them the u′,v′ and L∗a∗b∗ values are calculated. These values for the two illuminants are used to create chromaticity charts which illustrate in section 5 the difference vectors for each of the ColorChecker chart sample colours. In the lower part of Section 4 both sets of L∗a∗b∗ values are used in the CIEDE2000 colour metric calculator to establish the ΔE∗00 values for each colour sample. Finally at the bottom of section 4 the mean ΔE value is calculated and from this value the TLCI is derived. J.5.7 Worksheet 19, Complete Television Signal Chain Colorimetric Performance The Layout of the Worksheet Worksheet 19 brings together the functionality of several of the previous worksheets in a manner which mathematically emulates the performance of a complete television signal chain,

688 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems from the scene, through the camera to the reproduced image appearing on the display. Each element of the workflow is provided with its own section in the worksheet, separated for ease of identification from each other, by a vertical grey bar. The scene is comprised of the first 18 colour samples of the ColorChecker chart illuminated by the selected scene illuminant. The final section of the worksheet contains the calculations which provide the levels of colour differences between the XYZ values of the chart samples illuminated by the system white and the same samples generated by the display. The colour differences in chromaticity terms are displayed on the u′v′ chromaticity chart and in terms of the three dimensions of colour are expressed as ΔE∗00 values. The elements of the worksheet, in the order in which they appear horizontally across the worksheet are as follows: r Scene Illuminant Selection of system primaries r Derivation of Ideal Camera Spectral Sensitivities based upon selection r Selection of Ideal or positive only lobes, camera spectral sensitivities r Selection of Camera Correcting Matrix r Selection of OETF or Gamma Correction Characteristic r Selection of Display Gamma r Selection of Display Primaries Chromaticities r Colour difference calculations Each section contains a number of control buttons which enable one of a number of sets of parameter values to be selected, which sets the characteristics of the section element. The resulting calculation from each element is made to be the input to the following element in the signal chain such that the final element in the chain, that is the display, takes the display input RGB values and calculates the XYZ values of the light generated by the display. However sometimes the sequential calculations take place within the section and sometimes the section merely produces the selected characteristics which are then used in the calculation block in the end section of the worksheet. The Illuminant, Gamma Corrector and Display Characteristics fall into this latter category. The calculations in the final section of the worksheet take the XYZ values from the display and those it calculates directly from the selected system white illuminating the ColorChecker chart and derives u′,v′ and L∗a∗b∗ values for each colour sample. These values are used both in the chromaticity chart to illustrate the change in chromaticity and in generating the colour difference ΔE∗00 values respectively. Copies of the chromaticity chart and the ΔE∗00 value are pasted into each section in order that the effect of the selection on the performance of the system can be immediately seen without having to locate to a different area of the worksheet. These charts obscure the calculations associated with that section, which may be revealed by using the mouse to temporarily relocate the chart. The Mathematical Functioning of the Worksheet Sections As distributed, the parameter values for each section are set to neutral, i.e. the button selections provide all elements of the signal chain with the ideal and matched characteristics for a Rec 709 specification signal chain, with the gamma set to linear in both the camera and the display device, which will result in the chromaticity charts illustrating dots rather than vectors and all

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 689 ΔE∗00 values will be close to zero, with the exception of the cyan sample which is outside of the Rec 709 chromaticity gamut. Reference Illuminant Selection Before changing the individual element parameters in the signal chain it is important to first select the system white chromaticity. This is the illuminant used to calculate the reference values of the ColorChecker chart against which the reproduced values from the system are compared. The current system white is noted in the extension to the worksheet title at the top left of the worksheet. Should a different system white be required it is necessary to locate to cell DR where there are three control buttons which enable the system white illuminant to be selected from the three CIE illuminants, D50, D65 and C. Scene Illuminant Selection The reference spectral power distribution (SPD) of the system white selection is illustrated as a brown line on the ‘Illuminants’ chart. The scene illumination may be selected either by clicking on one of the illuminant buttons or copying an illuminant column of values from the ‘Illumi- nants’ worksheet and pasting it, together with its heading cell into cell B6, whereupon its SPD will be illustrated by the blue line on the chart. These SPD values will be used in a convolved calculation with the spectral reflectances of the ColorChecker chart samples and the camera spectral sensitivities to obtain the RGB values from the camera in the calculation section. Deriving the Ideal Camera Spectral sensitivities This section enables the selection of the notional ‘system primaries’ from a number of system primaries sets previously defined by clicking on the appropriate primaries button, alternatively the chromaticity of other primary sets maybe copied from the ‘Primaries’ worksheet and pasted into cell range J14:K19, or the x,y, chromaticity values of a new set of primaries and white point may be entered directly into the cells located at J14:K19. The appropriate matrix for deriving the camera spectral sensitivities is calculated from the primaries chromaticities and the XYZ colour matching functions are used with the matrix to calculate the spectral sensitivities, which are located adjacent and also copied into the spectral sensitivities location in the next section. The resulting colour gamut and camera analyses characteristics will be portrayed on the adjacent charts. This section also calculates the positive lobes only characteristics of the selected spectral sensitivities. Selecting the Camera Spectral sensitivities Three different cameraspectral sensitivities are available for selection: the ideal characteristics derived in the previous section, the positive lobes only of the ideal characteristics or the Television Lighting Consistency Index (TLCI) characteristics derived in EBU 3353, which are contained in the Camera worksheet. Clicking on the desired button will paste the appropriate characteristics into the adjacent cell range which forms the input to the matrix located in the next section. Select Camera Correction Matrix The ‘active’ matrix located at the top of this section operates on the selected camera spectral sensitivities of the previous selection and produces a corrected set of camera spectral sensitivity values in the adjacent range of cells.

690 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems There are four different matrices laid out beneath the charts in this section and clicking on one of the matrix selection buttons will copy the appropriate matrix to the ‘active’ matrix position. The ‘No Matrix’ is actually a matrix with unity values in the appropriate matrix positions which ensures that when this option is selected as the active matrix no adjustment of the analyses characteristics takes place. Other options include a correction matrix proposed by the BBC in early work to match the characteristics of the plumbicon image sensors in use at that time, the matrix proposed for use with the TLCI characteristics by the EBU and also an adjustable matrix. The adjustable matrix is located in the green cells just below the chromaticity chart in the cell range AY56:BA58, and immediately below this range is a further matrix of values which may be copied into the adjustable cell range as a good starting point for the adjustments. Also located here is a further chart which illustrates the ideal and the adjusted camera spectral sensitivities to enable a best match to be compared. If the ‘Adjustable’ button is selected then one may make adjustments to the green cell values and see dynamically the effect on the spectral sensitivities, the difference values on the chromaticity chart and the ΔE∗00 values. Select Gamma Correction To select the required gamma law click on the name of the law and the law constants will be generated in the adjacent cells and illustrated on the adjacent chart. If a law not listed is required, insert the appropriate values for the inverse of the display gamma and the gain of the linear section of the combined curve in the green cells and the worksheet will calculate the remaining constants and display them below the green cells. DO NOT INSERT VALUES BELOW THE GREEN CELLS; SUCH ACTION WILL DELETE THE COMPLEX CALCULATIONS CONTAINED THERE. The constants in cells BW13:BW17, defined by the selected gamma law, are used in the calculation block in the last section for both the camera gamma correction at cells CT44:DQ46 and the display regenerated gamma correction, following the linear correction matrix, at cells CT58:DQ60. Display Characteristics The display may or may not have the same characteristics as the ‘system’ characteristics defined in earlier elements of the signal flow. The display gamma may be set directly by entering the required exponent in cell CE2; entering ‘1’ into this cell will produce a linear characteristic. This characteristic law is used in the calculation block of the next section at cells CT62:DQ64. In addition this section calculates the primaries correction matrix, in the event that different primaries are used in the display from the system primaries selected earlier, and also the matrix for calculating the XYZ values of the light produced from the RGB values fed to the display, which in turn are dependent upon the display primaries chromaticity values. The display primaries may be selected by clicking on the required primaries button which copies and pastes the appropriate primaries from the ‘Primaries’ worksheet to the highlighted cells where they are used together with the primary chromaticities of the system primaries to calculate the correction matrix. These calculations take place lower down in the worksheet at cells BQ126:CM165. Note that if the display primaries match the system primaries the appropriate values in the correcting matrix go to unity.

Appendix J: Guide to the ‘Colour Reproduction Workbook’ 691 Colour Calculations At the top of the Colour Calculations section are the calculations for deriving the reference XYZ values for each of the colour samples of the ColorChecker chart by convolving the SPDs of the sample with the system white SPDs contained at cell range DU7:DU87 with the XYZ colour matching functions contained in the CIE worksheet. From the XYZ values the other values required are calculated. In the lower part of this section, starting at cell CT27, are the calculations associated with the elements comprising the complete signal path, commencing with the RGB values following the camera spectral sensitivities correction matrix, obtained by convolving the selected and corrected camera spectral sensitivities with the scene lighting SPD, and the ColorChecker chart samples spectral reflectance distributions. The characteristics selected for the remainder of the signal path elements are then applied in turn to the RGB signal values, culminating in the values of RGB which drives the display. The matrix derived in the previous section is then used to calculate the XYZ values of the light of the display and from these values the other colour values are calculated for each sample. The colour differences between the direct ColorChecker chart values and the values derived from the display are then tabled for use in the chromaticity chart and for the ΔE∗00 calculator, which is a self-contained calculator downloaded from the website of Sharma et al., already cited in Chapter 18.



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Index Academy Color Encoding System, 566–7 to display luminance, 237 2014 augmented documentation, 605 to illumination characteristics, 42, 97, 2014 augmented specifications, 609–15 2014 current post configurations, 616–23 193, 200 a representative 2015 workflow, to surrounding areas, 193 616–23 Adobe Bridge, 523 a colour managed workflow, 620 Adobe Lightroom, 523 a custom and practice workflow, Adobe Photoshop, 447, 449 620–3 Camera RAW, 201, 408, 447, 449–50 2015 a representative ACES 2014 colour management settings, 510–21. configured system (See Fig 34.15), 624 See also Colour Management – 2015 progress in adoption of system Photoshop settings (See Section 34.1), 603 printer driver, 449 ACES colour space, 572–6 proofing, 476 ACES primaries chromaticities, 572–3 working colour space, 453 digital encoding format, 445 ADX, 567 primary specification description, 572–87 Alychne, 65, 67 reference display, 583–5 American Society of Cinematographers, Reference Input Capture Device (RICD), 565, 588 576–8 AMOLED Displays, 170 system workflow, 569–72 Angle Subtended by the Display at the Eye, 172 Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Appraising the Rendered Image Sciences, 565 in photography, 409 colour proofing, 476 Accomodation comparison of prints and time to accomodate, 42 transparencies, 470–1 Acronyms, 560 monitor display, 409 Acuity of the Eye, 171 summary of rationalised viewing Adaptation conditions (See Section 26.7), chromatic, 97, 98 479 range, 11 viewing conditions ISO 3664, 476 Colour Reproduction in Electronic Imaging Systems: Photography, Television, Cinematography, First Edition. Michael S Tooms. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion Website: www.wiley.com/go/toomscolour

698 Index Appraising the Rendered Image (Continued) Adobe RGB primaries idealised, 407 in television, 391 characteristics, 176 ITU Rec 500, 395 characteristics for a set of ideal display standard displays, 396 viewing distance, 477 primaries, 180 in various environmental lighting, corresponding to colour matching 186 functions, 175, 177 Artefacts derivation of, 352, 683 masking, 252 EBU TLCI “Standard”, 339 idealised, 176 Aspect Ratio, 171 idealised NTSC, EBU & SMPTE RP145 Barten, P.G.J., 234 characteristics, 312, 314 Bayer Mosaic, 406, 462 in terms of x(������),y(������),z(������), 181 BBC, 304 native, 206 negative lobes, 210, 216 colour test transmissions, 308 postitive lobes, 216 Black sRGB primaries idealised, 278 Candela black level, 229, 252, 264, 265, 268, 303, definition, 636 318, 320, 347, 366, 370, 397 display screen, 169 relationship to lux, 12 digital signal black, 265 Cathode Ray Tube, 115, 225 image black, 264 CCIR, 304 Chroma. See Colour Terminology level, 265 Chromatic Adaptation. See Adaptation perceived black level, 264, 265 Chromaticity, 16, 17. See Colour perceptual black, 264, 265, 269 Terminology determining the level, 265 Chromaticity Coordinates photographic black, 366 Black Point Compensation, 521 always positive, 62 Bradford Transform, 103, 645 CIE 1931 Standard Observer Primaries, Brightness. See Colour Terminology 62 Camera, 162–5 CIE ‘D’ illuminants, 99 Camera Lenses, 165 Wright Primaries, 48 Camera Signals Chromaticity Diagrams, 53–55 characteristics, 55–57 before and after matrixing to a smaller CIE gamut, 204 1931 Standard Observer, 62 clipping, 205 1931 x,y Chromaticity diagram, 64 effect of inability to produce negative 1960 Uniform Chromaticity Diagram, signals, 209, 211 73 gamma corrected, 277 1976 Uniform Chromaticity Scale negative signals, 205, 209 Camera Spectral Sensitivities, 163 Diagram, 75, 76 a colorimetrical ideal set, 216 comparison of x,y and u′ v′ diagrams, CIE XYZ primaries, 216–7 76 derived from the u′,v′ diagram, 217–9 u′ v′ JNDs, 75 x,y JNDs, 75 general considerations, 221–2 x,y to u′ v′ relationship, 73 ideal set 1, 222 deriving chromaticity diagrams, 53–55 ideal set 2, 221 ACES RICD, 576–8

Index 699 plotting colours, 57–59 Chromaticity Gamut Transforms, 661 Wright Chromaticity Diagram, 63 deriving a matrix of transformation, 206, Chromaticity Gamut 661–65 camera gamut, 205 moving successively between gamuts, chromaticity errors of unmatched gamuts, 213 source gamut larger than display gamut, 208 209 chromaticity errors transforming to a source gamut smaller than display gamut, 206 smaller gamut, 208 specific matrix transforms cinematographic ACES AP0 to ACES AP1, 627 ACES AP0 to DCDM, 628 ACES AP0, 611 ACES AP0 to Rec 2020, 628 ACES AP1, 627 ACES AP0 to SMPTE RP 431, 628 comparison of ACES AP1 and Rec ACES AP1 to ACES AP0, 627 ACES AP1 to Rec 2020, 627 2020, 628 ACES SP0 to Rec 709, 376 DCDM, 579 any gamut to any other gamut – DCDM reference projector SMPTE Worksheet 12(a), 581 camera native to XYZ, 221 RP 431-2, 583 DCDM to Rec 2020, 601 colours inside and outside of gamut, 178, DCDM to SMPTE RP 431-2 reference projector, 589 180 EBU to SMPTE RP 145, 310 comparison of gamut of two printers, 312 ‘Ideal 1’ camera to ‘Ideal’ display, display 210 ‘Ideal 1’ camera to sRGB, 222 sRGB, Adobe RGB, Rec 2020, 628 ‘Ideal’ display to Rec 709, 371 example transform gamuts, 206 ‘Ideal’ display to sRGB, 210 ideal set of camera primaries 1, 332 SMPTE RP 145 to EBU, 310 ideal set of camera primaries 2, 332 sRGB to AdobeRGB, 454 ideal set of display primaries, 177, 180 XYZ to ‘ideal’ display, 181 of set of five printing inks, 425 of set of three representative printing CIE, 61 1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer, 62 inks, 426 CIE Photopic Spectral Luminous of system primaries, 177, 181, 207, 221 Efficiency Function, 634 out of gamut colour samples, 136 CIECAM02, 16, 94 photographic CIECAM97, 16 CIE-CAT102, 103 capture CIE-CAT97, 103 sRGB, Adobe RGB, Adobe Wide CIEXYZ values of colour matching Gamut, hypothetical RAW, functions, 490 440 colour appearance models, 16 description of, 61 computer system of colour measurement, 61–95 ProPhot RGB/ROMM RGB, colour matching functions, 61 ColorMatch RGB, 450 the transform process, 67 printer fundamentals, 416–22 representative printers, 425–30 Pointer gamut of real surface colours, 210 Rec 2020, 327, 382 Rec 709, 384 SMPTE 431-2, 599 transform, 661

700 Index Cinematographic System, 566–568 in photography archiving, 564 an exercise in matching scene, display introduction of digital to post, 565 and print, 496 post, 560, 563, 564, 588, 615–628 check list for good results (See production, 563, 564, 588, 603, 604, 606, Section 29.8), 550 615–628 critical areas of application, 404 specification requirements (See generating profiles, 551–557 Section 31.3), 566 ICC profile system, 410 specifications (See Section 31.4), 566 in equipment and scene capture, traditional roots (See Figure 31.1), 495–595 563 in the desktop workflow, 507–550 in the infrastructure, 483 ColorChecker Chart. See Macbeth operating system settings, 407 ColorChecker Chart Windows photo viewer, 523 overview, 405 Colorimeter, 47 Photoshop settings, 510–521 Colorimetry, 46–55 appraising match of the display and print, 548 in reproduction, 132 appraising match of the scene and Colour display, 543 appraising match of the scene and brown, 34 the print, 549 equal energy white, 76 black point compensation, 521 grey, 35 Color Settings Panel, 511 neutral, 20 for a hard proof print, 540 stimuli, 20 image adjustments, 508 white, 34. See also White managing profiles, 508 Colour Blindness, 5 opening files in Photoshop, 526 Colour Components. See Colour Signals or previewing files, 522 print parameters, 543 Colour Components RAW files, 524 Colour Decision List, 560, 588 rendering intent, 521 Colour Difference viewing the soft proof, 539 print media, 490 caused by contrast law changes (See reasons for poor results, 503 Table 13.1), 260 requirement for a new profile, 551 requirements of an infrastructure CIEDE2000 strategy, 485 Colour Difference Equation, 94 viewing station, 501 TLCI, 299 in television, 299 colour errors of unmatched chromaticity accommodating scene illumination, gamuts, 209 299 environment for picture appraisal and colour errors transforming to a smaller adjustment, 396 gamut, 213 gamma, 318 picture matching measuring, 94 control room environment, 390 of illuminants, 134 critical viewing distance, 393 system errors, 338, 349 Colour Gamut. See Colour Spaces Colour Management in cinematography colour managed workflow, 620 in production and post (See Section 32.10), 587 matching reference and cinema displays, 579

Index 701 display – luminance of surrounding exceptional signals, 375 area, 390 UHDTV, 360 flat panel displays, 397 HDTV, 360 monitors, 391, 392, 393 luma signal, 277 viewing distance, 393 luminance signal, 276 the importance of equipment line-up, Review of component formats, 457 signal level excursions outside of Rec 709 396 variables managed, 404 limits (See Section 20.3.2), 373 picture matching signal levels of optimal colours, 374 field of view, 394 UHDTV, 360 grey scales, 405 YCbCr format, 458 Colour Matching Equations, 68 Colour Solid. See Colour Space Colour Matching Functions Colour Space x̄(������), ȳ(������), z̄(������), 68, 181, 644 CIE 1976 L∗u∗v∗, 79–80, 135 derivation of, 312–314 match to camera spectral sensitivities, 312 limitations (See Section 4.9), 91 measuring colour reconciling location of Munsell and CIE x̄(������), ȳ(������), z̄(������) CMFs, 68 Wright r̄(������), ḡ(������), b̄(������) CMFs, 69 optimal colours, 90 relationship to camera spectral shape, 84–88 CIE L∗a∗b∗, 461, 489 sensitivities, 132 CIE U∗V∗W∗, 135 Standard Colorimetric Observer, 62 CIE XYZ, 72, 363 Colour Naming, 1 three dimensions, 34 differentiation, 214 Colour Spaces incorrect, 4 extending, 320 problems with, 3 in cinematography spectrum colours, 6 ACES, 570 Colour Reproduction ACEScc, 605 appraising the reproduced image, 131 ACESproxy, 567 camera technology, 131–132 DCDM, 579–584 colorimetry in colour reproduction, 175 Output Colour Encoding Space, concepts, 131 current limitations in television, 359 580 display devices technology, 366–369 SMPTE RP 431-2, 583 ideal colorimetric system, 377 in displays, 366 potential for improvement in television, in photography, 407 Adobe RGB (1998), 444 386 Adobe Wide Gamut, 446 signal flow, 299 CIE LAB – PCSLAB, 489 system specification, 289 CIE XYZ – PCSXYZ, 489 ColorMatch RGB, 452 deriving, 289 future extended, 454 output referred system, 589 hypothetical RAW, 448 representative specification, 291 ICC working colour space, 488 scene referred system, 289 merits of L∗a∗b∗ colour space, 453 Colour Signals or Colour Components, 271, Profile Connection Space, 452, 489 449 proof PCS, 492 chrominance signals, 279 ProPhoto RGB/ROMM RGB, 450 colour difference signals, 279 sRGB, 440 ideal system, 360 working colour spaces, 453

702 Index Colour Space (Continued) Cones, 10 in television beta, gamma and rho resonses, 22 historic, NTSC, EBU, SMPTE RP145, hypothetical responses, 20 312 metermerism, 98 ITU Rec 2020, 382 responses, 15, 62 ITU Rec 709, 343 of primary colours, 19 Constant Luminance System. See Encoding Colour Signals Colour Temperature, 111 matching daylight and tungsten Contrast Law illumination, 129 colour changes, 226 Sun, 144 definition, 227 matching to the viewing environment, 257 Colour Terminology, 37 system, 225 chroma, 37 Munsell, 38 Contrast Range purity, 37 ACES contrast range, 572 value contrast ranges, 229 Munsell, 39 display, 168, 230, 231 displayed and perceived, 187 Colour Transfoms. See also Matrixing extent overall, 37 Colour Signals eye, 186, 225 spatial dynamic, 263 Colour Transforms spatial static, 232 colorimetric graph of characteristic, 239 Bradford transform, 103 high dynamic range (HDR), 368 chromatic adaptation transforms, 97 ideal system, 371 CIE CAT97, 103 in the cinema, 592 CIE XYZ to CIE Uniform perceived, 237 Chromaticity, 72 currently in use, 370 CIE XYZ to L∗u∗v∗, 76 scene, 229 von Kries transform, 102 sequential or inter-frame, 231, 263 reproduction simultaneous or intra-frame, 231 ACES input device transform, 578 threshold of perceptibility, 233 ACES output device transforms, 580, 585 Correlated Colour Temperature, 113, 134 colorimetric processing, 203 HMI lamps, 152 in colour management, 484–90 xenon lamps, 151 Reference Rendering Transform, 583 RGB to u′, v′, 200 CRI, 134 system white, 193 Davies, E.R., 414 Colours Daylight. See Illuminants categorising, 38 Demosaicing, 457, 462 negative, 64 Dichroic Filter, 195, 334 neutral, 20 Digital Cinema Distribution Master, 586 number of perceivable colours, 88 Digital Cinema Initiatives, 589 out of gamut, 200 realisable, 64 absolute or relative colorimetric standard, 16 encoding, 597 test colours, 134 CIE CRI, 135 DCDM interfaces, 599 CIE CRI extended range, 142 Digital Cinema Package, 601, 604 Digital Cinema System Specification, 567, 589–601

Index 703 encoding equations, 596 standardisation, 227 encoding format requirements, 590 use in historic analogue systems, 318 image structure and operational levels, 590 EMI, 307 Digital Coding, 253 Encoding Colour Signals, 272 DCDM, 599 colour difference signals, 278 perceptibility of quantisation level, 254, chrominance signals, 279 255 exploiting chrominance acuity, 282 Digital Contouring, 253, 574 data rates, 283 Digital Motion Picture Camera, 564 vector diagram (See Figure 14.5), Digital Negative Format DNG. See File 280 Formats luminance, 275 Digital Source Master, 569, 589 constant luminance system, 280, 368, Discreet Cosine Transform (DCT), 457 373 Display Devices, 165–71 camera, 283 display, 284 ACES reference display, 580 Eureka system, 371 Cathode Ray Tube, 225 ideal configuration, 360 DLP displays, 169 UHDTV, 383, 387 laser display, 170 deriving the luminance signal, 276, LED displays, 169, 170 362 light generation, 165 luminance and luma signals, 277 liquid crystal display, 166 non-constant luminance system, 285 plasma displays, 170 camera, 286 DLP Displays, 169 display, 286 Dominant Wavelength. See Colour distortions, 288 Terminology multiplexing, 271 NTSC, 271 EBU, 304, 308 requirements, 272 Recommendation R137 – Television Lighting Consistency Index 2012, compatibility with monochrome 332 signals, 272 Tech 3353 – Development of a “Standard” Television Camera Model, 332, 334 data reduction, 273 Tech 3354 – Comparison of CIE Colour retaining colour balance, 272 Metrics for TLCI-2012, 337 retaining colour balance, 275 Tech 3355 – Method for the Assessment EOCF, 468 of the Colorimetric Properties of Equal Energy White, 113 Luminaires, 332, 338 Eureka System. See Television Systems Eye Efficacy, 150, 151, 152, 157 acuity, 273 Electromagnetic Radiation, 106 eye brain complex, 17 Electromagnetic Spectrum, 8, 114, 631 luminous efficiency function, 9 Electro-Opto Transfer Function (EOTF), 190 Photopic Spectral Luminous Efficiency CRT, 225 Function. See Photopic definition, 227 receptors, 14 emulation in flat panel displays, 239 standard response concerns, 10, 17 linear, 251 mismatch between Rec 709 and Rec FCC, 307 Fechner Weber, 13 1886, 357 Rec 1886, 346–47 law, 233, 399

704 Index File Formats, 459 Gas Discharge Spectra, 115 DNG, 462 mercury, 115 Exchangeable Image File Format (Exif), sodium, 117 462 xenon, 118 JFIF, 465 JPEG, 465 Grading JPEG Exif, 465 in post, 563–564, 580, 628 PNG, 465 in television, 301 summary of characteristics of file post reference display, 580 formats, 465 TIFF, 460 Grassman’s Law, 32 TIFF-EP, 462 application, 45 chromaticity diagram, 54 Flare, 230 Floating Point Format Digital Coding, 576 Grey Component Replacement, 429 Fogra, 456 Grey Scale Chart, 197 Foveon, 406 appearance, 267 Gamma, 227 appraisal, 268 gamma correction, 238–251 as a means of checking all is well, 261 characteristic, 240 designing, 261 combining linear and power law digital code values, 268 characteristics, 244 equally perceptible lightness steps, CRT, 239 deriving the gamma correction 261 formula, 667–672 exercise in matching scene, display and determining location in the signal path, 252–253 print, 499 distortion of tonal range, 250 matching code values to lightness values, elimination of display gamma correction, 360 264 exceptional signals use in determining current perceived IEC 61966, 380 Rec 1361, 377 contrast range, 268 gain, 241 Guild, J., 46, 61 gamma corrector, 228 isolate from perceptible uniform working primaries, 62 coding, 360 limiting the gain, 242 HDTV. See Television Systems performance with CRT, 246 Hertz, Heinrich, 9 requirement for, 238 Hue source noise visibility, 252 specifying parameters, 245 100 hues, 40 system gamma, 257, 347, 361 characterisation, 4 values, 227 chromaticity diagram, 52 complementary, 38 Gamut Mapping, 213 cyan, 4, 6 choice of strategies, 215 Indigo, 7 mapped chromaticity errors, 213 Munsell, 39, 40 response of eye to spectral hues, 33 terminology, 37 unitary, 3 white, 5 Human Visual Modulation Threshold, 233, 234, 368, 574, 592 Hunt, R.W.G., 16, 75, 94, 102, 104, 145, 154, 257

Index 705 ICC Image Resolution, 171 formation, 410, 487 compression technology, 275 ICC V4, 523 ‘K’ systems, 273 ICC.1-2010-12, 487 pixel and digital data per image, 273 Profile Connection Space, 488 relationship to geometry and structure, profile system of colour management, 488 273, 274 the system in practice, 491–493 system specifications, 290, 310, 343, 371, 566 IEC, 300 IEC 61966-2-1, 206 Infrared, 8, 108, 109, 114, 119, 123, 144, 149 IEC 61966-2-4, 375, 380 Intensity. See Colour Terminology IEC61966, 380 Intents. See Rendering Intents Ionised, 170 Illuminance, 471 ISO, 300 Illuminants, 133 ISO 12234, 462 CCT and chromaticity coordinates of ISO 12608, 394, 395 defined reproduction illuminants, ISO 12640-3, 491 200 ISO 12646, 469, 474, 476, 480, 495 ISO 13655-2009, 489 CIE ‘D’ illuminants, 146 ISO 15076-1 2005, 487 CIE Illuminant SA, 148 ISO 3664-2009, 468, 469 ColorChecker chart under different ISO/IEC 10918.5, 465 ISO/IEC 15948-2004, 465 illuminants, 202 Speed Rating, 407 colour errors using incorrect system ITU, 227, 460 Recommendation ITU-R BT.1361, 375 illuminant, 201 Recommendation ITU-R BT.1886, 347 D60, 573 Recommendation ITU-R BT.2020, 382, daylight, 143 Sun, 144 384 Illumination Recommendation ITU-R BT.2250, 381 CIE daylight specifications, 147–148 Recommendation ITU-R BT.500-13, colour rendering, 134 colour rendering indices, 134 394 Recommendation ITU-R BT.601, 305, CIE colour rendering index, 135–140 CIE CRI limitations, 139–140 325, 465 EBU TLCI, 143, 339. See also Recommendation ITU-R BT.709, 329, Lighting 336 MCC index, 140–143 Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-5, 206 Effect on perception of colour, 42 Recommendation ITU-R BT.814, 398 efficiency, 143, 154 Report ITU-R BT. 2246, 383 environmental, 230 historic studio lighting (See Section Japan Electronics and Information Technology Association (JEITA), 17.2.5), 318 462 ideal, 42 overview, 133 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), range of outdoors, 10 411, 457, 465 relationship to luminance, 12 Image Interchange Framework, 566, 567, Joule, 106, 107, 114, 122 Just Noticeable Colour Differences (JNDs), 569, 580, 583, 599 configuration, 570 73, 209 for viewing graded signals, 579

706 Index Kelvin, 106, 122, 146, 649 luminescence, 113–114 Knight, Ray phosphorescence, 123 photon energy, 113 colour mixing, 32 photons, 107 colour solid, 36 physics of generation, 105–106 hue circle, 40, 84 Planckian locus, 112, 113 photographic workflow, 406 Planckian radiation, 106, 108 pigment mixes, 28 quantum levels, 113 unitary hues, 3–4 standard method of measurement, 45–46 velocity, 107 L∗a∗b∗ Colour Space. See Colour Space wavelength, 46, 84 L∗u∗v∗. See Colour Space Light Emitting Diode LED, 119, 133, 331 Lamps, 148 display contrast range, 231 Lighting, 331 CIE FL range of lamps, 153 EBU Television Lighting Consistency cold cathode, 155 CRI, 156 Index 2012 electrical discharge lamps, 150 background, 331 fluorescent lamps, 153–155 comparison with CRI, 333 high pressure vapour discharge lamps, measuring the TLCI of luminaires, 152–153 338–339 HMI lamps, 152 methodology, 332 incandescent based lamps, 148–149 selecting a colour metric, 337–338 LED lamp performances, 157 standard camera spectral sensitivities, LED lamps, 155 summary of characteristics, 158 335 tungsten halogen lamps, 149 standard television system model, xenon lamps, 150–152, 168 Laser, 124–126 333–334 light amplification in lasers, 651–657 Lightness, 13 Laser Displays, 170–171 LED. See Light Emitting Diode CIE L∗ characteristic, 76 LED Displays, 170 lightness axis, 35 Light terminology, 37–38 black body chromaticity, 113 Lindbloom, Bruce, 91, 93 black body radiation, 107, 110 Line Spectra, 62, 63, 114, 115 colour temperature, 111–113 Look up Table (LUT), 425, 579, 586, 599 definition of, 6 Luma signal. See Encoding Colour Signals frequency, 8 Lumen frequency wavelength relationship, 9 definition, 635 generation in defining the lux, 10 laser luminous output, 126 cathodoluminescence, 114–115 luminous efficacy, 116 chemiluminescence, 113 Luminaires, 105, 135, 148, 158 electroluminescence solid state, 119 Luminance electroluminescent, 155 colour terminology, 37–38 electroluminesence, 114 deriving the luminance of a surface, 638 fluorescence, 126 low luminance colours, 30 fluorescent, 155 luminance of light reflecting surfaces, incandescence, 106 638–639 Luminescence, 113–114

Index 707 Luminosity Coefficients Nano metre, 9 definition, 62 Native Camera Characteristics, 365 sum to V(������), 62 Neugebauer values, 62 Neugebauer equations, 423–424 Luminosity Function, 9, 275, 276, 634, 635 Newton, 5, 14 Luminous Flux, 635–639 NHK, 304, 305, 324 Luminous Intensity, 636 NTSC. See Television Systems Lux, 10 Observers definition, 636–637 1931 CIE Standard, 68 colour measurement, 45 MacAdam, D.L., 72, 85 measurement results, 51 Macbeth ColorChecker Chart, 141 Optimal Colours, 82, 85, 374 an exercise in matching scene, display Opto-Electric Transfer Function (OETF) and print, 496–497 camera image sensor, 227 basis for measuring gamma colour vidicon, 239 differences, 259 Organic Light Emitting Diode OLED, 397, consideration for measuring TLCI, 480 338–339 PAL System. See Television Systems Rec 709 system performance evaluation, Perceptible Uniform Coding 349–350 digital contouring perceptibility, use in measuring MCC rendering index, 253–257 140 exponent perceptibility levels, 256, 257 use in measuring TLCI, 339 independent of gamma correction, 360 Maier, T.O., 233, 237, 568, 583, 589 Perception Matrixing Colour Signals, 67, 102, 201, 204, artefacts, 233 compromise, 238 206. See also Chromaticity Gamut human visual modulation threshold Transforms camera to system primaries, 336 HVMT, 233 EBU TLCI standard matrix, 339 modulation levels, 234 ‘ideal display’ to sRGB display of the rendered image, 469 Weber Barten relationship, 235 primaries, 210 Weber’s law, 233, 234 sRGB to AdobeRGB display primaries, Phosphors, 126–129 Photographic System, 405 207 photo viewer application, 407 Maxwell, James Clark, 9 technical standards, 409 Maxwell triangle, 19, 20, 33, 34 JPEG, 411 Mercury. See Gas Discharge Spectra requirement for, 409 Mesopic. See Vision sources of standards, 411 Metermerism, 98–102 workflow overview, 405 camera processing, 407 index of metamerism, 101–102 computer processing, 407 metamers, 101 file types, 407 Munsell, A.H., 38 matching colour spaces, 408 Munsell and optimal colours, 90 printer driver, 409 Munsell Colour System, 39–42 Munsell colours plotted in Luv colour space, 91, 92 Murray, A., 414 Murray-Davies formula, 415

708 Index Photographic System (Continued) an ideal set of display primaries, 180, RAW file processing, 408 181, 211, 363 soft proofing, 409 choice of display primaries, 177–180 Photometric Units ColorMatch RGB, 450, 452 derivation, 631–639 DCDM, 590 relationships, 639 DCDM reference projector SMPTE RP Photometry, 636 431-2, 599 Photopic. See Vision Eureka system primaries, 371–373 Physiological, 632 example transformation primaries, 206 factors influencing the choice of the ideal aspects of light, 634–635 Picture Matching. See Colour Management display primaries set, 178 Picture Monitor, 131, 251, 262, 265, 302, HDTV Rec 709, 341 imaginary, 362 318–319, 366, 391, 395, 407, 439, matching system primaries to display 467–468, 475, 496, 500, 619, 624 Pixel, 162, 171 primaries, 369 minimum pixels to avoid limiting NTSC, EBU & SMPTE RP145, 309 ProPhoto RGB/ROMM RGB, 451 perceived resolution, 172 RAW – hypothetical, 448 Planck, M, 106 sRGB, 440 Planckian, 106, 108, 109, 112, 136, 146, subtractive primaries, 416 system primaries, 223 148, 683 Plasma Displays, 166, 170 XYZ primaries, 362 PLUGE, 397–399 UHDTV Rec 2020, 382, 384, 582, 600 Pointer, M.R., 94, 102, 104, 145, 154, 179 Primary Colours additive, 19 Pointer surface colours, 222, 312, 343, block primaries, 25 362, 369, 372, 376, 378, 379, 581, complemenatary primaries, 27 680 general, 19 imaginary, 64 Post (production), 189 incorrect primaries, 4, 30 Poynton, C., 107, 161, 254, 271, 277 reproduction primaries, 31 Primaries – Colorimetric, 62 subtractive primaries, 24, 414, 416, 420 Printing CIE Standard Observer, 62, 66, 641, 642 block dyes, 417 transform to XYZ primaries, 67 dot gain, 415 half tone prints, 414–415 CIE XYZ ink jet printers, 414 criteria, 65 paper deriving their chromaticities, 641–644 location on r,g, chromaticity diagram, comparison of gamut on matt and 66, 644 glossy paper, 437 luminance, 65 different whites, 435 Wright, 61, 62 print head, 414, 415 Primaries – Reproduction, 177 printer characterisation function, 423 printer characteristics, 413–414 ACES AP0, 613 printer inks, 422 ACES AP1, 610–611 printer performance, 425 Adobe RGB, 444 printing concepts, 410–411 Adobe Wide Gamut, 440–446 an ideal set 1 of camera primaries, 218, 219 an ideal set 2 of camera primaries, 220, 221

Index 709 Prism SECAM System. See Television Systems splitting light. See also Spectrum Shade Profile Connection Space, 452–453 definition, 5, 38 compared with ACES working colour description, 38 space, 570 Signal Path colour reproduction system, 190 Profiles conceptual, 162 device dependent profiles, 487 SMPTE, 233, 304 matching profiles in Photoshop, 517 AMPAS, 565 requirement for, 486 SD digital sampling frequency, 324 SMPTE RP 145, 310 Proofing, 409, 491 Adobe Photoshop, 409 a world system primaries standard appraising the rendered image, 476 opportunity, 310 display characteristics, 476 producing a hard proof print, 543 SMPTE RP 431-2-2007, 567, 581, 589 viewing the soft proof, 539 SMPTE ST 2065, 567 SMPTE ST 2065-1,2,3,4, 605 Purity. See Colour Terminology SMPTE ST 268-2003, 605 SMPTE ST 428-1-2006, 567, 589 Radiation Intensity, 633 SMPTE ST 431-1-2006, 567 RAW Files, 447, 458 television lighting index, 332 Reference Displays Sodium. See Gas Discharge Spectra Spectral Emission ACES, 584 semiconductor juntions, 123 AdobeRGB colour space, 446 xenon, 150 built in transfer function, 584 Spectral Power Distribution flat panel, 628 1 W source of white light, 634 gamut clipping, 627 CIE daylight ‘D’ illuminants, 145 low contrast image, 620 daylight, 42, 143 output transform, 618 fluorescent lamps, 153 post grading, 479, 625 HMI lamps, 152 reference monitoring system, 628 illuminants, 134 the requirement, 250 LED lamps, 157 working space, 620 of the scene, 175 Reference Rendering Transform, 583, 628 Spectral Reflectance, 134 Rendering CIE CRI test colour samples, 136 characteristics in post ‘custom and ColorChecker primaries, 141 Lucideon CERAM test tiles, 8 practice’ workflows, 620–622 metameric pairs, 101 objective versus preferred rendition, 579 optimal colours, 85 rendering intents, 213, 489 printing inks, 426 RGB Gain Controls, 197 Roberts, A., 331 extended CMY inks, 431 Rods, 10 red, blue and overlay primaries, 431 typical CMY inks, 426 Saturation Spectrum chromaticity diagram, 53 electromagnetic, 9 definition, 5, 34, 37 locus, 63 terminology, 37 matching, 49 Science and Technology Council, 565, 569 Scotopic. See Vision

710 Index Spectrum (Continued) performance evaluation, 348 partial absorbtion, 7–8 description of path elements, 348 spectral power distribution (SPD), 20 model veracity check conditions, splitting, 5 349 non-specification lighting, 352 Standard Colour Tiles performance appraisal, 357 chromaticity plots, 77 Rec 709 system gamma, 357 Lucideon, 7 signal path model, 348 reflectance characteristics, 8 test colours, 349 TLCI standard camera, 353 Steradian, 632 worksheet mathematical model, Stiles, W.S., 14 349 SWOP, 456 Rec 1886, 357 Talbot, W.H.F., 414 Rec 709 – principal parameters, 343 Television Systems Rec 709 observations, 343 signal level limitations, 347 an ideal system, 360 system primaries, 343 accomodating legacy services, 370 system specification, 341 camera and camera native spectral historic analogue systems, 307–325 sensitivities, 365 NTSC, 304 configuration, 360 enabling factors, 360 early experience, 323 improvements, 360 establishment, 307 system and display primaries, 364 NTSC, PAL & SECAM systems, colour elements signal path, 303 309–319 diagram, 303 encoding colour signals, 319–323 gamma correction, 318 colour gamut ideal camera spectral sensitivities, Eureka system colour gamut, 372 requirement to expand, 371 312 matching camera responses to digital systems standard definition (SD), 325 primaries, 314 1K system, 325 matching scene illumination to evolution of digital specifications, 324 camera, 314 Recommendation ITU-R BT.601, system primaries and white point, 325 colour parameters, 325 309 colour signals digital format, 327 studio lighting, 318 gamma correction (OETF), 327 specification and standard organisations, standards conversion, 328 304 Eureka Sysem Proposal, 371 international organisations, 304 HDTV national organisations, 304 UHDTV, 299, 360 colour difference signals, 347 colour difference signals, 386 definition, 341 exceptional signal levels, 376, 387 emergence, 329 gamma correction, 385 gamma correction, 345 informal appraisals, 388 idealised camera spectral sensitivities, potential colour performance, 387–388 system primaries, 384–385 344 system specification, 360–361 matrix – Rec 709 from CIE, 343

Index 711 workflow, 324 Viewing Conditions, 185 camera channel, 301, 302 Adobe RGB colour space, 444, 468 camera control unit, 301 environmental lighting, 186 home viewing, 303 colour temperature, 186 vision control or picture control, 301 intensity of, 186 vision mixer, 302 image angle of view, 187 in cinematography Tint review room environment, 585 definition, 37 in photography description, 38 ISO 3664-2009, 468 reference conditions, 468–470 Tonal Range, 10, 440, 628 summary of rationalised viewing Tones conditions, 476 influence on system design parameters, distortion of tonal range by gamma 188 correction, 253 reflections from display, 187 tonal range of the eye, 13, 248 Viewing Distance, 171–173 Transfer Characteristic. See Transfer Visible Spectrum, 4, 9, 46, 85, 88, 105, Function 106, 114–119, 149, 151, 153, 632, Transfer Function 634 Vision ACEScc, 627 mesopic, 10 ACESproxy, 625 photopic, 10 Adobe RGB, 444 qualitative response, 10 Adobe Wide Gamut colour space, quantitative response, 10 scotopic, 10 446–447 spatial response, 10 ColorMatch RGB, 452 von Kries Transform, 102, 103 CRT EOTF, 239 definition, 227 Waveform Monitor, 197, 198, 391, 396 electro-opto transfer function EOTF, 227 Weber Barten Relationship, 232 gamma correction function, 242–245 Weber’s Law, 13 mathematical relationship, 227 White opto-electro transfer function OETF, 227 power law characteristic, 228–229 equal energy white (EEW), 70, 71, 76, ProPhoto RGB/ROMM RGB, 450 111, 147, 194, 314, 436, 593 Rec 1361, 377–380 specifying the source transfer image or peak white, 263 neutral white surface, 7 characteristic in a media system, system reference white, 181, 193, 200, 250 sRGB, 444 201 Transforms. See Colour Transforms DCDM, 593 Trichromatic Units, 52 for different media, 194, 573 in producing chromaticity diagrams, 52 mismatch between screen and print, Tungsten Filament, 148, 318 194, 496 UHDTV. See Television Systems plane of possible system white points, Ultraviolet, 8, 105, 108, 144, 170, 194, 311, 594 435, 632 system whites chromaticity plots, 594, V(������) curve, 9, 62, 63 595 Value. See Colour Terminology

712 Index White (Continued) colour measurement, 46, 47, 61, white balance, 195 69 automatic, 199 colour errors with incorrect illuminant, just noticeable differences, 73 199 working primaries, 62 criteria, 195 Wright colorimeter, 48 manual, 196–199 white surface, 196 Xenon. See Gas Discharge Spectra X-Rite, 537, 552 Workflow. See Signal Path Wright, W.D., 14 Yule & Neilsen, 423

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