WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 suffermarginalization through non-inclusion in securitystructurestendtodiscriminateagainst the processes ofpeace making atlocaland women and create obstacles to women’s public service levels.Theysaid discrimination participationinpeaceandsecurityprocesses. and marginalization are major obstacles to women’s participation in peace and security. 4.2.5CommitmentofLawmakersto Theywentfurthertostatethatwomenappointed Women,PeaceandSecurity topublicofficearegivenresponsibilitiesthatare marginal,while their male counterparts are Finding:Atthelaw-makinglevelinBenueState, assignedtodutypoststhatareperceivedtobe theparticipationofwomenislow.Thecurrent moredemanding. BenueStateHouseofAssemblyhasmembers whohavesomedegreeofawarenessonissues Figure 18b demonstrates that while relatedtowomen,peaceandsecurity. discrimination is the majorobstacle in Logo, AgatuandGwerWestLGAs,marginalizationis Benue’scurrentStateHouseofAssemblyhas30 themajorobstacleinGumaLGA.Theinformants membersinall,outofwhichonly2(7percent) interviewed highlighted that women are are women,which was also the case in the discriminated againstand marginalized in the previous (eighth)House ofAssembly.Atthe formaland informalstructures ofpeace and NationalAssemblylevel,thereisonly1female securityinBenueState.Thefundamentalfactors memberattheHouseofRepresentatives(outof responsible forthis state ofaffairs are the 11membersinthestate’sdelegation),andno customsand traditionsofthepeople,poverty womanwaselectedtotheSenatefrom thestate. andprotractedviolence. Thetwofemalelegislatorsinthecurrentninth HouseofAssemblyarebothfrom therulingparty, OneoftheFGD participantsin Agatu LGA of and one ofthem is a second-time member. Benue State observed on 28 July 2019 that Neitherofthem wasselectedtoholdaprincipal “Benue State has witnessed differenttypes of office.Furthermore,atthecommitteelevel,itisa violent conflict that have compounded the manwhohasbeenappointedChairmanofthe already marginalized position ofwomen in a HouseCommitteeonWomenAffairs,whilethe patriarchalsociety.Womencannotbeheardor two women are chairpersons of other seen generally,especiallyin Tiv communities, committees. where they are only expected to serve their husbandsandchildren.Theyarenotexpectedto Intermsoflegislation,theimmediatepastBenue be part of discussions at the family or State House of Assembly is credited with communitylevelorholdanyopposingopinionto remarkable progress on issues concerning theirmalecounterparts.” womenandgirlsinthestate.TheeighthState HouseofAssemblydeliberatelyworkedinclose Figure18cshowsthatamuchhigherpercentage collaborationwithCSOstoensurethequickand ofmalesthan femalessaw alltheissuesas smoothpassageoftheViolenceAgainstPersons obstacles,except‘law’and ‘conflict’,forwhich (Prohibition)Lawinthestate. maleandfemaleresponsesweremoreequal.In fact,whilereligionasanobstaclereceivedthe Onlyoneoutofthreelawmakersinterviewed(the highest percentage of male responses,for onlyfemaleinterviewee)respondedpositivelyto femalesitwaslaw. knowingabouttheNAP onwomen,peaceand security.Shefurtherexplainedthatthefirsttime Theresultsfrom theKIIsandFGDsacrossBenue sheheardoftheNAP wasfrom aprogramme Staterevealthatthelegalregimeisnotgender she attended in Benue State organized byUN sensitive,butdiscriminatorytotheinclusionof Women.Additionally,thepresentSpeakerofthe women. Furthermore, the state peace and 44
ninthStateHouseofAssembly(whowasalso Speakerinthe FIGURE18A:OBSTACLESTOWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy FIGURE18B:OBSTACLESTOWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyBy LGA 45
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY 2019 FIGURE18C:OBSTACLESTOWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyBy GENDER 46
lastassembly)stated in a KIIthatthe State HouseofAssemblyismadeupofpersonsof 47
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 knowledgeandexemplarycommitmenttoissues welfare.The operations ofthese desks also thatconcernwomen. coverissuesthatrespondtowomen,peaceand security.Forinstance,theNSCDCandNPFhave “Thispresentadministrationiscommittedtothe functionalGenderDesks,whicharepartofthe protectionoftheresidentsofBenueState,and managementteam atthestatelevel.TheNPF allthemembersoftheHouseofAssemblyare Benue State command recently appointed a deliberatelymindfuloftheexpectationsofthe womantoserveasthePublicRelationsOfficer.It internationalcommunity on the protection of also has a Children’s Welfare Unit,which is vulnerable groups, especially women and headed byawoman who hasbeenactiveon childreninarmedconflictsituations.TheHouse issues ofwomen and children in peace and ofAssemblyisreadytopartnerwithotherarms security. The team interviewed the Deputy ofgovernment;traditional,religious,womenand SuperintendentofPolice,whostatedthat15.6 youthbodies;andtheinternationalcommunityto percentoftheofficersinthestatecommandare strengthen women’s involvement in decision women,while84.4percentaremen. making,includingforpeaceandsecurity.Benue StateandNigeriaingeneralneedspeace,and TheFGD withsecurityagenciesinBenueState womenarecriticalplayers.”–Rt.Hon.TitusUba suggested thatwomen are notdeployed to Tyoapine,Speaker,State House ofAssembly, violentconflictsituationsinordernottoexpose BenueState,27/07/2019 them tothedangersofarmedconflict.Women aremostlyusedfortaskssuchasguarddutyat The Speaker’s views were corroborated by IDP campsandmilitaryinstallations.Theyalso anothermemberrepresenting MakurdiNorth, engageinsurveillancewithintownsandcities. whoalsostatedthattherewereafew members who are knowledgeable aboutgenderissues. 4.2.7JudiciaryandPublicService Approximatelyfiveofthecurrentmemberswere alsopartofthelastassembly,whichpassedthe Finding: The participation of women at VAPPBillintolaw. decisionmakinglevelsinthejudiciaryandpublic serviceofBenueStateisfairlylow. 4.2.6SecurityAgencies PresentlyinBenueState,thereare18highcourt judges,ofwhich6(20percent)arewomen;out Finding:Thesecurityagenciesaredominatedby ofa totalof15 commissioners,there are 3 meninnumberandinkeyleadershippositions, women(20percentofthetotal).Thestatehas andwomenoccupymoreadministrativeand‘less 20permanentsecretaries,and6(30percent)are demanding’positions. women.Atthelocalgovernmentlevel,thereare7 women (30 percent)outofthe 23 persons In Benue State,allthe heads ofthe security appointed to chair the Local Government agencies(NigeriaPoliceForce,NigerianSecurity Councils.In a KIIsession,the appointmentof and CivilDefenceCorps,Nigerian Correctional women to decision-making positions was Service, Nigeria Customs Service, Nigeria describedasperfunctorybyafemalelecturerin Immigration Service,Nigerian Army,Nigerian BenueStateUniversity. NavyandOperationWhirlStroke)aremen.Infact, headsofnon-statesecurityagenciessuchasthe “Thepositionacrossthepublicsectorpointsto VigilanteGroupofNigeriaandPeaceCorpsof onedirection;womenareappointedintopublic Nigeria are allmen.However,relevantpublic officesbythegovernmenttoescapebeingcalled securityagenciessuchastheNPFandNSCDC negative names such as ‘anti-women have specially assigned desks thatdealwith administration’,etc.Thus,thefew womenthat issuessuchasgender,humanrightsandchild 48
areluckilyappointedintopublicofficesarejust forpoliticalsymbolsand notfortheirvalued contribution to governance. Invariably, the presenceofwomeninthejudiciary,Houseof Assembly,Executive Councilorin the public servicegenerallyistokenism incomparisonto thepercentageofwomenthatmeritthosepublic offices and have the requisite capacity to contributetoissuesofgovernance,peaceand security.”– Female lectureratBenue State University,30/07/2019 Thefigurespresentedbelow andtheKIIwiththe lecturershow thatthepresentadministrationin BenueStateismaking effortsto identifywith affirmativeactiononwomen’srepresentationin publicserviceanddecision-makingpositions.A female key informant from the International FederationofWomenLawyers(FIDA)whoisalso aSpecialAdvisertotheGovernordrew attention totheimportantrolesheplayedinfacilitatingthe passageoftheVAPPBillintolawinBenueState. Thiseffortissignificantbecauseithappenedata timewhentheeighthassemblywasabouttoset aside the VAPP Billforthe incoming ninth assembly.In anotherinterview,a female key informantattheMinistryofWomenAffairsand SocialDevelopmentconfirmedthattheministry isactiveinaddressingissuesaroundsexualand gender-basedviolence. Table5andFigure19givevisualrepresentations ofthenumberandpercentageofwomeninthe State House ofAssemblyand otherdecision- makingpositions. 4.2.8PlatformsforWomeninPeace andSecurity Finding:Violentconflictinthestatehasexposed thelimitsofthemale-drivenpeaceandsecurity structures.Thetraditionalvictimhoodperception of women in violent conflict situations is gradually giving way to women’s active participation in peace and securityprocesses, evenwithinthetraditionalinstitutions. 49
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 FGDparticipantssaidtraditionalandgovernment participating in the conflict early warning structuresforpeaceandsecurityinBenueState structures,especiallytheonesoperatedbyCSOs are male-driven.The state recentlywitnessed such as the West African Network for womenagitatingfortheirinvolvementinpeace Peacebuilding. and security,mainly because the protracted TABLE3:WOMENINFORMALDECISION-MAkINGPOSITIONSINBENUESTATE Gender Commissioners % Benue % Judiciary % LocalGov’t % NPF Perm. % State (High Chair Sec.s Houseof Court Assembly Judges) Male 12 80 28 73 12 67 16 70 84.4 14 70 Female 3 20 2 7 6 33 7 30 15.6 6 30 Total 15 100 30 100 18 100 23 100 100 20 100 FIGURE19:WOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINFORMALDECISION-MAkINGPOSITIONSINBENUESTATE violentconflictsinthestatehaveexposedthe TheFGD with CSOsaffirmed thatwomen are limits ofthe male-dominated structures.The creating platforms of engagement within traditionalvictimhood position of women in religiouscirclestoinfluencedecisionmakingat violent conflict is gradually giving way to bothformalandinformallevels.WhileFOMWAN women’s active participation,even within the covers issues ofconcern forMuslim women, traditionalinstitutions.The Association ofthe WOWICAN (Women’s Wing of the Christian WivesofTraditionalRulersinBenueState,which AssociationofNigeria)isanumbrellabodyfor isundertheleadershipofthewifeoftheTorTiv, Christianwomen.Therearealsootheractiveand isoneoftheemergingfrontiersandplatforms vibrantdenominationalwomen’splatformssuch forwomen,peaceandsecurityinthestate. as the Catholic Women Organization and the Evangelical Church Winning All Women’s Thesurveyalsofoundthatwomenandmenin Association. The Benue NGOs Network Benue perceive women to be increasingly (BENGONET)is also a credible platform for 50
women,peace and security,along with other Figure 20 demonstrates the perceptions of networks for the protection of women and respondentsregardingwomen’sparticipationin childrenwithinthestate. thepeaceandsecurityprocessesinBenueState. While36.9percentoftherespondentsindicated Theparticipantsalso pointed outthatthetwo anegativeperception,31.7percentindicateda universities in Benue State, Joseph Tarka positive perception,16 percentindicated that UniversityandBenueStateUniversity,bothhost they do not know,11.1 per cent indicated CentresforGenderStudies,whichcanbevital indifference,and 4.3 percentindicated a very platformsforwomen,peaceandsecurity.They positiveperception. viewedthelecturersascriticalbecauseofthe widenetworkandreachthesecentresoflearning Figure21presentstheperceptionsofwomenin have. peace and security by LGA. Most of the respondentsinLogoLGA indicatedanegative 4.2.9PerceptionofWomen’s perception,whileamajorityinGumaandGwer ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity WestLGAsindicatedapositiveperception;the Processes majority of the respondents in Agatu LGA indicatedthattheydonotknow. Finding:Although BenueStateisapatriarchal societywithassignedrolesforwomenandmen, Thedatafrom Figure22revealsthatquitealarge theviolentconflictsandtheincreasedactivities numberoffemalesinthesurvey(29.3percent) ofinternationalorganizations and civilsociety viewedtheeffectivenessofwomeninpeaceand organizationshavebeenchangingthetrendto securitynegatively,whileonly7.6percentofthe onewherewomenaretakinguprolesthatwere menhadanegativeview.Interestingly,themost hithertostrictlyformen. widelyheldperceptionamongmalerespondents (10percent)wasapositiveone. FIGURE20:PERCEPTIONOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITy PROCESSES 51
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY 2019 FIGURE21:PERCEPTIONOFWOMENINPEACEANDSECURITyByLGA FIGURE22:PERCEPTIONOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEANDSECURITyBy GENDER “Thereisanevolvingroleforwomen,especially SolicitorGeneralofBenueState)caneffectively thewivesoftraditionalrulers.Forinstance,the representherhusbandandspeakonhisbehalf. wifeofTerLobi(thePermanentSecretaryand In fact,wherever you see the wife of the 52
traditionalruler,you have seen him,and she women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurityin should be accorded the same respect and Benue State. While 30.3 per cent of the privilegesasisduetothetraditionalruler.Since respondentsindicatedthattheperceptionscan TerLobiismysuperiorandthewifeofTerLobi beimprovedthroughsensitization,24.1percent ishere,IwillrespectherasIwouldherhusband. chose advocacy, 15.3 per cent community Women are respected in the Tiv traditional mobilization, 14.5 per cent gender institution.”–TheTerofMakurdi,MarkurdiLGA, mainstreaming,9.3percentpolicyframeworks, BenueState,28/07/2019 and5.2percentmediarecognition,while1.2per centidentified otherstrategiesnotlisted.The 4.2.10ImprovingSupportforand importanceofthisdataisthatitindicatesthat PerceptionsofWomen’sMeaningful sensitization, advocacy and community mobilizationarethebeststrategiesforimproving ParticipationinPeaceandSecurity the perceptions of women’s participation in peaceandsecurityprocessesinBenueState. Finding:In view ofthenegativeperception of Figure24showsthatrespondentsfrom Guma women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurityin and BenueState,theresearchfindsthatthetrendcan changeforthebetterwithsensitization,advocacy, AgatuLGAslargelyindicatedsensitization,while andcommunitymobilizationthroughtheuseof inLogoLGAtherespondentspreferredadvocacy. the media (especially the radio) and other Mostrespondents in GwerWestLGA chose capacitybuildingplatforms. community mobilization as the avenue to improvesupportforandperceptionsofwomen’s Figure 23 identifies the different possible participationinpeaceandsecurity. strategies to improve the perceptions of FIGURE23:IMPROVINGSUPPORTFORANDPERCEPTIONSOFWOMEN’SPARTICIPATIONINPEACEAND SECURITy 53
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 FIGURE24:IMPROVINGSUPPORTFORANDPERCEPTIONSOFWOMENPARTICIPATIONINPEACEAND SECURITyByLGA CONCLUSIONAND RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1CONCLUSION governmentalstructuresforpeaceandsecurity inthetargetstatesaremaledriven,andwomen Thereisa high levelofawarenessaboutthe aregenerallyunderrepresented.InBauchiState, involvementofwomen in peace and security womenhavelostallelectedpositionstomen, amongrespondents.However,thisislimitedto while the protracted violentconflictin Benue theinformalandtraditionalrolesofwomenas Statehasexposedthelimitsofthemale-driven wivesormotherswhoareabletoprovidecare structure, thereby gradually giving way to andwhohavetherelativeneutralitytomediate women’s active participation,even within the and exertinfluence overmales in promoting traditionalinstitutions. peace.PublicawarenessaboutUNSCR1325and theNAPisverylow,andtherearenoStateAction A high percentage of male and female Plans in Bauchiand Benue States.Although respondentsconfirmedthattheroleofwomenin women are victims of violent conflict,the peaceandsecurityislow buteffective,andthey respondentsnotedthatwomenareincreasingly wantmore genderbalance in the processes. getting involved in organized civil society, Mobilizing and sensitizing communities are working on issues such as humanitarian and some ofthe ways to generate supportand developmental work. The traditional and changetheperceptionofwomen’sparticipation 54
in peace and security.In Bauchiand Benue compliance. States,radiowasidentifiedasthemosteffective medium forsensitizationonWPS. ii. Ministries,DepartmentsandAgencies: Ministries, departments, agencies and 5.2RECOMMENDATIONS institutionsofgovernmentshould review their policiestoreflectthewomen,peaceandsecurity The survey underscores the existence and framework.ThereisaneedtoadvocateforState relevance of critical policy frameworks in ActionPlansonWomen,PeaceandSecurityto promotingwomen,peaceandsecurity,asthey ensure the significant and meaningful form partofthebuildingblocksinrespondingto participation ofwomen in allstate ministries, thedynamicsandchallengesofwomeninpeace departmentsandagenciesinvolvedinthepeace andsecurity.Itfurthernoted theexistenceof andsecurityarchitecture. platformsandpotentialstructuresinthetarget states that could be explored to promote iii. Security Agencies:The NPF Gender women’sparticipationinpeaceandsecurity.The Policyof2012shouldbereviewedtoaddress studyalsoshowedthechallengesarisingfrom genderequalityandwomen’srightsintheNPF, thegapsinpolicyframeworks,ineffectivepolicy asthiswouldprovideaveritableopportunityto implementation and theabsenceofdeliberate increaseinclusiveness.Continuousadvocacyis efforts to include women in decision making. required forthedevelopmentandadoptionof Therefore,ensuring improved participation of genderpoliciesinallthesecurityagenciesofthe womeninpeaceandsecurityprocessesinthe FederalGovernmentofNigeriawheretheydonot targetstates willentailconscious efforts to exist,astheywouldenablewomentobemore overcometheidentifiedinhibitionsandbarriers. involved in the decisionmaking processes of theseinstitutions. Inview oftheabove,therecommendationsare tailored towards improving policy frameworks iv. The Judiciary: It is imperative that andprogramming. resources should be invested to improve the involvement of women in decision-making 5.2.1PolicyRecommendations positionsatvariouslevelsandinvariousaspects ofsociety.Thisincludesthejudiciary,inorderto Improving the relevant policies and the improve its effectiveness and strengthen its implementationmechanismsremainscriticalto capacity to deliver justice according to WPS.Policyprovidesthebasisforasustainable constitutional and human rights principles. processofengagementandinclusionofwomen Furthermore,theSharialawsinBauchiStateand in peace and security processes,and thus customary practices in Benue State thatare enables stakeholders to respond to dynamics against international, regional or domestic arisingfrom localrealities.Onthestrengthof principlesofhumanrightsandwomen’srights this,thefollowingareproposed: shouldbereviewed. i. TheNationalGenderPolicy:Thereisa v. TraditionalLeaders:Thetraditionaland needtoupdatetheNationalGenderPolicyand culturalleaders thatadministerthe systems the Nigerian Police Force Gender Policy to shouldbesensitizedonissuesofgenderequality further embed women,peace and security and women’s rights and principles,including mechanismsasreflectedinthefirstandsecond applicable domestic laws and regionaland NAPs. Performance indicators should be internationalbestpractices. developed and monitored to measure vi. Implementation of Gender Equality Instru-ments:BauchiState’sGenderPolicy(2017) 55
WOMEN,PEACEANDSECURITYINBAUCHIANDBENUESTATESBASELINESURVEY2019 and Benue State’s newly passed Violence training ontheguidelinesfordealing with AgainstPersons (Prohibition)Law should be gender-based violence againstwomen and gazetted and popularized.Itis importantto girlsshouldbecontinuouslyconductedfor encourageBenueStatetohaveaGenderPolicy, security agencies in Bauchiand Benue whileBauchiStateshouldenacttheVAPPinto States. law,togetherwith othergender-relevantlaws. Furthermore,thereisaneedtodevelopaction • There is a need to design and conduct plans and setoutbenchmarks to ensure the capacitystrengthening activities for effectiveimplementationoftheseinstruments. traditionalrulersandtheirwivesonwomen’s rightsandWPS. 5.2.2Programmatic Recommendations • Inorderto addresspoorreportingonthe importantroles ofwomen in peace and The survey further identified concrete security,morecapacitystrengtheningshould programmesthatwouldimprovetheperceptions targetjournalists. ofwomen’s active involvementin peace and securitydiscourse.Itrevealedexistingstructures • Faith-based organizations and religious and practices that could be explored in leaders should be sensitized towards the advancing the WPS agenda.Specifically,the reinterpretationofwomen’sroles,inorderto followingprogrammesareproposed. change stereotypes and perceptions that negativelyaffectwomen. i.SensitizationandCapacityStrengtheningof ii. High-LevelAdvocacy Programmes on PartnersandGatekeepers: WPS: There should be high-level advocacy programmes and trainings for key decision- • Sensitization through radio, popular TV makingstakeholderssuchasthegovernorsand programmes,socialmedia and community their cabinet members, the speakers and town crierstargeting gatekeepers such as members ofthe State Houses ofAssembly traditionalrulers,religiousleadersandmale (including key civil servants – permanent artisanstogaintheirsupport. secretariesandclerks),chiefjudgesofthestates, themedia,securityagencies,andtraditionaland • Recreationalactivitiesremainpotentialtools religious institutions. There should also be for mobilization and improvement of advocacy programmes targeted at critical perceptions,even atthe community and stakeholdersforthepurposeofincreasingthe statelevel.Thus,thereisaneedtoinstitute inclusion ofwomen in leadership positionsin periodic recreational activities such as agencies,committeesandforumsforpeaceand sports and games to mobilize the security. communitytosupportwomenandimprove theperceptionsaboutwomeninpeaceand iii. Establishment of WPS Networks in security. Bauchiand Benue States:Itis imperative to supportthe formation ofWPS networks by • There is a need to develop and conduct women and civilsociety,as the survey has trainingprogrammesfordifferentcadresof shown thatthere are severalsmallplatforms theNigeriaPoliceForceandothersecurity womenareinvolvedwith,buttheiractivitiesare agenciesonwomen’srights,genderpolicies uncoordinatedandlacksynergy.Inthesamevein, and WPS. Quick-impact projects are women-led local initiatives and community important,suchasensuringthattheGender platformsonwomen,peaceandsecurityshould UnitsandJuvenileWelfareCentresarefully besupported. resourcedandthesecurityhotlineinBauchi isoperated bymore women to encourage reporting ofGBV.Also,sensitization and 56
iv. Identification, Mapping and vi. MediaProgrammesonWPS:Thepublic perceptionofwomencanbeimprovedwiththe SensitizationofMaleWPS Champions:These productionofmoregender-sensitiveinformation aboutwomen in peaceand security,whichis champions could come from government thendisseminatedthroughonlineplatforms,TV, newspapersandradio. institutions,security agencies,and traditional vii. Research and Documentation:Further andreligiousinstitutions. studies on the traditionalinstitutions in both Benue and BauchiStates may be required, Theaim istosensitizeandtrainthem toenhance especially on the issue of traditionaltitles supportforwomen’sinvolvementinpeaceand reserved forwomen,so asto provide further securityprocesses.Thisisexpectedtogradually understandingofthescopeoftheiroperations eliminate the gender bias against women’s and involvement in decision making in the inclusion in decision making in peace and community.Thestudiesshouldalsoreview the security. relationshipbetweenthetraditionalinstitutions and the WPS agenda in orderto utilize best v. IdentificationofWomenChangeAgents: (customary) practices which could facilitate There is a need to effectivelyand efficiently women’s participation and change perceptions utilize various offices being held by women. on women’s inclusion in peace and security Programmescouldbedesignedforwomenwho processesatalllevels. arealreadyinpositionsofinfluenceinthepublic andprivatesectorsinthetargetstatestouse theirinfluencetopromotewomen’sinclusionin peaceandsecurity. REFERENCES Adamu,A.and A.Ben (2017).Nigeria:Benue State underthe Shadow of‘Herdsmen Terrorism’ (2014–2016),AfricaConflictandSecurityAnalysisNetworkWorkingPaperNo.5,November,Abuja, Nigeria. Adetula,V.A.O.(2015).‘AfricanConflicts,DevelopmentandRegionalOrganizationsinthePost-Cold WarInternationalSystem’,TheAnnualClaudeAkeMemorialLecture,Uppsala,Sweden,30January2014, Uppsala:NordiskaAfrikainstitutet. AfricanUnionCommission(2015).‘15yearsoftheWomen,PeaceandSecurityAgendainAfrica: Stocktaking and Perspectives’,Office ofthe SpecialEnvoyon Women,Peace and Securityofthe ChairpersonoftheAfricanUnionCommission. Agbalajobi,D.T.(2001).TheRoleofAfricanWomeninPeacebuildingandConflictResolution:TheCase ofBurundi,seminarpaperpresentedattheDepartmentofPoliticalScience,CollegeofManagement Sciences,Redeemer’sUniversity,OgunState,Nigeria. Agbalajobi,D.T.(2010).‘Women’sParticipationandthePoliticalProcessinNigeria:Problemsand Prospects’inAfricanJournalofPoliticalScienceandInternationalRelations,Vol.4No.2. Aina,O.(1998).‘AfricanWomenattheGrassroots:TheSilentPartnersoftheWomen’sMovement’inO. Nnaemeka(ed.),Sisterhood,FeminismsandPower:From AfricatotheDiaspora,Trenton,NJ:Africa WorldPress,Inc. Anderlini,S.N.,R.Jarhum andD.Cowick(2017).‘Women,PeaceandSecurity’,U.S.CSWGPolicyBrief. 57
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